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Considering the growing number of murders of black people, many of whom were institutionalized, and based on emblematic cases, this paper aims to reflect on crime, the criminal, and the structural and historical racism of countries such as Brazil and the USA by following the psychoanalytic theory. It questions whether we have really overcome the systemic and indiscriminate racism of the Brazilian slavery period, or whether such racism has only changed its foundations, institutionalizing and persecuting black people as scapegoats against whom legalized punishment is authorized, or who are seen as evil incarnate and susceptible to punishment. Therefore, it seems that a current mode of enslavement allows us to choose black people as the criminals of our unconscious, for whom death is allowed, justified, and even necessary, in order to satisfy the desire to enjoy the suffering of the other, classifying that part of society as dispensable, since we support an ideal of a country that fosters slavery values and relegates evil to black people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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While diving into the background ideas about caste and race as legal categories, a researcher will discover an important disagreement between scholars: For some, caste is certainly connected with race, whereas for others, caste and race are separate concepts which refer to distinct realities. The aim of this article is twofold: To consider the validity of several characteristics which are ascribed by many authors as common to caste and race, and to analyse background assumptions that enabled the comparison between caste and race as such. The important question, connected with both these aims is about the emergence of the idea that the ancient “Hindu nation” was divided into two peoples, and castes as a system are reflecting the original division in modern India. We will closely examine comparisons made between the advent of Aryans in India and slavery in the United States and Africa. Finally, we will reconsider the European ideas of human evolution and equality of men, which served as a contrasting board for explanations of caste as a form of slavery. Al sumergirse en las ideas de fondo sobre la casta y la raza como categorías jurídicas, el investigador descubrirá un importante desacuerdo entre los estudiosos: Para algunos, la casta está ciertamente relacionada con la raza, mientras que, para otros, casta y raza son conceptos separados que se refieren a realidades distintas. El objetivo de este artículo es doble: considerar la validez de varias características que muchos autores atribuyen como comunes a la casta y a la raza, y analizar los supuestos de fondo que permitieron la comparación entre casta y raza como tales. La cuestión importante, relacionada con estos dos objetivos, es el surgimiento de la idea de que la antigua “nación hindú” estaba dividida en dos pueblos, y que las castas como sistema reflejan la división original en la India moderna. Examinaremos de cerca las comparaciones que se hacen entre la llegada de los arios a la India y la esclavitud en Estados Unidos y África. Por último, reconsideraremos las ideas europeas sobre la evolución humana y la igualdad de los hombres, que sirvieron de tablero de contraste para las explicaciones de las castas como forma de esclavitud. Available from: https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1330

