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Os caracteres gerais do método eletroforético são apresentados de modo sumário, especialmente aquêles referentes à eletroforese em papel, no sentido de familiarizar o neurologista quanto aos seus aspectos principais e sua utilização no estudo das frações proteicas do liqüido cefalorraquidiano cujos aspectos particulares são discutidos. The main aspects of electrophoresis are summarised, specially those concerning paper electrophoresis, as a practical guide for neurologists, in its appliance to the study of cerebrospinal fluid protein fractions.

Partindo dos dados referentes à aplicação da eletroforese em papel de filtro na separação das frações proteicas do LCR, apresentados em publicação anterior, são revistos os dados da literatura sob o ponto de vista do laboratório clínico. Tanto os valores relativos normais referentes a cada uma das reações proteicas, como alterações patológicas mais freqüentemente encontradas em diversos tipos de afecções do sistema nervoso são apresentados, ressaltando-se a importância dos achados frente à fisiopatologia do liqüido cefalorraquidiano e frente à Clínica Neurológica. Data on the use of paper electrophoresis in the study of cerebrospinal fluid proteins are reviewed as to show the importance of this method for the clinical laboratory. The mean of protein fractions concentration as well as the references concerning to pathologic findings are presented and discussed. The main aspects of contributions in this field are discussed, showing the aid brought by the protein electrophoretic studies to the physiopathology of cerebrospinal fluid and to pathogenetic interpretations of some nervous diseases.

Foram analisadas, mediante electroforese em papel, as proteínas do LCR cisternal de 30 pessoas adultas (13 sadias e 17 portadoras de neuroses); as médias encontradas em relação às diversas frações proteicas foram as seguintes: pré-albumina 2,2%; albumina 51,6%; globulinas α1 5,0%, α2 8,7%, β (incluindo os percentuais da fração τ) 21,6% e γ 10,9%. Em relação aos resultados encontrados para as frações proteicas do soro sangüíneo de 30 pessoas adultas (17 normais e 13 portadoras de neuroses) incluindo 7 daquelas cujo LCR foi estudado, o perfil das proteínas do LCR mostrou-se diferente, pois no LCR verifica-se a presença da fração pré-albumina, maior riqueza em globulinas β e pequeno teor de γ-globulina. Cisternal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein fractions were studied by paper electrophoresis. Through sub-occipital puncture samples were collected from 30 adults (age range from 15 to 45 years old) : 13 healthy people and 17 psychoneurotic patients, without past history of neurologic disease and/or evidence of organic affection. Syphilis serology was negative in all cases as well as CSF showed any abnormality in respect to pressure, aspect, color, cytology, total protein content, colloidal reactions, syphilis and cysti-cercosis complement fixation tests. Technical details were previously described; protein concentration was achieved by dyalisis against 30% poli-vinylpirrolidone at 4°C. Results are detailed in the table 1; mean values obtained for protein fractions were: pre-albumin 2.2%, albumin 51.6%, globulins: α1 5.0%, α2 8.7%, β 21.6% (including the τ fraction) and γ 10.9%. There was any significative difference between results found in normal people and in psychoneurotic patients. The values found are in agreement with those reported by Mumenthaler and Marki from data published until 1956. For comparison purposes the author's data are presented together with others obtained by several investigators (table 4). The results were compared to those found in sera from 30 adults selected in the same way and analysed by the same technique (table 2). Comparison showed similar results when the means found in respect to all sera and CSF samples were considered or when means found for seven cases in which it was possible to analyse CSF and serum proteins simultaneously were considered (table 3). Albumin (including pre-albumin) and α-globulins have similar relative patterns in both CSF and serum protein profiles, but those of β and y-globulins are disimilar. As far as to the sera, CSF proteins have relatively more jg-globulin (1.5 to twices) and less y-globulin (0.5 approximately).

O presente trabalho é baseado no estudo dos perfis eletroforéticos das proteínas do líquido cefalorraqueano de 300 pacientes normais ou portadores de diversas entidades neurológicas. Analisando êste material, os autores verificaram que a gama-globulina é a fração protêica cuja variação tem grande importância na prática neurológica para o diagnóstico diferencial. A principal conclusão a que chegaram indica que há dois diferentes mecanismos que atuam na alteração do perfil eletroforético das proteínas do líquor: a) alteração da permeabilidade da barreira hêmato-encefálica; b) liberação intratecal de gama-globulina. Portanto, o método eletroforético não permite o diagnóstico de determinada entidade neurológica, mas indica o mecanismo fisiopatológico em atividade. This paper is based on the study of the protein profile of the cerebrospinal fluid of 300 neurological patients. This material was analysed in the same way as that one performed by Matiar and Schmidt (1958) and it was found almost the same results. These findings suggested the great value of the cerebrospinal fluid gamma-globulin concentration in the neurological differential diagnosis. In order to enlarge these studies in our own material, it was tried to find some correlation between albumin and globulin fractions expressed in mg/100 ml. The logarithm of albumin concentration was plotted graphically against the logarithm of globulin concentration; each disease was noted down as different symbols. It was verified linear bilogarithmic correlation between albumin and each globulin fraction. Graphs with albumin/alpha-globulin or with albumin/beta-globulin showed absence of characteristic disease behaviour. On the contrary, the graph with albumin/gamma-globulin showed a typical behaviour for neurolues and brain cysticercosis data. Assuming that the cases of spinal block may very well indicate the condition where the changes of the spinal fluid proteins were due to a modification of permeability of the blood-brain barrier, it was calculated the regression equation for the various gamma-globulin concentrations of these cases. It was found that most of the cases of brain tumors, intracranial hemorrhages, meningitis and polyradiculoneuritis were in perfect agreement with the cases of spinal block, suggesting that in these cases the protein changes were due to a modification of permeability of the blood-brain barrier. On the contrary, the great majority of the cases of neurolues and brain cysticercosis did not follow this pattern, suggesting that there was an increase of the spinal fluid gamma-globulin which must be originated intrathecally. These findings point out to two different mechanisms in the changes of the protein profile of cerebrospinal fluid and, therefore, electrophoresis did not allow the diagnosis of a determined neurological disorder, but it shows the particular physiopathological mechanism involved. Escola Paulista de Medicina Serviço de Neurologia UNIFESP, EPM, Serviço de Neurologia SciELO

