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Reporta-se este trabalho a um dicionário manuscrito de português-chinês datável do século XVIII, um códice inédito da Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal cuja edição preparámos nos últimos anos, no qual foram incluídas numerosas entradas relativas a mandarins, bem como equivalentes chineses específicos para os mesmos. Este conjunto de verbetes é muito informativo quanto ao que se considerava ser o mandarim, aos seus vários tipos, procedimentos, carreiras, utensílios, privilégios, família, etc., em muitos casos merecendo palavra própria, exclusiva do mandarim, ou de classes iguais ou mais elevadas. A comparação com as obras lexicográficas e gramaticais de Joaquim Afonso Gonçalves revela um curioso desaparecimento deste tipo de informação logo no século seguinte, podendo o próprio termo mandarim ser ignorado em benefício de outros tão opacos e gerais como empregado, ou sinónimos menos precisos que parecem ter servido para evitar o uso daquele lexema, como ministro e magistrado.

ABSTRACT Trans/plurilingual theory and pedagogies have been generating extensive attention within global English language teaching and teacher education. This article responds to the burgeoning area of trans/plurilingual pedagogies, outlining diverse pedagogical practices and perspectives from a group of English language educators at a large, cosmopolitan Canadian university. Considering recent assertions that there are onto-epistemological differences between multilingualism, plurilingualism, and translingualism, this article looks to demonstrate how (or even if) these differences manifest in the pedagogical practices of diverse faculty within the same language teaching and teacher education programs. Drawing on multiethnographic data, this article concludes with a discussion of the potential and limitations of critical pedagogies, the affordances of multiethnography as an accessible methodology for use by researchers and pedagogues, and a call for greater bi-directional knowledge flow between language researchers and classroom instructors.

Abstract The objectives of this study were the biostratigraphic and paleobiogeographic interpretations of the calcareous nannofossil records of the Romualdo Formation (Aptian-Albian) in the south-central portion of the Araripe Basin. The methods used to process the samples were decanting, smear slide, centrifugation, and ultra-thin section confection. The taxonomic and biostratigraphic interpretations were carried out through qualitative and quantitative investigations. A total of 11 genera and 17 species of calcareous nannofossils, namely, Biscutum constans, Biscutum sp., Braarudosphaera africana, Braarudosphaera sp., Calculites sp., Discorhabdus ignotus, Hayesites albiensis, Hayesites sp., Nannoconus bucheri, Nannoconus sp., Retecapsa surirella, Rhagodiscus sp., Thoracosphaera sp., Watznaueria barnesiae, Watznaueria sp., Zeughrabdotus erectus, and Zeughrabdotus noeliae were identified. The integrated analysis of three outcrops suggests two distinct marine phases: the first in the Aptian, recognized in two outcrops, and during the Albian age. The genera Hayesites and Nannoconus suggest a strong Tethyan affinity. Differently, other calcareous nannofossils such as Watznaueria, Thoracosphaera, and Braarudosphaera recorded here are considered more resistant, cosmopolitan, and/or opportunistic species. Biscutum and Zeughrabdotus are sensitive calcareous nannofossils because they are more susceptible to dissolution and cannot be surely used to define this paleobiogeography and biostratigraphic range.

A pandemia de COVID-19 trouxe grandes desafios aos gestores do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), tais como a manutenção de abastecimento de medicamentos utilizados para intubação orotraqueal para pacientes graves, denominado como Kit Intubação (KI). A gestão da assistência farmacêutica (AF) precisou de estratégias inovadoras para a manutenção do abastecimento do KI. Este artigo tem como objetivo descrever a experiência da AF no estado mais populoso do Brasil nas ações relacionadas ao do abastecimento do KI durante a pandemia. Trata-se de um relato de experiência sobre a gestão realizada para abastecimento de 22 medicamentos nos estoques de hospitais públicos de administração direta e indireta, sob gestão estadual e municipal. Dentre as principais ações realizadas pela Coordenadoria de Assistência Farmacêutica da Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo temos: gestão do abastecimento, elaboração de relatórios gerenciais; centralização da logística de distribuição de medicamentos; gestão de compras nacionais e internacionais, gestão documental, financeira e de estratégias de comunicação. Conclui-se que as ações gerenciais da AF foram fundamentais para o sucesso do monitoramento e a manutenção de estoques hospitalares no momento de escassez do KI assim como trabalho em equipe e articulação junto aos gestores da AF.

