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Abstract Recycling has been pointed out as an alternative to the disposal of waste materials in industrial landfills. In the present study, the transformation of residues (discarded foundry sand - DFS, grits, and lime mud) in glass-ceramic materials is shown. The glasses were obtained by the melting/cooling method. The precursor materials, glasses, and glass-ceramics were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and differential scanning calorimetry/thermal gravimetric analysis (DSC/TGA). The glassy materials were milled, pelleted, and thermally treated at the crystallization temperatures given by DSC data to obtain the glass-ceramics (885, 961, and 1090 ºC). The main formed phases were cristobalite, α-wollastonite (parawollastonite), and β-wollastonite (pseudowollastonite). The glass-ceramics showed very low water absorption and apparent porosity (0.26 to 0.88 wt% and 0.66 to 1.77 vol%, respectively). The results confirmed that the studied residues can be used as raw materials for the manufacture of vitreous and glass-ceramic materials.

Os desastres naturais têm gerado, em diversas localidades, um grande número de desabrigados e, consequentemente, a necessidade de habitações temporárias. Em resposta a isso, o arquiteto Shigeru Ban desenvolveu em 1995 o projeto de uma habitação temporária denominada "Paper Log House" para os desabrigados após um terremoto no Japão, reutilizando tubos de papel. Posteriormente, a Paper Log House foi utilizada como resposta a desastres em diferentes locais, sendo modificada para se adaptar a cada contexto. Este artigo tem como objetivo realizar uma análise comparativa dessas habitações temporárias, utilizadas no Japão, na Turquia, na Índia e nas Filipinas, e avaliar aplicações no contexto brasileiro. Utilizou-se de pesquisa bibliográfica para averiguar a reutilização de tubos de papel na arquitetura de Shigeru Ban e as características projetuais e construtivas da primeira Paper Log House. Após isso, foi realizada uma análise comparando os quatro casos e são apresentados estudos realizados no Brasil, referentes a ensaios laboratoriais e à construção de uma réplica da Paper Log House. Com os resultados da análise comparativa pode-se concluir que os aspectos culturais, econômicos e ambientais de cada contexto são de grande importância no projeto. Observou-se que seria possível construir obras semelhantes às do arquiteto Shigeru Ban com os tubos de papel fabricados no Brasil, a partir de soluções projetuais para compensar a baixa resistência mecânica dos tubos. Também se verificou que o sistema construtivo da Paper Log House pode ser vantajoso em termos econômicos como resposta a situações emergenciais no País.

This paper highlights the underlying factors that define the success of industrial design literature, which can be measured through citation characteristics. In this regard, the study aims to identify and analyse the characteristics of top-cited papers published in the Web of Science under the topic of industrial design from 1980 to 2014. The results showed that the top five papers received 896 citations, which were published between 2002 to 2006, and obtained 278 )31.02%) citations. The top five keywords were extracted from the abstracts of top-cited papers. In addition, the names of the top journals were Design Studies , International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics , and International Journal of Design . Industrial design is proposed as a new Web of Science category.

Ferramentas para auxílio de análise ergonômica são frequentemente utilizadas quando há a necessidade de avaliação de riscos musculoesqueléticos no trabalho. Dessas ferramentas, uma das mais conhecidas é a REBA (Rapid Entire Body Assessment). Seu amplo uso fez com que suas formas de distribuição e aplicação fossem alteradas por vários autores, de forma a tentar encontrar a melhor maneira de aplicação. Inclusive, com o advento de celulares e tablets, foram feitas diversas versões em aplicativo da ferramenta. Pouco pode ser encontrado sobre a usabilidade desse método, ainda mais em qual versão é mais apropriado, em termos de usabilidade. Objetivou-se neste artigo realizar uma avaliação de usabilidade da ferramenta REBA em duas diferentes versões para verificar a influência que a usabilidade da ferramenta tem nos seus resultados. Acredita-se que qualquer tipo de ferramenta para uma avaliação ergonômica deve, de forma intrínseca, ser usável, pois sua usabilidade tem influência direta em sua confiabilidade e replicabilidade. Sendo assim, fez-se uma análise comparativa de usabilidade com a ferramenta em versão papel e aplicativos para celular com oito sujeitos para a verificação de tal usabilidade. Encontrou-se melhor usabilidade para o aplicativo, mas confiabilidade equiparada para as duas versões. Assim, constata-se que as duas podem ser igualmente usadas para avaliação REBA.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo estudar alguns aspectos relacionados à secagem de folhas de papel (celulose) sobre uma superfície aquecida e regime de convecção natural no interior de uma estufa. Foram analisadas três situações: - para a umidade inicial: amostras de 1 folha de papel, temperatura de secagem de 100ºC e umidade inicial de 130 a 180% (b.s.); - para a temperatura de secagem: amostras de 1 folha de papel, umidade inicial de 150% (b.s.) e temperatura de 50 a 110ºC;- para a espessura das amostras: temperatura de 100ºC; umidade inicial de 150% (b.s.) e amostras com de 1 a 5 folhas de papel. A influência destas variáveis no comportamento da secagem foi estudada a partir de uma proposta de curvas de secagem generalizadas, analisadas individualmente e para os três efeitos em conjunto, sendo proposto um modelo para ajustá-lasAspects in the drying of paper (cellulose) sheets over a heated surface under natural convection condition inside an oven are provided. Three different operational situations are carried out: (1) for initial paper moisture contents: sheets of only one hand sheet of paper, drying temperature of 100ºC and initial moisture content from 130 to 180% (dry basis - d.b.); (2) for drying temperature: sheets of only one hand sheet of paper, initial moisture content of about 150% (d.b.) and drying temperature from 50 to 110ºC; (3) for sheet thickness: drying temperature of 100ºC, initial moisture content of about 150% (d.b.) and multi-layer sheets of one to five hand sheets of paper. The influence of these variables in drying curves behavior is studied through the theory of generalized drying curves, analyzed individually for each effect and for all together. Finally, the possibility of fitting them is discussed

