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This paper presents a new, digital, and interactive list of wounds, deaths, and other acts of aggression in the Iliad. After an introduction, it discusses the state of the art in quantitative approaches to the subject. The following section presents the methodology for compiling the data, briefly establishing the criteria for the distribution of instances in each category. In the discussion, I compare the results with previous similar projects and mention a few examples of the potentiality of the new list – to be published online, not included in the paper –, showing the advantages of the digital format.

In this paper, we present the activities and products developed during the Ikpeng language documentation project that contributed to the strengthening of the teaching of mother language of this indigenous society at the school, a space in which the use and teaching of the Portuguese language predominates. The Ikpeng linguistic documentation process was set within the Projeto de Documentação de Línguas Indígenas (PRODOCLIN), promoted by Museu do Índio/FUNAI, in partnership with UNESCO, during the period from 2009 to 2012. Among the main contributions of the documentation project are a sociolinguistic diagnosis, the creation of a lexical database, the elaboration of a descriptive grammar of the Ikpeng language, the publication of a monolingual book of traditional narratives and training courses in linguistics for indigenous teachers. The products resulting from the documentation were developed based on the demands of the school context of the Ikpeng society, to preserve and value the language and ancestral memories of this indigenous society. The Ikpeng language is spoken by the homonymous people, who live in the Parque Indígena do Xingu – MT.

This paper aims to understand the correlation between language and discourse identity for Black women through an analysis of Beyoncé’s lyrics across time. Its specific goal is to investigate the occurrence of code-switching between Standard English (SE) and African American Vernacular English (AAVE) in the singer's lyrics within different music domains. So, we analyzed the frequency of five AAVE syntactic structures in different music genres - hip hop and rap - in distinct phases of her career. The results show an overall decrease of SE forms and an increase in the use of AAVE forms, though the singer continues to practice code-switching in her songwriting. This represents a transition in Beyoncé's language use, indicating a correlation between language choice and Black Women discourse identity.

VoTec (Vocabulário Técnico Online) is a web environment for terminographic management created by Fromm (2007) with the aim of training undergraduate and graduate students for terminographic and translation practices. Since 2007, it has been used in several research and projects aimed at researchers training and monolingual and bilingual reference works production. This paper aims to present an overview of the projects and research carried out through VoTec between 2007 and 2023, as well as of the updates made on its database and query page. To do so, we describe its initial version (Fromm, 2007), the Terminology in Fiction (Fromm, 2011a) and the Linguistics Vocabulary (Fromm & Yamamoto, 2013) projects, as well as the following terminographic works/proposals: Vocabulary of Historical Linguistics (Yamamoto, 2015), Vocabulary of Business and Events Tourism (Carvalho, 2015), Vocabulary of Theology (Cardoso, 2017), Bilingual Vocabulary of Linguistics (Yamamoto, 2020), Vocabulary of Digital Marketing (Mateus, 2022) and Vocabulary of Angiology and Vascular Surgery (Santos, 2023). This panorama highlights: (i) VoTec's productivity for research and projects in the scope of Terminology, Translation, monolingual, bilingual and multilingual Terminography and Pedagogical Terminography; (ii) its continuous updates allow VoTec to follow latest trends and technologies on online reference works, becoming increasingly robust and multimodal, as well as to approach the needs of current users of online reference works; (iii) due to the possibilities of customizing fields and functionalities, VoTec easily adapts to different types of research and is capable of generating terminographic products with different purposes and target audiences.

ABSTRACT In this paper, we analyze literacy practices and representations in the comic books genre produced by undergraduates taking the Rural Education degree. The research is based on literacy theories and is situated in the applied field of language. This is a participatory research, with a qualitative-interpretative approach. The corpus consists of texts from six examples of the comic books genre, and (transcribed) excepts from three interviews conducted with research collaborators. Because this genre has a union of different language systems (verbal and non-verbal), the research revealed traces of literacy that students have in their life experiences. As the research collaborators come from different communities located in rural areas, they present diverse and peculiar literacy practices and representations.

In Jane Austen’s novels conversation provides internal evidence of the “moral and social nature of characters” (Morini, 2009, p. 9). Among the interplay of speech presentation forms (Page, 1972/2011), Narrative Report of Speech Acts (Leech & Short, 2007) has drawn less scholarly attention than others, for example Free Indirect Speech. However, NRSA condenses information about two communicative acts and therefore two addressers, namely the reporting narrator and the reported speaker (the character). Investigating this superposition of voices requires an integrative approach combining a speech-act theory analysis of the character’s speech with an analysis of both the character’s and the narrator’s dialogic stance, here set in the system of Engagement in Martin and White (2005). This paper aims to present this approach and to apply it to the description of Mansfield Park and its translations into Spanish and German. A sample of instances of NRSA and their translation solutions is analysed. While the most frequent type is literal translation, with both layers of meaning successfully reproduced, instances of translation shifts have been identified involving illocutionary force (addition, elimination or change of illocutionary features) and/or engagement value, combined with changes in certain cooccurring distancing devices. Such shifts suggest possible distortions to characterization cues.

The provision of a translator’s paratext offers greater visibility to the translator and a direct source of information on his/her decisions and intentions. Osório de Oliveira, the translator of the Portuguese version of Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe, replaces the author’s original preface with one of his own in which he justifies the alterations to the original text, whilst underlining that it was a Portuguese vessel on its way to Brazil which saved the hero from his desperate plight. This paper proposes to examine the reasons for Oliveira’s emphasis on this particular episode, to the detriment of others which were unquestionably more interesting within the context of the hero’s adventures. The date of publication of the translation – 1940 – and consequently of the paratext, provides the principal key to the answer, as the ideology of the Estado Novo was founded on the exaltation of the Portuguese “Discoveries”, underpinning a colonial policy which supposedly justified the retention of the “Overseas Provinces”. The paper discusses the translator’s reasons for intervening in the target text, whilst attempting to evaluate how far the paratext may have mediated the reception of a final version in which the deeds of past heroes were exploited in an attempt to appropriate Defoe’s story.

