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Objective. To identify challenges that may raise pathogens’ resistance to antimicrobial drugs by exploring the private market for antimicrobials in two selected mining and frontier areas of Guyana. Methods. The private sector supply was mapped by approaching all authorized pharmacies and informal outlets, e.g., street vendors and grocery stores, around the two selected towns. Interviews were conducted with a) sellers on the availability of drugs, expiration dates, prices, and main producers; and b) customers on purchased drugs, diagnoses, and prescriptions received before purchasing drugs, and intention to complete the treatment. The information collected was described, and the determinants of the self-reported intention of customers to complete the whole treatment were identified. Results. From the perspective of the supply of antimicrobials, essential medicines faced low and insecure availability, and prescriptions frequently deviated from diagnoses. From the perspective of the demand for antimicrobials, one-third of purchased antibiotics had a high potential for antimicrobial resistance as per the World Health Organization AWaRe classification. A high price reduced the self-reported intention to complete the treatment among those who had a prescription, while buying the medication in a licensed pharmacy increased such intention. Conclusions. In Guyana, there persists a need to establish and revise policies addressing both supply and demand, such as restricting the sale of antimicrobials to licensed pharmacies and upon prescription, improving prescription practices while reducing the financial burden to patients, guaranteeing access to first-line treatment drugs, and instructing patients on appropriate use of antimicrobials. Revising such policies is an essential step to contain antimicrobial resistance in the analyzed areas and across Guyana.

The ‘leitmotif’ of the compact city has become a widely embraced template for sustainable urban development. Particularly infill and redevelopment areas, as well as many planned new settlements, have been built following the planning principles of urban compaction. Numerous positive effects are attributed to high-density settlements such as more efficient use of infrastructure and less reliance on automobile travel. Planning law and policies, in Germany as well as other countries around the world, regularly strive to advance high-density developments, but it is by no means clear whether the prescribed densities in planning policies actually lead to vibrant and healthy places which fulfill the expectations of their inhabitants with regards to their quality of life. The study aims to analyze the relation between binding land-use plans in Germany and individual perceptions of urban density through a case study-based survey. This paper contributes to providing new information on achieving compact urban form and quality of life in new urban quarters by analyzing the change of densities over the past three decades in ‘large’ urban developments across Germany, by an in-depth assessment of planned and built densities within an archetypal urban extension and finally by contrasting these ‘objective’ figures and findings with the ‘subjective’ feelings of inhabitants. For sources of information, this paper draws from literature, surveys and empirical analyses as well as desktop-studies.

The flora and fauna of Panama is species-rich due to its location and topography, and the resulting diversity of microclimates and habitats. The last two summaries (benchmarks) of information about the caddisfly fauna (Insecta, Trichoptera) Panama were published in1992 and 2015. From 1861 to 2015, researchers from outside of Panama recorded 13 families, 45 genera, and 257 species of caddisflies. From 2015 through 2023, a series of publications by the Aquatic Invertebrate Research Group at the Universidad Autónoma de Chiriquí in David, Panamá have recorded an additional 2 families,11 genera, and 278 species. Thus, a total of 535 species of caddisflies, now recorded from the Republic of Panama, are distributed among 15 families and 56 genera. Panama’s Trichoptera fauna shows greatest affinity to other Central American countries, and to Costa Rica in particular. Indeed, 289 Costa Rican species are shared with Panama, including 91 former Costa Rican endemics now known from both countries. The Hydroptilidae is the most species rich family in Panama. Although the number of new species and new country records of macro-Trichoptera has diminished somewhat over this third benchmark period, no similar fall-off has yet been detected in the micro-Trichoptera. The caddisfly fauna of Panama is now better known, but much more work remains to define the fauna and, just as importantly, to map the surficial and altitudinal distribution of each genus and species.

El actual régimen agroalimentario corporativo y neoliberal está reconfigurando activamente la geografía mundial de la vitivinicultura que conocíamos hasta el momento. La creciente competencia internacional exacerba las estrategias regionales de distinción de los productos y sus mecanismos de patrimonialización. Así lo demuestra la proliferación de dispositivos de normalización y delimitación de zonas productivas. Más allá de las querellas intercontinentales que han suscitado en el pasado, en la actualidad se revelan conflictos y tensiones entre escalas, entrelazando acelerada y frágilmente actores y territorios en la conformación de lugares vitivinícolas que necesitan ser delimitados y reconocidos institucionalmente. En este trabajo analizamos las disputas por la definición de la indicación geográfica del Paraje Altamira en el oasis del Valle de Uco en Mendoza, Argentina, con el fin de desentrañar las estrategias de legitimación desplegadas por actores empresariales, científicos y estatales, y las relaciones de poder que se establecen entre ellos en el marco de la territorialización vitivinícola corporativa. El diagnóstico de este caso de estudio nos permitirá valorar críticamente la emergencia de otras nuevas iniciativas similares que dieron lugar a una compleja y jerárquica producción de escalas.

