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The business activity for wealth generation is the goal of any business and point of analysis of its viability in the costing of a project, when the return on investment remains an essential focus. This work evaluated the feasibility for environmental investment by the acquisition of a ETE - Effluent Treatment Station, when by normative requirements it is not allowed to discard the water used in the operational process in the sewage network without treatment. The re-use of treated water that generates savings in the consumption of drinking water is the basis for calculating the return on investment. In another analysis the consumer's awareness about the price of the product is discussed, which includes a portion destined to socio-environmental projects made feasible and disclosed in the financial statements. In this analysis the environmental accounting demonstrates the transparency showing how much the company is committed to the sustainability, without losing the viability of the investment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the contemporary research environment, well-managed research data is recognized as an essential factor for high-quality research. This is because good management makes the datasets easier to reuse, which is translated into a higher coefficient of collaboration between scientists, maximizing the return on investment of research funding agencies, increasing transparency in methods and workflows, enabling, in this way, a greater coefficient of reproducibility of scientific experiments. However, data management is a multifaceted problem that demands technologies, organizational structures, human knowledge and skills to combine, in a complementary way, a wide spectrum of variables, thus characterizing them as a complex solution equation. Faced with this challenge, the present research starts from the following question: are the repositories enough to solve all the challenges presented by research data management? To answer this question, a theoretical and exploratory research was developed, based on literature analysis and observation of repositories and data management service platforms available on the web. As a result, the concept of disciplinary platform for research data management is presented as a possible alternative for solving several challenges encountered by researchers and academics, who aim to find, access, share and reuse data as inputs for new research. It is concluded that the offer of new data management services must be supported by the available computational and informational infrastructures, the analysis methodologies and workflows inherent to the disciplinary research processes and incorporate expertise that is capable of dealing with the environments and technologically sophisticated processes of current research. It is concluded that data management should be guided by the provision of a set of data services that can be classified as scientific, computational, informational and administrative. Those services must closely support disciplinary workflows, processing and analysis methodologies through specific computational and informational infrastructures and incorporate multidisciplinary expertise that can deal with the technologically sophisticated environments and processes of current research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyze whether companies with the ESG (Environmental, Social and Governance) seal listed in the Corporate Sustainability Index (ISE) have better risk management of their short and long-term liabilities compared to companies that do not obtain this classification on the BM&FBovespa. Carrying out this quantitative and qualitative research, the Balance Sheet and Cash Flow Statement, for the periods 2017 to 2020, of 298 companies listed on the Stock Exchange (B3), among which are listed on the ISE, were analyzed, excluding the financial economic sector from the analysis. The indicators analyzed were liquidity ratios, operating cash flow return on equity and long-term liabilities, and Net Working Capital (CGL) requirements. The research is classified as descriptive and exploratory in terms of its objectives, and bibliographical and documental in terms of procedures. The results observed through the calculations of the data of the financial indicators reveal that the companies in the ISE and B3 have similar results and present good risk management when combining the three indicators, in addition it was identified that, despite some indicators, they favor companies that do not are on the ISE, they presented financial performance similar or better to group B3 and consequently revealed to have a lower or similar economic-financial risk. As a suggestion for future research, the study of the international market and the financial economic sector was suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to analyze the relationship between executive remuneration and the economic-financial and socio-environmental performance of publicly traded Brazilian companies. Methodology: The study sample comprises companies in the Brazil Index 50 (IBrX-50), portfolio from May to August 2020. After exclusions, the final survey sample is composed of 34 companies, with a total of 68 observations and the period of analysis was the years 2018 and 2019. Data were collected manually in the Reference Form, item 13 and on the website of each company. For data analysis, statistical techniques were used, such as descriptive, correlations and multiple linear regressions. Results: For model 1, the Return on Equity (ROE) and Business Sustainability Index (ISE) variables showed significant and negative relationships with the RTM, indicating that the higher the ROE of the companies, the lower the Average Total Compensation (RTM). Also, the variable ENVID showed a significant and positive relationship, where the higher the company's Total Debt (ENDIV), the higher the RTM. For model 2 of Fixed Compensation (RF), the ROE also presented a significant and negative relationship. The Earnings per Share (LPA) and ENDIV variables showed a significant and positive relationship, indicating that higher values in these variables will increase the RF given to executives. Contributions of the Study: This study contributes to the literature on compensation and performance by adding social and environmental variables to the theoretical and practical framework through the interconnection of executive compensation. Thus, it was possible to understand new relationships between traditional economic-financial and socio-environmental factors, while good communication and good governance practices with stakeholders present positive results for the organization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Financial performance indicators are the most sought-after diagnostic methods by enterprise's stakeholders, such as profitability, payable capacity and capital management, however, a growing interest has been redirected to the social reflexes of business activities, beyond the economic result. One of the contemporary ways of evaluating social indicators is by analyzing quotients from the Value Added Statement (VAS). After selecting economic and social performance variables, the present paper aimed to investigate the possible correlation between such constructs in the non-cyclical market segment of the Brazilian stock market. Data collected by analyzing the individual financial statements of the entities selected revealed a strong canonical correlation between social performance and economic performance, with highlights to the correlated power between return on equity (ROE), indebtedness and the potential of the entity's net equity to generate added value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The research intends to verify the relationship between meeting the requirements for joining and staying at PROFUT and the economic and financial situation of Brazilian football clubs listed in the National Club Ranking (RNC). Methodology: The study was operationalized by the deductive method, taking an empirical approach, using the analysis of individuals, facts and consequences researched. As for the procedures adopted, the research is classified as a bibliographic and documentary review and a quantitative approach. The matter was addressed through the application of an investigation of the points of the legislation, through a checklist, and the presentation of economic and financial indicators: indebtedness, current liquidity, tangibility, size and return on equity. Results: Given the investigation carried out, it was noticed that, even with the current requirements of the legislation and criteria of enforceability for participation in PROFUT, adherence to the program does not guarantee a better economic and financial situation, mainly related to the factors inherent to the capital structure. Contributions of the Study: The work contributes in a theoretical way in the production of a contextualized analysis of the main existing researches and shows new explanations of the studied fact based on different perspectives. With regard to the practical contribution, based on the main findings found, and seeking to relate the level of commitment of the analyzed clubs, which adhered to PROFUT, with the management of their capital structure, it was noticed the absence of a direct relationship between adherence to this type of financing and the management of the sources of capital obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The present study sought to investigate whether tax management influences the cost of equity of Brazilian companies listed in Brazil, Methodology: The study included the analysis of the Proxie Book-Tax Differences (BTD) as a tool for identifying tax management, as suggested in the work of Moreira e Silva (2019), as well as the control variables, which are the return on equity (ROE), market value (QTOBIN), company size (LNAT) and company financial leverage (ALV). For data collection, the Bloomberg® database and the Reference Form available on the B3 website were used. For that, it was used the Multiple Linear Regression of the data type in balanced panel, resulting in a final sample formed by 630 observations. Results: Through the BTD proxie, referring to the difference between accounting profit and tax profit, and used to capture tax management in this research, it was not possible to identify any relationship with the cost of equity. Thus, for the purposes of this research, the theoretical adequacy and the statistical models used did not show that good tax management practices have a positive or negative effect on the cost of equity. Contributions of the Study: It is observed that Brazilian studies did not analyze the effect of tax management on the cost of equity in Brazilian companies using the Book-Tax Differences (BTD) indicator as a tool for identifying tax management and its influence on the cost of capital. So, this research followed the recommendation suggested by Moreira e Silva (2019), to analyze this cost with another indicator, in this case, Book-Tax Differences (BTD). According to the results, it was not possible to identify any relationship with the cost of equity, thus contributing to the consolidation of the findings by Goh et al. (2016) and Moreira e Silva (2019) who present CashETR as the best metric for tax management, given that the results presented using the variables ETR and BTD, demonstrated that the cost of capital required by investors was unrelated to the fiscal aggressiveness of companies. Bolsa e Balcão (B3) in the period from 2014 to 2018. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In February 2021, the Foundation for Science and Technology of Portugal (FCT) announced its decision to adopt Plan S. Plan S aims to ensure that from 2021 onwards, all scholarly publications on the results from research funded by public or private grants must be published in Open Access journals or platforms, and/or made immediately available through open access repositories without embargo and with copyright retention. Compliance with Plan S can be achieved via three different routes: publication in an Open Access journal or platform, publication in a closed venue with the manuscript deposit made immediately openly available in a repository, or publication under the umbrella of a transformative agreement. Plan S also follows ten fundamental principles, which imply multiple challenges to the funders, but also to authors and their institutions. These challenges equate to, in some cases, to complete changes in paradigm. With adequate and well-articulated measures, the authors believe that the adoption of Plan S by FCT will result in a better projection of the funded research work. Ultimately, this will lead, in the long run, to a better return on investment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research seeks to analyze the influence of the capital structure on the performance of public companies in the Brazilian capital market in different economic cycles. To achieve the objective, the sample comprises 232 companies that traded shares in B3 in the period from 2011 to 2019, when considering annual periods. For data analysis, we opted for panel data regression. With regard to descriptive statistics, it is pointed out that, on average, corporate debt corresponds to 54.9%. With regard to multivariate analysis, the results suggest that in a macroeconomic environment of expansion, indebtedness does not imply the return on equity. However, in a macroeconomic environment of retraction, the increase in indebtedness implies a decrease in the return on equity. Thus, the findings present theoretical contributions, as they advance in the literature because they consider the macroeconomic environment, not addressed in previous studies. In addition, as practical contributions, the results can assist investors, creditors and managers by demonstrating that the economic cycle in which the company operates can influence its indebtedness and, consequently, its performance. Therefore, these users of accounting information need to be aware of this aspect when proceeding with their decision making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aimed at proposing a simple criterion for estimates on volume sizing for detention reservoir considering different return periods and occupational scenarios, based on Fortaleza city's IDF relationship (intensity-duration-frequency) of critical rainfall events, presenting mathematical regression formulations linking those variables. A theoretical background was made to support problems related to urbanization in the natural hydrologic cycle, and relating all needed variables for the expeditious sizing. Thus, the detention reservoir was detailed, with its characteristics and places where it can be applied and its pre-sizing method being explained. On the methodology, the envelope curve method was adopted to estimate the exceeding volume which was used for sizing the detention reservoir. Software MATLAB® was used to solve the resulting equation, yielding 60 durations and 60 water line heights, from a combination of 10 occupational rates and 6 return periods. For example, for a contribution area of 40 hectares, impervious area of 70% and return period of 25 years, the detention reservoir needs the capacity of about 18.000 m2 to meet the assumed pre-sizing flow rate. This paper's result showed up to be potentially useful for the urban drainage design planning phase in several areas in Fortaleza city, in which the occupational rate and the return period can be varied according to the designer's will. In addition to that, this method can be adapted to other areas once their IDF curve is available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: verify which determinants influence the recognition of the Impairment Test (IT) loss recognition in Brazilian companies listed in B3. Methodology: The research was performed with 169 non-financial companies listed in B3, which may or may not have presented information of IT loss, in the analysis period from 2009 up to 2017. To test the hypotheses of this research, the logit model was applied. In order to avoid the outliers problem, which may affect the estimated coefficients, all variables were winsorized in 1% in each side of their distribution. The results, however, with and without winsorization were mantained in order to attest to the consistency of the findings. The standard errors were clusterized, so as to avoid autocorrelation problems in the model's residual data. Results: It was noticed that the Return on Equity, the Book-to-Market index, Management Change, Big Bath and Property Control were considered influential determinants on IT loss recognition in the companies listed in B3. Contributions of the Study: The study brings forth practical justifications for IT appliability, offering importante accounting information for managers, investors, accounting professional, policy and rule makers. From a theoretical point of view it contibutes to the literature on determinant factors for IT loss of actives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The investigation of the effects of the implantation of university units on the local development is still incipient in Brazil. Even at the international level, few studies use robust methods to estimate the impacts of these structures, let alone seek to differentiate them over time. This paper evaluates the initial impacts of the federal universities' expansion policy in the 2000s on municipal economies, based on production and income indicators. Based on a broad data set for Brazilian municipalities, we apply the propensity score matching technique and then estimate Treatment Effect on Treated by the policy. The results indicate that the implementation of the new campuses was able to raise the per capita income of the benefited municipalities by 3.5% to 5.8%, on