Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2019-05-07T13:23:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2011 - Rafael Prezzi Indicatti.pdf: 855417 bytes, checksum: c447f2c33b8662a3edffa1c19c57f575 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2019-05-07T13:23:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2011 - Rafael Prezzi Indicatti.pdf: 855417 bytes, checksum: c447f2c33b8662a3edffa1c19c57f575 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-08-31 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico, CNPq, Brasil. Nemesiidae Simon, 1889 was elevated to family status from the tribe Nemesiae Simon, 1889, described in Ctenizinae Thorell, 1887, being divided into six subfamilies: Anaminae Simon, 1889, Bemmerinae Simon, 1903, Diplothelopsinae Schiapelli & Gerschmann, 1967, Ixamatinae Raven, 1985, Nemesiinae Simon, 1889 e Pycnothelinae Chamberlin, 1917. The last one, occurring in Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay. Goloboff conducted a review and cladistic analysis of Nemesiidae from South American and considered Anaminae and Pycnothelinae paraphyletic, and demonstrated that Nemesiidae was also paraphyletic. Pycnothelinae currently consists of eight genera and 33 species: Hermachura Mello-Leit?o, 1923, Neostothis Vellard, 1924, Prorachias, Mello-Leit?o, 1924, Psalistopoides Mello-Leit?o, 1934, Pselligmus Simon, 1892, Pycnothele Chamberlin, 1917, Rachias Simon, 1892 and Stenoterommata Holmberg, 1881. This study aims to test the monophyly of Pycnothelinae and their included genera, through cladistic analysis. In the ingroup, we included all representatives of each genus described in Pycnothelinae and few undescribed species. Due to the existence of a prior hypothesis of monophyly for the genera included in Diplothelopsini, only part of the largest genera of this taxa were used. The outgroup were composed of representativies of six subfamilies of Nemesiidae and five other Mygalomorphae families. The data matrix has 103 characters and a total of 95 terminals sampled. The topology resulted from the analysis with implied weighting (K=4), was chosen as the working filogenetic relationship hipothesis. The result obtained for the family Nemesiidae corroborates the previous Goloboff hypothesis, that it not form a monophyletic group and that subfamilies: Ixamatinae, Nemesiinae, Anaminae, Pycnothelinae and Diplothelopsinae are paraphyletic. Pycnothelinae is supported by one unambiguous synapomorphy, metatarsos IV with the provision of prolateral superior spines 1-1-1. In this case, Pycnothelinae can only be considered monophyletic, with the eight pre-existing genera listed above, plus the inclusion of Chaco Tullgren, 1905, Chilelopsis Goloboff, 1995, Diplothelopsis Tullgren, 1905, Lycinus Thorell, 1894 and Flamencopsis Goloboff, 1995 (Diplothelopsinae), Acanthogonatus Karsch, 1880 and Longistylus Indicatti & Lucas, 2005 (Anaminae) and Neotropical species of Hermacha Simon, 1889 (except H. conspersa Mello-Leit?o, 1941 which belong to Cyrtaucheniidae), in addition to the following species and genera from other families: Psalistops crassimanus Mello-Leit?o, 1923 (Barychelidae), Xenonemesia Goloboff, 1988 (Microstigmatidae) and Lasiodora pantherina (Keyserling, 1891) (Theraphosidae). In the present study, the four non-monotypic genera of Pycnothelinae, Psalistopoides, Pycnothele, Rachias, Stenoterommata, as currently delimited are not monophyletic units. All genera and species of Neotropical ?Nemesiidae? now belong to the final delimitation Pycnothelinae. Considering the taxonomic changes to be made from these results, Pycnothelinae is delimited by 13 genera