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The goal of this paper was to examine the way Hildegard of Bingen (1098-1179) advocated balance in the established relationship from the triad God-Human Being-Nature and the interdependence between them. The selected sources were: a) Explicación del Credo de San Atanasio, que dió Santa Hildegarda a su Congregación de Hermanas; b) Libro de las Causas y Remedios de las Enfermedades. This study was supported by bibliographic research in primary and secondary sources. The methodological basis used was Social History (Bloch, 2001; Braudel, 1965; 1978), in particular the concept of long duration. As major results, we emphasize the role of Hildegard as an intellectual, historian and researcher, who was concerned with registering her discoveries, as well as defending the balance in the triad God-Human Being-Nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to examine the themes produced by students in the research paper projects of the Pedagogy course, in Distance Education modality. This research is qualitative, of documentary character. The results of the analysis indicate that students prefer to frequent themes from academic literature (ludic). It was also noticed the insufficiency or absence of the theoretical framework in the projects. The methodology used by the students was, primarily, those of bibliographic and documentary nature. Regarding the sources, it was found difficulties in defining the search websites. During the writing of the project, students used non-scientific websites, such as blogs, portals and / or news reports. The analysis of the writing of the works evidenced difficulties of the students in relation to writing texts. It concludes the importance of the professor advisor, since the very beginning of the elaboration of research projects, once it is up to the professors to instrumentalize the students for the construction of cohesive and consistent theoretical and methodological references. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to analyze some episodes of martyrdom narrated in the Ecclesiastical History of Eusébio de Caesaréia (265-339), better known as the father of the History of the Church for his most famous work, Ecclesiastical History. We believe that, through this study, we will have the opportunity to understand how Christianity positioned itself as an educational model that sought to restore the Roman imperial order on the verge of collapse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to analyze the meaning of rhetoric in the conception of Thomas of Aquinas (1224/25-1274). It should be noted that rhetoric in this author is directly connected to the use that men make of the word, therefore, of language. Our formulations start from the principle that the Dominican friar analyzes language from his two places of discourse, as a preacher and as a university master. In order to elaborate our considerations we have chosen two writings from the Dominican master. First, the work Commentary on Aristotle's On Interpretation. Secondly, two Questions from the Summa Theologiae: Quaestiones 176 and 177 -- IIa-IIae. We show that, for this author, language is associated with man's intellective condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to reflect on the clash between the secular and mendicant masters at the University of Paris. This quarrel occurred because the former felt threatened by the latter's entry into the University. To carry out this reflection, we chose as sources for the study the writing of William of Saint- Amour entitled Tractatus brevis de periculis novissimorum temporum as representative of the secular masters and three writings of Bonaventure of Bagnoregio, Itinerarium Mentis in Deum, Disputed questions on evangelical perfection and On the Perfection of Life. At the epicenter of this dispute were begging and knowledge. From these two issues, the containers chose the pen as a weapon and the University became the battlefield. We will try to explain that through these writings we can understand the social and theoretical changes that occurred in the medieval West, placing on the agenda a new world view, of which the mendicants were their expositors. We also observe that our reflections consider the writings from the perspective of social history and we will have memory as our guiding thread. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the contribution from Jacques Le Goff (1924-2014) for the History of Medieval Education. Our intention is, firstly, to place the work of Jacques Le Goff in the historiography tradition, started on the 19th century, especially with regard to the principles of fullness and long term as essential for historical research. Secondly, we present the study by Le Goff about the intellectuals in Middle Age. With his work, the intellectual became more important in the medieval civilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this text, we will reflect on the importance of image as a possible mental and social construction. We investigate the secular speech inimagistic representations of French monarchs Francis I (1494-1547) and Henry II (1519-1559). During this period, the society passed for social changes between the Middle Ages and Modernity, implying the construction of state idea as a social organizer. We understand that the images in addition to revealing the social relations were also a trainer vehicle. We believe in the importance of conducting research in History, Education and Art, in providing opportunities for understanding the formation of the social subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this text, we will reflect on the importance of image as a possible mental and social construction. We investigate the secular speech inimagistic representations of French monarchs Francis I (1494-1547) and Henry II (1519- 1559). During this period, the society passed for social changes between the Middle Ages and Modernity, implying the construction of state idea as a social organizer. We understand that the images in addition to revealing the social relations were also a trainer vehicle. We believe in the importance of conducting research in History, Education and Art, in providing opportunities for understanding the formation of the social subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current paper relates two views on social reality, each one considered within its specific historical period. The first, from the XVIII century, is presented by Montesquieu (1721), in Cartas Persas, and the second, presented by Pondé (2012) in Guia Politicamente Incorreto da filosofia. Four themes were selected: courage, hypocrisy, female and male relationships and intellectual vanity. Parts Letters I to LII by Montesquieu were selected in which ironical views of reality were detected. The choice of the first third part of Cartas Persas was made by the first experiences of the interlocutor with the other culture, specifically, the French society of the XVIII century. The presentation of the Letters, however, is not linear, but correspondent to the themes selected for this research. It may be observed that both sources, imbued with ironical literary resources, contribute towards an understanding of societies, the