Os autores relatam sua experiência com o hycanthone em 1.000 pacientes de esquistossomose mansônica, até agora tratados no Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade do Estado da Guanabara. São pacientes oriundos de áreas endêmicas do País, especialmente do nordeste e sudeste, 53,9% do sexo masculino e 46,1% do sexo feminino, de idade entre 5 e 63 anos. A forma clínica predominante da parasitose foi a hépato-intestinal (96,8%). O medicamento foi administrado em dose única, na razão de 3 mg/kg de peso corporal, a 33.6% de pacientes internados e a 66 4% em regime de tratamento ambulatorial. Os níveis séricos das transaminases, determinados, para confronto, antes e depois do uso do produto, em 60 dos pacientes internados, não se alteraram, ou apenas sofreram elevações inexpressivas. Não houve efeitos colateriais em 42,3% dos pacientes. Nos demais, esses efeitos foram de pequena e média intentidade, duraram apenas o 19 dia, na maioria das vezes, e consisfram, especialmente, de náuseas e de vômitos. O controle de cura parasitária estabelecido compreendeu 4 exames de fezes - aos 30, 60, 90 e 120 dias do emprego do medicamento, o que já se fez em 330 pacientes (33%), com 99% de cura. Incluída a biópsia retal, sempre que foi possivel, por ocasião do 4º exame de fezes, o esquema funcionou até agora em 97 pacientes (9,7%), dos quais 92 (94%) estão curados, segundo esse critério. O presente trabalho confirma a ação esquistossomicida do hycanthone, bem como sua boa tolerabilidade, inclusive no que se refere ao hepatócito. Os doentes, entretanto, devem ser criteriosamente selecionados, tendo-se em vista as contra-indicações conhecidas, de modo especial em relação ao fígado.The authors report hier experiment with Hycanthone in a thousand patients suffering from schistosomiaasti mansoni, who have been treated in the Clinical Hospital of Guanabara University so far. The patients come from the endemical areas of the country, specially from northeast and southeast, being 53,9% males and 46,1% females, aged between 5 and 63. The prevailing clinicai form of the parasitosis was the hepatic-intestinal (96,%). The medicine has been applied in a single dosage, at the rate of 3 mg/kg of body weight, 33 6% in in-patients and 66,4% at the stage of ambulatorial treatment. The serum leveis of the transaminases determined for comparison before and after the use the produet, in 60 of the in-patients, did not modify, or just suffered inexpressive raising. There were no side-effects in 42,3% of the patients. In . the others, thore effects were of little and medium intemily and lasted only the first day in most cases, and consisted specially of nauseas and vomits. The parasitical cure control was performed through 4 stool examinations, at the end of 30, 60, 90 and 120 days of the medicine employment, and it has been done in 330 patients (33%), with 99% of cure. By including the rectal biopsy whenever, it was possible, by the time of the 4th stool examination, the procedure had worked out well with 97 patiens (9,7%), and among them 92 (94%), are now cured, according to that criter on. This paper confirms the schistosomicidal activity of the Hycanthone, as well as its good tolerance, including regarding the hepatic cells. The patients, however, must be carefully selected, taking into account the known counter-indications, mainly concerning the liver.

A comparison has been made between faced hoes manufactured in Brazil and those manufactured in Great Britain. The Brazilian hoes lack uniformity in the raw materials employed in subsequent heat treatments and in the finishing processes. The British hoes were used as a standard for all comparison. Differences between Brazilian and British hoes were due in part to the differences in raw material employed and in part to the different methods of fabrication. In the author's opinion, the Brazilian hoes are of poorer quality because the raw material are very heterogeneous. They come from several sources and there is no process for selection of raw materials. In this regard it is suggested in this paper that the Brazilian factories should buy the raw material at the same source and that this material should be more carefully selected. The British hoes are more uniform and it is assumed that they are made by more modern mechanical processes and that the operations are controlled more rigorously than in Brazil. The author gives tentavite specifications for selection of raw material for the manufacture of faced hoes in Brazil. These specifications cover the chemical composition of the raw material to be employed and the width and height of the facing as well as the heat treatment to which the hoes should be submitted.