Introdução: Declarada como emergência de saúde pública pela Organização Mundial de Saúde, a pandemia da COVID-19 trouxe grandes desafios aos gestores do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) do Brasil, tais como a manutenção de abastecimento de medicamentos utilizados para intubação orotraqueal de pacientes com insuficiência respiratória, denominado como “Kit Intubação”, devido ao rompimento, em escala global, da cadeia de suprimentos de medicamentos. Este contexto desafiou a gestão da assistência farmacêutica (AF), de forma que se valesse de estratégias inovadoras, dinâmicas e eficientes. Objetivos: Descrever a experiência da Coordenadoria de Assistência Farmacêutica (CAF) do Estado mais populoso do Brasil nas ações relacionadas à gestão do abastecimento de medicamentos do Kit Intubação durante a pandemia da COVID-19. Métodos: Relato de experiência sobre a gestão realizada para abastecimento de 22 medicamentos nos estoques de hospitais públicos de administração direta e indireta, sob gestão estadual e municipal do Estado de São Paulo, nos diferentes níveis de complexidade. Demonstra a criação e aplicação de ferramentas de gestão, implementação de novos processos de trabalho, estratégias de articulação e sistematização de bancos de dados para a tomada de decisões. Resultados: Dentre as principais ações realizadas pela CAF para gestão do abastecimento de medicamentos do kit intubação no Estado de São Paulo, destacam-se o diagnóstico situacional dos hospitais; elaboração da ferramenta online MEDCOVID19 para coleta sistemática e padronizada de informações de estoque e consumo, como alternativa para a tomada de decisões ágil; elaboração de relatórios gerenciais periódicos para subsídio de gestores nas três esferas de governo; centralização da logística de distribuição de medicamentos adquiridos pelo gestor federal, com rastreabilidade em todo o processo; gestão de compras nacionais e internacionais, amparadas por pactuações bipartite, gestão documental e financeira, logística centralizada, e encontro de contas com remanejamento de limite financeiro de média e alta complexidade (MAC) da gestão municipal para a gestão estadual. Tais estratégias viabilizaram o monitoramento e a manutenção de estoques hospitalares no momento de escassez do kit intubação. Conclusão: Conclui-se que as ações gerenciais da AF foram efetivas, sendo fatores preponderantes para o sucesso o trabalho em equipe, articulação junto aos gestores da AF regionais e municipais, utilização efetiva de vários meios de comunicação, uso de informação atualizada e confiável, bem como de referências bibliográficas para subsídio de decisões técnicas, gestão financeira para expansão de serviços logísticos e aquisições de medicamentos, dar transparência, ao meio interno e externo, à todos os processos executados. Enfatiza-se, diante desta experiência exitosa, a fundamental importância da gestão da AF, frente a situações de crise na saúde.

Abstract Living with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with hardships for patients and their care-partners. Empowering patients and their care-partners, including family members or friends involved in their care, may help minimize burden and consequences of CKD-related symptoms to enable life participation. There is a need to broaden the focus on living well with kidney disease and re-engagement in life, including emphasis on patients being in control. The World Kidney Day (WKD) Joint Steering Committee has declared 2021 the year of “Living Well with Kidney Disease” in an effort to increase education and awareness on the important goal of patient empowerment and life participation. This calls for the development and implementation of validated patient-reported outcome measures to assess and address areas of life participation in routine care. It could be supported by regulatory agencies as a metric for quality care or to support labelling claims for medicines and devices. Funding agencies could establish targeted calls for research that address the priorities of patients. Patients with kidney disease and their care-partners should feel supported to live well through concerted efforts by kidney care communities including during pandemics. In the overall wellness program for kidney disease patients, the need for prevention should be reiterated. Early detection with prolonged course of wellness despite kidney disease, after effective secondary and tertiary prevention programs, should be promoted. WKD 2021 continues to call for increased awareness of the importance of preventive measures throughout populations, professionals, and policy makers, applicable to both developed and developing countries.