Abstract The production of pulp and paper is increasing worldwide, and wastes are therefore being generated in appreciable amounts. Various materials are generated in pulp and paper mills, such as ash, dregs, grits, lime mud and pulp mill sludge. Over the years, these wastes have typically been sent to landfills or incinerated. However, with increased environmental awareness new alternatives have been investigated, especially the valorization of these materials. In this review, the characteristics of the manufacturing process, generated wastes, main destinations and recycling alternatives are addressed. The state of the art indicates that dregs are useful in agriculture as soil amendments, while lime mud can be used in agriculture and in environmental technology, mainly in wastewater treatment. Grits are commonly employed in construction, and pulp mill sludge shows applications in agriculture, construction and energy processes. In conclusion, this review shows several successful cases of recycling wastes from pulp and paper mills.

Abstract Industrial wastes from pulp and paper mills are potentially useful materials to use as alternative materials in clinker production. In this study, eco-friendly clinkers were obtained using only waste as feedstock. Eco-friendly clinker with different C3S and C2S contents were produced and hydrated for 7 days at 40 °C, or for 28 and 90 days at room temperature. The potentialities of these waste and the products obtained were revealed through chemical (XRF), thermal (DTA/TG) and surface area (BET) analysis. For comparison, a common ordinary Portland cement (OPC) was tested. As expected, the hydration rate of formulations presenting higher C3S content was higher, generating higher amounts of Ca(OH)2. Furthermore, the amount of Portlandite formed was lower when compared to OPC.

Abstract Paper waste, corn starch, and sawdust were utilized as pore generating agents to produce a porous ceramic. Kaolin clay, sodium feldspar, and 20% of pore generating agent were mixed, and the samples were formed by mold method, dried at room temperature for about 72 h and in a furnace at 115 ºC for 5 h, and then fired at 1200 ºC with a soaking time of 3 h. The samples were tested for measurement of physical and mechanical properties and the microstructure was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy and mercury intrusion porosimetry. The results showed that the sample prepared with corn starch had the highest porosity, lowest mechanical properties and permeability, and smallest pore size, while the characteristics of the sample prepared with sawdust were contrary; finally, the sample of paper waste had the highest permeability and intermediate values of other properties.

Considering the increased generation of solid waste and the difficulty of proper final disposal, it is of utmost importance to study the reuse of solid waste, seeking a beneficial alternative for the population and the environment. This study aimed to produce wood particle boards incorporated with different percentage of waste from the manufacture of labels and tags, commonly known as paper shavings, containing biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP), aiming its reuse. Physical, chemical and mechanical tests were performed. The difference in density between the materials used to manufacture the boards influenced the production process as well as the amount of waste added. Values of moisture content and thickness swelling remained within the range set by the regulations. The results for water absorption analysis are in agreement with those in the literature on the incorporation of different types of waste in the boards. According to our findings, it was observed the importance of a homogeneous mixture of the materials, and pH control. The incorporation of waste containing BOPP into particle boards may be a promising disposal alternative for this waste, given the development of a by-product that encourages sustainable development.

In an engine, the valve train is responsible for approximately 6% to 35% of the total friction losses, with the value varying with the design and operating conditions. Even a 1% improvement in the fuel economy of a vehicle model is of great economic and environmental relevance. One of the engine systems subject to considerable friction is the control system and actuation of gas admission and discharge valves, the valve control system. Friction efforts and wear between the cam and the tappet depend on the relative speeds of the parts, the state of the surfaces in contact, the lubrication and temperature conditions, and the materials and geometries of the cam and tappet. A carefully project of the cam-tappet system is needed to preserve parts integrity and system functionality. This work presents some important experiments carried out with various cam-tappet systems, measured on engines or constructed using parts of an engine. Several important quantities are measured and analyzed by the reported experiments. The main objective of this paper is to promote a better understanding of these quantities that can be useful to engine designers to minimize energy losses or for optimize desirable mechanical characteristics of the system. Also, this paper allows researchers to plan new experiments and/or rapidly identify typical experimental results. It was possible to conclude that typical friction coefficients between cam and tappet varies from 0.05 to 0.15, that the force between valve stem-valve guide represents only about 1.5 -2% of the force acting on the valve stem, that the cam-follower friction was low for viscous oil SAE 50, compared with other lubricants, whereas camshaft bearing friction was low for lubricant SAE 5W-40 in the same engine, that the friction at the cam-follower interface decreases with increasing engine speed, that viscous oil gave greater oil film thickness as compared to the low-viscosity lubricant at the cam-follower interface, among others.