A fishery research programme requires an accurate picture of the length distribution of the fish caught and landed. Each boat is considered a sampling unit. It is therefore necessary to know how to draw a sample from the fish landed in such a way as to give an accurate assessment of the length distribution of the boat's landing. This is the purpose of the present paper, which refers to the sampling of "pescada-foguete" (Macrodon ancylodon) caught by parejas of "Sociedade de Pesca Taiyo Ltda.", and landed on the fish market of Santos, State of São Paulo, Brazil. By courtesy of that firm two voyages were made during which observations on the length distribution of the fish caught were carried out. Independently, samples were taken of the fish landed from these voyages, after landing. In this way an evaluation of the sampling techniques used on the fish market was obtained. Due to the selection of the nets used, there is no rejection of "pescada-foguete" at sea and therefore the fish measured represent a boat's catch. Methods: 1 - Samples from the hauls were taken on board, at random, during two voyages, to find out if there is a significant difference in the length distributions between hauls on the same voyage. 2 - At the fish market three boxes of each size category: large - G, medium - M, and small - P, were measured: one (1) series at the beginning, the second (2) at the middle, and the third (3) at the end of the landing operation. The purpose was to see if there is a significant difference between the length distributions of each size category or if the same length distribution occurred in a given category during the entire process of landing. 3 - The grand mean, calculated according to the procedure and example given in Table VIII, for the sample quoted in item 2 above, was compared with that taken from the same vessel at sea. This shows whether the market sampling for length distribution differs significantly from that estimated from non-selected samples on the boat. The results were as follows: 1 - In the first voyage seven samples (Table I) were obtained from seven different hauls, and the means of the samples are plotted in Figure 2; the means of the second voyage (fifteen samples) drawn at random on the following trip, are plotted in Figure 3. The t test was applied for the comparison between the means and the results are shown in Tables II and III. The first three means show (Figure 2) a significant difference because at the beginning of the fishing operation several hauls were made at random to locate the shoals (Figure 1). The other four show no significant difference. The means of the second trip do not show, in general, a significant difference, probably due to the fact that the fishing was done at the same distance from the coast during the whole trip. For estimation of the variability of all samples together, analysis of variance was used (Table IV). The value of F is high in the first voyage, but not very high in the second. 2 - The difference between the mean length of the same size category taken at the beginning (1), at the middle (2), and at the end (3) of the landing was not highly significant (Tables V and VI). 3 - Table IX shows the comparison between the grand mean (see how it was computed in Table VIII) and the mean resulting from the gathering of samples obtained aboard the ship, in the first and in the second voyage. Those concerning the first trip do not show a significant difference; the same is true of two [(1) and (2)] from the second trip. The other (3) shows a significant difference because at the end of the landing some fish of bigger size than those normally considered as small were placed in the box of small fish measured. A percentage length frequency distribution of the raised market data and the boat samples (Figs. 4 and 5) shows practically no difference. Also, there is no significant difference between the samples obtained on board and those obtained on the fish market (grand mean for the two stratified samples of the first voyage, and for the three samples of the second one), as shown in Table X, i.e., the mean of two stratified samples taken at the fish market at the return from the first trip, when compared with the one obtained aboard, showed no significant difference. The same is evident with the three stratified samples obtained at the return from the second trip. The size distribution within a category is not the same for every landing (Tables VII and VIII). Therefore, from every landing a stratified sample must be drawn. Table V shows that two general means present no significant difference, but this is not so when compared with the third one. This suggests that more than one box is necessary to represent the catch of a pareja belonging to "Sociedade de Pesca Taiyo Ltda.". Table XI I shows, however, that the measurements of half a box of 25 kg, and the counting of the other half (to raise the total number of fish landed at each size category) are sufficient enough to represent the box. The most important conclusion is that a better representative sampling can be achieved by reducing the number of fish measured from each box, and increasing the number of boxes measured for fish. Thus the variance between boxes will be reduced and it will fall nearer to the variance within each box.