Purpose – This study uses bipolar cultural dimensions (i.e., Hofstede’s and Schwartz’s values frameworks) to predict trade between countries and consumption behaviour. Design/methodology/approach – The analysis in this paper was based on secondary data. Consequently, there were some missing data that limited the number of countries that could be examined in terms of trade and consumption aspects. Stepwise regressions were performed to test the hypotheses. Findings – This study found that egalitarian-hierarchical distance predicts trade negatively, providing support to the idea that cultural similarity drives trade. On top of that, the study suggested that consumption divergence is more likely than consumption convergence. Cultural values were significant predictors of consumption even when income was controlled, suggesting that consumers want to express their values systems through consumption when they have the financial means to do so. Originality/value – The empirical analysis illustrated that bipolar cultural dimensions of these frameworks predict trade and consumption behaviour differently, thus providing evidence on the applicability of the cultural frameworks in different contexts.

Purpose – This study intends to discover factors affecting consumers’ intention to participate in cause-related marketing (CRM) and how CRM influences their intention to visit hypermarkets in Malaysia. Design/methodology/approach – Through a self-administered questionnaire and using a mall-intercept technique, a total of 460 samples were collected from consumers in Malaysia. Structural equation modelling was then used to analyse the data. Findings –The results show that three variables (perceived CSR image,consumer–company identification and perceived company–cause fit) out of four significantly predicted consumers’ attitude towards CRM. Also, two components (attitude and perceived behavioural control) out of three in the theory of planned behaviour were found to be significantly related to CRM participation intention. Lastly, CRM participation intention was found to influence hypermarket visit intention. Originality/value – The proposed theory of planned behaviour (TPB) was found to be applicable in predicting CRM participation intention and hypermarket visit intention. The findings showed that consumers are more likely to increase their intention to visit a hypermarket that adopts a CRM campaign, which led us to highlight the main implications for hypermarket management and new study areas in this field

Despite learning styles being one of the main topics of interest in education, not many studies have considered the influence of learning styles regarding students learning foreign languages in Malaysia. This study investigates the learning style preferences of 35 Spanish beginner level students aged between 20 and 24 years, the teaching style preferences of their Spanish teacher, and the relationship between the matching of teacher and learner styles and the learners’ language achievement. Data were collected using an adapted perceptual learning style preference questionnaire, a teaching style questionnaire, interviews and class observations. The findings show that the learners preferred kinaesthetic and auditory learning styles, while the teacher preferred kinaesthetic and tactile teaching. Interestingly, the results suggest that improvement in terms of achievement may not necessarily be related to a match between teacher and learner style. It was found that learners who improved were those who could adapt to the teacher’s styles and also those who would use multiple strategies to learn Spanish. Also, the results indicate that application of multiple teaching styles help students learn Spanish in a more enjoyable and effective manner. These insights are of interest to research on learner styles in general, and specifically to Spanish teachers in their instruction planning.

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to reveal the significant consumption values of consumers that drive them towards online purchasing. The study conceptualised and analysed a consumption value model as a predictor for intention to purchase online in the context of Malaysian school leavers familiar with the internet. Design/methodology/approach – In order to achieve its aim, this study carried out empirical research using a structured questionnaire sent to the potential respondents. In addition, the data were analysed using the structural equation modelling technique. Findings – The result of the study indicates that functional and emotional values have a strong relationship and predict online purchasing intention. However, social, epistemic, and conditional values do not predict intentions to purchase online. Originality/value – The result will increase the understanding of owners and managers of e-commerce businesses and help them to formulate their business strategies in order to retain users and attract new ones. Furthermore, the study will also enable e-commerce stakeholders to offer products/services to consumers in order to enhance e-commerce activities.

Customer relationship management (CRM) is a topic discussed, mainly, by information systems and marketing management areas. Many organizations are already using CRM systems. When a company uses CRM, it develops different organizational capabilities some of which lead to innovation. Whilst there are some studies that already analyze the creation of innovation capabilities resulting from the usage of a CRM system, how this is achieved has not been understood. The present study aims to contribute to this debate by building on the dynamic capabilities theory to develop a conceptual model for understanding the innovation capabilities development through CRM usage. The research question that guides this paper is: “What is the role of Dynamic Capabilities in the creation of innovation capabilities through CRM usage?” We conduct an exploratory study based on qualitative experts’ interviews. Our findings support the argument that CRM drives innovation through dynamic capabilities. In fact, by sensing, seizing and reconfiguring market opportunities and threats, CRM allows organizations to generate innovation.