Abstract The possibility of application for lignin, a byproduct of paper and pulp production, as a partial replacement for cement in producing mortars and concretes is presented. Initially, mortars were prepared with substitution rates ranging from 0.0% to 50.0% to determine the best rates for subsequent application in concretes. Statistical analysis showed that the rates with the highest potential for application in concretes were 2.5%, 5.0%, and 10.0%. After preparing the concretes, test specimens were molded and subjected to axial compression, splitting tensile strength, water absorption by immersion, void ratio, and capillary water absorption tests after the curing period. The results showed that lignin, in rates higher than 5.0%, led to decreased mechanical strength; however, all concretes with lignin significantly reduced capillary water absorption, which can lead to greater material durability.

Globally, COVID-19 reached unprecedented levels of contagion, affecting the social meetings, public spaces, and many everyday aspects. During the first days of the pandemic, supply chains were severely impacted by a great uncertainty in socio-economic terms, causing irrational variations and the inability to forecast demand. In this paper, the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the behaviour of different companies is analysed based on the variation in supply and demand of consumer-packaged goods. The pandemic outbreak disruption, the bullwhip effect caused by demand fluctuations, and the resilience of different companies were studied. A multiple case study methodology is used to analyse the decision-making process of fourteen different companies, from diverse sectors in Uruguay, affronting the pandemic. The paper’s main findings include the identification of disruption and operation risks along with coordination in supply chain management during the first four months of the pandemic. Moreover, due to the necessity of sanitation and comestibles, and the fear of stockout, consumers’ demand was uncertain, and the bullwhip effect was observed in critical channels of some products. Finally, the resiliency and robustness of the affected companies were studied and good practices for a resilient and robust response to the pandemic were identified and analysed.

This paper inquires about the subject of textile manufacturing. It proposes considering the possibility of innovation and sustainability in Fashion through Textile Biomaterial Design instead of the excessive use of synthetic fibers, such as polyester. This paper addresses experimental practices in Strategic Design for achieving such purposes. It portrays the production of materials based on gelatin, sodium alginate, and corn starch bases. Twelve experiments were performed based on bibliographic and documental research. Several variables in terms of production, shaping modes and drying times are discussed in relation to the behavior of the biomaterials subjected to various tests and final analyses, such as machine sewing, water absorption, appearance, tactile characteristics and malleability during the process (and established in the results obtained). These variables were not pre-defined but perceived and learned through experimentation. It was possible to observe that each sample presented strong and weak features from the analyses and applied tests. The sodium alginate sample, for instance, proved to be water-resistant. However, it ruptured when sewing and removing the yarns. This study explores creativity and fosters new sustainable conceptions in Fashion as it is one of the most polluting industries in the world.

The aim of this paper is to determine how people value species for conservation and apply it to policymaking. This paper is the first attempt to value one of the UK´s rarest birds specifically; the redbilled chough (Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax). Classical economic theory struggles to assign value to resources that are not a product of markets, such as endangered wildlife. The contingent valuation method will be used to gauge how P pyrrhocorax is valued in Cornwall via a questionnaire method, eliciting responses to how much individuals are willing to pay to preserve this rare species. The methodology requires diligent questionnaire design, implementation and regression analysis. It was found that the average willingness to pay was £23.60 to mitigate habitat damage to this endangered and iconic bird. Economic valuation has a large role to play in determining policy for species conservation. However, there are other more complex and non-orthodox forms of valuation occurring such as aesthetic, intrinsic bequest and relational values that cannot be accounted for by direct valuation.

ResumoIntrodução: Atualmente, ocorre no Brasil destinação inadequada de materiais da construção civil, fato que acarreta impactos negativos ao meio ambiente e, consequentemente, preocupação com a busca de métodos viáveis e sustentáveis de reciclagem e reintegração desses materiais no ciclo produtivo, bem como a verificação da influência desses materiais quando reintegrados à construção civil. Objetivo: Apresentar um possível método de reciclagem de fibras de papel kraft e analisar, através de pesquisas e testes, sua viabilidade na construção civil, considerando aspectos como a absorção de água por capilaridade. Materiais e Métodos: O estudo foi realizado com levantamentos bibliográficos e, em seguida, com testes laboratoriais para analisar a influência da adição de fibras de papel Kraft no concreto, verificando a absorção por capilaridade. Resultados: De acordo com os testes e os processos empregados, a reciclagem de fibras de papel kraft é viável, pois sua adição ao concreto não altera abruptamente as propriedades do material e atende aos padrões de umidade. Conclusão: Concluiu-se que a adição de fibras de papel kraft no concreto pode reduzir o desperdício na construção civil, trazendo benefícios ao meio ambiente e sendo totalmente sustentável. Concluiu-se também que as fibras aumentam a capacidade de absorção do concreto; por esse motivo, o valor ideal adotado para a adição de fibras é de 0,5% g, característica que garantiu melhor resistência mecânica e menor coeficiente de absorção por capilaridade.Palavras-Chave: Construção Civil; Reciclagem; Fibra de Papel Kraft; Celulose; Absorção; Umidade===========================================================================AbstractIntroduction: Currently, we have in Brazil the inadequate disposal of waste construction materials, bringing negative impacts to the environment and consequently the concern to the search of viable and sustainable methods for recycling and reintegration of these materials in the production cycle, as well as the verification of the influence of these materials when reintegrated to civil construction. Objective: To present a possible method of recycling kraft paper fibers and to analyze, through research and testing, their viability in civil construction, considering aspects such as water absorption by capillarity. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted with bibliographic surveys and then with laboratory tests to analyze the influence of the addition of kraft paper fibers in concrete checking the absorption by capillarity. Results: According to testing and processes, kraft paper fibers recycling is feasible in that its addition to concrete does not abruptly change material properties and meets moisture standards. Conclusion: It is concluded that the recycling and addition of kraft paper fibers in concrete can be applied to reduce construction waste, bringing benefits to the environment and being fully sustainable. It is also concluded that the fibers increase the absorption capacity of concrete; for this reason, the ideal value adopted for fibers to be added is 0.5% g, a trait that ensured better mechanical strength and a lower coefficient of absorption by capillarity.Keywords: Civil Construction; Recycling; Kraft Paper Fiber; Cellulose; Absorption; Humidity Autor