Objetivo. Identificar y analizar los incidentes de productos médicos subestándares, falsificados, no registrados y robados al inicio de la pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos. Búsqueda detallada en los sitios web de las autoridades reguladoras de las Américas. Identificación de los incidentes de medicamentos y dispositivos médicos (incluidos los de diagnóstico in vitro) subestándares falsificados, no registrados y robados. Se determinaron los tipos de productos, las etapas de la cadena de suministro en las que se detectaron y las medidas tomadas por las autoridades. Resultados. Se identificaron 1 273 incidentes en 15 países (1 087 productos subestándares, 44 falsificados, 123 no registrados y 19 robados). La mayor cantidad de incidentes corresponden a dispositivos médicos, desinfectantes y antisépticos. El punto en la cadena de suministro con mayor frecuencia de informes fue la adquisición a través de internet. Las medidas tomadas por las autoridades reguladoras corresponden en su mayoría a: alerta, prohibición de uso, prohibición de publicidad y fabricación, retiro del mercado y seguimiento de eventos adversos. Conclusiones. Se evidenció un número destacable de incidentes de productos médicos subestándares, falsificados, no registrados y robados al inicio de la pandemia por COVID-19. La escasez de insumos, la flexibilización en los requisitos regulatorios y el aumento de la demanda son factores que pueden favorecer el incremento del número de incidentes. Las autoridades reguladoras nacionales de referencia presentaron mayores frecuencias de detección de incidentes y de aplicación de medidas sanitarias. Se observó que se debe abordar el canal de venta por internet con alguna estrategia reguladora para garantizar la distribución segura de productos médicos.

A hop dominating set S in a connected graph G is called a minimal hop dominating set if no proper subset of S is a hop dominating set of G. The upper hop domination number γ+h (G) of G is the maximum cardinality of a minimal hop dominating set of G. Some general properties satisfied by this concept are studied. It is shown that for every two positive integers a and b where 2 ≤ a ≤ b, there exists a connected graph G such that γh(G) = a and γ+ h (G) = b. It is proved that minimal hop dominating set is NP-complete. It is proved that γh(G) and γ(G) are in general incomparable. It is shown that for every pair of positive integers a and b with a ≥ 2 and b ≥ 1, there exists a connected graph G such that γh(G) = a and γ(G) = b. We present an algorithm to compute minimal hop dominating set of G. Finally, we formulate an Integer linear programming problem to compute the hop domination number of G.

Neste artigo o autor aborda a questão da digitalização da esfera pública a partir das transformações dos métodos de confronto, incluindo desobediência civil. Ao olhar mais de perto algumas das características estruturais da digitalização, busca então enfrentar os problemas conceituais, normativos e políticos levantados por ela. Dentro do limitado espaço desta contribuição, no entanto, as seguintes reflexões poderão ser somente tentativas e servir como preliminares para discussões futuras.

Objective: to evaluate the evidence of validity of the internal structure and reliability of the Brazilian version of the Smoking Cessation Counseling instrument Method: psychometric study of confirmatory factor analysis and reliability carried out on 250 nurses in clinical practice. For the analysis of the convergent validity of the factor model, Average Variance Extracted values were calculated, and discriminant analysis was carried out using the Fornell-Larcker criterion. Reliability was examined using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and composite reliability Results: it was necessary to exclude seven items from the Advanced Counseling domain and one item from the Basic Counseling domain in order to properly obtain the Average Variance Extracted values and the Fornell-Larcker criterion. The composite reliability ranged from 0.76 to 0.86 and the overall Cronbach`s alpha coefficient was 0.86, ranging from 0.53 to 0.84 depending on the domain assessed. The final version of the instrument was made up of 16 items divided into 4 domains Conclusion: the Brazilian version of Smoking Cessation Counseling obtained adequate psychometric evidence of validity and reliability. Further studies are needed to refine the instrument.