average, but that there was no additional gain from the time of implementation of the campuses. The absence of campus maturation effect points to a difficulty in generating the productivity jumps normally expected with the implementation of these structures. In this case, it would be possible to seek a greater return from these investments by reevaluating the criteria for creating new campuses and by better focusing on the actions of existing ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work has as main objective to analyze the factors associated with the Geomarketing process in the decision making of the enterprises surveyed in the state of Mato Grosso. In order to identify the profile of the enterprises surveyed, quantify the main factors that influence the market management of fuel stations, measure aspects related to the Geomarketing used by the enterprises, qualify the Geomarketing and its use for decision making. Table were generated with the results obtained through questionnaires applied to the owners of the fuel stations and it was possible to reach the presumed objectives, being able to point and map important aspects for the insertion and solidification of the companies in the state of Mato Grosso. It was identified the situation and the economic evolution of the locality in question, so it was possible to verify the importance of the location for strategic decisions of the organizations. Before the elaborated maps and through the analyzes developed with several variables confronting and crossing various information, it was possible to keep in mind a location plan according to the activity segment. In this way, Geomarketing allows to mark the actions and projects of expansion and contributing to obtain return on the investment made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the study is to verify the influence of political connections and socioenvironmental disclosure on the cost of capital of companies. The survey sample consisted of 275 companies listed in B3. The findings reveal that: a) the level of social and environmental disclosure positively influences the cost of capital of companies, especially the cost of third-party capital; b) political connections, in isolation, negatively influence the cost of capital and positively the cost of capital of third parties; c) and moderate negatively, the relationship between socioenvironmental disclosure and cost of equity. Therefore, political connections reduce shareholder returns, create constraints on credit institutions that require a higher cost of capital and become harmful to companies by curbing the effect of socio-environmental practices on the return of equity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A common practice in business valuation and the determination of fair rates of return by regulatory agencies is to use the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) with the ad hoc addition of a country risk premium. The present paper documents this practice in the valuation reports required in public acquisition offers available on the CVM (Brazilian Securities and Exchange Commission) website. Multiple linear regression is used with monthly returns for stock shares of 204 firms listed on the BM&FBovespa (Brazilian Stock Exchange). The period covered is from January 2009 to December 2013, and the results indicate that there is a premium for Brazilian risk that is not completely reflected in Ibovespa returns for only 17 securities. Hence, if one uses the local market index when estimating a firm's cost of equity, it would be both redundant and incorrect to add a country risk premium. The paper concludes with a real company example in which the adoption of the conventional approach -- with a country risk premium added -- would lead to a 17% pricing error. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this article is to present the deficiencies of the methods of investment analysis Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and Net Present Value (NPV), in the classification of investment projects that have different characteristics of investment, exposing thereby the risks inherent in decision making when using only one tool in investment analysis mentioned, seeking also propose alternatives to solve these deficiencies, reducing the discrepancies between the tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the financial profit in a company in the area of Civil Construction which decided to offer direct financing to its clients, instead of investing its resources in the financial market, in lower risk product. The bibliographic research, as a case study, was applied to a company situated in São José dos Campos, in São Paulo State -- Brazil. In companies, it is necessary to make options, and the investment opportunities presented to the manager in charge are always excluding ones. This being so, it is necessary to analyze all possible opportunities for the application of resources allowing for the expected return of its investments. The study allows for the analysis and detection of the best option for the company to optimize its result, using the option which generates the highest financial-economic return, besides allowing for the measurement of the real gain, through the concept of opportunity cost. The result obtained showed that the direct financing generates an extremely high profit, when compared to that obtained though financial applications. The decision for financing was considered a low risk one, since the mortgage of real states represents a real warranty and in case there is default, the company recovers the property, besides not having to return the amount already received. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to examine the effects of technological innovations and innovative actions implemented in the rates of return of Brazilian open capital companies. A descriptive study was conducted by: a survey to identify innovations implemented in the companies; the content analysis of the management report to identify the disclosed innovations; and research in the financial statements to calculate the rates of return. A questionnaire to identify innovations was sent to open capital companies, with shares traded in the Bovespa. The sample is based on the 22 companies that answered the questionnaire. From the tabulation of the data a ranking of the most innovative potential established and a data envelopment analysis was applied, having the innovation data as inputs and the rates of return as outputs, to identify the most efficient. The companies were classified into four quarters: innovative and inefficient, innovative and efficient, not innovative and efficient, innovative and not inefficient. It was concluded that not all potentially innovative companies were efficient in generating results, but the majority of the companies with low innovation potential were not successful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Este artigo examina o procedimento de estimação de betas para empresas cujas ações não são negociadas todos os dias. Os betas são estimados para 3 métodos: repetição da última cotação (RUC), trade-to-trade (TT) e ajuste de Scholes e Williams (SW). Há 3 periodicidades de retorno: diária, semanal e mensal. O objetivo é verificar a consistência dos betas estimados nos diferentes métodos de cálculo e nas diferentes periodicidades de retorno, com base em dados simulados. Os resultados indicam que, para ações que não negociam todos os dias, os betas podem ser estimados com melhor precisão com o método TT para periodicidade diária. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asset pricing models represent one of the most discussed and researched areas in finance. They are widely used in a theoretical and practical manner to model and predict risk and return to price securities and portfolios as well as in corporate finance to estimate the cost of capital and rank investment projects. They provide a usable measure of risk that helps managers and investors determine what return they deserve for putting their money at risk. The objective of this paper is to analyze the performance of the learning-augmented conditional CAPM model of Adrian and Franzoni (2009) when applied to the returns of the most liquid stocks transactioned in the Brazilian stock market from 1987 to 2010. Adrian and Franzoni (2009), in their paper, complemented the conditional CAPM literature by modeling a new type of time-variation in conditional betas. In this environment, investors form expectations about the long run level of factor loadings from the observation of realized returns of exogenous variables. As a direct consequence of this assumption, conditional betas are modeled using the Kalman filter. Using data of 25 portfolios sorted by size and book-to-market ratio, the authors concluded that the learning-augmented conditional CAPM is able to substantially reduce the pricing errors when compared to the original version of CAPM. Thus, we contribute to the pricing asset literature, as we evaluate whether this model is able to reduce pricing errors in relation to its original version when applied to Brazilian individual asset data. The results of this article showed a decreasing in the pricing errors of learning-augmented conditional CAPM in relation to CAPM in its original version. Our empirical results suggests that the learning about betas should be taken into account when estimating both conditional and unconditional CAPM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

O Modelo de Valor Presente (MVP) -- conceito de que os preços correntes dos títulos dependem do valor presente de dividendos futuros descontados, em que a taxa de desconto é equivalente à taxa requerida de retorno--é um dos conceitos da Teoria Financeira. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a validade do MVP entre preços e dividendos ao nível da firma a partir de técnicas em painel aplicadas a processos não estacionários e potencialmente cointegrados para o mercado acionário brasileiro. Considerando-se o Modelo de Valor Presente com Retornos Constantes e Variantes no Tempo, a evidência de que (log de) preços reais e (log de) dividendos reais são não estacionários I(1) e que (log da) razão preço-dividendo é I(0) não pode ser rejeitada. Em relação aos estimadores FMOLS e DOLS para modelos cointegrados em painel, verificam-se que os preços das ações encontram-se sobreavaliados sob ambas as hipóteses de retornos constantes ou variantes no tempo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Este artigo faz uso do Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), em sua versão canônica e com extensões não lineares, visando a apreçar um painel de 75 fundos de investimento em ações no Brasil, ao longo dos últimos 11 anos. O resultado sugere que a versão linear desse arcabouço não seja capaz de apreçar ou de prever retornos reais de fundos que possuam elevados patrimônio líquido (PL) e outperformance, em relação ao índice da Bolsa de Valores de São Paulo (Ibovespa), corroborando evidências anteriores. A versão não linear com thresholds baseados no PL parece lidar melhor com a questão de alfas de Jensen significativos, apesar de ser estatisticamente indicada apenas para poucos fundos com elevado PL, mas baixa outperformance. Essa é uma evidência de que, apesar de o tamanho influenciar na gestão e, possivelmente, na performance de um fundo, a modelagem de apreçamento desse efeito deve ser feita linearmente. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The financial series are strongly characterized by its volatility, alternating periods of high and low volatility, i.e., the variance of these series is not constant, varying with time. Thus, the series may have heterocedastidade financial circumstances. The paper analyzes the behavior of the series of returns of the indices IVBX-2 and SMLL in 2008, aiming to identify the volatility of the series. The central axis of the work is theoretical theory of efficient markets, it believes that all relevant information is already incorporated into stock prices, so the price is a good measure of value of shares. The indices studied are characterized as representing hypothetical portfolio consisting of shares of lesser value and lesser liquidity, these characteristics imply a higher risk and higher return associated with investments in such portfolio. The methodology adopted was the use of ARCH models in the family. The implementation of the models indicate the series have similar behavior, with the coefficient which measures the persistence of shocks around 1 and the impacts of these shocks occur so asymmetrical, where the negative shocks have a greater effect than positive shocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work evaluated the economic viability of a Pinus elliottii plantation submitted to thinning, in small farms (marginal lands). The following economic criteria of project analysis were applied: Net Present Value (NPV), Benefit-Cost ratio (BCR), Internal Return of Rate (IRR), Mininum Attractive Rate of Return (MARR), Return on Investment (ROIA) and Payback Period. The discount rate applied was 6.5% per year. The indicators showed the economic viability of the Pinus plantation, under the conditions established in the analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work analyzes the efficiency of the companies in the sector of civil construction in generating return to the shareholders in the years of 2009 and 2010, by means of Data Envelopment Analysis, considering Equity as input, and net profits, shares and variation in the share price, as outputs. The data were obtained by collecting in Economática ® software and database available on BM&FBovespa website, and analyzed in SIAD software. As main result, it was verified that Helbor Empreendimentos S.A. was the most efficient in generating return to the shareholder within the analyzed group, while Viver Incorporadora e Construtora S.A. was the least efficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A discussion around the complexity of Public Administration Theory favored the contextualization of the included tentative case study which is supplied with an instrument in search for better practices. The expectations of a public serving spirit, from the inclusion of costs on the retirement acts analysis -- delimited by the Brazilian reality of the RJ state Audit Court, preoccupied with the activity of public servers in charge of the related legal determinations compliance, inferring that the "task" besides of a technically trustful instruments, can also be a source de self esteem, due to its social merit. Its benefit toward the quality of public management, in terms of austerity and ethical zeal for the people, has oriented the theoretical debate and the instrumental construction toward a sense of sheltering theory and practice interaction. Away from managerialism, does not relegate legally instituted duties on costs. Final considerations recognize the labyrinth of Administration theories, transforming its entanglement into an instigating investigation on that challenging science-art of listening to people, respecting the res publica which belongs to him, as a permanent struggle for comprehension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are two dominant paradigms to explain firm performance: the Industrial Organization and the Resource Based View, both extensively studied. The association between firm performance and the competitiveness of nations is still insufficiently explored. This study aimed to verify whether business performance is related to the environment of the countries where they operate and what factors within them are the most relevant. Evidences of the relationship between the nation's competitiveness indicators and the sustainable performance of their firms were found. The study pioneered the approach relating the concept of competitive advantage of nations to the competitive advantage of companies; empirically tested the model of Michael Porter's Competitive Diamond; highlighted three variables, usually neglected in the line of research of the sources of firm performance (Buyers Sophistication, GDP and Government Purchases); and created a new indicator of performance that also reflects its sustainability, which relates to the line of research on the persistence of abnormal returns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asset pricing models have been a constant theme in finance research. Since the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) proposed by Sharpe (1964), such models linearly relate the expected rate of returns of an asset or portfolio of assets with systemic risk factors. This research presents a test of a pricing model with risk factors based on statistical comoments and using a Brazilian dataset. The proposed model is an extension of the original CAPM with the addition of coskewness and cokurtosis between stock rates of return and the market portfolio rates of return. The effects of other variables such as market to book value, financial leverage and a negotiability index served as control variables. The sample consisted of 179 non-financial Brazilian companies traded on BM&FBovespa with data available from 2003 to 2007. Annual systemic moments were calculated from weekly rates of return. They were then tested on a pricing model in order to check for the existence of a risk premium associated with each of these risk measures. We employed a Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) panel data analysis. The use of GMM aims to address potential problems of endogeneity and simultaneous determination of the data, avoiding the occurrence of bias in the estimates. The estimation results show that the relationship between rates of return and covariance and cokurtosis are statistically significant. The results were robust to alternative model specifications. This research contributes to the literature by