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The International Student Assessment Program showed that Brazilian students have significant reading, mathematics, and science deficits. Neuroscience has the nervous system as its object of study, and recent discoveries can impact the cognitive capacity of the population. The project "Neuroscience Pills for a Better Brain: Teaching Neuroanatomy and Learning/Memory in Divinópolis-MG" was developed to disseminate neurosciences to the community. The action proposed was developed by students in the health area of the Federal University of São João del-Rei, Campus Centro-Oeste, in Divinópolis, Minas Gerais state, Brazil. The objective of the article was to report the experience of the project from 2016 to 2020. Schoolchildren, pre-university preparatory courses, university students, teachers, and the general population participated in theoretical and practical meetings, and they could discuss brain anatomy and function, focusing on memory and learning mechanisms. The impact of sleep quality, food, physical activity, stress reduction, and other topics was discussed in about seventy extension actions in schools, public squares, and academic events. Interdisciplinarity and interprofessionality guided the approach to the themes chosen in the actions. The dialogue with the community positively impacted academics and possibly promoted social transformation by empowering the population regarding healthy choices about the brain. The awareness of the social role of the educated citizen in the face the challenges of education in the country motivated the action and allowed the return of the public university to society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bichectomy is a surgical procedure in which the part corresponding to the fat pad of Bichat is removed, with aesthetic and functional purposes. Such procedure is increasingly popular in dentistry. Objective: To present a narrative review of the literature on complications associated with bichectomy surgery. Materials and Methods: A search for publications was performed without restriction regarding the year of publication, including scientific articles, clinical case reports, literature reviews, descriptive and observational studies and excluding letters to the editor, editorials, theses and manographies from the health descriptors (DeCS) “anatomy” (anatomy), “bichectomy” (bichectomy), “dentistry” (dentistry). Using Lilacs, SciELO and Pubmed databases. Conclusion: Bichectomy is an aesthetic-functional procedure that presents risks of potentially serious complications, especially damage to the Stenon's duct or the buccal branch of the facial nerve, which cause, respectively, sialocele, salivary fistulas and temporary or permanent buccal paralysis, in addition to bruises, facial asymmetry and postoperative infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The knowledge about localization of organs in different regions of the animal's body is essential for clinical, surgical and diagnostic imaging practice. The purpose of this study was to describe the abdominal topographic anatomy of Didelphis albiventris. Was used four dead bodys (young animals), two of these was intended for the macroscopic study of fresh pieces and the others fixed in 10% aqueous formaldehyde solution. The corpses was dissected and the anatomic structures was identified, analyzed and photographed. Most of the organs located in the abdominal region of cadavers from species D. albiventris presented structure and position similar to canines, however some of these organs and localization of structures presented important particularities, like the presence of epipubic bones, absence of square hepatic lobe, presence of an developed cecum and colon divided into three segments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two hundred years after the publication of the first edition of the novel Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, several studies have revisited the text and explored different aspects, such as its scientific background. These approaches, however, scarcely contextualize the scientific debates that influenced Mary W. Shelley’s best-known work. Moreover, they don’t analyse the influence and consequences that the novel had as regards to the advancement of scientific knowledge. This article intends to provide some light into these issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Administration of injections is one of the clinical skills that can cause anxiety in veterinary students, interfering in the learning process. The aim of this study was to develop and validate synthetic learning models for the administration of intramuscular and subcutaneous injections in dogs. The methodology included the development of three synthetic models: one for administration of intramuscular injection in the pelvic limb, another for intramuscular injection in the lumbodorsal muscles and a third for subcutaneous injection. Silicone rubbers of different densities were used to obtain the desired consistencies. The models were attached to stuffed dog toys and were evaluated by experienced veterinarians. After suggested adjustments, the models were used by 69 students in the discipline of Veterinary Semiology. At the end of the class, the students completed a questionnaire on their experience of learning with the models. Questions included those with answers on a 5-point Likert scale and open questions. Most students (98.4%) strongly agreed or agreed that the method was useful for their learning and 92.6% said they felt more confident about giving an injection to a live animal. After the class with the synthetic model, 20 students had the opportunity to give subcutaneous injections to live dogs. All these students agreed or strongly agreed that experience of the model had helped them perform the injection technique in live animals. The models proved to be an efficient tool for teaching administration of injection by intramuscular and subcutaneous routes in dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The maxillary molars have a high anatomical diversity, making this dental group a challenge to endodontic therapy. This work aims to understand the prevalence of the second canal in the mesiobuccal root of human maxillary molars. For that, the Pubmed, Scielo and BVS databases were accessed, using the search terms: mesiobuccal root, mesiopalatal canal, morphology and computed tomography; in Portuguese and English. Thirty-three studies were selected, covering data from 16,380 patients (54% female), with a mean age of 40.2 years, from a total of 36,016 evaluated images of maxillary molars on both sides, collected in 28 countries. In general, statistical analysis, the prevalence of second mesiobuccal canal was found to be 66.6% and 29.9% for first and second maxillary teeth, respectively. The overall percentage of prevalence of mesiopalatal canals for maxillary molars was 51.0%. The literature revealed a high prevalence of MV2 canal in maxillary molars, with a greater predilection for the first molar of young and adult male patients and variable distribution in different parts of the globe. And yet, the importance of cone beam computed tomography as an important tool in the diagnosis and planning of endodontic treatment of these elements is emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The technological use-category includes woody plants used for making household utensils, tool handles and others. Ethnobotanical studies related to the local knowledge of these species can support projects for sustainable use of biodiversity. The aim of this work was to investigate the species richness, the local importance and the known uses for technological purposes in a rural agrarian reform settlement in Cerrado (municipality of Terenos, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil). We also seek identify what factors influence knowledge about the plants such as age and origin of respondents (migrants or non-migrants). Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and the plants mentioned were collected for identification and deposited in the CGMS herbarium. Induced questions were made about known plants for technological purposes and, posteriorly respondents indicated other uses (spontaneous) for this category-use. Besides richness, the Relative Frequency Citation (RFC) of species with known uses for technological purposes was estimated to identify the species with the greatest local importance. Analysis of Generalized Linear Models (GLM) were made to verify the influence of age and migration on the number of cited (known) species. 74 woody plants were mentioned for 20 technological purposes. Richness can be considered high when compared to other studies. The species indicated with the greatest local importance were: Aspidosperma subincanum (RFC = 0.87), Handroanthus impetiginosus (RFC = 0.8), Handroanthus ochraceus (FRC = 0.53) and Cedrela fissilis (RFC = 0.5). We observed the influence of the migration on the number of species mentioned, but there was no difference in the relationship with the age of the interviewees. The most important species locally have harder (denser) woods when compared to literature data and have been indicated for uses where wood needs to be more resistant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The elderly Brazilian faces several problems that vary from the aging process and its biological issues to the organization of society, such as Quality of Life and education. Many projects try to compensate for the negative effects of aging like Universities for the Elderly. One of the main artifacts used in these institutions is the teaching materials that support learning. If not carefully planned, physiological and social problems will make these artifacts excluding. In this sense, the objective of this study was to analyze the typographic elements and to point out which are the main characteristics to produce inclusive graphic artifacts. To this end, an experimental research was carried out with comparative typographic tests on 88 volunteers. The results show that schooling interferes in the perception and understanding of typographic styles and fonts with little modulation and with elements of differentiation are more inclusive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This text analyzes the teaching work in the context of the Municipal Education Plan of Jataí (PME) - GO, seeking to unveil this area, considering the policies of regulation and restructuring of teaching work in the network, in the context of the PME, since the work of teachers is affected, like curriculum development, in the face of large-scale assessments. Methodologically, the text results from qualitative documentary research. The data were collected in official documents of the municipality, notably the two documents of the PME - the one proposed by the civil society and the one approved by the executive, as well as in the minutes of the City Council of Jataí and in the Statute of the Mastership of Jataí. Data analysis is carried out in the perspective of Critical Historical Pedagogy, in view of the relevance of understanding teaching work in the midst of the contradictions present in school contexts. It is concluded that the priority is given to large-scale evaluation indexes, to the detriment of the valuation of teaching work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The success of the endodontic treatment is related to the knowledge of the root canal system anatomy, especially with its possible complexities and variations. The presence of more than one root canal in lower premolars can be found in the literature as an unusual variation. When present, careful attention is needed to identify and locate these canals in order to minimize possible failures during treatment. This manuscript aims to report the prior planning and the use of associated technology while conducting endodontic treatment of two lower premolar cases with anatomical complexity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allelopathy is a strategy of plants to defend and delimit their territory, greatly common in weeds. The snakeweed (Stachytarpheta cayennensis) is a type of weed widely found in cultivation areas and in urban areas in the Brazilian Amazon. Only few researches on allelopathy deal with anatomic changes that secondary metabolites cause on the affected plants. Current paper analyzes the allelopathic activity of five concentrations of the alcoholic extract (0; 0,5; 1; 2; 4%) of S. cayennensis at the level of anatomic changes in Cucumis sativus seedlings. Results evidence an increase in thickness of anatomic structures of the organs in aqueous and alcoholic extracts, revealing pronounced thickness as concentrations of the extract increase. The release of compounds that interfere in the development of C. sativus is an important datum to be employed in the development of alternative strategies instead of herbicides in other cultivations by an ecological management of weed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is the description of the development of a methodology, which is similar to a tutorial, for reproducing materials that can be used as a teaching resource in disciplines whose focus is macroscopic morphology, such as Paleontology or Animal or Plant Anatomy and Geology. The process uses silicone rubber and polyester resin to reproduce parts, and an interface, via QR-Code, that takes the user to a narration of the contents posted on the YouTube digital platform. Its objectives were to create an approach that allows duplicating pieces of didactic value, which normally could not be made available for manipulation by students, with a greater focus on education for the blind, in which "touching means seeing" and that manipulation is essential, the methodology allows us to add marks on the texture of the piece, such as the Braille Alphabet. To make the material definitely inclusive, we propose to link the object of interest to a digital platform, and in this case, YouTube via QR-code, where post an audio narrative. Thus, it is possible to use in home studies or in classroom teaching methodologies in which the student is the protagonist. As a result, we obtained a quality copy of a material, usually very expensive or for other inaccessible reasons, whose inputs are low-cost and easily acquired, in addition to being able to be made in the facilities of a school laboratory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: to analyze from the student's perspective the contributions brought by Applied Anatomy to Nursing as a curriculum component as well as the comprehension of the main anatomical regions as a basis for the practices performed by nurses based on anatomical knowledge. Methodology: exploratory and descriptive study with quantitative and qualitative approach, conducted with 122 nursing students, in a private higher education institution in João Pessoa, Paraíba, using the IRAMUTEQ software for qualitative data processing and Content Analysis Technique. Results: It was found that 98% of the students interviewed stated that Anatomy Applied to Nursing provides safety during nursing procedures, as well as the main anatomical structures used during the execution of evidence-based techniques. Conclusion: the importance of Anatomy Applied to Nursing was noticed as well as the effective knowledge presented by the students about the mastery of the main anatomical regions, essential for the performing of nursing procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of study was to analyze the students' perception of Physiotherapy course, based on the use of didactic scripts in practical classes of Neuroanatomy discipline. It was of qualitative type, through an experience report, in which the content analysis of discourses of participants was carried out. It was possible to observe that scripts facilitated their comprehension of concept of curricular component worked here, as well as presented like guiding method in learning process and were dynamic and facilitators in the apprehension of contents studied. Thus, we infer that use of didactic scripts, in practical classes of Neuroanatomy discipline, contribute in teaching-learning process, making student active in construction of his knowledge [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The anatomical