Com o fim de produzir o fenômeno de KOCH, os A. A. inocularam em 30 leprosos da Colônia Mirueira (Recife), de várias idades e formas clínicas, emulsões vivas de três culturas de bacilos ácido-álcool resistentes isolados de leprosos pro um dêles (S.A.). As doses inoculadas foram de 0,2 cc., por via intradérmica, em cada doente, das amostras "CII", "E" e "H" e mais da Leprolina S.A. (antígeno morto). No 10º dia da inoculação verificou-se que 24 dos 30 pacientes tiveram reação geral intensa; 2, reação moderada e 4, nenhuma reação geral. 16 dos 30 tiveram reação leprótica, sendo 10 em casos ativos (lepromatosos) e 6 em inativos, e 17 dos 30 tiveram adenopatias inguinais. O inóculo "CII" produziu escaras de 1 x 1 e 2 x 2 cm. de diâmetro, com destruição total da pele, nos 30 pacientes (o total dêles); o inóculo "E" produziu escaras de igual intensidade em 29, o inóculo "H", escaras muitos mais benignas em 23, e a Leprolina em 10, naturalmente por ação concomitante de um dos outros três inóculos. No 10º dia foram semeadas em meio de LOEWENSTEIN secreções das escaras de sete dos 30 doentes, num total de 20 tubos, dos quais 19 produziram retroculuras, a amioria contaminada por fungos ou por bactérias cianófilas. De um doente foi obtido retrocultura cromogênica da escara produzida na intradérmoreação pela "Leprolina S. A.", macro e microscòpricamente indiferencável das amostras "CII" e "E". Aliás, pela extensiva experimentação feita com estas duas amostras, estamos nos inclinando por considerá-las como idênticas. No 18º dia da inoculação foram feitos 30 esfregaços de secreções de lesões experimentais de 13 doentes, com 15 resultados positivos (50%), apesar do exame tardio. As morfologias macro e microscópica das retroculturas obtidas em Recife confirmam os caracteres descritos nas culturas originais. Dêste rápido ensaio se conclui que a maioria dos pacientes apresentou o fenômeno de KOCH parcial ou integral, com as clássicas reações gerais, focais e locais. A falta de recursos de laboratório na Colônia não permitiu melhor aproveitamento de tão precioso material experimental, e por isso êste trabalho apresenta várias lacunas.With the aim to produce the KOCH's phenomenon, the A. A. incoulated 30 lepers of the Colonia Mirueira (Recife), from various ages and clinical types, with alive suspensios of three strains of acid-fast bacilli isolated from lepers. Each volunteer received three intradermical inoculations in his thighs, of 0.2 c.c. each from strains "Chaves II", "Emília", and "Hecke" and in his left forea rom 0.2 c.c. of Leprolina S.A. (killed antigen). At the 10th day of inoculation were verified that 24 out of the 30 volunteers had severe general reaction, 2, moderate ones and 4, nothing. 16 out of the 30 had leprosy reaction, being 10 lepromatous cases and 6 inactive oens. The inoculum "C II" produced craters, of 1 x 1 and 2 x 2 cm. diameter in the 30 patients (total), craters with complete destruction of the skin; the inoculum "E" did the same in 29, of equal severety and the inoculum "H" did only in 23, but lesions of minor severety and the "L" produced craters in ten patients, evidently due to the concomitant action of one of the three inocula. At the same 10th day were inoculated secretions onto 20 tubes of LOEWENSTEIN medium of seven patients. 18 days later were seen developpment of retrocultures in 19 ou 20 tubes, the mojority being contaminated by fungs or cyanophile bacteria. From one patient (nº 16) was recovered a chromogenic culture from his Leprolin-test, macro and microscopically undistinguishable from strain "C II" or "E", which, based on a large experimentation the senior writer is inclined to consider as identical. At the 18 th day were made smears from lesions of 13 patients, 30 in total with 15 positive (50%) for one or another of the inocula. The macro and microscopical morphologies of the recovered cultures (retrocultrues) coincide with the characteristics of the original cultures from which the inocula were made. In conclusion, the majority of the patients showed partial or integral KOCH's prenomenon, with its classical general, local and focal reactions. By lack of laboratory resource, at the leper Colony, the precious material available from this series of experiments were not used, resulting in omissions of various kind in this paper.

In this paper, preliminary to a series of investigations that the A. has the purpose to make about the influence of climatic factors particularly upon the prevalence of the most important acute infectious diseases in Brazil, he raises the question whether such factors do affect in this country the total death rates, as it is reasonable to suppose, according to what has been observed in temperate zones of northern and southern hemispheres. The inclusion of absolute humidity among other climatic factors to be dealt with seems justifiable according to Rogers and Stallybrass. Owing to scarcety of reliable data the A. was obliged to limit to a five-years period (1940-1944) the complete proposed investigation, which includes seven of the most important cities, scattered throughout the brazilian territory, from north to south - Belem, recife, Salvador, Rio, S. Paulo, Curitiba and Porto Alegre. Reference is made to their normal climatic conditions and monthly death-rates variations with their mean values and standard deviations. In a first part dealing with seasonal variations only for purposes of comparison, he points out that in there tropical cities of Brazil, without very clear seasonal differentiation, the curve of general mortality reached its highest point in austral autumn season and the remaining four (including Rio near the tropic) in the spring, with the exception of Curitiba, where the peak coincided with the summer season. He shows how such important causes of deaths, as diarrheas, common respiratory diseases and tuberculosis, whose seasonal distribution for each one of the seven cities is referred, may explain such seasonal variations. On a second part, a study is made of the general mortality distribution by four-months periods selected in accordance respectively with the highest or lowest values of rainfall and of mean temperature and humidity during period 1940-1944. Finally he compares the monthly waves of such climatic factors and the corresponding waves of total death - rates and finds through correlation coefficients 17 significant values with respect to their standard errors. Variations in the death - rates seemed to be perhaps more closely and uniformly associated with variations of mean humidity, as is indicated by coefficients ranging from + 0.3 to 0.6.