presenting empirical evidence that there is a Brazilian risk premium associated with systemic moments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fama and French (1993) verified that the asset returns of the U.S. economy can be explained by factors linked to characteristics of companies. The Brazilian literature on the subject corroborates this claim. Our work examines whether the Fama-French model, applied to investment portfolios with variable weightings, still explains the returns, in view of the structural break in the Brazilian stock market in terms of its liquidity. We used the most liquid stocks, both individually and in portfolios. We found that the factors 'size' and 'book-to-market' no longer explain the returns on the Brazilian stock market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neste artigo, a teoria de cópulas é utilizada para analisar os co-movimentos entre os mercados de capitais do Brasil e dos EUA. Na finalidade de implementação de uma estratégia de alocação de ativos é importante entender os eventos extremos - tanto os positivos (boom) como os negativos (crashes) - e seus efeitos sobre os mercados. Os índices de mercado usados são o IBOVESPA e o S&P 500 cobrindo o período de 03/2001 a 04/2007. A aderência aos log-retornos das principais cópulas encontradas na literatura financeira é avaliada. Os seguintes critérios foram escolhidos: o Log-likelihod, o critério de informação de Akaike e o critério de informação bayesiano. Os resultados mostram que a cópula de Joe-Clayton simetrizada é a mais adequada para modelar a estrutura de dependência entre os log-retornos do IBOVESPA e os do S&P500. Este trabalho difere de alguns estudos já realizados [e.g. Mendes e Moretti(2005) e Canela e Collazo(2005)], pois leva em consideração a modelagem de cópulas dinâmicas introduzida por Patton (2006). Finalmente, através dos índices de dependência caudal ao longo do tempo, pode-se concluir que a ocorrência de eventos extremos negativos (crashes) no mercado norte-americano tende a afetar mais o mercado brasileiro quando da comparação da ocorrência dos eventos extremos positivos (booms). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A influência da liquidez para o retorno dos ativos vem sendo amplamente pesquisada nos últimos anos, tanto do ponto de vista dos ativos individuais quanto do ponto de vista da liquidez de mercado. Este trabalho tem por objetivo principal avaliar a influência da variação da liquidez na precificação das ações. Como medidas de liquidez foram utilizadas as variações na quantidade de títulos, na quantidade de negócios e no volume financeiro, bem como estas variáveis ponderadas pelo índice Bovespa e também estas variáveis defasadas. A amostra é composta pelas ações negociadas na Bolsa de Valores de São Paulo. Foram coletados dados mensais para o período de janeiro de 2000 a junho de 2008. Os resultados mostraram que o retorno dos ativos é influenciado positivamente pelo retorno do índice Bovespa e pelas variações de liquidez. Geralmente, são as empresas com menores níveis de liquidez que apresentam as maiores variações positivas da própria liquidez e, consequentemente, terão retornos mais elevados. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the relation between the ratios resulting from the two different possibilities of ROE decomposition (known in literature as DuPont and modified DuPont analysis) and Brazilian firms' stock returns. Differently from traditional DuPont analysis, the modified DuPont analysis explicitly splits operating and financial performance. To put in practice our analysis, we consider Brazilian firms listed from 1995 to 2008. Our results suggest that ROA (derived from traditional DuPont analysis) has higher explanatory power than operational ROA (derived from modified DuPont analysis) regarding stock returns. Further results show that operating components better explain stock returns than financial components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the correlation between firm´s financial and social/environmental performance for Brazilian companies from 2001 to 2007, based on two types of panel data econometric models, which aim to analyze correlation and causality. The fixed effects model was used to estimate correlation, while a panel data IV model was used to investigate causality. The results show a positive correlation between corporate social/environmental and financial performance, mainly in the case of internal social investment, which is strongly positively correlated with the variable return on assets (ROA). The causality analysis also showed that the internal social investment has a positive and significant effect on ROA. This result is in accordance with those obtained by Laan et al (2008), which indicate that disregarding the wishes of the primary stakeholders (employees, consumers and investors) contributes negatively to performance measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated and compared the impacts of adopting dynamic and static strategies in agricultural futures contracts, negotiated at BM&FBovespa, on the risk and return of a diversified portfolio, between 1994 and 2007. Using the Portfolio Theory , the presence of dynamic positions in commodity futures was verified in optimal portfolios for the period 2001-2007 and for three sample periods. However, the frontier moves were not statistically significant. The Guepardo and Sparta funds, characterized by dynamic management of the agricultural derivatives, also presented high participation on optimal portfolios. Moreover, they allowed the portfolio to achieve return levels that the original portfolio would not be able to achieve. Nevertheless, once again, the frontier expansions were not statistically significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Respecting the rules of the democratic game, it has possibility of alternation in the power politician, in next future, and risk of return to the Brazilian federal government of that