Abstract This study investigated the effects of different heat treatments, namely boiling, microwaving and pressure cooking, on the reduced ascorbic acid content and antioxidant activity in Momordica charantia extracts. The total antioxidant activity of M. charantia extracts was determined by ferric reducing-antioxidant power and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assays. The reduced ascorbic acid content was estimated by ferric reducing-antioxidant power-ascorbic acid assay and confirmed by high performance liquid chromatography. Regardless of the cooking method, all cooked M. charantia extracts had significantly (p < 0.05) higher total antioxidant activity, radical scavenging potency and reduced ascorbic acid content than the uncooked sample. The decreasing order of reduced ascorbic acid in M. charantia was as follows: microwaved > boiled > pressure-cooked > uncooked. The reduced ascorbic acid in M. charantia strongly correlated with the total antioxidant activity (r = 0.958, p < 0.05) and radical scavenging potency (r= 0.951, p < 0.05). The principle component analysis showed that 87% of the variation in the antioxidant values of M. charantia extracts was attributed to the different cooking methods. Heat treatment either by boiling or microwaving for a short period of time (10 minutes) improved the reduced ascorbic acid content in the M. charantia extract. This study showed that the reduced ascorbic acid could be retained under high temperature and pressure in M. charantia extracts.

Objective: This study aimed to determine if personality disorder (PD) predicted functional outcomes in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). Methods: Data (n=71) from a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled 12-week trial assessing the efficacy of 200 mg/day adjunctive minocycline for MDD were examined. PD was measured using the Standardized Assessment of Personality Abbreviated Scale. Outcome measures included Clinical Global Impression – Improvement (CGI-I), Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire (Q-LES-Q), Social and Occupational Functioning Scale (SOFAS), and Range of Impaired Functioning (RIFT). Analysis of covariance was used to examine the impact of PD (dichotomized factor [≥ 3] or continuous measure) on the outcome measures-treatment group correlation. Results: PD was identified in 69% of the sample. After adjusting for age, sex, and baseline scores for each of the outcome measures, there was no significant difference between participants with and without PD on week 12 scores for any of the outcome measures (all p > 0.14). Conclusion: In this secondary analysis of a primary efficacy study, PD was a common comorbidity among those with MDD, but was not a significant predictor of functional outcomes. This study adds to the limited literature on PD in randomized controlled trials for MDD. Clinical trial registration: ACTRN12612000283875.

Objective: Bipolar depression is characterized by neurobiological features including perturbed oxidative biology, reduction in antioxidant levels, and a concomitant rise in oxidative stress markers. Bipolar depression manifests systemic inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and changes in brain growth factors. The depressive phase of the disorder is the most common and responds the least to conventional treatments. Garcinia mangostana Linn, commonly known as mangosteen, is a tropical fruit. The pericarp’s properties may reduce oxidative stress and inflammation and improve neurogenesis, making mangosteen pericarp a promising add-on therapy for bipolar depression. Methods: Participants will receive 24 weeks of either 1,000 mg mangosteen pericarp or placebo per day, in addition to their usual treatment. The primary outcome is change in severity of mood symptoms, measured using the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), over the treatment phase. Secondary outcomes include global psychopathology, quality of life, functioning, substance use, cognition, safety, biological data, and cost-effectiveness. A follow-up interview will be conducted 4 weeks post-treatment. Conclusion: The findings of this study may have implications for improving treatment outcomes for those with bipolar disorder and may contribute to our understanding of the pathophysiology of bipolar depression. Clinical trial registration: Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry, ACTRN12616000028404.