French one in the XVIII century and Brazilian society in the XXI century. Underlying ironical language, the two authors try to uncover society's hypocrisy and demonstrate the need of a profound respect, and not a politically correct respect, among individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we present an approach between the conceptions of choice in Thomas Aquinas (1224-1274) and Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980). The purpose is to offer elements for a reflection on the permanency of essentially human characteristics under quite different historical - and theoretical - conditions. The analysis follows the assumptions of Social History, from Braudel's perspective of Long Duration. In fact, it is possible to identify analogies between Thomas' and Sartre's concepts of choice, which allows us, in education, to make inferences about man's responsibility for their actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to expose some reflections regarding both scholastic and the teaching methodology that was developed in the University of Paris in XIII Century, emphasizing the questions 15 and 16 from Part I-II of Summa Theologiae, by Saint Thomas Aquinas. Based on a perspective that places man, society and education into a whole - a totality - and also having as basis texts written by contemporary authors who studied Medium Age and Thomasian thought, there was an attempt to approach the essential aspects of their formulations, thus contributing for studies covering the field of History of Education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to discuss one of most evidenced themes in the works of Hieronymus Bosch (1450-1516), a master of Dutch painting who lived in the late 15th and early 16th centuries: human vice. His accomplishments are known mainly for depicting a conflict between common life and the look for eternal well-being, beyond the representation of the fears, anguish and desires of the late Middle Ages. Our analysis is based on the main idea that image is an educational resource. Thus, we seek, over the course of the study, to mention human vices as guiding sources for social organization. The development takes place through the relation between themes painted by Bosch and medieval thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper was developed by making use of some theoretical contributions by Tomás de Aquino, in order to understand his conceptions, concerning reasoning and intellect, as well as to be aware of the role played by reasoning and intellect aspects in the medieval period. Thus, it is necessary to reflect upon the influence played by Church and by Christian philosophy on the constitution of medieval society. Within such a context, the relationship between reason-subjectivity in Aquino's thought is emphasized. Thus, based on both, the theoretical contributions by Deleuze and Guattari (1996), and on the conceptualizations about the significance of intellect in the human constitution, it is made a brief conceptualization about subjectivity. Tomás de Aquino conceives the human reasoning as the subject's power for acting when in search for knowledge, a fact that makes possible a counterpoint with the concept of instrumental reasoning, established by Adorno and Horkheimer (1985), whose peculiarity or singularization is understood as a possibility for developing the intellectual power of human being, as well as a possibility of constituting more conscious subjectivities in contemporary society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims at analyzing Saint Anselm's documents. He was a philosopher and theologian from the Eleventh Century, who brilliantly succeeded in expressing all the religious, political, social and economical movement of that period. Evaluating some of his positions, the necessity of an agreement between faith and reason (pillars of Christian philosophy), radical changes in society's structure and a continuous acceptance of man as a rational being were observed. According to several authors, the Eleventh Century occurred when Feudal way of living achieved its maturity, bringing, consequently, urgency to understand the relations between men in a different way, taking into account the feudal landlords' growing power, as well as increasing in trade and towns. Saint Anselm's classical reading offers us a broad and special view of that historic moment and the recognition of the Middle Ages as a period full of life, with singular characteristics and which, undoubtedly, promoted the start of Modern Age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of our research, entitled Eusebius of Caesarea and martyrdom as a pedagogical strategy, is to analyze some episodes of martyrdom narrated in the work Church History because we believe that through this study we will have the opportunity to understand how Christianity has put itself as an educational model that sought to restore the collapsing imperial order. It is crucial to note that we follow the paths of social history that are based primarily on the contributions of the Annales school to history and historiography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introdução: Os idosos institucionalizados apresentam quadro epidemiológico precário relacionado a saúde bucal, com elevado índice de cárie dentária, problemas periodontais e edentulismo, sendo baixa a frequência de higiene bucal e/ou de prótese. Esses problemas são frequentemente observados na clínica de atendimento do Programa Multidisciplinaridade na Atenção à Saúde do Idoso - MASI. DESENVOLVIMENTO: Paciente SGG, 70 anos, residente em Instituição de Longa Permanência para Idosos (ILPI) iniciou em 2012 tratamento na Programa MASI, na clínica do hospital odontológico, sendo seu atendimento interrompido por problemas de saúde geral até 2014. Retornando ao atendimento foi realizado em 2014 profilaxia, raspagem, exodontia de 15 dentes, e instalação de prótese imediata superior. Optou-se pela preservação de 9 dentes inferiores, confecção de prótese total superior e prótese parcial removível inferior, além de restaurações em todos os dentes remanescentes. Em 2015 e 2016 foi executado o tratamento proposto, mas em todas as sessões era necessário a profilaxia prévia devido a precariedade da higiene bucal. Devido a dependência do idoso da equipe de cuidadores pra a realização da sua escovação, orientações de higiene bucal sempre foram feitas ao acompanhante. Recebendo alta no primeiro semestre de 2017, ao paciente foi preconizado o retorno para acompanhamento de 6 em 6 meses. Em todos os retornos foi observado deficiência na higienização e grande acúmulo de cálculo e placa bacteriana. Atualmente, no segundo semestre de 2018, o paciente encontra-se novamente em tratamento com necessidades curativas em decorrência da precariedade dos cuidados bucais. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS: Visto à justificativa de sobre carga da equipe de enfermagem e despreparo dos cuidadores de idosos para realizar a higiene bucal de forma eficiente, é necessário e de caráter emergencial a mobilização da equipe de saúde bucal e definição de políticas de saúde bucal voltadas aos idosos frágeis institucionalizados. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]