predominant ideological hegemony in years 90. The objective of this review-article is to propitiate to the public opinion to know the plans for the Federal Public Financial Institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stock market indices' rate of return distributions is a recurrent theme in financial literature, especially because some models require the normality assumption as premise. Following the works of Ingersoll Jr. (1987) and Hamada & Valdez (2004), the empirical distribution of the Ibovespa and S&P500 rates of returns from 1986 to 2006 was analyzed. As reported by some others authors, for both indices, the results evidenced that the normality assumption can be highly questionable, because other theoretical distributions from the elliptical family fitted the data better. The rates of return for the Brazilian and American indices showed leptokurtosis, and, in the Brazilian case, asymmetric shape, so that only distributions that deal with these parameters in a less restrictive way, as the Logistic or Log-logistic distributions, can show a better fit to the observed data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the performance of a general dynamic equity indexing strategy based on cointegration, from a market efficiency perspective, observing the different levels of risk and regimes. This new portfolio will be compared with Markowitz portfolio model. The identification of these autoregressive regimes in the process of generating returns in the Brazilian Market, especially in Bovespa, for the Plano Real period (January of 1995 to September of 2004), will be elaborated trough a Markov Switching Model. With this model, is possible to identify the nonlinear structure of the data and it is relation to the conditional mean and conditional variance. As result the dynamics of the data generation process, the returns can be described as function of the growth cycle ("bull markets") and decrease ("bear markets"). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to relate factors of the strategy theory from positioning, to the parameters of accounting demonstrations, more specifically, it makes use of accounting criteria to verify, in general terms, whether those theories may be applied to the Brazilian market through the relation between barriers to entry (size) and the managerial return. In this bibliographical research, the main concern was to relate the existing concepts in the accounting theory with the competitive strategy concepts of the positioning theory. Furthermore, an empirical test was applied making use of statistical inferences between two averages to verify the existence of positive relations among the variables, size (barriers to entry) and the managerial return into the Brazilian market, using accounting data. The results of these tests show that the return of the bigger companies is superior to the smaller ones. This result includes indicatives for accounting information relevance when related to the competitive strategy of the positioning theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The existence and magnitude of risk premiums in the Brazilian term structure is not clear, particularly because it's a market in the process of development. Some year ago the Brazilian Central Bank created a system to measure market expectations for economic indicators, including the interest rates, and then give inputs to the inflation target regime. Nevertheless, if the system really represents "actual" expectations is a question to be answered. These are some of the motivations for this paper, together with the relation between the futures market and collected expectations, the risk premium for public debt securities and the relevance of these topics to public debt management. The main contributions are the measurement of the term structure of the risk premium in the Brazilian market, using the Kalman filter, and an estimation of market expectations. Furthermore, we investigate the expectations collected by the Central Bank and cover other minor topics, such as the determinants of the risk premium and the "government" premium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the results of an investigation about the determinant factors of the capital structure of publicly held companies that operate in the Brazilian market. The sample group consisted of 91 companies, covering the period from 1999 to 2003. A stronger estimation technique conjugating Dynamic Panel Data, which combines cross-section data with time-series, with a generalized method of moments (GMM) tool was used in the performance of this study. The accounting and market concepts were used as capital structure and leverage proxies, and their results were compared. In conformity with literature from the area, the following variables were selected: current ratio, company size, return, growth opportunity, business risk, fiscal economy and sales growth, tangibility, coefficient of variation and bankruptcy risk. The GMM and AH econometric tools were used for the tests. The econometric results proved robust due to the techniques used. The analysis results obtained were largely consistent with the Pecking Order and Trade-off theories. These results are also in line with the results observed in similar studies carried out in several countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four decades after its advent, the capital assets pricing model proposed by Nobel Prize laureate William Sharpe and by John Lintner, known as CAPM, remains the most widely used model in estimating firms' cost of capital and valuing portfolios. This is due to the model's predictive power for risk and risk-return ratios. The purpose of this article is to show that CAPM has empirical flaws associated with theoretical simplifications and difficulties implementing valid tests for the model. The article concludes that the limitations of CAPM are challenges to be explained by alternative models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]