Copyright of Odeere is the property of Edicoes UESB and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Historía da Sociedade e da Cultura is the property of Revista de Historia da Sociedade e da Cultura and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this article is to analyze the distribution and composition of the enslaved population in one of the most prosperous parishes of Mariana's district during the 18th century: Guarapiranga. To this end, the original "Rol dos que confessaram e comungaram no ano de 1766" is adopted as a source, its numbers being compared with those of the little known Mapa da população da Leal Cidade de Mariana no ano de 1810. The purpose is to understand the distribution of slaved population by household units of the parish over the decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This work aims to present some perspectives about several practices who suggests forms of memory of the slavery and how this memory is perceived among adherents of Afro-Brazilian religions, Umbanda and Candomblé. Memory is a social construction and people appropriate those elaborations to guide their actions or discourses about past or present. At Umbanda the worship of "pretos-velhos" suggests a particular form of memory of slavery, pointing to fo rms of submission and violence, as well as the corporal marks of slavery, experienced through the religious trance of the "pretos-velhos". At Candomblé, slavery is perceived as a vacuum or historical gap, a requirement of the religious initiation. Slavery is remembered to be forgotten as a state of sense deprivation, who are retaken by the conclusion of the initiation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article contextualizes the institution of slavery in Greco-Roman antiquity, to show some postures of persons of the fourth century and earlier regarding that institution. This is worthwhile as a preamble to the presentation of the critical reading of Gregory of Nyssa, in the fourth homily of Ecclesiastes, on the institution of slavery. Those postulates show a great difference, compared to the opinion of his contemporaries, and are still valid today as a criticism of any attempt to enslave human beings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The central objective of this article is to understand how Bernardo Guimarães in his book 'Rosaura, a enjeitada' presented aspects of the Civil Law in Brazil in XIX century. For this we will take into account the plot of the characters and the legal training of the author, at the Faculty of Law of São Paulo. In this sense, we ask: Why, is Civil Law considered as 'an eternal and insoluble problem', in relation to 19th century slavery in Brazil? How does the author present his arguments to defend such a thesis? The central problematic circumscribes the understanding that students occupied a social place that allowed the production of diverse writings (memoirs, theses, academic journals, novels, poetry, among others), which dealt with themes pertaining to imperial Brazil, especially slavery. In order to achieve the proposed objective the method of historical research was used to analyze the literary work, interrogating and problematizing the document. In this article, to mobilize the object we resort to the concept of repertoire, according to Alonso (2002). This concept served as a magnifying glass for the analysis of the work in focus. Finally we emphasize that the author used a born free slave to deal with slavery and Civil Law, showing how 'Rosaura', a victim of the system of slavery, could be restored as free from the evils of slavery that she had suffered since her birth. The author mobilized repertoires of legal culture from the intelectual circle of the Faculty of Law of São Paulo. Thus, within a general analysis of narrative, the expressions of law appear as social and legal elements, used not only as a mere elucidation. Certainly, there was selectivity and intentionality to report the contents of the laws in Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dismissal because of the "color defect" for descendants of enslaved and free Africans became a widespread feature of the licensing process for the secular clergy throughout the eighteenth century. However, the expression was neither natural nor meaningless. The standardization of these dismissals refl1ected vocabulary that was established based on the experiences of ecclesial agents in the context of a slave society permeated by Old Regime political culture. Therefore, the expression came to represent a vision about social classifications based on color and conceptions about slavery-related origins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Ciência & Trópico (03042685) is the property of Fundacao Joaquim Nabuco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article aims to discuss the resemblance processes in Colonial and Imperial Brazil that were imposed by the racism of slaveholders to the different African peoples who were brought here in order to supply the labor needed for large plantations and mining of gold and diamonds. As the black and feminist theologies, the article is developed from the narrative of the author's personal ecumenical experience in the process of becoming aware of his blackness, to then reflect on the ecumenical processes of confrontation with the rooted racism in Brazilian society throughout its history. The article seeks to emphasize that racism has dimensions that escape and transcend the struggle against economic exploitation and the political repression of the racially excluded. In the process of subjection imposed upon them, the churches have played a key role in the destruction of their culture. Fear, ignorance, intolerance and violence are the elements that nourish racism in its different expressions, especially in the religious field. The overcoming of racism implies necessarily in the affirmation of the different - in his or her right to be different. Thus, the question of religious freedom is of fundamental importance for the interreligious ecumenical practice in today's Brazil, teaching us that the differences can coexist without ceasing to be what they are, thus building each other in the encounter of the different ones. All are challenged to affirm their differences without denying each other: being includes nonbeing, without ceasing to be. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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La población negra fue crucial para la formación de una sociedad de castas en Hispanoamérica, como sistema de contención del ascenso de personas diferentes a los españoles. Pero, ¿cómo surge una sociedad de castas en Yucatán, sin metales preciosos ni desarrollo de obrajes o agricultura de plantación? ¿Cuál fue la magnitud de la presencia negra y su función en la Mérida del siglo xvi? El artículo sostiene que en su etapa formativa, la sociedad meridana con población africana y afrodescendiente fue modelada por la mentalidad hijodalga. Los registros matrimoniales de 1563 a 1610 demuestran la existencia de criterios de clase laboral y étnicos previos a la formación del sistema de castas que se configuró justo cuando empezó el ennoblecimiento de la ciudad. Abstract The black population was crucial for the formation of a caste society in Latin America, such as the rise containment system different to the Spanish people. But how a caste society in Yucatan, without precious metal or obrajes development or plantation agriculture arises? What was the magnitude of the black presence and role in the Mérida of the sixteenth century? This article argues that in its formative stage, meridana partnership with African and Afro-American population was modeled by hijodalga mentality. The marriage records from 1563-1610 shows the existence of class and labor criteria prior to the formation of the caste system that was set up just as the uplifting of the city began ethnic.