Translation assessment is an activity present in many scenarios and the diverse individuals who must deal with it partly explains the variability of such activity. Previous Translation Studies have already profiled and compared both the behaviour and the results of assessments carried out by a variety of evaluators. This paper examines the main contributions concerning this issue, and adds to the field by distinguishing between the contexts in which evaluators carry out their usual work and other less paradigmatic situations. The result is a compendium of the characteristics defining the prototypical evaluator profiles as well as presenting a warning for researchers, professionals, students and teachers on the special conditions that, depending on the circumstances, affect their evaluation and make it look as a different activity. The discussion includes complex formulas characterized by the collaboration of different groups of evaluators, as well as of those whose profile is not defined always by a single role. Therefore, the present paper may serve as an inspiration for new research investigating the profiles of evaluators to open the focus and take into account the circumstances that may affect their alleged habitual activity.

ABSTRACT Typical resultative constructions in English are unavailable in Brazilian Portuguese (BP) and in Romance. This fact has been attributed by previous studies to different event-framings, following the Talmian view. English would illustrate the satellite-framing pattern, whereas Romance would illustrate the verb-framing pattern. Literature in BP has mainly focused on describing properties of different sentences similar to resultatives of the English type. A large part of the debate has been devoted to answering whether these can be classified as true resultatives. Much less attention has been dedicated to a proper description of the framing patterns in BP. This paper fills in this gap and, by doing so, argues that BP admits both framing patterns. The v-framing pattern is highly productive, exemplified by numerous complex parasynthetic verbs that entail a result. The s-framing pattern is marginal, illustrated by a small sample of modified resultatives and verb-particle constructions. This paper supports the framing analysis, but recasts its merits in light of new connections established among (apparent) resultatives in BP.

The transition between the Late Bronze and Iron Age, often described as a collapse, is most often characterized by comparing the changes between these two periods. As trade and connectivity is one of the hallmarks of the Late Bronze Age, the lack of evidence for international trade during the early Iron Age is seen of evidence of the profound changes that occurred during this transition. In this paper, I will reassess the evidence for international trade during the early Iron Age in Philistia and neighboring regions, demonstrating that while there was a substantial degrading in the volume of international trade during this period, it did not cease completely. And based on this, what does this tell us about the processes and mechanisms occurring during the Late Bronze Age/Iron Age transition in the eastern Mediterranean.

Semiotics, as the field dealing with the production of meaning-making mechanisms, was supposed to be a holistic project. Semioticians in the 20th century were concerned about providing semiotics an epistemological identity. For instance, semiotics was aimed at following a meta-role (Greimas, 1976) as ‘a metadiscipline of all academic disciplines’ (Posner, 2003, p. 2366). In fact, Sebeok (1976) deemed semiotics as a ‘doctrine of signs’, refusing to call it a science or a theory. Despite this sophisticated terminology, semiotics remained poorly organised in the national academic systems. This lack of organisation in the academic institutions did not allow semiotics to show this allegedly federative role of general knowledge. Instead, semiotics ended up receiving different designations such as ‘esoteric knowledge’, ‘cabalistic language’, ‘formalistic paranoia’, and so forth. This paper delves into the institutional disorganisation of semiotics by addressing two main aspects. Firstly, the lack of interest by early semioticians to accurately organise their field in the institutions, and secondly, how this treatment, as a meta-field, thwarted its aspirations to be considered as a fully-fledged discipline. Thirdly, I engage in a current discussion (Parra, 2020) in semiotics that questions how semiotics has favoured applied approaches to the production of meaning.

Although Anglicisms1 have been the subject of research for quite some time now, their definition in the literature sometimes tends to be somewhat inexplicit, and there are points of disagreement, especially regarding their classification and the distinction between their types. This paper advocates a uniform, consistent approach to defining loans (Anglicisms) and their typology in terms of an interplay between three criterial features which are transferred in, and thereby constitute, (lexical) borrowing: concept, model, and form. Their combination results in seven feature patterns or loan types (both mono- and bilingual), which the paper correlates and compares with standard categories of Anglicisms found in the literature and illustrates using examples from Czech

The paper presents the initial findings of a research project that investigates the origins of Italian ATAP NNs, such as parolaN chiaveN (keyword) or luogoN simboloN (place.symbol — symbolic place). This study is based on a meticulously chosen sample of 1,924 NN types that include 47 different modifiers as their rightmost constituent, sourced from Google n-grams frequency lists (2020), which represent the most extensive diachronic linguistic data currently available. While recent literature suggests that Italian ATAP NNs emerged in the latter half of the 20th century and gained significant productivity only after 2000, our data indicate that this process occurred approximately 50 years earlier, particularly for a notable subset of N2-based semi-schematic constructions. With respect to the theoretical frameworks of Construction Morphology, Relational Morphology, and Diachronic Construction Grammar, the analysis of the data provides an insight into the interaction between the fully schematic ATAP NN construction and various semi-schematic constructions (N2-based families). Moreover, the study attempts to identify key diachronic stages in the development of the pattern.