El objetivo de este informe especial es presentar los avances en Latinoamérica sobre la regulación de la venta de productos médicos a través de internet y ofrecer orientación a las Autoridades Reguladoras Nacionales (ARN) en la planificación y ejecución de estrategias para la regulación y fiscalización del comercio electrónico de productos médicos. Se presentan los avances regulatorios y de programas, e iniciativas efectuadas por cuatro países de América Latina para el control de la venta de productos médicos a través de Internet, incluyendo revisiones complementarias de la literatura y de programas para el control del comercio electrónico de agencias de referencia. A partir de esta revisión, se proponen las siguientes líneas estratégicas: fortalecimiento del marco regulatorio y normativo; fortalecimiento de la capacidad fiscalizadora; colaboración con autoridades y otros actores clave nacionales e internacionales; y comunicación y sensibilización con la comunidad y los profesionales de salud. Cada una de estas estrategias deben ir acompañadas con acciones específicas, que pueden servir como orientaciones para las ARN de las Américas, y de países con contextos similares para el fortalecimiento de sus marcos regulatorios y la protección de los pacientes y consumidores.

Abstract This study presents the first record of the cordiform echinoid Plagiobrissus grandis (Gmelin, 1791) (Echinoidea: Spatangoida: Brissidae) in Paraná’s shallow inner shelf, in addition to a brief description of its location, body measurements, sex determination, and reproductive status. Two specimens were recorded between 2015 (bycatch by artisanal fishing) and 2016 (observed by scuba diving). The only specimen - with severe signs of weakness - captured was donated to Associação MarBrasil and kept in an aquarium for rehabilitation (8 days), where it was possible to observe digging movements, burying skills (partially), and camouflage or covering behavior. The organism was sent to the UNESPAR campus of Paranaguá and was photographed, measured (length: 155.65 mm, width: 118.93 mm, and maximum test height: 41.31 mm), fixed, and properly preserved. Digitized images of the histological preparation showed that it was a female in the recovery stage (or nutritional reserve) of the reproductive cycle. Regardless of their limitations, the current records for the Brissidae family in South Atlantic are still concentrated on the Brazilian coast, contributing to the understanding of zoogeographic, ecological, morphophysiological, and behavioral aspects of the spatangoid echinoids.

Objetivo. Caracterizar y describir las notificaciones de sospechas de reacciones adversas de un grupo de medicamentos que se utilizaron en Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Chile, El Salvador, México y Perú para tratar o prevenir la enfermedad por el coronavirus (COVID-19, por su sigla en inglés) entre el 1 de marzo y el 31 de agosto del 2020. Métodos. Se elaboró una lista de los 13 medicamentos utilizados para tratar o prevenir la COVID-19, según fuentes oficiales y no oficiales. Desde las bases de datos de los programas nacionales de farmacovigilancia de los países participantes, se recopilaron las notificaciones de sospechas de reacciones adversas a estos medicamentos recibidas en el período comprendido entre el 1 de marzo y 31 de agosto de año 2020. Resultados. Se recibieron 3 490 notificaciones de sospechas de reacciones adversas desde los programas de farmacovigilancia de Perú (n = 3 037), Cuba (n = 270), Colombia (n = 108), Chile (n = 72) y El Salvador (n = 3). Los medicamentos con mayor número de notificaciones de reacciones adversas fueron la azitromicina, la ivermectina y la hidroxicloroquina. La diarrea fue el evento más frecuente (15,0%). Del total de las sospechas de reacciones adversas, 11,9% fueron notificadas como graves. La más frecuente fue la prolongación del intervalo QT posterior al uso de hidroxicloroquina. De estas sospechas de reacciones adversas graves, 54,5% ocurrieron en personas mayores de 65 años. Conclusión. Si bien no es posible establecer una relación causal a partir de la evaluación de informes espontáneos, el presente estudio confirma la presencia de reacciones adversas, algunas graves, con medicamentos que se utilizaron para tratar o prevenir la COVID-19.

University mathematics education and civic education through mathematics emphasise different aspects of the mathematical worldview. The present study qualitatively analyses 21 mathematics students’ mathematics-specific intrinsic motivation for choosing a mathematics study programme referring to different aspects of their mathematical worldview before the beginning of their study. The results show that many preservice teachers enjoy schematic aspects of mathematics, which does neither correspond to the type of mathematics taught at universities nor to civic education through mathematics. These findings contribute to explaining demotivation and frustration of preservice teachers with university mathematics as well as challenges for implementing civic education through mathematics in classrooms.