Objective: Bipolar disorder places a significant burden on individuals, caregivers and family, and the broader community. Current treatments are believed to be more effective against manic symptoms, leaving a shortfall in recovery during the depressive phase of the illness. The current study draws on recent evidence suggesting that, in addition to increased oxidative load, alterations in mitochondrial function occur in bipolar disorder. Methods: This 16-week study aims to explore the potential benefits of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) alone or in combination (CT) with selected nutraceuticals believed to enhance mitochondrial function. The study includes adults diagnosed with bipolar disorder currently experiencing an episode of depression. Participants are asked to take NAC, CT, or placebo in addition to any usual treatments. A post-discontinuation visit is conducted 4 weeks following the treatment phase. Results: The primary outcome of the study will be mean change on the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale. Secondary outcomes include functioning, substance use, mania ratings, and quality of life. Blood samples will be collected at baseline and week 16 to explore biochemical alterations following treatment. Conclusion: This study may provide a novel adjunctive treatment for bipolar depression. Analysis of biological samples may assist in understanding the therapeutic benefits and the underlying etiology of bipolar depression. Trial registration: Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry ACTRN12612000830897.

This commentary examines the contribution in this edition by Roach Anleu & Mack, based on arguments that reducing judicial performance evaluation (ergo any professional performance) to that which is easily measurable removes the human aspect of that performance, and is therefore less accurate. Here, “measurable” is meant as focusing only on the “outward performance”, “interaction with stakeholders” and how judges perform in relation to numbers of cases. Compared to such organisational standards, judicial codes of ethics or other written codes reflect the more traditional values of the judiciary, such as independence and impartiality. This can be seen e.g. in the experiences of the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe in supporting the use of judicial performance standards. The argument in the paper, supported by this commentator, is that such exercises are superficial and more depth is needed to capture the entirety of the judicial experience using the model presented. Este comentario analiza el artículo de Roach Anleu y Mack en este número, en base a los argumentos de que limitar la evaluación del rendimiento judicial (ergo cualquier rendimiento profesional) a lo que es fácilmente medible elimina el aspecto humano de ese rendimiento, y es por lo tanto menos preciso. Aquí, por “medible” se entiende lo que está centrado únicamente en el “rendimiento exterior”, la “interacción con los interesados” y el rendimiento de los jueces en relación con el número de casos. En comparación con estas normas de organización, los códigos judiciales de ética u otros códigos escritos reflejan los valores más tradicionales de la judicatura, como la independencia o imparcialidad. Esto puede verse, por ejemplo, en las experiencias de la Organización para la Seguridad y la Cooperación en Europa en apoyar el uso de las normas de rendimiento judicial. El argumento del artículo, apoyado por esta autora, es que estos ejercicios son superficiales y se necesita más profundidad para capturar en su totalidad la experiencia judicial utilizando el modelo presentado. DOWNLOAD THIS PAPER FROM SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2541088

Apresentam-se os resultados relativos a padrões de regulação emocional, percepção e satisfação com o suporte social após intervenção cognitivo-comportamental em gestão do stress (IGSCC) em pacientes em radioterapia com fadiga oncológica. Compara-se o grupo de controlo (n=35 radioterapia sem IGSCC) e o grupo experimental (n=35 radioterapia com IGSCC) no início e fim do tratamento tendo em conta variáveis sociodemográficas, Escala de ansiedade, depressão e stress, Escala de perceção e satisfação com o suporte social e o Termómetro da emoção. No grupo experimental, após IGSCC, há descida significativa (p

Este artigo descreve a adaptação da “The Resilience Scale” para portugueses adultos. Procedeu-se à retradução e validação psicométrica. Fez-se pré-teste e reteste. Obteve-se equivalência linguística/conceptual e validação psicométrica com alpha de Cronbach 0,868 para 23 itens, sugerindo consistência interna. A análise fatorial agrupou 23 variáveis em 4 fatores: I - Perseverança; II - Sentido de vida; III - Serenidade; IV - Autossuficiência e autoconfiança, com valores alpha de Cronbach satisfatórios para cada fator. Verificou-se sensibilidade dos itens através do coeficiente de assimetria e achatamento e comprovou-se a estabilidade temporal. A escala revela boas características psicométricas aferindo níveis de resiliência nesta população.