and 96 Neotropical species. In this study also is carried out a review of the genus viii Rachias. The genus Psalistopoides is considered a junior synonym of Rachias for presenting the apical region of the embolus dilated and spoon-shaped (as in Rachias dispar Simon, 1891 and Rachias conspersus (Walckenaer, 1837)), strongly folded and malleable keels, reduced number of endits cuspules in both sexes, labium almost square and female spermathecae formed by a dome, which is projected only a branch to the inner region. The female of R. dispar is described for the first time, since the paralectotype female redescribed by Raven, belongs to a new species of Acanthogonatus. The male of R. conspersus is described for the first time. The species, Pycnothele piracicabensis (Piza, 1938) is transferred from Pycnothele to Rachias, restoring the original combination. Rachias caudatus (Piza, 1939) is transferred to Stenoterommata, due to the presence of many endit cuspules and by not presented folded keels. The following synonymies are proposed: Stenoterommata maculata and Rachias virgatus Vellard, 1924 = R. conspersus; Psalistops nigrofemuratus Mello-Leit?o, 1939 (transferred from Barychelidae to Nemesiidae) = Rachias fulvimanus (Mello-Leit?o, 1934). The following species were considered valid: R. dispar, Rachias aureus (Mello-Leit?o, 1920), R. fulvimanus, Rachias emanueli (Lucas & Indicatti, 2006), Rachias brachythelus (Mello-Leit?o, 1937), R. conspersus, Rachias dolichosternus (Mello-Leit?o, 1938), Rachias piracicabensis, Rachias timbo Goloboff, 1995. Two species were considered nomina dubia: Rachias odontochilus Mello-Leit?o, 1923 and Rachias iricolor (Mello-Leit?o, 1923) (transferred from Hermacha). Two new species are proposed, Rachias parnaso sp. nov. from Teres?polis, Rio de Janeiro, and Rachias candianii sp. nov. from S?o Paulo, S?o Paulo, both from Brazil. nov. Rachias occurs in southeastern and southern Brazil in the states of Rio de Janeiro, S?o Paulo, Paran? and Santa Catarina and northeastern Argentina, in the province of Misiones. Nemesiidae Simon, 1889 foi elevada ao n?vel de fam?lia a partir da tribo Nemesiae Simon, 1889, descrita em Ctenizinae Thorell, 1887, sendo dividida em seis subfam?lias: Anaminae Simon, 1889, Bemmerinae Simon, 1903, Diplothelopsinae Schiapelli & Gerschmann, 1967, Ixamatinae Raven, 1985, Nemesiinae Simon, 1889 e Pycnothelinae Chamberlin, 1917. Esta ?ltima ocorrendo na Argentina, Brasil e Uruguai. Goloboff realizou a revis?o e an?lise clad?stica dos Nemesiidae sul-americanos e considerou Anaminae e Pycnothelinae parafil?ticas, al?m de demonstrar que Nemesiidae tamb?m era parafil?tica. Atualmente Pycnothelinae ? composta por oito g?neros e 33 esp?cies: Hermachura Mello-Leit?o, 1923, Neostothis Vellard, 1924, Prorachias, Mello-Leit?o, 1924, Psalistopoides Mello-Leit?o, 1934, Pselligmus Simon, 1892, Pycnothele Chamberlin, 1917, Rachias Simon, 1892 e Stenoterommata Holmberg, 1881. Este estudo tem como objetivo testar a monofilia de Pycnothelinae e dos respectivos g?neros inclu?dos na subfam?lia, atrav?s de an?lise clad?stica. No grupo interno, foram inclu?dos todos os representantes descritos de cada g?nero de Pycnothelinae e mais algumas esp?cies n?o descritas. Devido ? exist?ncia de uma hip?tese pr?via de monofilia para os g?neros inclusos em Diplothelopsini, somente parte dos t?xons dos maiores g?neros foram utilizados. O grupo externo ? composto por representantes das seis subfam?lias de Nemesiidae e de outras cinco fam?lias de Mygalomorphae. A matriz de dados apresenta 103 caracteres e um total de 95 terminais amostrados. Optou-se pela topologia resultante das an?lises