Este artículo analiza la producción social de los silencios y los secretos relacionados al conflicto armado interno peruano (1980-2000) y las modalidades de sus develamientos, como parte de los procesos de memoria en el distrito de Ocros, en los Andes quechuas de Ayacucho. ¿En qué medida estos secretos nos adentran en las zonas grises de la guerra? Y ¿cómo su comprensión permite también eludir ciertos maniqueísmos simplistas en torno a los conflictos fratricidas? Buscamos entender aquí la dialéctica entre lo ocultado y lo revelado en el discurso público para poder «historizar» la violencia y entender el origen de ciertas masacres. Así alcanzaremos otros niveles de complejidad sobre el papel de los campesinos, más allá de los testimonios vertidos en el ámbito de la Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación (2003), en un contexto de implementación de políticas de reparaciones que formatean narrativas que reflejan un discurso normativo de victimización.

El Archivo General de la Nación de México (AGN) es uno de los más ricos repositorios de documentos sobre la Inquisición. Los remedios documentados ahí incluyen una combinación de antídotos populares europeos, indígenas, africanos, y los grupos formados por la miscegenación. La hibridez de estos remedios estrambóticos frecuentemente levantó sospechas y causas por parte del Santo Oficio. Por otro lado, los mismos factores cultivaron los brotes de brujería y de actividades escandalosas en muchas comunidades en el territorio novohispano. El propósito de este estudio es revisar casos del AGN para develar los remedios y epidemias sancionables que pervivieron en la Nueva España hasta finales del siglo XVIII.

En las últimas décadas, los oasis de Mendoza y San Juan (Argentina) se transformaron dramáticamente al calor de reestructuraciones agro-exportadoras que se produjeron en el marco del actual régimen agro-alimentario corporativo neoliberal. Estos procesos no son sino la culminación de una larga trayectoria de inserción en el desarrollo del capitalismo como ecología-mundo. De este modo, nos proponemos, desde este enfoque híbrido, transfronterizo y relacional, reconstruir históricamente la fragmentaria trayectoria espacial de los principales oasis cuyanos desde su origen prehispánico hasta su articulación en tres regímenes agroalimentarios sucesivos. En segundo término, nos proponemos describir la reciente expansión de la frontera agrícola mediante el uso no controlado de reservas de agua subterráneas en el marco del último régimen. Evidenciamos los procesos relacionales que, a partir del enfoque de la ecología-mundo, están a la base de la producción y comercialización de tres mercancías emblemáticas en estos oasis: el vino, el aceite de oliva y la papa prefrita. La metodología que adoptamos estuvo destinada a describir las trayectorias históricas de los oasis recurriendo a una selección de fuentes documentales y bibliografía regional. Entre los principales hallazgos encontramos que el tercer régimen agroalimentario permitió a los oasis agro-industriales una nueva expansión de fronteras de mercancías. Esta se sustentó en la explotación sistemática del agua subterránea, hasta este momento esencialmente complementaria a la fuente superficial. En este marco neoliberal, la agricultura de precisión permite el control de las etapas claves del proceso productivo a partir de criterios estandarizados de demanda internacional de calidad y cantidad. Como conclusión, entendemos que el acceso a fuentes de Naturaleza barata (ya sea agua, suelos o trabajo humano) permitió no sólo la elaboración de mercancías apetecibles en exigentes mercados mundiales, sino que también reconfiguró el propio modelo de gestión del agua desde uno más estatalista y socialmente condicionado a uno más privatista, telecontrolado y autónomo. No obstante, estos procesos de expansión de la frontera de mercancías están condicionados por elementos locales propios de dinámicas socioecológicas preexistentes, por lo que esta frontera encuentra límites, a menudo, infranqueables.

Culturally sustaining practices are advocated for enhancing learning experiences of Indigenous learners. Developing the use of culturally sustaining practice is challenging, in part as many educators do not have Indigenous heritage and have not themselves experienced such teaching. Here we discuss an investigation into how we develop student teacher understanding of practice culturally sustaining for Indigenous Māori learners in our initial mathematics teacher education courses. We show how a four-dimension framework (accommodation, reformation, transformation, and representation) can expose strengths and opportunities for improvement in course content and approaches towards developing culturally sustaining practices. Factors considered include education policy, resources, course development and content. Affordances (e.g., ease of use) and challenges (e.g., contextal factors) of using the framework are discussed. We demonstrate that the framework can be a useful tool for teacher educators working to strengthen their focus on developing culturally sustaining teacher practice to enhance educational opportunities of Indigenous learners.