The paper examines the guidelines dedicated to Italian teaching and, above all, to the ideal thematic, language and stylistic features of school reading books in the programmes for primary school and in the related instructions for teachers issued by the Ministry of Education from 1860 to 1905: a decisive period for the arrangement of the Italian school system, the literacy processes and the spread of the national language. It can be seen how these official documents significantly shaped the writing of school books. The paper also explores the complex relationship between the institutional attempts to regulate textbook production, as evidenced by relevant ministerial documentation parallel to the programmes, and the rich publishing activity in this field. To complete the overview of the dialectic between school-educational publishing and the regulatory will of the Ministry and of the boards connected to it, responsible for the evaluation of textbooks, the witnesses of two prominent school female authors of the 2nd half of the 19th century are commented on: Ida Baccini and Felicita Morandi.

This paper analyses the descriptions of the Catalan language provided by foreign travellers who journeyed through the Catalan-speaking territories in the second third of the 19th century. It examines their observations and linguistic perceptions of the Catalan language and the language spoken by the inhabitants of these regions. Additionally, the study delves into the names used by travellers to refer to the Catalan language, its origins, its relationship with other Romance languages, and its status among them. While some travellers may not have provided detailed descriptions of the language due to the diverse purposes of their journeys, their various accounts and statements allow us to deduce their positions and opinions in addressing these questions. This analysis takes place during the 19th century, a period in which Romance philology was still an emerging area of research.

ABSTRACT: When it comes to being a bilingual child in Brazil, it is not about any form of bilingualism, however, that is valued. Despite its characterisation, English is seen as a commodity, often sold as the sole tool responsible for professional development and financial success, even when considering children. The core argument of this paper is that some Brazilian politicians have done the right thing (i.e., promoting a Foreign Language Education, in this case English or Spanish, to young learners) for the wrong reason (i.e., believing they can promote the English or Spanish Language Education to guarantee the children’s professional success in the future). In order to illustrate this viewpoint, excerpts from two Brazilian politicians are considered, besides excerpts from other social actors. As the analysis unfolds, four questions are addressed: (1) To whose desires is a society of the global South responding to whose desires?; (2) Right thing for the wrong reasons?; (3) Who gets to walk on the red carpet?; and (4) Where does the magic carpet promise to take us?

In this paper, we present an experiment for complexity-level analysis of Portuguese texts from the 18th century using NLP tools. The 18th century was the time for the realization of a new world that had been built since the Renaissance, it was the period of consolidation of many of the current sciences. One of its characteristics is the presentation of scientific written records in national languages, rather than Latin, and the expressed wishes that the specialized texts could be more understandable to people of lesser erudition. As such, we intend to collaborate to identify if and how these wishes were fulfilled. To achieve this goal, we resort to an NLP supporting methodology to detect degrees of complexity of a medical work of this time period, and compare it with two other works that have hypothesized lesser and greater complexities. By using NILC-Metrix, we intend to identify features of a continuum of complexity in this kind of documents.

There are some studies that analyze definitions of the term “suicide” in academic works, as well as in generalist dictionaries and encyclopedias in several languages, but there still seems to be no investigation focused on specialized dictionaries and encyclopedias (SDEs) on this topic. Hence the general objective of this study was to describe the suicide SDEs available in the literature. To accomplish this purpose, a basic, quantitative, qualitative, descriptive, bibliographical and documental method was used. The 12 criteria proposed by John Humbley in 2018 for the analysis of SDEs were determined as the main theoretical foundation. From 2017 to 2022, through an integrative review in 6 languages and 4 databases, 8 SDEs were excluded. The 4 included ones were 2 dictionaries and 2 encyclopedias published between 2003 and 2016, 3 in English and 1 in Spanish. One of the most relevant findings was the fact that the SDEs examined try to address the various aspects of this object, instead of adopting a reductionist perspective. However, as only 4 books were analyzed, it was not possible to identify a clear pattern about all 12 criteria and all 4 sources. For example, it is not known which terms would be more feasible to include in a work of this nature nor the optimal way to predicate them. Even so, this paper is a relevant contribution to the studies on language and suicide, providing elements for the evolution of dictionaries and encyclopedias specialized on this binomial.

ABSTRACT This paper discusses the benefits of information and communications technology (ICT) in the contextual target situation analysis at a distance to design online critical English for academic purposes (CEAP) courses. A contextual investigation of the publishing process of high-impact journals in computer science is presented, which is aimed at identifying issues that might influence the publication of Brazilian researchers’ papers. The beliefs and experiences of Brazilian authors in the aforementioned process were analyzed through electronic questionnaires and remote interviews. Moreover, research articles’ reviews were studied to identify the community´s criteria for accepting or rejecting papers. Via ICT, a wider contextual analysis was possible with participants located in different parts of the world. Results provided relevant information about researching and publishing in the field, which may substantiate the design of tasks aimed at improving students’ critical academic literacy. For developing continental countries such as Brazil, saving time and resources through ICT in CEAP courses’ design means the possibility of investing in a more relevant instruction, which better attends to students’ contextual needs and wants.

The aim of this paper is to explore the language-space relationship by analysing the way Latin American transnational speakers experience mobility processes and the way these shape their linguistic practices and identities. Namely, the focal point of this study is the way spatial and sociolinguistic bordering are constructed and conceived by analysing the narrative of a transnational woman who experienced back and forth migration between Peru and Italy with her family. I will analyse this aspect from a theoretical point of view in the first part of the paper, where I will refer to that part of the literature that, while studying the relationship between language and migration, addresses questions about how language ideologies, the centre-periphery dynamics, as well as the material conditions of diaspora influence language practices and the construction of social identity in contemporary societies. I will then explore these epistemological aspects through the voice of a Peruvian transnational woman relating the social and sociolinguistic cross-bordering she experienced with her family through her spatial mobility.