The construction industry has been trying to adapt to the requirements and performance criteria imposed by the publication of the Brazilian Performance Standard - NBR 15.575: 2013. Although compliance with technical standards has a mandatory character protected by the Consumer Protection Code in Brazil, there is not an agent responsible for controlling the compliance with technical standards in general. This paper recognizes the role of public authorities in adapting municipal legislation to the performance concept in order to guarantee the minimum quality of buildings while preserving the character of the city. In order to contribute to this discussion, this article evaluates how much and in which way Buildings Regulations revised after the publication of NBR 15.575:2013, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, incorporated the requirements proposed in the Brazilian Performance Standard. In order to do that, the texts of the Building Regulations of seven cities were analysed, verifying the citations and the description of the performance requirements compared to the citations in NBR 15.575. The paper concludes that the incorporation of the performance requirements in the Building Regulations, although present, is still incipient and vague, suggesting that there is not yet a recognition by the public authorities about its inductive role in including the concept of performance in building projects, aimed at promoting quality and public well-being.

The thinking about acoustic performance in buildings is considerably new in the field of civil construction especially in Brazil, where standard performance requirements are applied only to residential buildings through the ABNT NBR 15575:2013, also known as Brazilian Performance Standard, while in several countries there is a specific minimum requirement for other typologies. In this paper, some case studies are presented in school buildings, where researches are performed with both field measurements and qualitative evaluations. It is worth mentioning that the teaching-learning process requires the listening and understanding of the speech in the whole environment, allowing the good interlocution between teachers and students. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the airborne noise insulation of a classroom of a higher education institution. The main objective was to evaluate a classroom of the university campus located in the state of RS, which has 114.24 m². The investigation of the research was through field verification of airborne noise insulation, with tests according to procedures of ISO 16283-1:2014 for internal walls and ISO 16283-3:2016 for tests on external walls (façades). The results presented below performance when compared to international references specific to the school environment and considering the requirements established in NBR 15575-4. Therefore, the construction system would not meet the minimum level of performance.

Industrial Control Systems (ICS) networks offer a high level of automation combined with high levels of control, quality and process improvement. Since network corporate users have to access the ICS environment, these networks have to be interconnected. However, this interconnection can introduce risks to the systems and manufacturing processes, which leads to the need to ensure the interconnection is done safely. The objective of this paper is to perform modeling and validation of a proposed secure interconnection between ICS and corporate networks using Colored Petri Networks (CPN). In addition to the best practices published in related works, this paper recommends some integrated features like the use of terminal server service, secure manual uplinks, and unidirectional security gateway to enhance environmental security. However, our main contribution is the validation process performed in a Colored Petri Network, which made it possible to execute queries in the state space resulting from the simulation - that works as a proof of concept. As a result, the paper presents a secure and validated model of interconnection between ICS and corporate networks, capable of being applied to any interconnection environment.

Transmission towers that support electric power fines are usually inspected manually by workers that climb them and visually inspect to find oxidation points. If oxidation is seen it must be repaired to ensure the integrity of the structure. This process is slow and dangerous for the workers. Due to the possibility of electrical shocks as well as falling from the structures that are around 50 meters high. In recent years the need to substitute human workers in hostile environments by equipments and robots that bring more safety in the realization of these tasks has arisen. In this paper, a bibliographic review of papers that presented conceptions of robots that can climb transmission towers and execute its inspection, search for oxi¬dation points and even do small maintenances is done. Through the use of a patent search methodology a preliminary and a detailed search were done, with a diversity of keywords about the subject as well as its combinations [1]. The preliminary search resulted in 2901 patents, which lead to the detailed search and finally culminated in the analysis of 164 patents, from which four showed technological potential to be analysed in this review.

This paper presents a new iterative method for the simultaneous determination of simple polynomial zeros. The proposed method is obtained from the combination of the third-order Ehrlich iteration with an iterative correction derived from Li's fourth-order method for solving nonlinear equations. The combined method developed has order of convergence six. Some examples are presented to illustrate the convergence and efficiency of the proposed Ehrlich-type method with Li correction for the simultaneous approximation of polynomial zeros.