Baseando-se na doutrina de Augusto Comte sôbre a fisiologia cerebral, o autor aventa a hipótese de que o córtex cerebelar estaria envolvido na patogenia do câncer. De acôrdo com a doutrina de Comte, o córtex do vérmis cerebelar seria responsável pela regência geral da nutrição, que se exprime no plano subjetivo da personalidade como instinto de conservação individual; o córtex dos hemisférios cerebelares seria preposto à regência do instinto sexual, não só quanto ao plano psicológico mas também quanto ao desenvolvimento do aparelho sexual. Os núcleos hipotalâmicos devem ser considerados como parte dêsse sistema. Sendo o câncer, em última instância, considerado como uma desorganização do crescimento celular, era admissível a presença de desordens cerebelares, tanto clínicas como histológicas, em pacientes de câncer, principalmente do aparelho genital em sentido lato. A revisão da literatura neuro-patológica permite confirmar esta hipótese inicial: a maioria dos autores que relataram achados neuropatológicos associados ao câncer refere a ocorrência de atrofia das células de Purkinje, específica, subaguda e difusa. Não obstante muitos autores considerarem êste processo como secundário ao carcinoma, a possibilidade de que a disfunção cerebelar seja causa da produção do câncer não fica excluída, pois vários pesquisadores têm assinalado que os sinais clínicos das lesões cerebelares aparecem, em muitos casos, antes que se manifestem os sintomas do câncer. Por outro lado, é sabido que, entre os sintomas que chamam a atenção no quadro sintomatológico dos cânceres, figuram a anorexia e a caquexia, ligadas à autoconservação (nutrição); ademais, são referidos o priapismo nos leucêmicos e distúrbios sexuais nos pacientes cancerosos, embora as alterações na esfera sexual não tenham sido consideradas com a devida atenção. O autor da presente nota sugere que: 1) pesquisas sejam orientadas no sentido de verificar se a desorganização cerebelar - manifestada clinicamente em certos casos - é responsável pelo crescimento neoplásico; 2) que o exame clínico dos cancerosos seja completado com exame neurológico minucioso visando especialmente ao despistamento de alterações das funções cerebelares; 3) que na anamnese dos pacientes cancerosos seja investigada a existência de distúrbios ligados à esfera do instinto sexual. Starting from Comte's doctrine on brain physiology, the author advances the views that cerebellar cortex should be involved in the pathogenesis of cancer. According to that theory, the cortex of the vermis provides for the nutrition instinct, while neocerebellar cortex is responsible for the sexual drives. Hypothalamic nuclei are to be regarded as a relay in this system. Since cancer is recognized, in the last instance, as a disorganization of cellular growth, the author anticipated to find out cerebellar disturbances, clinical as well as histological, in cancerous patients; and this especially in cancer of the sexual organs at large. A thorough search into the neuropathological literature has steadily supported this starting viewpoint. Most authors who have reported on neuropathological findings associated with cancer or reviewed the corresponding literature emphasized consistently a specifical "Purkinje's atrophy", subacute and diffuse in type. Even though in many of such papers it is termed a secondary process, with the carcinoma as the causal factor, the correlation is by no means excluded because many authors agree that clinical symptoms of cerebellar failure are present even long before the cancer symptoms may be detected. The present writer calls attention to the mental symptoms pointing out to troubles of selfpreservation (nutritional) and/or sexual drives in the beginning of the clinical features, a fact which have not been stressed enough by the researchers. Chief aims of this preliminary report are to suggest: (a) that researches be directed towards finding out whether cerebellar disorganization - hence its clinical disturbances - are primarily responsible for cancer growth; (b) that clinical examination endeavor to detect fine neurological symptoms of cerebellar regulation; (c) that libido and erotic disturbances of behavior be investigated in the clinical history of cancer patients.

Os Autores estudam as alterações do pericárdio, especialmente do pericárdio visceral na cardiopatia chagásica, confrontando-se com as alterações, observadas em outras cardiopatias (reumáticas e hipertensivas). Analisam as alterações pericárdicas no camundongo experimentalmente infectado e discutem especialmente a natureza e a gênese das lesões, a evolução e a correlação dos vários aspectos morfológicos entre si. The Authors have studied on this paper the pericardic alterations cbserved in the human Chagas' disease and have oompared them with the pericárdio alterations recorded in rheumatic and hypertensive heart diseases. They also analised the pericardial alterations in the experimental Chagas' disease in mice. The pathogenesis and evolution of the lesions are discussed.

This paper deals with a modification in the solubilization technique of natural phophates in the 2% citric acid solution. The proposed technique is as follows: 2,5 g of phosphatic material and 250 ml of 2% citric acid solution, in a 500 ml Erlenmeyer flask, are shaken for 30 minutes at 30-40 rpm. The phosphorus (P2O5) was determined by the usual method. The data obtained were compared with the conventional technique in which a Stohmann bottle is used. The natural phosphates used were: Phosphorita de Olinda (Pernambuco), Flórida Phosphate (USA) and Hiperphosphate (África). Statistical analysis was applied to the data and the following conclusions were arrived at: a) The precision is equivalent in both techniques. b) There is no significant variation between the means obtained with the two technique.