This paper draws upon arguments about spaces as a central idea in order to understand language inequality and invisibility through the framework of family language policy. Tracing the history of sociolinguistic studies, space occupies a pivotal role whose importance has been revealed making contribution to many useful theories. Family language policy is the private sphere within the concept of space, long neglected, but renewed interest over the past 20 years has demonstrated in a sustained manner the tussle over the maintenance of the heritage language in the face of the host language. Language invisibilization within the family domain is not confined to heritage language and its accents but also to other non-reported languages, such as secret language and sacred languages. More in-depth empirical observations with new innovative methodologies are needed to understand the inequality and invisibility of languages at micro-level. The importance of the Family domain as the first place of socialization for children, compels us to seek a better understanding of spatially organized language practices and beliefs which have an impact on the whole upcoming generation.

Resumo This paper seeks to point to the role of the phenomenon called ‘translanguaging’ as a wake-up call, as well as a call to action against the hegemony of the Global North in the way it has traditionally disparaged the Global South, undercutting the latter’s bona fide aspirations to a place on a level playing field. In undertaking this task, it explores the potentially subversive aspect of translanguaging and also ignores the reclaimings of equal action fields to all that work there. It is argued that it is all too easy to miss the wood for the trees here by those who would rather look at the phenomenon as fundamentally a question of switching between different languages – so-called ‘code-switching’ – with great abandon and true spirit of laissez faire. In this paper, I shall turn my attention instead to what I call the ‘politics of translanguaging’. By that, what I intend to mean to press home is that people, especially in postcolonial settings, have used translanguaging as an effective means to challenge the last vestiges of colonial power that persist thanks to the lingering effects of coloniality by deliberately ‘muddying the communicative waters’ through their translanguaging practices – a process that will be analysed in closer detail through examination of postcolonial literary works. Postcolonial writers of the likes of Arundhati Roy are past masters at this.

ABSTRACT Purpose: to assess the recognition of salty, sweet, and citrus tastes in complete denture wearers. Methods: the study included toothless individuals (experimental group) who had been using, for at least 3 months and at the most 5 years, acrylic resin removable bimaxillary complete dentures in good condition and with adequate maxillo-mandibular relationship. The same assessment was performed in the control group, which had 26 toothed individuals. Volunteers had no difficulties ingesting any type of food. Salty, sweet, and citrus tastes were assessed with filter paper strips soaked in such solutions and placed on the tongue dorsum. Assessments were performed in duplicate and in random order. Results: the percentage rate of errors was similar between the control (9.6±13.5%) and experimental groups (10.5±15.5%) (p=0.80). There was no difference in the frequency of correct perception of tastes between denture wearers and toothed individuals. Conclusion: individuals who wore acrylic resin removable bimaxillary complete dentures perceived salty, sweet, and citrus tastes like toothed individuals did.

ABSTRACT One of the most popular semantic representation languages in Natural Language Processing (NLP) is Abstract Meaning Representation (AMR). This formalism encodes the meaning of single sentences in directed rooted graphs. For English, there is a large annotated corpus that provides qualitative and reusable data for building or improving existing NLP methods and applications. For building AMR corpora for non-English languages, including Brazilian Portuguese, automatic and manual strategies have been conducted. The automatic annotation methods are essentially based on the cross-linguistic alignment of parallel corpora and the inheritance of the AMR annotation. The manual strategies focus on adapting the AMR English guidelines to a target language. Both annotation strategies have to deal with some phenomena that are challenging. This paper explores in detail some characteristics of Portuguese for which the AMR model had to be adapted and introduces two annotated corpora: AMRNews, a corpus of 870 annotated sentences from journalistic texts, and OpiSums-PT-AMR, comprising 404 opinionated sentences in AMR.

The Aymara language (AL) is one of the most important languages in the central Andean region. However, there are few studies on its use from a microsociolinguistic approach. This paper aims to analyze the use of the Aymara language in six commercial speech events in a tri-border context involving Aymara speakers from Chile, Peru, and Bolivia. The conversations that happened within these events were collected through audio recordings and written records in a qualitative ethnographic intervention in the so-called three-part fair or “Feria Tripartita” (FT), a commercial event that occurs weekly in the three-border area. The analysis is based on ethnography of communication, conversational analysis, and interactional sociolinguistics. Drawing on this analytical framework, the use of the AL that is manifested there shows code-switching with Spanish, both inter- and intra-orally, along with a series of interlinguistic phenomena, such as the presence of a series of Spanish lexical bases with Aymara suffixation, and the use of unnecessary Spanish loans. Thus the FT, in spite of being an Aymara space that conforms a bilingual speaking community, is a space of influence of the Castilian language, which structurally affects the use of the AL.

There are different formal structures which requests can be made with depending on the register used and the degree of courtesy. During the teaching process, these structures are introduced according to their recursiveness and difficulty, and not necessarily due to their courtesy. This can cause mismatches between the perception of requests in L2 and in L1. In this paper we intend to analyze if this is really the case, or if there are no differences in the perception of these structures in L1 and L2.

The aim of this paper is to compare the methods of identifying the direct and indirect object in Spanish and Polish. From the author’s point of view, Spanish relies more on semantic methods, while Polish relies more on formal ones, especially those related to the category of case. As the article strives to demonstrate, the two approaches can be significant for the different interpretations of objects in both languages.

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the feasibility of applying the Invited Inferencing Theory of Se-mantic Change in order to establish the semantic evolution of idioms with literal correlates, in particular somatisms or kinegrams. The methodology is applied to analyze the testimonies (until 1700) of Spanish somatism cerrar los ojos in a diachronic corpus of Spanish language (CORDE), so as to find out what inferences generated contextual meanings that conditioned its lexicalization as idiom, semanticizing sym-bolic meanings related to death, sleep, knowledge, irrationality, submission or trust.