Sensitivity and uncertainty analysis hold significant importance across a range of applications, spanning from industrial problems to climate change, financial risk assessment, as well as mathematical and computational models. These analyses involve identifying influential input parameters in models to comprehend their impact on the output. Sensitivity analysis can be performed locally, examining parameter effects at a fixed value, or globally, evaluating the model across a range of parameter values. The Sobol method stands as a robust approach for global sensitivity analysis, employing a Sobol sequence to create samples more uniformly within the input parameter space, thus enabling efficient exploration of model inputs. This paper aims to introduce a computational implementation in Scilab to generate the Sobol sequence for utilization in sensitivity analysis through the Sobol method. A test case was applied to generate Sobol sequences and discuss the obtained results.

This paper discusses the notion of performance and its appropriation within the research fields related to sustainability and computational design, focusing on the design processes of the architectural and urban fields. Recently, terms such as “performance oriented design” or “performance driven architecture”, especially when related to sustainability, have been used by many authors and professionals as an attempt to engender project guidelines based on simulation processes and systematic use of digital tools. In this context, the notion of performance has basically been understood as the way in which an action is fulfilled, agreeing to contemporary discourses of efficiency and optimization – in this circumstance it is considered that a building or urban area “performs” if it fulfills certain objective sustainability evaluation criteria, reduced to mathematical parameters. This paper intends to broaden this understanding by exploring new theoretical interpretations, referring to etymological investigation, historical research, and literature review, based on authors from different areas and on the case study of the solar houses academic competition, Solar Decathlon. This initial analysis is expected to contribute to the emergence of new forms of interpretation of the performance concept, relativizing the notion of the “body” that “performs” in different manners, thus enhancing its appropriation and use within the fields of sustainability and computational design.

This paper presents a study carried out in a Brazilian pellet industry in order to determine the main properties of sugarcane bagasse pellets. Materials and methods are in accordance with standards from the Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas (ABNT), Agência de Proteção Ambiental (EPA) and European Pellets Standard. The pellet properties mean values found in this study are: diameter (9.70 mm), length (22.70 mm), bulk density (726.32 kgm-3), mechanical durability (98.2%), moisture (5.49%), heating value (16.0 MJ kg-1), ash content (8.70%), fixed carbon (14.03%), volatile matter (77.27%), nitrogen (0.28%), sulphur (0.02%) and chlorine (< 0.02 %). The results are compared with those obtained from the literature and discussed according to international standards for biomass pellets, wood pellets and solid biofuel. The comparative analysis showed that there are differences between the results found in our study in comparison with other studies and international standards. The paper also presents the production process energy consumption and cost analysis.

This paper presents the modified perturb and observe (P&O) maximum power point tracking (MPPT) method for photovoltaic (PV) fed three-port DC‐DC converter in PV/battery hybrid system. The proposed MPPT technique reduces the drift problem which occurs in the conventional MPPT methods by including the data of change in current (ΔI) in addition to the data used in the conventional P&O algorithm. The drift phenomenon and its effects are clearly demonstrated in this paper. The ability of the proposed P&O method to address this issue is proved by comparing the conventional P&O algorithm in different modes of operation. The performance assessment includes peak overshoot, settling time, MPP ratio and stability. The experimental validation was implemented using DSPIC30F4011 microcontroller. From the analysis and results, it could be seen that the modified P&O showed better performance in terms of accuracy in tracking the maximum power, less tracking time, high MPP ratio and reduced drift in the changing weather conditions.

Abstract Mortar coatings have a major influence on a building’s aesthetics, valorization, and habitability, with significant effects on the mechanical behavior of masonry walls. Multiple types of meshes can be embedded in plaster to enhance both masonry and coating’s mechanical behavior, restrain crack formation, enhance the bonding between layers, and increase the wall’s seismic resistance. The reinforcement technique has simple execution and is suitable for many applications, including the strengthening of non-load bearing walls, façade performance improvement, and restoration of historical buildings. However, there is an absence of guidelines and specifications for design and execution, resulting in high variability in field applications due to the many variables involved and few in-depth studies. This paper presents a systematic review of the effects of mesh reinforcement in cementitious mortar coatings and its major applications. Mortar and mesh parameters and influences, the status of analytical and simulation models, and suggestions for future research are described.

The paper aims to propose a business model framework under a product-service approach in the aerospace industry based on the main elements identified in the literature. Through a Multi Criteria Decision Method - the AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) - a set of elements was prioritized by nine specialists from the industry for establishing a fractional ownership business model in the civilian market of a Brazilian helicopter manufacturer. The results indicate ten elements for composing the business model framework, in which value proposition, customers and culture are part of it. The practical implication of this study indicates an opportunity to boost the integration of product and service in the aerospace industry, specially using AHP for business model construction. For future researches, others companies can be considered in the study. In addition to manufacturers, service firms or operators of helicopters can compose the specialists group. Besides, another Multi Criteria Decision Method can be applied aiming to do a comparative analysis of the results among the methods. The paper fulfills a gap about how business model is structured in a product-service integration context, especially in an industry originally considered as manufacturer.

A famous aphorism in computer science goes: "All problems in computer science can be solved by another level of indirection", often expanded by the humorous clause "except for the problem of too many levels of indirection". After 30 years of applying the first aphorism, multi-tier architectures (i.e. architectures with many levels of indirection) have become the de facto standard for web applications, leaving little room for alternative architectures. But in the industry, there is a product to develop and run web applications that follows a different architecture, centered on the RDBMS to the extreme of not needing any other component to function. There are not many papers in academia that addresses RDBMS-centric architectures in general, and this extreme architecture in particular has not been considered. In recent works I have analyzed the case of an extreme database-centric architecture, which I have called RDBMS-only architecture. This article defends the relevance and analyzes opportunity cases of this approach.