study describes the normal aspects of the conformation of a certain species, that is, the characteristics that occur with high frequency in this. In this way, when an event occurs in most individuals of a species, it is considered as normal. Although anatomical variations are also observed, characterized by the alteration in the normal pattern in anatomy, it is defined as a small deviation from the normal morphological aspect of an organ or the deviation from the general plane of organization of an individual, events that in animals and humans is well studied. In the present case, craniofacial fissure is considered a rare congenital anomaly of unknown etiology. The location is usually in certain lines of eyelids, eyebrows, nostrils, lips and jaws, reaching soft and bony parts. In veterinary medicine it is little studied and its classification is based on the changes observed in humans based on the anatomical relations. The cracks may present with the characteristics of excess tissue or agenesis of the same. In humans, depending on the case, the treatment is based on suture of the soft tissues, in three planes: cutaneous, muscular and mucous; zetaplasty; orthodontic treatment; bone grafts, when necessary already in animals in the consulted bibliography there were no cases with treatment. The present report describes the changes related to a craniofacial fissure associated to palatoschisis, cheiloschisis, macroglossia, absence of the ocular orbit and consequently the eyeball in a newborn of dog. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aims of this study are to evaluate the horizontal and vertical localization of the Foramen Mentoniano (FM), as well as its shape; On panoramic radiographs of patients attended at the Catholic University Center of Quixadá. 141 panoramic radiographs of adults were selected. The evaluation of the location was made with millimetrically calibrated instruments identifying the most prevalent position of FM in relation to the apex of the teeth, being in the horizontal or vertical direction. By analyzing the distance from the long axis of the tooth and the apex to the foramen of the radiographs, it was found that 67.7% of the cases FM is present bilaterally in the same position, that the most prevalent positions when classified unilaterally are the same When classified bilaterally. The most prevalent position was oval in 46.6% of the cases, the most prevalent vertical position was below the level of the apices, which presented in 95.5% of the cases and the most prevalent horizontal position was between the premolars in 28.5% of the cases. It can be concluded that the same horizontal, vertical or formatted position will not necessarily be the same bilateral position. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The arrangement considered normal in humans and more frequent of arteries originating from the aortic arch is the left subclavian, left common carotid and brachiocephalic trunk. However, anatomical variations in the origin and trajectory of the aortic arch's blood vessels are frequently observed and documented in the literature. Thus, the aim of the study was to report two cases of anatomical variation observed in branches of the aortic arch in corpses. During the anatomical pieces' preparation for the practical classes in the laboratory of human anatomy of the University Center of Rio Preto (UNIRP), two cases of anatomical variation of the aortic arch's branches were found. We observed the presence of the left vertebral artery originating from the aortic arch and the left common carotid artery arising attached to the origin of the brachiocephalic trunk artery. These anatomical variations found in the aortic arch are important for clinical diagnoses and surgical treatments, since they reduce the risks of vascular diseases and injuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The study was performed on wild boar (Sus scrofa scrofa) wich is a wild ancestor of the domestic pig and is not part of Brazilian fauna. The arterial blood supply of the encephalus has been studied by some researchers, who have systematized the cerebral blood supply from the rostral and caudal epidural rete mirabile and its sources in wild boar until the blood supply of the base of the brain. The objective was to improve the understanding of the arterial blood supply of the brain, particularly the paleopallium, of the wild boar and to provide a reference for comparative anatomy studies. Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 30 brains were obtained from an officially authorised slaughterhouse and approved by Brazilian Institute of Environment and Natural Renowable Resources. The animals were desensitized, followed by bleending of the jugular veins and common carotid arteries near the entrance of the thorax, according to the slaughter procedure. Finally, the animals were decapitated at the level of axis vertebra. The cerebral arterial system of each animal was rinsed (cooled saline containing 2500 IU of heparin) and drained by the jugular veins, and vessels were filled with latex 603 stained with specific red dye. The heads were submerged for one hour in running water immersed in 20% formaldehyde for fixation; the brains were removed along with a cervical segment of the spinal cord. The duramater was removed, and the arteries were dissected. Schematic drawings of the ventral view of the all preparations were made using magnifying glasses and photographic records. The Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria was used to named the cerebral arteries and their branches, and calculation of pecentages was applied in the statistical analysis. The cerebral carotid artery originating from the rostral epidural rete mirabile emitted a rostral branch and a caudal branch on the side of the hypophysis gland. The rostral branch emitted one to three middle cerebral arteries and continued as rostral cerebral artery. The latter emitted the superficial and perforating central arteries, lateral rhinal artery, ethmoidal artery, medial branch and medial rhinal artery. Discussion: Wild boar is a macrosmatic animal, it presents well-developed areas of the paleopallium that are exclusively olfactory. Its extensive paleopallium was nourished by branches of the rostral cerebral artery and its collateral branches, including the lateral rhinal, ethmoidal, and medial branch and the medial rhinal artery. The rostral cerebral arteries and their collateral branches supplied blood to the olfactory bulb, olfactory peduncle, two-thirds of the lateral olfactory tract, medial olfactory tract, and rostral two-thirds of the olfactory trigone. The medial cerebral arteries within the lateral fossa of the brain, emitted superficial rostral central branches to the paleopallium, perforating central branches (striated) to the lateral fossa of the brain and caudal third of the olfactory trigone and caudal central branches to the piriform lobe. The rostral most two-thirds of a small medial band of the piriform lobe was vascularised by central branches originating mainly from the rostral branch of the cerebral cartotid artery. The paleopallium in the wild boar was nourished by branches of the cerebral rostral, middle and caudal arteries and by the central branches of the cerebral carotid artery. The arterial blood supply of the paleopallium in the wild boar was compared to the chinchilla, nutria, rabbit and pampas fox. Three cerebral vessels were mainly responsable for the emission of the central branches that supplied blood to the paleopallium, namely the middle, rostral, and caudal cerebral arteries. The differences or variations among these species were due to the type of cerebral blood supply in the formation of the cerebral arterial circle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) is the largest South American rodent species alive, and it preferentially inhabits floodable environments. Currently, capybara populations have been increasing owing to lack of predators and increased availability of food. This favors reemergence of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in the state of São Paulo, as these animals can play host to the Cayenne tick (Amblyomma cajennense), a