The paper analyzes the stylistic variation of implosive /s/ in Guayaquil Spanish. The aim is to verify the sociolinguistic status of /s/-weakening according to Labov’s three-level hierarchy: linguistic indicators, markers, and stereotypes. It is argued that the aspired allophone [h], by representing a clear pattern of stylistic variation, can be qualified as a marker, and since it receives metalinguistic commentary from the speakers, it is also a stereotype in the Guayaquil speech community. The analysis contains a quantitative study of /s/ variation on a corpus of radio speech (CHARG) and a qualitative confrontation of the results with responses gathered in a language attitudes survey.

Recently, the LGBTQIA+ agenda has received attention from researchers in Critical Applied Linguistics, since language education makes it possible to promote the coexistence of young people with diversity. However, the school curriculum is still quite conservative, and administrators and teachers see the topic as highly complex. This paper, anchored in theoretical notes from Critical Literacy, discusses a systematized proposal of activities developed in an English class of a vocational computing course integrated into High School at a federal public institution in Brazil. Carrying out the activities raised reflections around the fact that, from a critical perspective, texts approaching themes concerning gender identities can contribute to an education committed to a more inclusive and egalitarian society.

This paper describes and analyzes the ka particle in constructions with dynamic predicates in Lung’Ie, an endangered Portuguese-lexifier creole language spoken on Príncipe Island. In contrast with the literature on Lung’Ie (GÜNTHER, 1973; MAURER, 2009), we argue that ka plays one single role in Lung’Ie: marking the irrealis mood (cf. AGOSTINHO; RECH, 2022). Our data shows that ka is found in hypothetical, conditional, and counterfactual constructions, as well as in future and habitual aspect constructions. We also verified that ka is not used in past constructions nor in those that describe events at the time of the speech – prototypical realis contexts.

Este artigo investiga a realização prosódica de orações adverbiais anexadas à oração matriz e de orações desgarradas nos falares de João Pessoa e de Porto Alegre, com base nos pressupostos da Fonologia Prosódica (Nespor; Vogel, 2007) e no modelo Autossegmental e Métrico da Fonologia Entoacional (Pierrehumbert, 1980; Ladd, 2008). O corpus de análise é constituído por 720 orações – 360 de cada localidade – e foram observados o contorno melódico, a duração e a gama de variação da F0 no fim do sintagma entoacional (IP). O estudo do fenômeno na fala de indivíduos pessoenses e portoalegrenses visa, além de descrever se o desgarramento será materializado de forma semelhante ao descrito por Silvestre (2021) para a capital fluminense, observar se traços fonéticos regionais, descritos anteriormente em estudos prosódicos sobre orações assertivas neutras (Cunha, 2000; Lira, 2009; Silva, 2011; Silvestre 2012; Castelo, 2016), também se manifestam nas orações desgarradas de João Pessoa e de Porto Alegre ou se são neutralizados pela construção sintática específica. Os resultados revelam que o alongamento das sílabas finais é característica importante para a materialização do fenômeno de desgarramento em todos os dialetos estudados e que há, mesmo nesta estrutura sintática específica, índices relativos à prosódia regional. Em João Pessoa, é consistentemente observado o tom H+L* no início dos IPs e subida melódica na última sílaba pós-tônica dos enunciados. Em Porto Alegre, é frequente a fronteira bitonal HL% no fim do IP, com descida melódica após a sílaba tônica, característica que parece diferenciar o falar na capital gaúcha.

Neste artigo discutimos a silabificação no português urbano de São Tomé e Príncipe (PSTP), com base no exame de alguns processos fonológicos: apagamentos de clusters, coda e núcleo; ensurdecimento vocálico; vocalização, nasalização e posteriorização do rótico. Tais fenômenos, embora tratados, comumente, de forma independente pela literatura, quando analisados em conjunto podem refletir padrões silábicos diversos, trazendo uma visão ampla e complexa sobre o sistema em foco. De fato, o levantamento dos fenômenos no PSTP indica a atuação de duas trajetórias gramaticais paradoxais: a prevalência de sílabas CV fomentada por apagamentos e lenições, em que sílabas fechadas se adaptam em sílabas abertas, e a emergência de estruturas complexas, promovida, sobretudo, pela ressilabificação de sibilantes e pelo apagamento vocálico. Essas trajetórias contrastantes refletem a dificuldade de propostas tradicionais em explanar a variação observada no PSTP. Ressaltamos, a partir dos processos discutidos, a necessidade, em trabalhos futuros, em abordar a questão por modelos pautados no uso, que acomodem a variação, e possam abarcar a complexidade dos sistemas linguísticos.

Na língua portuguesa não existe uma relação biunívoca entre grafema e fonema. Isso implica desvios ortográficos por alunos de todos os anos do Ensino Fundamental. Argumentamos que os desvios ortográficos são sistemáticos e têm como gênese a utilização de algum conhecimento fonético-fonológico por parte dos alunos. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo preliminar investigar os desvios ortográficos mais recorrentes identificados em produções textuais de estudantes do 9º ano e, como objetivo principal, elaborar um caderno pedagógico voltado para o trabalho sistemático e reflexivo desses desvios ortográficos. Foram analisadas 76 redações de uma turma de 9º ano, nas quais os desvios ortográficos foram identificados, classificados e contabilizados de acordo com os processos fonológicos e as relações grafofônicas do português que os ocasionaram. As três categorias de desvios ortográficos mais recorrentes foram: o apagamento de em coda e sua hipercorreção, o alçamento vocálico e sua hipercorreção, e a concorrência de grafemas para representar a fricativa alveolar surda. Esses três tipos representam quase 60% dos 211 desvios ortográficos identificados. Diante desse resultado, foi proposto um caderno pedagógico com atividades reflexivas, contextualizadas, discursivas e específicas para o tratamento de cada uma das dificuldades ortográficas.