This paper presents several teaching experiences of disciplines in the undergraduate and graduate courses of the School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design (FEC) of the State University of Campinas (Unicamp). The teaching examples discuss some of the issues of the contemporary design process in architecture. The design process is seen as a cycle of activities that include design, documentation, construction and use of built spaces. Emphasis is given to the architectural programming phase of this process and possible dynamics and activities for this analytical phase of this process. Dynamics are considered important, enabling designers to leave their comfort zone to experiment new points of view. In education, they may astonish students and faculty, stimulating as well new types of academic research. The research-teaching relationship is discussed at the higher education level. Examples Experiences of distinct undergraduate and graduate disciplines are presented. The teaching experience of a mini course provided further lessons learned. The purpose of this paper is to present the teaching experiences, regardless of the original situation in which they were applied, and discuss the contributions and results obtained from these examples, especially in the light of appropriate pedagogies for courses on design methods in architecture.

This paper discusses about the fixed frequency pulse mask control based high frequency AC conversion circuit for industrial induction heating applications. Conventionally, for induction heating load, the output power control is achieved using the pulse with modulation based converters. The conventional converters do not guarantee the zero voltage switching condition required for the minimization of the switching losses. In this paper, pulse mask control scheme for the power control of induction heating load is proposed. This power control strategy allows the inverter to operate closer to the resonant frequency, to obtain zero voltage switching condition. The proposed high frequency AC power conversion circuit has lesser total harmonic distortion in the supply side. Modeling of the IH load, design of conversion circuit and principle of the control scheme and its implementation using low cost PIC controller are briefly discussed. Simulation results obtained using the Matlab environment are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the pulse mask scheme. The obtained results indicate the reduction in losses, improvement in the output power and lesser harmonic distortion in the supply side by the proposed converter. The hardware results are in good agreement with the simulation results.

This paper reports some reflections on the engineering design graphics (EDG) and product development current paradigms in the context of their teaching and learning processes. Such reflections are related to ongoing pedagogic experiments in industrial and mechanical engineering undergraduate courses. One of the main arguments is the inseparability of graphic representation and design process. This link between intrinsically related areas was not very frequent in the curriculum frame among architecture, design and engineering courses. Historically, the EDG area is positioned in an independent way and not integrated to the engineering contents and the design process itself. In this sense, this paper presents some reflections linked to recent aspects of the EDG learning process from a historic perspective of the Computer Aided Design tools. From those discussions, some teaching and learning experiments are reported with the use of three-dimensional parametric solid modelers.

This paper presents a systematic literature review on the use of multicriteria decision analysis methods in the field of health. In this sense, making use of bibliometric techniques, we identified health management areas in which multi-criteria methods have been applied; the multi-criteria methods employed; the countries where these studies were carried out; the most cited authors; the number of papers published per year; and the most used key words. Among the findings, we found that the analytic hierarchy process is the most often employed multi-criteria method. In addition, we discovered that information technology in health care management is the most prominent area of application.

Maturity in project management has become a critical factor for organizations that develop projects and want to stand out in the marketplace in which they operate. In this context, the literature shows several models for assessing organizational maturity in project management, furnishing paths for allowing the institutionalization of project management to progressively achieve superior levels of excellence. This paper attempts to comparatively analyze four of these models on the basis of an analytical matrix elaborated through a mixed methodological procedure. A theoretical investigation on the core structure of the models was combined with an in-depth review of previous studies, including conceptual and empirical types. The analytical matrix used in this paper is derived from the implicit structure of the models and from documented information regarding theoretical and empirical analysis of their application in field situations. Our conclusions indicate that the Prado-MMGP and PMMM models obtained a better evaluation than the other models considered in the study; nevertheless, they also indicate the need for further comparative analyses, especially concerning the improvement of the analytical matrix.

Quality Function Deployment (QFD) is a method extensively used in product development in a wide range of industries. One of the applications is for software development. In this paper, we seek to demonstrate a QFD application to assist a better understanding of customer requirements, thereby facilitating the development of software. The application was based on existing information used in the development of a software application for capturing images obtained from radiological equipment without the use of QFD. The comparison between the development with and without QFD not only had positive results, such as a better understanding of the customer’s requirements, but also negative ones, such as the low priority given to essential functions of the software. A point of distinction of this paper in relation to other ones that apply QFD in software development is the construction of a function matrix. We conclude that the use of QFD is adaptable to software development by providing support for the identification of development priorities, organization, and documentation of requirements.

In face of the challenge of producing and, at the same time, preserving, reverse logistics, it is possible to provide solutions that minimize effects that are harmful to the environment. This paper aims to describe how a plastics company organizes its industrial processes of reverse logistics. The paper details a case study of a plastics company that implemented reverse logistics as an alternative to disposing of its industrial waste and as a base to develop a new product. A qualitative research methodology was adopted, using semi-structured interviews, document analysis, and non-participative observation. Among the main results of the adoption of reverse logistics, there was an increase in operational efficiency, reducing costs at the same time as increased competitiveness and achieving positive cash flow by using the plastic waste.