The aim of this original research was to investigate the effect of a combination of feedback, action observation of a model and motor imagery on passes accuracy in non-expert football players. All the participants performed a pre-test, 5 week-intervention sessions, and a post-test similar to the pre-test. The task consisted in passing toward a target located at 20-meters in an outdoor football field. During each session, the participants, divided in Control (i.e., physical practice only), Feedback, Model, Imagery and Feedback plus Model plus Imagery (FMI) groups performed 3 blocks of 4 trials. After each block, they received or not a feedback by the coach, watched a clip or a video of a peer skilled model touching the target, and finally realized a mental task or motor imagery. The main results of this study revealed that the FMI group increased the performance from the pre- to the post-test whereas the performance of all the other groups remained stable across the experimental conditions. The current study showed the beneficial effect of combining the observation of a model, the motor imagery and expert feedback after physical practice especially in case of short learning session in non-expert football players.

Low sandy coasts are small and constrained spaces very sensitive to coastal hazards. The settlement of human activities next to the coastline sets up at-risk territories. The identification of territories exposed to coastal erosion is one of the objectives of the French national strategy for integrated coastal management initiated by the French Ministry of Ecology. This national strategy relies on the network of regional coastal observatories. This paper proposes a common geomatics approach of two of these regional observatories aimed at spatializing a new coastal erosion risk indicator. The partnership between the "Réseau d’observation du littoral de Normandie et des Hauts-de-France" and the "Observatoire régional des risques côtiers en Pays de la Loire", aims at applying this indicator along the sandy coasts of western Manche and northern Vendée, France. The indicator is composed of the combination of 3 variables into spatial units (“boxes”): (i) the historical shoreline change, (ii) the distance between the shoreline and the buildings, roads and campsites located in the 100-m coastal strip and (iii) the presence/absence of coastal protections. The computation of the indicator for each stake, at the scale of the territories, allows the ranking of the erosion risk territories

Resumo Objetivo Realizar a tradução e adaptação transcultural da escala “Smoking Cessation Counseling” para a língua portuguesa e o contexto brasileiro e avaliar a confiabilidade da versão adaptada. Métodos Pesquisa metodológica de adaptação transcultural que empregou as seguintes fases: tradução, síntese das traduções, retrotradução, comitê de experts e pré-teste. No pré-teste, foi verificado a confiabilidade da escala por meio da análise da consistência interna (Alfa de Cronbach). Resultados Na tradução e retrotradução, as discordâncias relacionaram-se ao uso de sinônimos e nenhum dos itens foi modificado em relação ao seu entendimento e sim na adequação para a realidade brasileira. A avaliação do comitê de experts demonstrou que a retrotradução manteve as equivalências semântica e idiomática. A consistência interna da SCC mostrou-se excelente (0,916). Conclusão A escala adaptada tem equivalência cultural com o instrumento original e evidências de alta confiabilidade. Demais propriedades psicométricas estão sendo investigadas.

(2014) La nature est un champ de bataille. Essai d'écologie politique, Paris, La Découverte.

Higher education has a deep impact on the diversity and success of entrepreneurs. It is clear that educated entrepreneurs have an advantage over other entrepreneurs given their specialized knowledge. However, the effect of higher education on entrepreneurial intention has been less studied. Does higher education or the subject imparted affect the intention to start a business? This article proposes a model that adds two exogenous variables to the Theory of Planned Behavior. The first variable is formal education in entrepreneurship represented by Subject and Entrepreneurship, and the second one is the entrepreneur environment, represented by University and Entrepreneurship. The model analyzes both variables and their impact on Attitude and Perceived Control. Data for this quantitative study is collected from an online semi-structured questionnaire by 583 university students during October and November 2014. The reliability of the scales was assessed using Cronbach Alpha, while the model was tested using structural equations. Our results confirm that university’s entrepreneurial environment, as well as the subjects studied, do have an effect on entrepreneurial intention through attitude. Additionally, the influence of both variables through the Perceived Control was not significant. Consequently, higher education must go beyond theory and focus on fostering an environment that encourages and raises awareness of entrepreneurship.

A ciência da implementação foi desenvolvida para ajudar a entender as razões que levam a que as práticas baseadas na evidência não sejam adotadas pelos profissionais tão rapidamente quanto deveriam ser. Descrevemos aqui o processo de transformação que um centro de reabilitação no Paraguai está a passar se tornar num programa de intervenção precoce de última geração. Descrevemos a sua organização, os seus pontos fortes e as barreiras contextuais, o modelo que escolheu implementar e os procedimentos de implementação que utilizou. As implicações para a fidelidade do modelo são destacadas, pois a organização necessitava fazer adaptações ao modelo conforme previsto, para se ajustar ao contexto específico da sua missão e da cultura paraguaia. São descritas as características do modelo baseado nas rotinas