Este artigo tem como objetivo a análise da hipercorreção da coda final (r) em verbos cujas formas hipercorretas coincidem com o infinitivo padrão escrito (i. “o mundo não gira, ele capotar”; ii. “a maldade está nos olhos de quem ver”; iii. “eu dormir muito ontem”). O corpus da pesquisa é composto de dados de textos escritos em plataformas digitais, como as redes sociais Twitter e Instagram e o aplicativo de conversa WhatsApp. Como arcabouço teórico, elegeram-se a Teoria da Variação e Mudança (Weinreich, Labov; Herzog, 2018 [1968]) e os Modelos Baseados no Uso (Bybee, 2016 [2002]; Pierrehumbert, 2003, 2016; Cristófaro-Silva; Gomes, 2020). As variáveis de efeitos fixos analisadas indicam a relevância da dimensão do vocábulo e da vogal antecedente como favorecedoras da hipercorreção. A análise com efeitos aleatórios aponta para um possível condicionamento lexical do fenômeno. Os resultados sugerem impactos da representação escrita das palavras no conhecimento linguístico dos falantes.

Dixon and Aikhenvald (1999) considered the existence of Amazon as a linguistic macroarea, from which it has recognized the separation between Vaupés and Caquetá-Putumayo areas in Colombia (Epps; Michael, 2017), where without georeferencing were used to characterize areal scopes. Through phonological criterium of Sound Alternations (Donegan; Stampe, 2009) in combination with methods without (García-Vallve; Puigbo, 2016 [2002]) and without georeferencing methods (Nerbonne et al., 2018) were applied to twenty-five languages from the compilation of González de Pérez and Rodríguez de Montes (2000), it was inferred that structural classifications aren’t very similar than areal. Moreover, it has found that, respect to phonological criterion, Vaupés isn’t an even terrain, but it’s divided between the North and South.

O reconhecimento de interfaces da Fonologia está vinculado ao próprio funcionamento do sistema linguístico, tanto em sua condição interna, a partir de uma interpretação estreita do termo interface, ao se considerarem as relações entre os componentes que constituem a língua, como em sua condição externa, em uma perspectiva ampla do termo, ao se considerar a relação entre esses componentes e os ramos da Linguística que estabelecem conexão com outras áreas do conhecimento. É incontestável que, em seu plano interno, nos sistemas linguísticos está incluída a existência de interseção entre os diferentes componentes, como o fonológico, o morfológico, o sintático e o semântico, e de muitas fronteiras, por vezes controversas, entre eles compartilhadas, como também, em seu plano externo, estão presentes dimensões de naturezas diversas, como a sócio-histórica, a antropológica, a psicológica, a clínica, a tecnológica, entre outras. A natureza multifacetada dos sistemas linguísticos é desafiadora e muitos são os linguistas brasileiros que enfrentam o jogo de voltar-se para fenômenos de interface no exame do funcionamento do português, um movimento inspirado pelas pesquisas de interface conduzidas na área nos últimos anos, consideradas como [...] the most intellectually engaging and challeging research [...] por Ramchand e Reiss (2007 p. 2). As mudanças teóricas e metodológicas pelas quais a Fonologia, como disciplina, vem passando, atestadas por Oostendorp et al. (2011), justificando a constatação desses autores de que estamos vivendo hoje [...] a very exciting time to be a phonologist (Oostendorp et al. 2011, p. xxxi), são motivadas, em grande parte, pela formulação de questões sobre a estrutura sonora das línguas que necessitam da aproximação de diferentes componentes da Linguística para serem respondidas de maneira eficiente. Com foco no componente fonológico da língua, as relações com a face fonética do sistema, com a realidade do funcionamento de estruturas morfológicas e sintáticas e com a sua representação na forma escrita são, por exemplo, temas de alguns estudos de interface. Outras pesquisas de interface voltam-se para a comparação entre diferentes fonologias ou para abordagens teóricas diferenciadas e seu poder explicativo diante de fatos fonológicos. Há também investigações que, em visões de interfaces, descrevem e analisam o comportamento da fonologia sob o viés de sua aquisição, como primeira ou segunda língua, ou de sua variação e mudança. Estas últimas visões são capazes de reunir fenômenos fonológicos e sociais, oferecendo o encaixamento social de fatos estruturais da língua. Têm-se, portanto, espécies de desdobramentos em abordagens de interfaces da fonologia, que tornam os estudos mais complexos e que também lhes podem atribuir maior alcance e maior interesse. É nesta visão ampla e multifacetada que estão situados os doze artigos que compõem este número da Working Papers em Linguística.

Este trabalho descreve o processo de monotongação do ditongo /ei/ na variedade urbana do Português em Moçambique, a partir do levantamento de dados em 18 entrevistas – estratificadas de acordo com as variáveis sexo, faixa etária e nível de escolaridade –, recolhidas em Maputo (Vieira; Pissurno, 2016). A investigação tem por hipótese que a implementação da variante [e] em posição interna ao vocábulo é incipiente na comunidade. Os resultados confirmam a hipótese: o input de aplicação da regra de monotongação é relativamente baixo, e a implementação de [e] se correlaciona aos segmentos precedente e subsequente ao ditongo, ao sexo e à faixa etária dos informantes e ao contato entre o Português e as línguas autóctones de Moçambique. Esta investigação contribui para a descrição de um processo fonético-fonológico em uma variedade do Português ainda em formação e dos efeitos do contato entre línguas no comportamento da variável em análise.