vector of the bacteria that transmit this disease. The objective of this work was to perform anatomical and radiographic analyses on the teeth of capybaras to broaden knowledge on the morphology of this species, as scientific interest on capybaras has been growing owing to reemergence of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Materials, Methods & Results: Six capybara carcasses from the state of São Paulo, Brazil, were taken to the Laboratory for Animal Anatomy of the School of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of UNESP - Jaboticabal for obtainment of heads by disarticulation of the cervical region. The heads were frozen at -18°C, and then sectioned medially with a band saw to avoid tissue overlap in radiographs. The head halves were radiographed in the Diagnostic Imaging Section at the Veterinary Hospital of UNESP-Jaboticabal in laterolateral projection. After taking the radiographs, the teeth were extracted from the dental arches using anatomical forceps and pliers, placed in 0.1% thymol, and kept at 4°C for up to 30 days. The teeth were dried using an air jet produced by a compressor, and placed in molds made of aluminum foil. The specimens were embedded in alternating layers of clear polymethylmethacrylate and liquid polymerization catalyst until each tooth was completely covered. After 24 h, the molds were removed, and the blocks were sectioned using a band saw. Transversal and longitudinal calcified tooth sections with a thickness of 1.5 mm were prepared. The sections were sanded using an automotive sander with 80-grit sandpaper, and then sanded by hand until a thickness of 0.12 mm was reached. The tooth fragments were removed from the resin, dehydrated in ethanol, clarified in xylene, and placed in a Petri dish containing glycerin for evaluation using a mesoscope and a negatoscope. Capybaras were found to have one incisor, one premolar, and three molar teeth in each dental hemiarch (superior and inferior). All teeth contained large, open roots. The root of the superior incisor is rostral to the root of the premolar tooth, and the root of the inferior incisor lies between the roots of the premolar and the first molar teeth. The inferior incisors are much larger than their superior counterparts, and their ends are chisel-shaped. The pulp cavity extends from the apical region to up to two-thirds of the longitudinal length of the tooth, and the enamel is arranged in layers. The roots of the four molar teeth are large and resemble several aggregated laminae arranged longitudinally - five laminae in the inferior molars, four laminae in the premolar, first and second molars, and 13 or 14 laminae in the third superior molar. Discussion: The dental formula of capybaras is similar to that of guinea pigs, chinchillas, and pacas, but different from that of agoutis. All teeth are aradicular as in guinea pigs and chinchillas because of the great tooth wear owing to feeding. In chinchillas and guinea pigs, the apex of the mandibular incisor tooth is located between the second and the third molar; in capybaras, it is located between the premolar and the first molar. The premolar and molar teeth of capybaras are similar to their counterparts in the paca and to the molars of elephants because they exhibit parallel internal laminae. The teeth of capybaras are similar to those of guinea pigs in terms of number and type of teeth, and similar to those of pacas and elephants regarding external morphology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article approaches the construction of an infographic related to the project entitled "Caixa de Ossos", which consists on the creation of an educational game for human anatomy teaching. It is described in the development of an infographic referred to the digitalization of the anatomical parts included in the game considering the knowledge field Infodesign. The process is described in the following topics: (1) Introduction; (2) Motivation; (3) Planning and development. This paper seeks out to condense the most relevant project parts in a simple and legible way. The information was organized in a linear way, with numbered elements to facilitated reading. It was chosen to develop own illustrations instead of original photographs to maintain visual unit and avoid possible confusion or visual pollution. The objectives on the creation of the material are informing the readers regarding the main article exposed theme; include other professionals and students regarding the anatomical pieces' digitalization method. The infographic would also have the function of clarifying the themes and proceedings to the reader prior the complete analysis of the article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article seeks to examine the vision of modernity staged in Francis Ponge's poetic project. taking into account some of the literary and cultural models present in the French tradition. It is thus an attempt to understand how the poet problematizes the idea we have of poetry by escaping from the dichotomies that would characterize the definitions of modernity in opposition to a certain past. To this end, we aim to examine the articulation between Ponge's "drafts" - which form part of his books Comment une figue de parole et pourquoi and La Table - and the development of a gaze fixed on matter in the era of the appearance of anatomy from the sixteenth century onwards. Such an approach also enables a dialogue with the concept of serendipity, whose indicium paradigm points to language as a set of pointers to be followed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work is to access the exposure methods of neuroanatomy used in YouTube-shared videos, their impact and acceptance by users, by a quantitative, descriptive and analytic research. Research was undertaken in YouTube with keywords "telencephalon", "diencephalon" and "brainstem". Videos were categorized according to the exposure method of the neuroanatomic contents, such as multimedia equipments (ME), plastic parts (PPT), plastinated parts (PPN), and cadaver pieces in formaldehyde (PCF), to evaluate the number of visualizations and acceptance by the users (number of likes and dislikes). The exposure method based on PPT was the most used one in neuroanatomy videos. However, ME videos had more daily visualizations and greater acceptance by the Youtube users. Results suggest that neuroanatomy videos with ME may contribute in a complementary manner towards the teaching-learning of these contents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent times, teaching human anatomy suffered great changes as an increasing number of mobile devices and due applications (apps) were available to users. This paper aims to perform a systematic review on the characteristics of the most downloaded apps as well as on the impact of such apps in academic performance. A systematic review was performed using databases MEDLINE, Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane and Web of Science. The keywords included combinations of word related to the use of apps in human anatomy teaching: "anatomy", "mobile applications", "medical education" and "education". Selected apps belong to Apple iOS system. Initially, 184 papers were identified and 6 remained after selection criteria. Out of the 240 most downloaded apps, 12 (5%) are anatomy specific and free. Nine of these included the major human systems and organs and 3 of them were dedicated to specific tissues (muscles, bone or muscle and bones). Despite a large availability of apps, there is a small scientific production on the usability of human anatomy apps and on their effect on academic performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To describe the main anatomical variations of the celiac trunk and the hepatic artery at their origins. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective analysis of 100 consecutive computed tomography angiography studies of the abdomen performed during a one-year period. The findings were stratified according to classification systems devised by Sureka et al. and Michels. Results: The celiac trunk was "normal" (i.e., the hepatogastrosplenic trunk and superior mesenteric artery originating separately from the abdominal aorta) in 43 patients. In our sample, we identified four types of variations of the celiac trunk. Regarding the hepatic artery, a normal anatomical pattern (i.e., the proper hepatic artery being a continuation of the common hepatic artery and bifurcating into the right and left hepatic arteries) was seen in 82 patients. We observed six types of variations of the hepatic artery. Conclusion: We found rates of variations of the hepatic artery that are different from those reported in the literature. Our findings underscore the need for proper knowledge and awareness of these anatomical variations, which can facilitate their recognition and inform decisions regarding the planning of surgical procedures, in order to avoid iatrogenic intraoperative injuries, which could lead to complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out in 28 female subjects, in the administrative sector with aged 22 to 63 years and that engage in jobs with the same conditions at an average of 40 hours per week and aimed to identify, through flexicurve method, the prevalence of thoracic kyphosis. The investigation was justified by the job that could interfere with postural stability and the interest in observing the flexible ruler could be used as a method of assessment commonplace. However, the spine could be assessed by the most commonly used to identify postural deviations, such as radiography, which is hampered by its high cost. The method flexicurve presents itself as an investigative form of spinal curvatures, noninvasive and inexpensive, not exploited by Physiotherapists probably because of habit or research on this. The completion of the research promoted in the analysis of thoracic curves and the verification of employability of flexicurve method, as well as identifying the major symptoms reported by subjects, thereby achieving all the objectives proposed by the authors. The instruments of data collection consisted of a flexible ruler, a notebook of graph paper and an evaluation form investigative and therapy evaluation. Among the findings, 27 individuals had kyphosis and only 01 had kyphosis, whereas in the physiotherapy inspection findings were ditto to the use of Flexicurve. The prevalence of kyphosis supposedly took place the sample to be adequate to the job, we find that flexicurve method showed significant advantages over its application proved to be a useful tool for verification of alleged changes in the thoracic spine, allowing the observer to examine alleged postural changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cobb method is the gold standard for angular measurements of the spine, but is subject to the inherent variability of the exam and the evaluator. Moreover, it is still little knowledge about the variability in children population. The objective of this study was to verify the repeatability and the inter and intra observer reproducibility of the Cobb method in the evaluation of the thoracic kyphosis in children using different vertebral levels for reference. Digital radiological exams of 50 children were independently evaluated by three experienced evaluators, who made three evaluations, two successively and one with a week apart. The thoracic kyphosis angles were obtained by using two upper vertebral levels (T1 and T4) and using T12 as the lower limit. It was used the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient, the mean absolute difference (MAD), the standard error of measurement and the minimal detectable change (α<0,05). It was obtained good and significant correlation for repeatability independently of the vertebral level; significant correlation ranging from moderate to good for intra-rater reproducibility with MAD close to 5º. For inter reproducibility was obtained poor to moderate correlations, but the MAD was higher than 5º regardless of the assessed level. The Cobb method showed adequate results intra-rater reproducibility regardless of the vertebral level used. However, in view of the poor to moderate correlations and the increased errors for inter-rater reproducibility, it is suggested that, preferably, the accompanying measures be performed by the same evaluator and that the methodology employed be sustained between the examinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ponticulus posticus (PP) is defined as an abnormal small bony bridge formed between the posterior portion of the superior articular process and the posterolateral portion of the superior margin of the posterior arch of the atlas. The pathophysiology may be related to pressure applied on the vertebral artery and the suboccipital nerve root and may be a possible cause of posterior circulation ischaemia and cervicogenic headache, or mechanical dysfunction at the atlanto-occipital joint resulting in traction of the dura mater or initiation of neurodynamic processes. The objective was to determine the prevalence of PP and to assess whether there is an association between this condition and changes in condylar morphology, evaluated using digital panoramic and lateral cephalometric radiographs. A sample of 1200 patients was selected. The patients were referred to a radiology clinic for orthodontic evaluation. PP was classified as either partial or complete PP. Data were entered into an SPSS spreadsheet and analysed by multinomial logistic regression. There was a significant difference in the prevalence of partial PP between males and females (P< 0.001), with an odds ratio of 1.91 (95% CI 1.34-2.71) and in the prevalence of complete PP (P = 0.002), with an odds ratio of 1.72 (95% CI 1.21-2.43). A significant difference was found for the association between condylar morphological changes and complete PP (P = 0.004). It was concluded that PP is more prevalent in men and there is a correlation between the presence of complete PP and changes in condylar morphology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The teaching of anatomy for high school students was an initiative of this extension project "A new look to the experimental practice in teaching of Biological Sciences", whose main action was to encourage the teaching of Biological Sciences. The objective was to bring the students and teachers from high school to the university and to awaken them to the academic-scientific environment. Methodology: During the year 2015, theoretical-practical activities regarding anatomy were developed, with exposition of theoretical concepts, presentation of anatomical pieces and questionnaire applied before and after the meetings held in the anatomy laboratory. It involved tudents and professors of the Federal University of the Southern Frontier (UFFS) Campus Chapecó. The initiative was attended by two partner schools with a total of 188 students. At the end, it was verified that the students felt instigated and confident in carrying out the activities and stimulated to continue the studies. The teachers of the partner schools were encouraged to carry out practical activities in schools; and the students approved the experiment by giving beautiful and meaningful reports. For many people it was the first time in a university and in a laboratory. Therefore, we conclude that the project achieved its objectives in a positive way, combining unusual teaching-learning process with the knowledge of a basic science such as Anatomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thirty adult dog hearts have been studied in order to observe the occurrence of the myocardial bridges. The hearts were fixed in formalin solution 10% to subsequent dissection. The results led to the following conclusions: the myocardial bridge occurs in 76,67% of the canine. Thirty two myocardial bridges were observed and the frequency in the right branch (12,50%) was different from the frequency in the left one (87,50%). The average width was 6,092mm. The histomorphological analysis revealed an arterial lumen median reduction of 53,4% when compared to the proximal segment of the myocardial bridge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The anatomy of the venous system of the lower limbs is among the most complex in the human body. In view of this, it is extremely important to know how to identify variations that can affect it, such as congenital malformations, for example. In cases of a rare vascular malformation such as agenesis of deep veins, clinical status may manifest with chronic venous insufficiency, which can progress with edema, hyperpigmentation, and lower limb ulcers. This is very often therefore an incapacitating disease that is difficult to treat. This article describes a case of agenesis of a segment of femoropopliteal vein in the right lower limb of a 36-year-old patient who had edema and large caliber varicose veins in the affected limb. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The syndrome of coronary-subclavian steal is defined as the reversed blood flow in a coronary artery by means of a grafting of the left internal mammary artery toward the middle-distal subclavian, and occurs due to severe stenosis or total occlusion of the proximal portion of the latter. It is a disease with significant morbidity with possible complications such as thrombosis, anoxia and death. The objective of this study was to perform a literature review of the coronary-subclavian steal syndrome. a bibliographic review was carried out through the databases SciELO, Pubmed, Bireme and Google Scholar. The symptoms, medical history and especially the pulse and pressure difference between arms makes us think of the subclavian steal syndrome. The examination with color Doppler ultrasound and arteriography are an important tool in the diagnosis. It was observed that the treatment is surgical removal with stenosis or arterial occlusion. Furthermore, there are few programs for prevention and early diagnosis of this disease. It was found that the coronary-subclavian steal syndrome is a disease little known high mortality if not diagnosed and treated properly. Thus, one may conclude that, routine preventive examination in patients with blood pressure change becomes necessary for early detection of this disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the concept of biopower, as elaborated by Michel Foucault, between 1974 and 1979. Biopower is defined as assuming two forms: on the one hand, it consists on a body political anatomy, and on the other hand, on a biopolitics of the population. The political anatomy refers to the disciplinary devices in charge of extracting from the human body its productive force, by controlling time and space, within institutions such as school, hospital, factory and prison. In turn, the population's biopolitics is based on mass regulation, using knowledge and practices to manage birth rates, migration flows, epidemics, and increased longevity. In addition, it is sought to relate Foucault's analyses on the politics of life to the problematic of liberalism, evidencing the extrapolation of economic logic to social relations. At the end of the article, the authors discuss the contemporary developments of technologies in the live and seek to show how the concept of biopower helps in understanding current forms of governance of conduits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work had as objectives to induce the formation of somatic embryos in vitro on Phalaenopsis hybrid Classic Spotted Pink, using different nutrient medium and assess the internal morphology of these embryos by means of histological and histochemical analysis. Young leaves of plants grown in vitro were used as explants for induction of somatic embryos in different nutrient medium: New Dogashima Medium, containing ANA (0.537 µM) and BAP (4.440 µM) plus phytagel and with pH 5.8 (NDM) and the Murashige & Skoog with half the concentration of salts, plus NNA (0.537 µM) and TDZ (13.621 µM), jellied with gelrite and pH 5.2 (0.5 MS). Primary somatic embryos were obtained to 90 days of cultivation in half MS and have been transferred to the same means for obtaining of secondary embryos. The primary and secondary somatic embryos were subcultived for MS with half the concentration of salts, without fitoregulator subjected to photoperiod of 16 hours, which stimulated the production of chlorophyll in primary embryos as secondary, promoting the development of those in protocorms and later in plants. The histological analysis showed that the somatic embryos were formed directly from the epidermal layers of the explants, without going through the phase of callus, featuring direct somatic embryogenesis. The histochemical methods used made it possible to highlight the deposition of starch and lipids in cells embriogenics as a result of physiological mechanisms, enabling the development of primary and secondary embryos in plants. Therefore, the medium 0.5 MS Plus ANA (0.537 μM) and TDZ (13.621 μM), jellied with gelrite and pH 5.2 promoted to obtain primary and secondary embryos with ability to regenerate plants showing morphological similar the mother plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are several situations in Dentistry in which the use of anesthetics is relevant to undertake the required procedures. The jaw requires different treatments when the anesthetic issue is involved since the bony cortical does not allow a good diffusion of the anesthetic salts. Consequently, the blockage of the lower alveolar nerve is required. Current research measures the foramens in jaws and establishes their relationships with reference points of angle and jaw branch. If there are significant anatomical variations, errors in the anesthetic blockage of the lower alveolar right or left nerve may be justified. The jaws of 48 subjects were selected and jaw foramen was measured against the following sites: Site A - condylic; site B - gonic; site C - anterior edge; site D - posterior edge. Foramen measurements were undertaken in the two antimeres by digital caliper (Western Pro), 0.1 mm resolution. Mean distances analyzed were: right anterior edge 15.285mm and left anterior edge 15.537 mm; right posterior edge 12.531 mm and left posterior edge 12.593 mm; right condyle 42.839 mm and left condyle 42.839 mm; mean distance to right gonic site was 20.762 mm and to left gonic site 20.725 mm. No significant variations were reported between the antimeres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to assess chemical compositions and anatomy of Talinum triangulare extract and its cytotoxic activity in order to improve the knowledge of the specie. Leaves and stem fragments were fixed, sectioned and stained following the usual techniques in anatomy. The phytochemical screening was performed according to classical tests for secondary metabolites detection. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using as model the lethality of Artemia salina larvae. The studied leaf is amphistomatic and presents uniseriate epidermis covered by thin cuticle. The mesophyll is dorsiventral and the midrib consists of collateral vascular bundle. In the apical portion, the stem has vascular bundles delimiting the medular and cortical regions. A stratum of angular collenchyma is found beneath the epidermis. In the basal portion, the stem has about four layers of angular collenchyma and voluminous parenchyma cells internally delimiting the cortex. The phytochemical screening detects the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, coumarins, terpenes and steroids. The mineral composition showed that the major element found was nitrogen, followed by potassium and magnesium, and the leaves are iron rich. The ethanolic extract did not show toxicity in the larvae of A. salina, with LD50> 1000 ppm, which proves the safe use of this specie in popular therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dens-in-dens is a structural abnormality of the tooth and can affect from the dental crown to the roots. These teeth have greater ease in being affected by pulp problems. So it's extremely important that the dentist is aware of the difficulties and indications for treatment. The aim of this study is to report a case with endodontic retreatment the element 12, diagnosed with dens-in-dente, confronted with what the literature shows, and showing the difficulties, as well as the operative and postoperative success in the face of scientific knowledge and anatomical. We conclude that the endodontic treatment in tooth dens-in type II, is the best option when there is pulp involvement. Being necessary in some cases where there was no complete removal of bacteria, due to lack of apical seal and scientific and anatomical ignorance on the part of the professional, the retreatment of the element. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to improve anatomical, physical and mechanical characterization of Liquidambar sp.wood. Three trees were obtained, at eight years of age, from an arboretum located in Guaçuí, Espírito Santo State, Brazil. The analyzed variables were dimensions of the fibers (length, total diameter and diameter of the lumen and wall thickness), the vessel elements (tangential diameter and frequency), and ray (height, width and frequency). The specific gravity (basic, at 12% moisture content and dry), and total volumetric and linear shrinkages, resistance to bending, compression parallel to the fibers, shear and Janka hardness. For anatomical description it was found numerous vessels often with small tangential diameter, heterocellular rays occurring at low frequency, and long libriform fibers with thick to thin walls. The specific gravity of wood from disks taken at 1.30 m from ground level was 0.48 g cm-3, wich we considered average, the dimensional stability was low, and there was great influence of moisture in the resistance values in wood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There are individual differences in the diameter of the great saphenous vein (GSV) in both normal and non-functional limbs and it is possible to identify these differences using color Doppler ultrasonography. Objectives: To assess the association between segmental GSV aplasia and the presence of varicose veins and/or GSV insufficiency in lower limbs using color Doppler ultrasonography, in patients with chronic venous disease (CVD). Methods: A total of 1,408 patients with complaints compatible with CVD of lower limbs were examined using color Doppler ultrasonography. The age range of the sample was from 17 to 85 and 1,286 of the patients were female. People with clinical classifications (CEAP) ranging from C0 to C4 were included. On the basis of clinical examination, the sample was subdivided as follows: group A patients had varicose veins and group B patients were free from varicose veins. Color Doppler ultrasonography was used to determine whether there was GSV aplasia, by analysis of its route into the saphenous compartment, and the presence of varicose veins in different sites. Statistical analysis was conducted using the chi-square test or Fisher's exact tests followed by an analysis of residuals in tables, with a 5% significance level. Results: In group A, there were 479 (83.9%) patients with GSV insufficiency, 169 (38.2%) with aplasia and 71 (80.7%) with both insufficiency and aplasia. In group B, there were 92 (16.1%) patients with GSV insufficiency, 273 (61.8%) with aplasia and 17 (19.3%) with both insufficiency and aplasia. Conclusion: Segmental GSV aplasia was more common in lower limbs with no varicose veins and/or insufficiency, but there was a higher incidence of patients with both aplasia and insufficiency in the group with varicose veins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intricate three-dimensional vascular anatomy of the spinal cord is still not completely understood, and its terminology varies between studies. In view of its importance in spinal ischemia, an analysis is needed of the anatomic vocabulary used to describe the spinal cord blood supply to improve understanding of the subject. The main supply is the Adamkiewicz artery, also known as great anterior radicular artery. The literature was reviewed to equate the different nomenclatures employed and an accurate description of current knowledge on spinal cord vascularization was prepared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Caracara genus (Aves: Falconidae) is composed by species C. cheriway, ("Crested Caracara"), and C. plancus (Southern Caracara). This study aimed to describe in detail and compared the cranial osteology of C. cheriway and C. plancus, identifying osteological cranial characters for a future systematic work. The two common characters of Caracara species are: the projection of rostro parasphenoid reaches 50% of the distance from the occipital condyle to the pterygoid; the upper maxilla has about 4/9 of the total length of theskull, the symphysial portion of mandible occupies about 1/7 of its total length, the proximal portion of lacrimal bone ends in a rounded shape and has about 1/4 of the width of the distal portion. The unique characters of C. cheriway are: the interorbital width is about 1/2 of the parietal region, shows a frontal bone prominence; presence of lacrimal process of frontal bone; the proximal portion of the lacrimal bone reaches 1/5 of the distance from the orbital arc to the jugal bone; the distance between the distal portions of two lacrimal bones reach 5/6 of the parietal width, the ratio between the interorbital diameter and parietal region ranges from 2 times; the zygomatic process occupies about 40% of the distance between its origin in the skull and jugal bone. The unique characters of C. plancus are: the interorbital width is approximately 4/7 of the parietal width; show a rostral medial concavity; the proximal portion of the lacrimal bone is about 1/4 of the width of the distal; the proximal portion of the lacrimal bone reaches 1/7 of the distance from the orbital arc to the jugal bone; the distance between the distal portions of two lacrimal bones reaches 6/7 of the width parietal one; the ratio between the interorbital diameter and parietal region varies 1, 75 times, the zygomatic process occupies about 35% of the distance between its origin in the skull and jugal bone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulmonary agenesis is an extremely rare congenital anomaly, represented by the failure in the development of lung buds, which usually occurs unilaterally. The aim of study is present a report of clinical and macroscopical aspects and consequences for body development in the event of unilateral lung agenesis in tortoise's hatchlings (Chelonoidis carbonarius). The eggs of tortoises were incubated artificially at 29 °C for 131 days. Eighty-three eggs were incubated and only 10 hatched. At hatching, all hatchlings had presented normal morphological appearance. The hatchlings were fed daily with fruits and vegetables for two months, when they were euthanized. We observed a case in which the tortoise showed signs of pulmonary agenesis of the left side, without association with other malformations. Clinical signs included wheezing, breathing through the mouth, difficulty in feeding and little movement within the box. At necropsy, we observed the absence of the left lung, reduced size of viscera and cardiac dilatation. The case brings relevance to the occurrence of unilateral lung agenesis at left in tortoise's hatchling, with description of the clinical signs and macroscopic findings during necropsy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims to accomplish a ritual analysis of an ecumenical service honoring body donors, promoted by a university in the city of Porto Alegre. An ecumenical service held inside of the university chapel, led by health professionals wearing white coats, and enacted by discourses of scientific progress. Based on the ritual analysis, the paper proposes questions regarding the notion of sacred and its relation to human cadaver, as well as regarding the interaction between religion and science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Extrafloral nectaries (EFN) are nectar glands external to flower, which may be distributed over various plant parts. The nectar is attractive to many arthropods, especially ants, which protect the plant against herbivores. The EFN are found in representatives of more than 90 families of plants, among these is the Passifloraceae. This study deals with the morphological and anatomical description of Passiflora alata EFN, including its macroscopic and tissue composition. For this study 20 samples of EFN were collected in petiole of P. alata, and were fixed in FAA