INTRODUÇÃO: A cicatriz do umbigo é a única do corpo aceita culturalmente, cuja dismorfia ou ausência chama a atenção negativamente. As distorções dessa cicatriz, que ainda ocorrem com frequência nas abdominoplastias, determinaram a elaboração de inúmeros procedimentos técnicos com a finalidade estética de imitar o seu aspecto natural. Apresentamos mais uma opção sobre neo-onfaloplastia no decurso das plásticas de abdome, mediante uma técnica de fácil execução, com efeito estético próximo ao umbigo natural e sem cicatrizes cutâneas. MÉTODO: No decurso da abdominoplastia, o umbigo e o seu pedículo são amputados e a derme da pele na área de projeção do neoumbigo é suturada diretamente no plano da fáscia muscular abaixo, após divulsão tecido adiposo local para produzir a necessária umbilicação sem cicatriz. RESULTADOS: No período de nove anos, foram operados 316 pacientes com a utilização desta técnica, com constante aspecto natural e mínimos efeitos pouco estéticos.INTRODUCTION: Under the cultural aspect the umbilicus is the only scar accepted in the body, its dysmorphia or absence is noted negatively. Distortions of this scar are still frequent in the abdominoplasties determined by several different aesthetic technical procedures to imitate its natural aspect. The scope of this presentation is another attempt to obtain a neoomphaloplasty based on an easy technical procedure, with a quite natural final aspect and without scars. METHODS: During the abdominoplasty, the umbilicus and its stalk are amputated and the dermis of the skin over the future projection is sutured directly to the fascia below, after the local fat excesses be divulsioned to produce the natural navel aspect without scar. RESULTS: Along the last nine years, 319 patients were operated by this technique, with a natural aspect and minimal unaesthetic effects.

Plant wastes present a high cellulose content, which is an ideal organic material for composting. Five strains of thermophiles from processed Brassica waste were isolated, and the hydrolytic activity on various cellulosic biomass substrata and their temperature profiles were determined. 16S rRNA sequencing identified these strains as Thermoactinomyces and Bacillus spp. Maximal cellulase activity corresponded to 2.3 U mL-1 of enzyme. The application of these strains on Brassica rapa residues demonstrates increased total nitrogen content). TA-3, a Thermoactinomycetes sp. strain, performs best among all inoculants, increasing the nitrogen content from 0.74 to 0.91%, and decreasing the carbon content from 15.4 to 12.2%, showing its high efficiency and bioactivity during compositing.Resíduos vegetais apresentam alta concentração de celulose, que é um material orgânico ideal para preparação de composto. Cinco linhagens de termófilos foram isoladas de resíduos processados de Brassica e a atividade hidrolítica em vários substratos contendo celulose e seus padrões de temperatura foram determinados. O seqüenciamento de rRNA 16S permitiu a identificação dessas isolados como Thermoactinomyces e Bacillus spp. A atividade máxima de celulase foi determinada como de 2,3 U mL-1 de enzima. O uso dessas linhagens em resíduos de Brassica rapa resultou em um aumento total do conteúdo de nitrogênio. TA-3, uma linhagem de Thermoactinomycetes sp., apresentou melhor desempenho entre os inoculantes, aumentando o conteúdo de nitrogênio de 0,74 para 0,91%, e diminuindo o conteúdo de carbono de 15,4 para 12,2%, mostrando sua alta eficiência e bioatividade durante a compostagem.

Educational researchers and policy-makers are now expected by funding agencies and their institutions to innovate the multidirectional ways in which our production of knowledge can impact the classrooms of teachers (practitioners), while also integrating their experiential knowledge into the landscape of our research. In this article, we draw on the curriculum implementation literature to complicate our understandings of knowledge mobilization (KMb). Policy implementation, we suggest, can be understood as one specific type of KMb. We draw on different models for KMb and curriculum implementation and develop a relational model for KMb. Utilizing our model we critically reflect on the specific successes and challenges encountered while establishing, building, and sustaining the capacity of our KMb network. Our findings suggest that faculties of education are uniquely positioned to act as secondary brokers for the implementation of policy reforms within public education systems. To this end, we discuss how a relational KMb network is a “best practice” for establishing and sustaining partnerships among policy makers, educational researchers, and public school practitioners.