This study investigated the possible influence of the allomorphs [t, d, ɪd] in the intelligibility of 48 verbs ending in -ed, half in the first and half in the second intelligibility test, which were produced by eight speakers from four different L1 backgrounds (e.g., BP, Spanish, German, English) and orthographically transcribed by 14 Brazilian listeners in two intelligibility tests within a four-month interval. Results of the first intelligibility test indicated that verbs ending in the allomorph [t] were more intelligible than verbs ending in the allomorph [ɪd], which in turn were more intelligible than verbs ending in the allomorph [d]. However, results for the second intelligibility test did not follow the same tendency and indicated that the intelligibility of verbs ending in the allomorphs [t, ɪd] were very similar whereas the results for the intelligibility of verbs with the allomorph [d] increased since it had large room for improvement from the first to the second test. Moreover, results also indicated that there was variation in the intelligibility of verbs ending in the three allomorphs for each learner and among the learners, demonstrating that the language development is a dynamic, varied, and complex system, as the Dynamic System Theory proposes.

La palatalización en wichí es un proceso morfo-fonológico generado por las vocales anteriores, tautosilábicas /i/ y /e/. Este proceso ocurre dentro de la palabra, específicamente, entre morfemas cuando el segmento afectado ocupa la coda final de la base, y el sufijo (o enclítico) que se añade inicia con vocal o con h. A su vez, este proceso está condicionado prosódicamente: el segmento resultante de la palatalización debe ocupar la posición de ataque del sufijo o enclítico. Según Bateman (2007) este proceso presenta características tipológicamente frecuentes: 1) las consonantes velares, /k/ y /x/, son consonantes objetivo (target) típicas de la palatalización, 2) las vocales anteriores, /i/ y /e/, son desencadenantes comunes; y 3) la realización de velares como segmentos palatales (outcome) es frecuente. Por su parte, González (2014) señala que la palatalización es un rasgo distintivo de la fonología de las lenguas indígenas chaqueñas; de hecho, señala que las velares como segmentos afectados es uno de los rasgos marcados de la palatalización en las lenguas mataguayas. El objetivo de este trabajo es brindar una aproximación al análisis de la palatalización de velares en wichí, desde la perspectiva de la optimidad estratal (Kiparsky, 2000; Orgun, 1996).

Este trabalho analisa a monotongação variável do ditongo oral decrescente [ej] na variedade do noroeste paulista. Por meio desse processo, há o apagamento do glide, como em gelad[ej]ra ~ gelad[e]ra e p[ej]xe ~ p[e]xe. Esta pesquisa fundamenta-se na Teoria da Variação e Mudança Linguística (Labov, 2008 [1972]). Metodologicamente, foram conduzidas análises qualitativa e quantitativa, a partir do programa Goldvarb X, de 12 entrevistas retiradas do banco de dados Iboruna, resultado do projeto ALIP (FAPESP 03/08058-6 – UNESP/IBILCE – Gonçalves, 2023 [2007]). Dos 1.057 dados levantados, 376 apresentaram monotongação, correspondentes a 35,6%. Verificou-se que a maioria das ocorrências de monotongação ocorreu em contexto de tepe ou fricativa subsequente, como em cad[e]ra e qu[e]jo, destacando a influência de fatores linguísticos para a aplicação do fenômeno, como observado em outras variedades do Português Brasileiro.

Este estudo descreve e analisa o registro gráfico da nasalidade vocálica em posição medial de palavra por crianças falantes de três variedades do português, a saber, o brasileiro, o europeu e o moçambicano. Tendo em vista as divergências teóricas em relação à existência de vogais nasais no inventário fonológico do português, busca-se investigar em dados de aquisição da escrita como crianças que partilham o mesmo sistema linguístico concebem a nasalidade vocálica. Note-se que, conforme Miranda (2018), o registro gráfico da nasalidade medial é tarefa complexa que se impõe às crianças nos primeiros anos escolares. Neste artigo, são analisados dados extraídos de textos de 1º e 2º anos do ensino fundamental de escolas de ensino público das cidades de Pelotas (Brasil), Porto (Portugal) e Maputo (Moçambique), pertencentes ao Banco de Textos de Aquisição da Linguagem Escrita (BATALE). Os resultados encontrados corroboram a literatura da aquisição fonológica que defende a existência de vogais nasais no inventário infantil, um conhecimento que está na base das escritas alfabéticas iniciais e que, por efeito do contato com forma ortográfica, vai sendo alterado até corresponder à proposta de Camara Jr (1979) para a nasalidade vocálica do sistema adulto do português, isto é, uma vogal oral seguida de uma consoante nasal.

The acquisition of a second language (L2) is a highly demanding cognitive task that, in terms of phonology, happens through the siege of the first language (L1). The cue-weighting, that is, the attention given to specific cues in the L2 speech and the ability to change the focus of attention to relevant cues is essential for L2 speech processing and tends to be affected by the patterns of the L1. The present study aimed to produce a systematic review of the studies concerning attention and L2 phonological knowledge. Research participants, attention and phonological assessment, and the main results of eighteen studies published between 2010 and 2021 were described and analyzed. The data gathered indicates that the bulk of the research carried out is of cross-sectional studies with attention control and perceptual discrimination tasks with L2 English adult learners. Most studies pointed out that attention has an important role in L2 phonological acquisition. At the beginning of acquisition, attention seems to be more important to L2 speech processing than for proficient L2 speakers when automatization takes place. Focusing, selecting, shifting, dividing, and sustaining attention as well as being flexible and having good inhibitory control have a special role in L2 phonological acquisition. The need for further investigation with controlled variables, other L1/L2 combinations, and multiple assessment instruments is evident.