solution and forwarded to histotechnical processing for cuts in thickness of 14 μm and stained with safranin, fast green and PAS. It was also performed cuts and staining with unfixed materials testing for the presence of starch, using Lugol. Histologically it was observed a multisseriate epidermis covering the bottom of EFN, it was followed by several cell layers of nectariferous parenchyma which is responsible for secretion of nectar, further is the vascular tissue which has plenty of phloem cells, and the xylem tissue lasts only until the subnectary parenchyma, in other words, no enters the main area of production of nectar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Euphorbia cotinifolia and Jatropha gossypiifolia belong to Euphorbiaceae, and to the respective subfamilies Acalyphoideae, Euphorbioideae and Crotonoideae. Information on morphology and seminal development of Euphorbiaceae are lean in literature. This research aims to monitor the morphoanatomic development of the involved species. The ovule of these species are anatropous, sessile, bitegmic and crassinucelate. The micropyle, straight, is bounded by endostome and exostome, and obliterated by the projection of the nucellus, not very evident in A. gracilis. The seeds are considered exotégmic, albuminous endosperm at maturity containing aleurone grains. The embryo with hypocotyl-radicle axis is short, broad and foliaceous cotyledons, being distinguished later: first, all the seminal wrap development occurs, so that it evolves completely. J. gossypiifolia is endopachichalazal and presents mixed endosperm: cell nucleous. Caruncule is evident in J. gossypiifolia, but it is inconspicuous in the other two species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: numerous muscles, arteries, small glands, blood vessels and nerves are inserted in the face. The anatomical arrangement of the frontalis muscle allows vast mobility to the frontal region, and is therefore considered the mimetic muscle of the scalp. The interpretation of each of the emotions shows essential differences: the fear, as expected, is detected almost exclusively in the upper face. Objective: classify the patterns of frontalis muscle contractions in students of physiotherapy in a University, located in Bauru, state of São Paulo, Brazil. Material and Method: this is a retrospective analysis of pictures taken from 105 subjects. Results: The first picture of the subject's face was taken with the frontalis muscle at rest and the second one, in maximal contraction of the frontalis muscle. Four patterns were identified by four examinators: total, medial, lateral, hypokinesia. The total pattern was observed in 32.4%, examinator A; 36.1% by examinators B and C; and 30.4%, examinator D. The medial pattern was observed in 25.7%, examinator A; 23.8% examinator B; 27.6%, examinator C and 29.5%, examinator D. The lateral pattern was observed in 11,4%, examinators A and D; 16,1%, examinator B; and 14,2% examinator C. The hypokinesia pattern was observed in 30,5%, examinator A; 23,8%, examinator B; 21,9% examinator C; and 28,5%, examinator D. Conclusion: we conclude that the knowledge of the several patterns of frontalis muscle contractions, allows a more efficient and accurate planning and interventions in physioytherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diaphragm muscle plays a role in respiration, so fundamental to physiotherapy intervention when it proves ineffective. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of diaphragmatic release in respiratory pressures in healthy young and sedentary. The study was conducted with 20 healthy sedentary volunteers, aged 18 to 25 years, 10 men and 10 women. The protocol consisted of evaluation of respiratory pressure through the manometer before and after the release maneuver diaphragm for 3 minutes. The values of maximal respiratory pressures that showed statistical significance in men and women before and after diaphragmatic release, p <0.05, when comparing the values of MIP and MEP between men and women was not significant before the MIP and then, and in between MEP before, yet found himself statistically significant difference in MEP after the maneuvers, demonstrating that the maneuver was more effective in women than in women. The protocol was efficient diaphragmatic release to promote increase in maximal respiratory pressures, suggesting that it may be used as a physical therapy resource for the development of better functioning of respiratory mechanics [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The small saphenous vein (SSV) presents major anatomical variations due to its complex embryological origin. SSV incompetence often causes reflux to go to the perforating vein, sometimes not respecting the anatomical course. Objective: To analyze differences in reflux direction and reentry in the SSV. Methods: In this prospective, observational study, 60 lower limbs with SSV incompetence of 43 patients were assessed using a color Doppler ultrasound protocol. Results: Reentry variations were grouped into four types, including respective subtypes. Percentage results were as follows: Type A, perforating veins on the medial side = 25/60 cases (41.66%), subtypes Cockett, Sherman, paratibial, vertex; Type B: lateral malleolus and perforating veins on the lateral side (Abular 17-26 cm) = 15/60 cases (25%), subtypes Abular and malleolus; Type C, two branches = 19/60 cases (31.66%), subtypes gastrocnemius and Cockett, gastrocnemius and malleolus, and/or Abular, Cockett and malleolus, Cockett-vercex and Abular; Type D, reflux in the superAcial system = 1/60 cases (1.66%). Conclusion: In most of the lower limbs assessed, reflux did not respect the classic anatomical course. Our Andings demonstrated a high degree of variation in reflux/reentry, but no anatomical variations of the SSV. These results seem to suggest that reflux either seeks the most accessible anatomical connection for reentry or originates in the distal area and then reaches the SSV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The parameters of muscle origin and insertion points in the pectoral girdle and forelimbs of Caiman latirostris were identified by basic anatomical, kinesiological and biomechanical approach. This identification was made with two adults males specimens of C. latirostris, on average, 1.50cm in length, belonging to the collection of the Wild Animal Research Laboratory of the Federal University of Uberlândia/MG, Brazil. In this study, isometric postures intercalated with rotary movements were found, as well as a large cross-sectional area in most of the extensor and stabilizer muscles, giving them greater strength and denoting functional and organizational inferences. Based on the findings, it was possible to recognize and predefine the behavior of the species under investigation, correlating the duration, direction and dimension of the activity levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The arterial circuit of the brain is of great importance because it is responsible for vascularization of the brain and this is the main organ of the central nervous system and responsible for receiving and processing information. The species was chosen because it is a mammal belonging to the Xenarthra order and the members of this order are little studied because of the difficulty of access to these animals. To develop this work were studied five specimens of lesser anteater (Tamandua tetradactyla). The material had the arterial system filled with Neoprene latex stained in red, fixed in aqueous solution of 10% paraformaldehyde and dissected for vessels systematization. The encephalon arterial circuit of lesser anteater surrounds the mammillary body, the interpeduncular fossa, tuber cinereum, hypophysis and optic chiasm. The rostral portion of this circuit is characterized by rostral branches of internal carotid arteries and the caudal portion is formed by caudal communicant arteries from internal carotid artery. This animal species had a type II of encephalic irrigation with participation of internal carotid arteries and vertebrobasilar system to formation of arterial circuit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]