Copyright of MATRIZes is the property of Universidade de Sao Paulo, Programa de Pos Graduacao em Ciencias da Comunicacao and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Reseña de Mattza Su, Carmela V., La vida es sueño como speculum reginae: Isabel de Borbón en la corte de Felipe IV, Madrid, Verbum, 2017, 198 pp., ISBN: 978-84-9074-568-7

Values understood to be fundamentally important across Pacific groups are central to New Zealand education policy focussed on enhancing school learning of Pasifika students. To explore teacher perceptions of three of these values (respect, service, leadership), interviews with primary and secondary teachers were collected and analysed and their lessons observed. Findings indicate policy implementation is challenged by a lack of deep understanding of Pasifika values amongst many teachers. Implications include that extensive professional development and urgent recruitment of teachers and school leaders with strong knowledge of Pasifika communities are needed to improve achievement opportunities for Pasifika learners and facilitate policy implementation.

Os brancos da América do Norte vivem em um ambiente social que os protege e isola do estresse relacionado às questões raciais. Este ambiente isolado de proteção racial cria expectativas brancas de conforto racial ao mesmo tempo em que diminui a capacidade de lidar com o estresse racial, levando ao que eu chamo de “Fragilidade Branca”. A Fragilidade Branca é um estado em que até mesmo uma quantidade mínima de estresse racial se torna intolerável, desencadeando uma série de movimentos defensivos. Esses movimentos incluem a expressão de emoções como raiva, medo e culpa, e comportamentos como discussão, silêncio e abandono da situação criadora de estresse. Esses comportamentos, por sua vez, funcionam para restabelecer o equilíbrio racial branco. Este artigo explica a dinâmica da Fragilidade Branca.

La ciudad se ha convertido en la unidad de medida preferente para el estudio de la innovación, la transformación social y la acción política, también al nivel internacional. La arquitectura y el urbanismo, la comunicación y el liderazgo político, los movimientos sociales, los negocios y la economía, la transformación digital, la movilidad, el turismo de masas, el patrimonio, las políticas públicas, la expresión de identidades encuentran acomodo en los espacios urbanos. De hecho y de derecho, las ciudades desarrollan acciones de impacto transnacional y de consecuencias diplomáticas, políticas y comunicativas. La ciudad participa en la gestión de los asuntos internacionales donde procura impulsar su propia agenda política. Así, la ciudad es fuente de creatividad en la práctica de la comunicación internacional. Las ciudades que aspiran a ser globales han entendido que su valor reside en la capacidad de conjugar poder y población, dar continuidad a las políticas públicas y crear capital simbólico a través de las iniciativas directas y las experiencias mediadas por los medios de comunicación y cultura. Así se crea capital simbólico, que configura el imaginario de las ciudades globales.

Chile is one of the countries with higher GPB in Latin America and important sources of incomes and employment comes from tourism. Hotels are adopting sustainable practices but it is unknown whether customers value this. This research looks to measure consumer attitude, perception and preference for hotels based on their sustainable practices. A survey was applied to 208 guests at Chilean hotels. Correspondence and exploratory factor analysis was carried. Lack of knowledge about "Sustainability”, but Willingness to pay extra for Sustainable Hotels, indicate a higher level of commitment and care for environment. Three clusters were obtained: ‘non-Committed’, ‘Influenced’ and ‘Committed’.

For the first time the systems of cities in seven countries or regions among the largest in the world (China, India, Brazil, Europe, the Former Soviet Union (FSU), the United States and South Africa) are made comparable through the building of spatio-temporal standardised statistical databases. We first explain the concept of a generic evolutionary urban unit (“city”) and its necessary adaptations to the information provided by each national statistical system. Second, the hierarchical structure and the urban growth process are compared at macro-scale for the seven countries with reference to Zipf’s and Gibrat’s model: in agreement with an evolutionary theory of urban systems, large similarities shape the hierarchical structure and growth processes in BRICS countries as well as in Europe and United States, despite their positions at different stages in the urban transition that explain some structural peculiarities. Third, the individual trajectories of some 10,000 cities are mapped at micro-scale following a cluster analysis of their evolution over the last fifty years. A few common principles extracted from the evolutionary theory of urban systems can explain the diversity of these trajectories, including a specific pattern in their geographical repartition in the Chinese case. We conclude that the observations at macro-level when summarized as stylised facts can help in designing simulation models of urban systems whereas the urban trajectories identified at micro-level are consistent enough for constituting the basis of plausible future population projections.Keywords: urban system, Zipf's law, Gibrat, cities trajectories, BRICS

In the current context of an increasing human encroachment on landscapes, the identification and cartography of the last remaining wild areas are increasingly challenging in the field of nature conservation. The concept of naturalité, a French-word derived from wilderness, is increasingly used in the literature to designate different qualities of an area, which can be antagonistic. However, there is still a lack of definition of this concept and they were few attempts to use it for mapping. Based on the French and international literature related to the definitions, concepts and methods to map and quantify the naturalité, we try to distinguish three different facets of this concept: the biophysical integrity, the spontaneity and the spatio-temporal continuities. When considering the example of the Marais poitevin, we propose a methodological approach to produce maps of these three facets, using specific indicators. Finally, we discuss the importance of using the concept of naturalité in nature conservation.