implementadas com pesagem impl?cita (K = 4), como a hip?tese de relacionamento a ser discutida. O resultado obtido para a fam?lia Nemesiidae corrobora a hip?tese pr?via de Goloboff, de que ela n?o forma um grupo monofil?tico e que as subfam?lias: Ixamatinae, Nemesiinae, Anaminae, Pycnothelinae e Diplothelopsinae s?o parafil?ticas. Pycnothelinae ? sustentada por uma ?nica sinapomorfia amb?gua, metatarso IV com a disposi??o dos espinhos prolaterais superiores 1-1-1. Nesta hip?tese, Pycnothelinae s? pode ser considerada monofil?tica, com os oito g?neros pr?-existentes apresentados acima, mais a inclus?o de Chaco Tullgren, 1905, Chilelopsis Goloboff, 1995, Diplothelopsis Tullgren, 1905, Lycinus Thorell, 1894 e Flamencopsis Goloboff, 1995 (Diplothelopsinae), Acanthogonatus Karsch, 1880 e Longistylus Indicatti & Lucas, 2005 (Anaminae) e esp?cies Neotropicais de Hermacha Simon, 1889, (exceto H. conspersa Mello-Leit?o, 1941, que pertence a Cyrtaucheniidae), al?m das seguintes esp?cies e g?neros oriundos de outras fam?lias: Psalistops crassimanus Mello-Leit?o, 1923 (Barychelidae), Xenonemesia Goloboff, 1988 (Microstigmatidae) e Lasiodora pantherina (Keyserling, 1891) (Theraphosidae). No presente estudo, os quatro g?neros n?o monot?picos de Pycnothelinae: Psalistopoides, Pycnothele, Rachias, Stenoterommata, como atualmente delimitados n?o constituem unidades monof?l?ticas. Todos os g?neros e esp?cies Neotropicais de Nemesiidae passam a pertencer a vi Pycnothelinae. Considerando as modifica??es taxon?micas a serem realizadas a partir destes resultados, Pycnothelinae ser? delimitada por 13 g?neros e 96 esp?cies Neotropicais. Neste estudo tamb?m ? realizada a revis?o do g?nero Rachias. O g?nero Psalistopoides ? considerado sin?nimo-j?nior de Rachias por apresentar a regi?o apical do ?mbolo dilatada e em forma de colher (assim como em Rachias dispar Simon, 1891 e Rachias conspersus (Walckenaer, 1837)), quilhas fortemente pregueadas e male?veis, n?mero reduzido de c?spides nos enditos em ambos os sexos, l?bio subquadrado e espermateca da f?mea formada por um domo, do qual projeta-se apenas um ramo para a regi?o interna. A f?mea de R. dispar ? descrita pela primeira vez, pois o paralect?tipo f?mea redescrito por Raven, pertence a uma esp?cie nova de Acanthogonatus. O macho de R. conspersus ? descrito pela primeira vez. A esp?cie, Pycnothele piracicabensis (Piza, 1938) ? transferida de Pycnothele para Rachias, restaurando a combina??o original. Rachias caudatus (Piza, 1939) ? transferida para Stenoterommata, devido a presen?a de muitas c?spides no endito e por n?o apresentar quilhas pregueadas. As seguintes sinon?mias s?o propostas: Stenoterommata maculata e Rachias virgatus Vellard, 1924 = R. conspersus; Psalistops nigrofemuratus Mello-Leit?o, 1939 (transferida de Barychelidae para Nemesiidae) = Rachias fulvimanus (Mello-Leit?o, 1934). As seguintes esp?cies foram consideradas v?lidas: R. dispar, Rachias aureus (Mello-Leit?o, 1920), R. fulvimanus, Rachias emanueli (Lucas & Indicatti, 2006), Rachias brachythelus (Mello-Leit?o, 1937), R. conspersus, Rachias dolichosternus (Mello-Leit?o, 1938), Rachias piracicabensis, Rachias timbo Goloboff, 1995. Duas esp?cies foram consideradas nomina dubia: Rachias odontochilus Mello-Leit?o, 1923 e Rachias iricolor (Mello-Leit?o, 1923) (transferida de Hermacha). Duas esp?cies novas s?o propostas, Rachias parnaso sp. nov. para Teres?polis, Rio de Janeiro, e Rachias candianii sp. nov. para S?o Paulo, S?o Paulo, ambas para o Brasil. Rachias ocorre no sudeste e sul do Brasil, nos estados do Rio de Janeiro, S?o Paulo, Paran? e Santa Catarina e no nordeste da Argentina, na prov?ncia de Misiones.