The issue of housing and the paradigms related to human dwelling in the contemporary world have been a recurrent topic in the 21st century architectural scenario; therefore, it is necessary to understand them as fundamental elements in the structuring of cities. This issue is even more relevant when we consider low-income housing and its impact on the life quality of people and, therefore, of Brazilian cities. This paper presents part of the results of a PhD research that used the Shape Grammar formalism and the parametric modeling approach as methods for the generation of public spaces in low-income housing developments in Brazil. The research assumed that these methods could contribute to the generation of a broader number of design alternative solutions. Aiming to test the proposed method, three workshops were offered to the University of Campinas Architecture and Urban Design students. Each workshop focused on a different design scale: (1) urban design, (2) site planning of the complex and (3) spatial relations between buildings and open spaces. In this paper the results of the first workshop, titled Parametric Urban Design, are described.

This paper presents an automatic classification of motion system in images generated by video camera. Initially is detected the contour of people in video using saliency map, binarization filters and edge detection filter methods; then, the bounding box of detected contours are defined and the features are extracted using an overlapping contours and division by regions. SVM classifier was applied for the training and classification steps. The experiments were performed with videos available in an action database on Web and videos generated by authors. Four motions classes were treated in this paper: Walk, Wave, Clap and Boxing. The hit rate obtained was on average 85%.

The Sabana de Bogotá is facing a continuously increasing conflict between urban development and a saturated water management system. The research investigates how current contested relations between low-income housing and environmental stress can be converted into a constructive interplay. The unquestionable necessity of building new social housing can be seen as a major threat for sustainable water management but also as a unique opportunity to propose strategic spatial interventions. This paper presents the results of a doctoral thesis that investigates how can the current contested relations between water, settlement and productive landscapes become a constructive interplay? The paper is divided in two parts. The first part describes the main challenges to address these issues. The second part presents the design investigations in two case studies that cut across the Bogotá River and are undergoing development pressure. In each site the design proposes a water structure that solve qualitative and quantitative water issues while delivers a framework for new housing fabrics. The design investigations develop new low income housing morphologies, settlements with waters that are differentiated from land-based morphologies.

Relying on the Constructal Design method, this paper introduces new periodic models for the thermal potential of Earth-Air Heat Exchangers (Eahe). As a case study, it analyses the best spacing for three ducts arranged triangularly in order to maximize the heat transfer between soil and air. More specifically, the ratio between the horizontal and vertical spaces among the ducts is set free to vary up to limiting global constraints. This paper aims to better understand how the variations in affect the thermal performance of Eahe. As an additional contribution, some relationships between and the thermal potential of Eahe are mathematically and continuously stated. This allows establishing additional results for the efficiency and energetic performance of Eahe, as well as recommend arrangements in the shape of isosceles triangles with base and height unitary.

The purpose of this paper is 1) to analyze the potential digital manufacturing technologies and open design have to achieve a distributed economy and 2) to identify the limits and possibilities of digital manufacturing and open design in relation to the principles of Design for Sustainability applied to the clothing sector. The method used was bibliographic review. This paper emphasizes the benefits of distributed economies on attempting design for sustainability principles. Then, it discusses the relation between open design and digital manufacturing with distributed economies. We argue that open design and digital manufacturing have the potential to reduce the impacts caused by the clothing sector, but we emphasize that both strategies per se do not lead to a more sustainable scenario.

Currently a lot of bottles of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) are discarded into the environment. In order to reduce the disposal of this polymer in nature, this study aims to evaluate the mechanical behavior of a clayey soil mixed with fine crushed PET. The potential use of this waste material in geotechnical applications may ultimately reduce the problem of improper disposal and improve the strength and deformation characteristics of the soil. This paper presents an experimental study to evaluate the mechanical behavior of pure soil and mixtures with different contents of PET waste by triaxial tests, in order to obtain the strength parameters of the Soil-PET mixtures. The clayey soil used was mixed with 10 and 20 percent of fine crushed PET by dry weight. Characterization tests such as grain size, Atterberg limits and compaction test were performed on the soil-PET mixtures. Triaxial tests at confining stresses of 50, 150 and 300 kPa were done on the soil and mixtures. The results show that the soil strength parameters are influenced by the addition of the fine crushed PET, thus improving characteristics such as friction angle and cohesion of the Soil-PET mixtures. This improvement also depends on the confining level which the samples were submitted. These mixtures may be used in pavement and other geotechnical works, so this paper proposes to contribute to a better understanding and interpretation of the behavior of reinforced soil with waste PET.

The actual implementation of semantic-based mechanisms for service retrieval has been restricted, given the resource-intensive procedure involved in the formal specification of services, which generally comprises associating semantic annotations to their documentation sources. Typically, developer performs such a procedure by hand, requiring specialized knowledge on models for semantic description of services (e.g. OWL-S, WSMO, SAWSDL), as well as formal specifications of knowledge. Thus, this semantic-based service description procedure turns out to be a cumbersome and error-prone task. This paper introduces a proposal for service annotation, based on processing web service documentation for extracting information regarding its offered capabilities. By uncovering the hidden semantic structure of such information through statistical analysis techniques, we are able to associate meaningful annotations to the services operations/resources, while grouping those operations into non-exclusive semantic related categories. This research paper belongs to the TelComp 2.0 project, which Colciencas and University of Cauca founded in cooperation.