Foram tomados 2 lotes de pintos Rhode Island Red de 40 dias de idade que foram submetidos, o lote A a uma alimentação com ração sem proteina de origem animal, na qual a farinha de carne foi substituida por igual quantidade de farelo de torta de sementes de algodão, e adicionada à mesma 2 quilos de excremento de vaca, colhido fresco, secado ao sol e triturado; o lote B, que serviu de testemunha continha os mesmos ingredientes, com exceção de excremento de vaca e da torta de algodão, em lugar da qual figurava a farinha de carne. Alimentadas durante 6 semanas as aves se comportaram de maneira idêntica, acusando as do lote A um aumento leve e progressivo do peso médio, embora sem diferença estatística. O excremento de vaca foi satisfatório e supriu as deficiências da ração de tratamento em certos amino ácidos só presentes em proteinas de origem animal como a farinha de carne. The effect of cow manure as substitute of animal protein on chick growth was studied in the present paper. The results so far obtained seems to indicate a favorable action of cow manure. However, the difference between the lots compared could not be checked with the usual statistical methods.

Os resultados da produtividade e de outras características de 64 progênies selecionadas de café plantadas em Mococa foram avaliados e discutidos. Compararam-se êsses resultados com os obtidos em ensaios semelhantes plantados em Campinas e Jaú, e traçaram-se paralelos entre o comportamento dos cultivares e das progênies individuais nas três regiões ecológicas. O grupo de progênies de 'Mundo Nôvo' revelou-se o mais produtivo, de maior vigor e de sementes maiores e mais pesadas. As progênies dêsse cultivar de prefixos CP 387-17, MP 386-2, CP 379-19 e MP 376-4 mostraram-se mais produtivas e com boas características vegetativas, podendo ser recomendadas para plantio na região. A progênie CP 387-17 produziu 250 por cento a mais, de café beneficiado, do que o padrão 'Tipica', comumente cultivado na região ao se iniciarem os trabalhos de seleção. A de prefixo MP 386-2, além de produtiva, apresentou as sementes maiores e mais pesadas. As quatro progênies de 'Mundo Nôvo' mais produtivas deram pràticamente 100 por cento a mais do que o testemunha 'Mundo Nôvo', sem seleção, indicando o acentuado progresso conseguido no melhoramento dêsse cultivar, pelo método de seleção individual. The coffee selection program of the Instituto Agronomico at Campinas has been carried on in five experimental stations located in different ecological conditions. After identifying the best progenies in each station, a series of five trials was established to evaluate the adaptability of these selections to different localities. The present paper refers to a trial planted in the Experimental Station at Mococa in the northeastern part of the Stale of S. Paulo, with heavy clay soil (massapê-salmourão). The selected progenies of 'Mundo Nôvo' cultivar were superior to any other progenies studied in all characteristics considered: yield, vigor, and size and weight of flat seeds. Among them the progenies CP 387-17, MP 386-2, CP 379-19 and MP 376-4 revealed to be the most promising ones for high yield, vigor and seed size. The progeny CP 387-17 produced 250 per cent more clean coffee than the tester 'Tipica' commonly grown in the Mococa region at the beginning of the coffee selection project. Remarkable progress was observed in the selection of progenies by the pedigree method from the originai population of 'Mundo Nôvo'. The four best selections had an average production 100 percent higher than the original population. The results obtained confirm observations made for the same progenies grown in Campinas and Jau, in that the 'Mundo Nôvo' progenies have a very broad adaptation giving high yields in diverse ecological conditions.