Este artigo objetiva identificar quais valores de taxa de elocução são considerados aceitáveis e a partir de que ponto a taxa de elocução torna o conteúdo do enunciado ininteligível no Português Brasileiro (Pb). Para tanto, relata um estudo experimental sobre o impacto da fala comprimida na aceitabilidade e inteligibilidade de enunciados do Pb. Para os experimentos, frases curtas de áudio contendo mensagens de alerta foram utilizadas como estímulos. Essas frases foram gravadas em uma taxa de elocução natural e, em seguida, manipuladas digitalmente para taxas mais rápidas de forma escalar (de 9 a 19 sílabas por segundo). Testes de inteligibilidade e aceitabilidade foram então conduzidos com participantes cegos e videntes. Os resultados indicam que a fala comprimida tem um impacto significativo na aceitabilidade e na inteligibilidade das elocuções para ambos os grupos de participantes e que, embora os participantes cegos tendam a taxas de aceitabilidade ligeiramente mais altas em todas as condições de velocidade de fala, os participantes com visão tiveram um desempenho melhor no experimento de inteligibilidade, o que contradiz uma tendência frequentemente relatada na literatura.

Since the last decade, many books and papers have been published in the field of Language Change, under a Functional-Cognitive approach. Among these contributions, the book Constructionalization and Constructional Change (Traugott Trousdale, 2013) became a must read to those who work or intent to work on constructions from a diachronic perspective. The authors, Elizabeth Traugott and Graeme Trousdale, brought out to the audience a thought-provoking book about how new constructions are coined in language throughout the centuries. For that, they establish a difference between constructionalization and constructional changes, considering the former as the creation of a new construction and the latter as changes in the form or in the meaning of an existing construction. In Brazil, and all over the world, the book gained popularity and figured in the center of a rich debate concerning the conciliation between construction grammar, a theoretical model about the speaker’s knowledge of language, and language change, which goes beyond the individual’s lifespan. For those who adopted the concepts of the book and or criticized some of the definitions and understandings presented by the authors, there are still several open questions regarding a diachronic approach to grammar. In the wake of this debate, we are very happy to have interviewed Elizabeth Traugott (Professor Emerita at Stanford University) and Graeme Trousdale (Professor at The University of Edinburgh) to celebrate ten years of the publication of Constructionalization and Language Change. In this interview, you will be able to follow the way the authors see the work of 2013, how they dialogue with the criticisms received and how they understand language change in 2023.

Star Wars is a science fiction saga that for over thirty years has captivated fans and viewers all over the world. The saga reproduces the desires of the current society, decade by decade, and also produces new forms of representation regarding female characters. Although we know names like Princess Leia and Padmé, both had their narratives crossed by negative stereotypes about female representations. As it is a science fiction genre, we still notice a mostly male presence, despite new appearances of heroines. However, it was with the release of The force awakens (Foster, 2015), that the franchise reignited the engagement and interest of the public, besides attracting the eyes of a new generation. In this way, more female characters were cast for the new trilogy, such as the new protagonist being a woman. In the same year, a literary adaptation was launched in the publishing market, bringing the story to the field of letters and providing new dialogues between the characters. Accordingly, this paper aims to conduct an analytical study on the construction of the character Rey in the literary version of the story, under the light of feminist criticism. For our methodology, we conducted bibliographical research, using authors such as Murdock (2013), Kuhn (1994), and Mulvey (1983). As a result, we understand that it is important to perceive negative stereotypes reproduced in female characters in science fiction narratives, which are also related to women and their representations in literature.

This paper presents a study of directionality in word-class changing affixation. Specifically, it addresses the various semantic criteria proposed in Marchand (1964) for directionality in conversion as applied to a sample of affixation in English. The semantic criteria by Marchand have frequently been pointed out in the literature but have not been studied in detail in either conversion or affixation. The aim is to determine whether these criteria are applicable in overt affixation, where directionality does not seem to pose a problem (because, unless back-formation is attested, the affix signals the directionality of the process), or whether the criteria fail to apply even to these cases.

This paper reports on the effectiveness of teaching grammar explicitly, with a focus on form, function, and rules. The study tested the hypothesis that explicit instruction of grammar leads to increased accuracy in the grammaticality judgment, using a sample of 32 Macedonian learners of English at levels B and C. The structures selected for the task included subject-verb inversion, subject-verb inversion and it-insertion, omission of expletive and anticipatory it and omission of a referential subject, which are typical in the interlanguage of Macedonian learners of English due to cross-linguistic influence from their mother tongue and developmental factors. The study involved a pre-test, explicit instruction and controlled practice activities, and a post-test. The pre-test and post-test assessed the accuracy of a series of sentences, while the instruction involved contrastive analysis of examples in Macedonian and English, eliciting differences between the two languages. Results showed improved accuracy in the assessment of the grammaticality of the target structure at the post-test, but an experimental study with a control group is required to verify whether the improvement can be solely attributed to explicit instruction.

In the present-day Hungarian given name stock, there are probably less than a hundred names of Spanish origin, as interpreted in terms of etymology, intermediary languages and cultural sources. This short paper outlines the category of these names, its composition, background and main characteristics, accompanied by relevant examples.

This paper proposes a contextualization of the didactic comic book Aguinha!! De Cabo Verde às Canári-as... e vice-versa. The comic book in question emerged as part of the institutional project financed by European funds, but at the plot level it hides any explicit affinities with Europe. For this reason, we chose to analyze the contents of the book in the transinsular order and to draw both on the concept of environ-mental education and on border thinking. It is also proposed to frame this comic book as a complementary, non-autonomous didactic material