Abstract 3D printing is a disruptive technology that is a key driver of the new industrial revolution. Among the various 3D printing methods, direct-ink-writing (DIW) takes a viscous ink material, extrudes it through a nozzle, and deposits it layer-by-layer to create 3D objects. DIW is a versatile method that can print ceramics, polymers, metals, living cells, etc. Yet, the ink formulation is critical for the success of printing. One major challenge to operate the transition to Industry 4.0 is to educate laypersons on 3D printing, without the need to master physics and chemistry. In this paper, we propose a protocol to familiarize laypersons with ink formulation for DIW. Using this protocol, a clay-based ink was optimized and the best ink composition containing 48 wt% clay and 2.4 wt% bamboo fibers was used for printing. The experimental set-ups and details used in the work are easily available, cheap, sustainable, and safe, enabling its implementation in various settings from classrooms to workshops, without the need for specialized equipment.

To ensure reliable operation of Power transformer, condition monitoring of transformer becomes obligatory. In this paper, condition assessment of transformer oil under various working conditions is performed using UV-visible spectrophotometer. Test samples include both laboratorial prepared ones and those obtained from in service transformers. An index table of spectral responses for various faults which predominantly occur in the transformer is developed. The index table will acts as a reference for spectral response of faulted transformer oil. In this paper, an attempt has been made to determine the quality of transformer oil using their spectral response characteristics.

This paper presents the computation of two limits for the nonlinear gain of the error-squared controller considering two procedures and performance analysis so that a closed-loop system with this control algorithm is asymptotically stable in the Lyapunov sense. The first limit for the nonlinear gain is obtained using Lyapunov stability theorem. The second limit for the nonlinear gain is obtained computing a limit for a linear gain and then the procedure is generalized to the nonlinear case. Simulation results were made comparing the tuning methods proposed in this paper, for the error-squared controller, with other tuning conventional methods found in the literature. It shown that the limit computed from second method is more conservative.

This paper analyzes the main economical and technical aspects of the Brazilian Transportation infrastructure, focusing on the roadway cargo transportation sector. It brings information, reflections and technical considerations concerning political, planning and strategic issues, addressing to the future of the sector and also the possibilities of growth. Summarizing, this paper presents, based on authors like Eric Hobsbawn and Amarthya Sen, a contemporaneous overview of the infrastructure of the Brazilian roadway cargo system, considering the impact of the globalization and government policies, resulting from forecasting growth of the logistics and transportation sector inBrazil.

This paper presents a methodology for extracting road seeds (segments) from digital aerial images, these images often have variations, which involves complex analysis and characterizes a challenging problem in this area. This work consists in implementing techniques for detecting possible road seed. This paper presents a methodology in eliminating invalid points of the roads using the application of Modified Canny Algorithm. In the segmentation of valid points for seed construction was applied the Douglas-Peucker algorithm. In the road extraction, problems were found in relation to valid and invalid seed and in images that have rural roads. Experiments were performed with aerial images of roads to prove the proposed methodology.

This paper presents a methodology for the construction of mosaic images to form 360 panorama and an application for viewing. We used the SIFT and RANSAC algorithms commonly found in the literature for matching images. The algorithms for projection, adjustment of images and Blend for smoothing the joints were implemented in this paper using the OpenCV Computer Vision library. The methodology of this research techniques were applied to reduce the distortions caused in the joints of successive images, as well as increase the quality of the final panorama and get better performance. The viewer application developed in C# shows the 360 image resulting from images stitching into a cylinder with the point of view inside. The results of the experiments performed using the proposed technique has proved satisfactory, the mosaic formed by the joining of multiple pictures suffers little distortion, however, these distortions do not interfere with the final formation of the panorama 360, which provides good visual quality.

Hailstorms are hazardous for people and goods. Automatically collecting information on hailstorms will help climate researchers analyze them and generate models for forecasting. Reproducing hail impacts is a requisite for designing and calibrating an electronic hail sensor. In this article, the design of a device for hail-impact simulation is presented. This device is based on the theory of Energy Matching, which explains how steel balls can be used instead of hailstones in order to have equivalent impact energies. The posed device, which can perform up to fourteen impacts between loading instances, either by dropping balls one by one or in pairs, was constructed. The size of the balls can be between 0.5 cm and 3.0 cm. In this paper, which is an extension of the work originally presented at the URUCON2021 conference, the importance of having such a hail-impact simulation device is explained. The main contribution of this extended work is the presentation of an experiment performed as an application of the constructed device. This experiment has the objective of verifying the aiming repetitiveness, while also verifying the linear relation between impact and electric signal energies.

This paper describes a fingerprint verification system including preprocessing, Wavelet transform, feature extraction using multiple domains, and ensemble subspace discriminant classifier. The system is implemented in MATLAB using Wavelet Toolbox, Image Processing Toolbox, and Statistics and Machine Learning Toolbox. First, the motivation and novelty, followed by the review of the previous work, are presented. Next, all steps are described in detail. Three fingerprint databases from the literature are used. The proposed method’s performance is compared with state-of-the-art techniques based on different classifiers utilizing the accuracy metric. The proposed algorithm achieves high accuracy at 97.5% for the DB3-FVC2000 subset.