The following article discusses the historical process shaping penal selectivity in Brazil, with a specific focus on the legal and social circumstances of the population of African descent, represented by hegemonic political and legal thought in a framework of moral and racial disqualification. We restrict our observations to the penal system within urban spaces, analyzing the penal legislations of the Imperial period and those of the early decades of the Republican regime, in light of the transition from the political regime (monarchy to republic) and the abolition of slavery. We locate the emergence of demands for greater penal repression to this period, in the light of an exploitation of a feeling of uncertainty and political fragility. The analysis is guided by a reading of Gaston Bachelard and research into the clash with hegemonic thought, by means of openings, cracks, and breaks in the absolutist and authoritarian thought that characterizes and governs the workings of punitive systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focusing on the Commission on the Truth of Black Slavery in Brazil (Cvenb), supported by the Brazilian Bar Association (OAB), I will discuss its creation and the antiracist instruments that guide its performance. I will also present the reflection on the slavery in the context of the Truth Commission (TC) and how its proximity with other historical catastrophe is carried out. I analyse how the Commission interprets multiculturalism and how this understanding confronts the official narrative concerning the concept of the nation, which has been questioned by segments of the Black Movement. The examined material derives from direct observation of the Commission's activities, press material, videos and documents produced by the Commission itselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Estudos Ibero-Americanos is the property of EDIPUCRS - Editora Universitaria da PUCRS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Estudos Ibero-Americanos is the property of EDIPUCRS - Editora Universitaria da PUCRS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Estudos Ibero-Americanos is the property of EDIPUCRS - Editora Universitaria da PUCRS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper examines the decrees issued by the Spanish kings and colonial authorities granting freedom to runaway slaves from foreign colonies. The aim is to interpret these laws, comprised of royal cedulas, proclamations, orders, and instructions, which have been registered from 1680 to the late eighteenth century, in the field of international politics and inter-imperial rivalry. I claim that, despite the precedents in Castilian legal tradition dating back to medieval times, this set of legal dispositions was, above all, a diplomatic expedient used by the Spanish Crown as a threat to rival slavery-based Atlantic empires. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we will discuss the conditions for slavery reproduction in Rio de Janeiro's plantations after the end of the Atlantic slave trade. In order to do that, we studied the slavery demography of Commendator Joaquim Breves' plantations, which were a symbol of slavery expansion on the coffee valley. Through one of the plantations' registers, we analyze the demographical development in this complex of farms. We demonstrate that, after the 1860s, a broad vegetative growth in those plantations began to develop through a movement that had different meanings to slaves and their owners. Thus, we will analyze the dimensions of slavery reproduction, and its limits, in the two decades preceding the downfall of slavery in Rio de Janeiro's coffee plantations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aimed to discuss the relationship between education and slavery in the Captaincy of Sergipe del Rey, as well as investigate the executrix Anna PaesTelles(1771)to evidence her profile in the seventeenth century society. To understand the legal order that governed the colonial society, we consulted the Philippines Laws (1870), First Constitutions of the Archbishopric of Bahia. (2010). Through these documentary sources, it was possible to go through the 18th century and analyze it under different perspectives. The authors who support this analysis are: Costa (1999), Freyre (1986-1990) Faria (1998), Silva (2008), among others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Revista de Indias is the property of Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article will seek to reflect on a series of experiences with elementary school teachers from the city of Buenos Aires concerning ideas on slavery and Afro-descendants in the colonial period and during the wars for independence. It is an account of representations that have circulated on these topics in school events, textbooks and instructional materials. Next, the paper focuses on an educational experience aimed at the questioning of those traditions from the production of didactic sequences that considered a multisensory teaching. Thus, teachers appropriated the new knowledge and were protagonists of the curriculum development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El presente artículo describe las causas socio-políticas que generaron la protesta rural y sus diversas manifestaciones, en especial el bandolerismo, durante el gobierno del Capitán General Camilo García de Polavieja en Cuba, así como la represión puesta en marcha para sofocar la inestabilidad imperante y los resultados obtenidos. --------------------------------------------------------------------- This article describes the socio-political causes that generated the rural protest and its various manifestations, including banditry, during the government of Captain General Camilo García de Polavieja in Cuba, and the repression launched to suppress the instability and obtained results.

Este trabajo analiza los principales debates sobre la historia de Puerto Rico y Cuba a la luz del desarrollo de su principal actividad económica, la industria azucarera, y las vinculadas con ella. Este ejercicio, realizado además con un enfoque comparado entre ambas islas y con otros productores azucareros del Caribe, permite esclarecer algunas cuestiones importantes del pasado puertorriqueño y cubano. Por ejemplo, que en la evolución de la oferta de azúcar observada desde esa perspectiva no fue el primero un caso atípico en las Antillas, como había señalado hasta ahora la historiografía, sino más bien el segundo.This work analyzes the main debates on the history of Puerto Rico and Cuba in the light of the development of its main economic activity, the sugar industry, and tie activities with her. This exercise, realised in addition with a compared view between both islands and with other Caribbean sugar producers, allows to clarify some important questions of Puerto Rican and Cuban history. For example it allows that by the evolution of their sugar supply observed from that perspective, the first one were not an atypical case in the Antilles, since it had indicated the historiography until now, but rather the second one.