O trabalho refere as observações feitas em 1947 em um foco de leishmaniose muco-cutânea na Baixada Fluminense (Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil). A existência da moléstia como uma endemia na região foi comprovada pelo encontro de 21 cicatrizes típicas, reagindo positivamente à intradermo-reação com antígeno específico, algumas datando de 5 a 15 anos. Na época dos trabalhos, entretanto, foi constatado um "surto epidêmico", o qual coincidira com uma grande derrubada florestal para fabrico de carvão vegetal. De 306 pessoas examinadas (cêrca de 50% da população local), foram encontradas 39 com lesões leishmanióticas (12,7%). Dentro e fora dos domicílios foram capturados Phlebotomus intermedius. Em 12 cães examinados foi encontrado um com diagnóstico provável da moléstia. Quinze gatos examinados mostraram-se negativos e, do mesmo modo, 28 mamíferos silvestres de pequeno porte. Dos 39 paciente, 4 tinham lesões mucosas (10,3%); 16 apresentavam lesões múltiplas (41,0%); e 19 eram mulheres (48,7%). Havia absoluta predominância das lesões nas partes descobertas do corpo. Cêrca de 1/3 dos casos era em crianças até 10 anos, atestando uma intensa transmissão domiciliária. Existiam casas com 2 a 6 enfermos. Com base nos informes dos pacientes ou responsáveis quanto ao tempo de doença (e admitindo-se um período incubativo médio de 2 meses), conclui-se que, provàvelmente, a grande maioria das infecções se dera entre julho e novembro, coincidindo com a derrubada florestal acima citada. Em 36 casos foi feita a intradermo-reação de Montenegro, obtendo-se respostas duvidosas em 2 e positivas em 34, com intensidade variável. Foram feitas 18 biópsias. Na epiderme havia hiperacantose e, freqüentement, pseudoepiteliomatose com globos córneos e microabcessos; e na derme observaram-se 2 quadros característicos: ou um infiltrado de plasmócitos predominantes, ou uma reação granulomatosa, os quais, às vêzes, se associavam. Em geral, a granulomatose ocorria nos casos mais antigos, isolada ou associada à infiltração, que predominava nos casos mais recentes da enfermidade. A granulomatose traduziria um estado hiperérgico do organismo, uma vez que os indivífuos que a apresentaram tinham maior tempo de doença e reagiam fortemente à intradermo-reação. As leishmanias nunca se mostraram muito numerosas nos cortes estudados. Em 3 paciente foi observada cura espontânea. Foram tratados 26 doentes, sendo 18 com tártaro emético, 4 com "fuadina" e 4 com ambos os remédios. O tártaro mostrou-se tóxico, embora desse resultados tão bons quanto a "fuadina". Dois paciente com lesões da mucosa nasal não se curaram completamente, não obstante terem recebido ambos os remédios. Cinco anos depois dêste inquérito contatou-se pràticamente a extinção dêste foco de leishmaniose. Durante êsse tempo tinham sido feitas aspersões domiciliárias periódicas com o DDT para combate à malária (NERY GUIMARÃES & BUSTAMANTE, 1953).The paper reports a survey made in a focus of muco-cutaneous leishmaniasis in a locality of the lowlands of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Baixada Fluminense). The existence of the disease as an endemic of the region was confirmed by the finding of 21 cases with typical scars and responding positively to Montenegro's intradermo-reaction with specific antigen and some of them dating back from 5 to 15 years. At the time of the survey, however, an epidemic outbreak was discovered, coincidig with a great felling of trees for the making of charcoal. Out of 306 persons examined (50% of the local population), 39 presented leishmaniotic lesions (12,7%). Both within the houses and outside, adults Phlebotomus intermedius were captured. From 12 houses, 136 specimens were captured (11,3 per house). Out of 23 dogs examined, one was found with a probable diagnosis of elishmaniasis. Fifteen cats were found negative, as well as 28 small wild mammals. From the 39 patients, 4 had mucous lesions (10,3%), 16 presented multiple lesions (41,0%), and 19 were female (48,7%). There was an absolute predominance of lesions on bare parts of the body. About one third of the cases were children of 10 years or less, confirming the intense domiciliary transmission. Some houses had 2 to 6 patients. On basis of informations furnished by the patients of by their relatives as to the time elapsed since the beginning of the infection, and admitting an incubation period of 2 months, it is possible to conclude that the great majority of infections probably occurred between July and December, coinciding with the great felling of trees already referred to. In 36 cases Montenegro's intradermo-reaction was made, with 2 doubtful and 34 positive results of variable intensity. Eighteen biopsies were made, the epidermis presenting hyperacanthosis, and frquently pseudoepitheliomatosis with corneous globules and micro-abscesses. The dermis showed two characteristic pictures: an infiltration with predominance of plasmocytes or a granulomatous lesion with epithelioid and giant cells. In general, granulomatosis occurred in older cases, isolated or associated to infiltration with plasmocytes. It seems that granulomatosis represents a hyperergic condition of the infected organism, as the patients who showed it had the disease for a longer time and reponded strongly to the intradermo-reaction. Leishmaniae were not numerous in sections. Three patients showed spontaneous cure. Twenty six patients were treated, 16 with tartar emetic, 4 with "fuadin" and 4 with both these drugs. Some of the patients treated with tartar showed toxic symptoms, although the results were as good as those obtained with "fuadin". Two patients with nasal mucous lesions were not cured, notwithstanding the use of both these drugs. Five years after this survey, muco-cutaneous leishmaniasis was absent from the region, probably as a consequence of several preiodical DDT house sprayings to combate malaria during the intervening years (NERY GHIMARÃES & BUSTAMANTE, 1953).

The present paper has as its main objective an improvement of the statistics fishery in Brazil. The writers deal only with marine Sciaenidae whose geographical distribution includes part or the totality of Brazilian shore waters in a tentative to promote a collection of uniform statistc data for every species. A list of the species is given together with a simple key for identification as well as a general survey of the popular nomenclature for them. As the latter has many gaps and no value for a rigorous separation of the species, the writers decided to propose to the government offices responsible for the fishery statistics a list of "official popular names" which, given the opportunity of being put into practice, will permit the accomplishment of their objectives.

This paper deals with a field trial executed to compare cotton seed and cacau meals in the fertilization of sugar cane, variety Co290. The design chosen was a latin square of 6 x 6. The following conclusions can be drawn: 1. Cottonseed meal revealed to be statistically superior to cacau meal, being even superior to the mineral fertilizers plus cacau meal treatment. 2. From an economical point of view cotton seed meal, as a fertilizer for sugar cane, can not be substituted by cacau meal.