Los ingenieros de producción buscan contínuamente configuraciones óptimas de sus sistemas productivos, con el fin de alcanzar el máximo rendimiento en los mismos. Este es un trabajo que consume mucho tiempo en la industria, y rara vez se le conceden los recursos necesarios para que las decisiones a tomar sean las acertadas. Para poder tomar estas decisiones de una manera más eficiente, es necesario disponer de herramientas nuevas e innovadoras. Este artículo presenta la segunda generación de FACTS Analyzer, una herramienta cuya función se basa en la integración de una variedad de metodologías y técnicas, incluyendo: el modelado rápido por medio de un nuevo concepto de agregación y funciones simplificadas, la generación de modelos de simulación de manera automática y optimización mediante simulación apoyada por una innovadora arquitectura basada en Internet. Dichas metodologías y técnicas permiten que la simulación sea mucho más fácil de utilizar, y aceleran el tiempo de diseño y desarrollo de modelos, la fase de experimentación y los procesos de optimización, con el fin de apoyar el proceso de toma de decisiones. FACTS Analyzer es el resultado de varios años de investigación y desarrollo, en estrecha colaboración con la industria automotriz en Suecia. Production engineers struggle continuously in seeking the optimal configuration in order to maximize the performance of their production systems. This is a time-consuming work in which they seldom get the necessary resources in order to make the right decisions. New and innovative tools are therefore needed to support high-quality decision making in a rapid manner. This paper introduces the second generation of FACTS Analyzer, a toolset developed based on the concept of integrating model abstraction, automatic model generation and simulation-based optimization under an innovative Internet-based platform. Specifically, it addresses a novel model aggregation and generation method, which when combined together with other system components, like optimization engines, can synthetically enable simulation to become much easier to use and speed up the time-consuming model building, experimentation and optimization processes, in order to support optimal decision making. Such a toolset is the result of several years of research and development in close collaboration with the Swedish automotive industry.

Histórico: A terapia de ressincronizaçao cardíaca (TRC) melhora a qualidade de vida, a classe funcional da NYHA, a capacidade para o exercício e diminui as internaçoes de pacientes portadores de insuficiência cardíaca severa e QRS alargado. Em indivíduos com outras formas de insuficiência cardíaca, os benefícios da TRC permanecem incertos. Objetivo: Identificar subgrupos de pacientes portadores de insuficiência cardíaca e que podem ser beneficiados pela estimulaçao biventricular. Casuística e Método: Foram avaliados 144 pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca submetidos à TRC após três meses de seguimento. Dados demográficos, ecocardiográficos, eletrocardiográficos e clínicos foram verificados para avaliar os resultados da classe funcional e da duraçao de QRS pré e pós-implante. Resultados: Identificou-se 20, 88 e 36 pacientes nas classes funcionais II, III e IV da NYHA, respectivamente. Trinta e quatro tinham estimulaçao ventricular direita e outros 29, QRS com duraçao < 150 ms. Pacientes situados na classe funcional II da NYHA na avaliaçao inicial apresentaram melhora significativa da fraçao de ejeçao ventricular esquerda e índices de remodelagem do ventrículo esquerdo após a TRC. Achados similares foram encontrados no subgrupo com estimulaçao ventricular direita e que depois foram submetidos à TRC. Todavia, no subgrupo com QRS estreito, nao houve mudanças significativas nos índices de remodelagem ventricular esquerda ou na classe funcional da NYHA e sim aumento significativo da duraçao do QRS. Para o grupo de estudo como um todo, a TRC promoveu melhora da classe funcional, com significativa diminuiçao dos resultados clínicos adversos. Conclusoes: Pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca, classe funcional II da NYHA e estimulaçao ventricular direita aparentemente se beneficiaram da TRC.

This article measures the wealth redistribution effected by southern public schools and the taxes which supported them. It extends and contributes to the existing literature on this subject in three ways. First, the measurement is based on a larger sample of southern states and over more years than previous efforts. Second, this article establishes that from 1880 to 1910 throughout the South the public schools were a conduit for a consistent and significant flow of resources from whites to blacks. Blacks did not pay enough taxes to fully finance black public schools even at the lower levels dictated by white controlled school boards. Third, the establishment of segregated schools and the disenfranchisement of southern blacks did not eliminate this transfer but only moderately reduced it. The effect of Plessy v. Ferguson and the establishment of segregated schools was not as large as previously thought.