The American novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin, written by Harriet Beecher-Stowe, has caused historical debate because of its notion of masculinity between white men and African-American slaves in the antebellum period. The description of these two antagonist forces are said to be defined by the author on extreme foundations of sentimentalist and romantic racialism that seem to distort the real objective events related to slavery in America . Beecher-Stowe was condemned by both white and black races because of the denunciation she makes of slavery as a hegemonic male institution. This article examines this polemic in Uncle Tom’s cabin, based on the sociologist R.W. Connell’s theory of relations among masculinities. From this theory, the article argues that while whites’ masculinity is determined by a sense of power based on hegemony, complicity, and subordination, blacks’, represented by uncle Tom, is portrayed as adopting weak submission and resigned marginalization. As Uncle Tom’s Cabin is the inspiration of a historical reality, this article also studies the novel in relation to factual events in which the ideals of hegemonic masculinity established slavery as a powerful institution in America .La cabaña del tío Tom, escrita por Beecher-Stowe ha causado debate histórico debido a su noción de masculinidad entre el hombre blanco y el hombre africano durante el período de la esclavitud. Se dice que la autora describe estas dos fuerzas antagónicas con fundamentos extremos de sentimentalismo y romanticismo racial, que parecen distorsionar los hechos reales relacionados con la esclavitud en Estados Unidos. Ambas razas condenaron a la novelista por la denuncia que hace de la esclavitud como una institución hegemónicamente masculina. En este artículo se examina tal polémica en La cabaña del tío Tom, a la luz de la teoría que propone el sociólogo R.W. Connell sobre relaciones entre masculinidades. A partir de ésta, se argumenta el presente artículo que mientras la masculinidad blanca se define por un sentido de poder basado en hegemonía, complicidad y subordinación, la africana, representada por el tío Tom, se caracteriza por adoptar una actitud sumisa, débil y resignada frente a la marginalización. Debido a que La cabaña de tío Tom está inspirada en una realidad histórica, a lo largo del artículo se analiza igualmente la novela en relación con hechos reales, en los cuales los ideales de la masculinidad hegemónica hicieron de la esclavitud una institución poderosa en Estados Unidos

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Copyright of Politica & Trabalho is the property of Universidade Federal da Paraiba, Mestrado em Ciencias Sociais and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Slavery was imposed and molded to unprecedented proportions during the colonization of the New World. However, while holding Africans captive did not perturb the European conscience, the slavery of indigenous peoples instead generated intense debate. The aim of this article is to outline the reasons why blacks and indigenous people were legally segregated in their subjection to colonial law. In the case of the indigenous peoples, we analyze the controversy surrounding their release and captivity by focusing on the ideas of the jurists and theologians who came to legally found the colonial domains in the Americas in the sixteenth century, through their establishment of the legal status of the inhabitants of these territories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Universum is the property of Instituto de Estudios Humanisticos Juan Ignacio Molina, Universidad de Talca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ágora: Estudos Clássicos em Debate is the property of Agora: Estudos Classicos em Debate and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The relationship between Jesuit pedagogy and slavery in the sugar mills of colonial Bahia is analyzed. Several Jesuit documentary sources, especially the works by Jorge Benci and André João Antonil were employed. The information selected brought forth the relationship between the Jesuits and African slaves who worked on the sugar mills in Bahia, Brazil. From this pedagogical vantage point, the social adjustment imposed on the slaves by the religious congregation according to the political and theological model imposed by the Portuguese Empire throughout the old regime is investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents demographic information for the slave population in Brazil in the decade of 1870. The author uses various sources, most importantly the mandatory registration of slaves which was carried out in 1872-1873 after the enactment in 1871 of the Law of the Free Womb. He also considers census information regarding slave ownership, the distribution of slaves by region and the type of activities for which they were employed. The author notes the importance of small and medium agricultural operations and large sugar and coffee plantations.

The article focuses on Brazilian slaves, their savings and the monetary economy of Brazil in the second half of the 19th century. It discusses savings accounts held by urban slaves at popular Brazilian bank Caixa Econômica. The author considers this practice as an alternative path for purchasing manumission for their families, in particular after the enactment of the 1871 Law of Free Wombs. She also considers Brazilian legislation focused on savings banks during the late 19th century.

The objective of this work is to reflect on how the issue of slavery/abolition appears in the works of Machado de Assis. First, the records found on this theme in his novels, short stories and chronicles will be catalogued and displayed. Next, some explanatory hypotheses will be presented for the relative distancing of Machado from slavery and the abolitionist movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]