Em anos recentes, o estudo da etno-história e da religião das terras baixas sul-americanas testemunhou diversos avanços metodológicos de grande importância. Todos os ensaios reunidos na coleção de Hill, Rethinking History and Myth (1988), examinam a questão da interpretação indígena da história do contato índio-branco nas sociedades amazonense e andina. Corolário de uma corrente antropológica de pensamento que se constrói desde o início dos anos 1980, esta obra destrói, virtualmente, a imagem do "primitivo atemporal", que tinha marcado grande parte da etnografía das terras baixas sul-americanas. A obra desafia os estudiosos que trabalham na área a reavaliar suas pressuposições e abordagens para o entendimento da história indígena, trabalhando em direção a "uma consciência verdadeiramente crítica e hermenêutica da história social" (Hill 1988: 3). Entre outros caminhos, as novas abordagens, exemplificadas em muitos ensaios, abandonam a noção de que a pesquisa arquivística é um modo mais "objetivo" de entender o que aconteceu na história de contato do que as interpretações indígenas de sua experiência histórica na narrativa oral.

O tão esperado segundo volume de John Hemming sobre a história dos índios brasileiros finalmente apareceu,* fornecendo a todos aqueles interessados no assunto uma base para maior discussão e também um estímulo para pesquisas futuras. Tal qual o primeiro volume, Red Gold (Hemming, 1978), Amazon Frontier pretende ser uma síntese global de padrões e acontecimentos da política indigenista brasileira e das relações interétnicas, abragendo, aproximadamente, o período de meados do século dezoito, a era pombalina, até o início do século vinte, com a criação do Serviço de Proteção aos índios. Por seu escopo, Amazon Frontier pode ser visto como uma bem-vinda introdução histórica geral, cujo conteúdo contribui para o conhecimento do processo de formação de fronteiras e da dinâmica de sua expansão. Embora o resultado não seja uma leitura agradável, deve-se creditar a Hemming o trabalho de organizar uma vasta quantidade de documentos dispersos em torno de alguns temas coerentes. Sob vários aspectos, este livro representa um grande avanço com relação a Red Gold por não estar tão sobrecarregado com os tipos de problemas pelos quais aquele foi justamente criticado (Baines, 1982). Apesar disso, alguns dos mesmos erros, superficialidades e etnocentrismos reaparecem em Amazon Frontier, como veremos mais adiante.

This article questions the key role of the Peruvian Truth and Reconciliation Commission (CVR) in the return of the "indigenous" category, again in use in the national public arena of the 21st century. We analyze its influence on the reparations policies and their repercussions on the forms of identification of the Andean populations. The analysis of the content of the final report of the CVR and the activities carried out in the memorial El Ojo que Llora in Lima highlights the process of ethnicizing the category of victim, as innocent and indigenous. The staging of this positive figure of the Indian sought to counteract the stigma associated with the "Indian", considered a terrorist during the war. However, this position does not fail to convey some essentialism about the inner otherness. In their eagerness to visualize and value Andean cultural elements, don’t human rights activists run the risk of reproducing the exoticism associated with the populations most affected by the war; stigma they denounce in their fight against racism? Similarly, linking contemporary peasant communities with pre-Hispanic past reduces the possibility of fully recognizing this rural population as dynamic actors with their own political subjectivity. Directing the focus to the replica of the Lima memorial in an Andean peasant community allows us to also glimpse how the relations between center and periphery are redefined, through local construction of the collective memory of the internal armed conflict.

Investigaciones recientes en la provincia de Córdoba sugieren que entre el 1000 y el 500 AP se habría producido un desmejoramiento en la calidad de vida de las poblaciones, así como un crecimiento demográfico y una explotación más intensiva de los espacios, que habrían conducido al surgimiento de potenciales conflictos sociales. Sin embargo, el registro arqueológico y bioarqueológico no ha dado cuenta hasta el momento de estas situaciones de violencia o conflicto social. En este contexto, el objetivo del presente trabajo es presentar los primeros hallazgos para la región de cuatro individuos que presentan lesiones óseas así como contextos arqueológicos compatibles con situaciones de violencia interpersonal, tres de ellos fechados mediante AMS con una cronología que los ubica a finales del Holoceno tardío. Se presenta la información bioarqueológica, contextual y cronológica, así como la descripción de las lesiones y el análisis paleopatológico de cada uno de los individuos.

This paper describes the outcomes of a residency in which three participants combined their practices within three disparate areas of sonic art. During the residency, a fourth “performer” was added to represent the host building in the form of its wireless internet data and a framework was developed to facilitate this metaphor whilst integrating distinct aesthetic considerations. This culminated in a series of live performances entitled Amalgam, which is described in the context of both collaboration and cooperation. Discourse surrounding network affordance, authorship and the use of non-musical data is also explored.

La última reunión de la Asociación Internacional para Investigadores de la Comunicación Colectiva (AIERI) tuvo como tema central “Comunicación y Democracia”. En este importante evento, realizado en septiembre de 1982 en París, se discutió y analizó ampliamente esta temática, trascendental tanto para los países en vías de desarrollo como para las naciones industrializadas. En las plenarias de la Conferencia de París los participantes partieron de un análisis de términos, ya que por un lado existe la preocupación sobre el rol que la comunicación masiva juega en la promoción de un proceso democrático, mientras que por otro lado se piensa en el significado y la naturaleza de la democratización del propio proceso de comunicación. Ambos aspectos están inter-relaciones y tienen implicaciones mutuas. También se debatió sobre la naturaleza, el acceso y la participación femenina, juvenil y familiar a las posibilidades de comunicación. Otras temáticas ampliamente discutidas fueron el rol de la comunicación alternativa y de las nuevas tecnologías, así como los problemas internacionales y transnacionales de comunicación. Considerando la importancia de este evento internacional y sus implicaciones futuras, CHASQUI entrevistó al Presidente de AIERI, Prof. James D. Halloran, que aporta criterios valiosos y precisos sobre la problemática de la comunicación y la democracia. En la entrevista exclusiva, que fue realizada a pedido de CHASQUI por Robin McCron, investigador asociado a la Universidad de Leicester, Gran Bretaña, se plantean criterios novedosos no sólo para los investigadores de la comunicación de nuestro continente, sino también para los investigadores estudiantes de las Escuelas de Comunicación y para los profesionales de los medios masivos.

Au lendemain du conflit armé entre le Sentier lumineux et l’État péruvien, des productions socioculturelles inédites se déploient dans les Andes, telle la performance carnavalesque qui rejoue le massacre perpétré par la guérilla et la lutte des paysans miliciens à Ocros. Au-delà de la commémoration de cet épisode, quels enjeux sous-tendent cette mise en scène du passé ? Que donnent à voir et que passent sous silence les acteurs dans ce type d’« écriture » fragmentaire de l’histoire ? On s’intéressera aux usages stratégiques de cette chorégraphie et à leur articulation avec les secrets évacués de la « mémoire manipulée » locale.

Pseudophygopoda Tavakilian & Peñaherrera-Leiva, 2007 is redescribed. Four new, closely related genera are described. Panamapoda gen. nov., with P. panamensis (Giesbert, 1996); Paraphygopoda gen nov., with Paraphygopoda nappae sp. nov., P. albitarsis (Klug, 1825), P. viridimicans (Fisher, 1952), and, provisionally, P. longipennis (Zajciw, 1963); Para melitta gen. nov., with Paramelitta wappesi sp. nov., and P. aglaia (Newman, 1840); and Phygomelitta gen. nov., with one species, P. triangularis (Fuchs, 1961). All the species are illustrated (including genitalia); and keys to the genera, and their species, are provided.

Following large-scale human or natural disturbances, the regeneration of tropical forests follows a progression of stages through which forest assemblages gradually become enriched with species and increase in structural and functional complexity. Successional pathways and rates of change vary widely according to the nature of prior land use, the proximity of old-growth forest, and the availability of seed-dispersing fauna. Regenerating forests rapidly accumulate nutrients and carbon in vegetation, litter, and soil, but recovery of species composition may take centuries. Regenerating tropical forests provide essential resources and ecosystem services that support millions of forest-dependent people. When soils have been degraded and seed sources are limited, active reforestation approaches can initiate forest succession and expand forest cover. Reforestation requires an alignment of socio-economic, political, and ecological factors leading to different pathways and quality of reforestation vary across geographic regions.