Os autores, que vêm fazendo exames eletrencefalográficos sistematizadamente em casos de abscessos cerebrais desde 1951, relatam sua experiência, ressaltando os elementos que o EEG proporciona para o diagnóstico e prognóstico desses processos. O material que apresentam é de 22 casos (20 com EEG pré-operatório, 17 dos quais com seguimento eletrencefalográfico pós-operatório, e 2 nos quais só foi feito EEG pós-operatório) com diagnóstico confirmado pela ar-teriografia e pela intervenção cirúrgica. Todos foram submetidos a trata- mento cirúrgico e antibiótico, sendo o seguimento clínico-eletrencefalográfico a partir do 30º dia após a intervenção cirúrgica. No grupo dos pacientes com EEG pré-operatório foram encontradas alterações difusas do traçado em 20 casos (100%) e alterações focais consistentes em ondas delta 0,5 a 3 c/s, potencial de 400 a 500 mV (19 casos), depressão focal do ritmo de base (11 casos), foco epileptógeno (2 casos). As ondas delta bastante lentas e a depressão focal do ritmo de base constituem elemento de valor para o diagnóstico, particularmente quando interpretados em consonância com a clínica. No grupo de pacientes seguidos com exames clínicos e eletrencefalográficos sistemáticos, por um período que variou de 1 a 60 meses, foram encontrados sinais de foco convulsiógeno ativo em 10 dos 17 pacientes observados. Na opinião dos autores êste índice anormalmente elevado está em consonância com a freqüência de epilepsia pós-abscesso cerebral. O tempo que decorreu entre a operação e o aparecimento do foco ativo variou de 1 até 25 meses. Dêsses 10 pacientes com foco ativo e com epilepsia clìnicamente comprovada, sòmente 2 tinham foco anteriormente ao processo de "cura" do abscesso. Os autores discutem êsse problema e pensam ser os processos de cicatrização - processos crônicos -- os responsáveis por tais manifestações clínico-eletrencefalográficas. Ainda neste grupo chamam atenção para o fato de que em sòmente 4 pacientes o EEG continuou a se manter normal durante todo período de observação, sendo que 2 outros tiveram EEG normal por 5 e 15 meses, respectivamente, e, mais tarde apresentaram foco ativo. Ao lado dêstes focos epileptógenos, em 3 pacientes havia também sinais de sofrimento do parênquima nervoso (ondas delta) 1 a 3 meses depois da intervenção cirúrgica (casos com convulsões reiteradas ou ainda com sinais do abscesso em evolução). Em 6 casos havia certa depressão focai pós-operatória no EEG; em 4 havia alterações frustras do ritmo de base, alterações estas de tipo cicatricial e sem correlação clínica correspondente. Concluem os autores que o EEG constitui excelente método auxiliar no diagnóstico de abscessos cerebrais e, principalmente, elemento muito útil no prognóstico dos casos tratados, quer evidenciando desaparecimento dos sinais agudos de comprometimento cerebral, quer fornecendo precocemente sinais da formação de foco convulsiógeno ativo, possibilitando a instituição precoce de terapêutica anticonvulsiva. The authors have made electroencephalographs studies in cases of cerebral abscess since 1951; these records were always obtained before any neurosurgical treatment and were repeated several times after the surgical approach. The authors call the attention to the important data that the EEG can offer to the diagnosis of cerebral abscess and to the prognosis in patients who were operated on. Twenty-two patients (20 had EEG previously to the surgical treatment, 17 with repeated EEG after the operation and 2 had EEG only after the operation) were clinically and electroencephalographically studied, the diagnosis being confirmed by arteriograms and by the surgical treatment. AH patients were operated on and received antibiotics. In the present paper the EEG changes found during the first month following the surgical treatment were not included. In the group of patients with EEG obtained before the surgical treatment, the authors found difuse changes in the record of the 20 patients (100 per cent), and focal changes consisting mainly by delta waves of 0.5-3 c/s, potential of 400-500 mV (19 cases) focal depression of the basic rhythm (11 cases); epileptogenic focus was found only in 2 cases. The very slow delta waves and focal depression of the basic rhythm represent very important data for the diagnosis, particularly when studied in relation to the clinic data. In the group of patients who had clinical and EEG examinations after the operation, being the EEG records repeated during a period of time from one to 60 months, the authors found signs of active convulsive focus in 10 out of 17 patients. In the opinion of the authors this incidence is very high and it is in accordance with the high frequency of epilepsy following cerebral abscess. The lenght of time between the operation and the onset of the focal activity varied from one to 25 months. Out of the 10 patients with focal activity and with clinical epilepsy, only 2 patients had presented focal activity before to the "healing" of the abscess. The authors discuss this problem and believe that the healing, which is a chronic process, is the responsible for the onset of these clinically and electroencephalographically manifestations. In the same group only 4 patients had normal EEG during all the follow-up; 2 patients had normal EEG during 5 and 15 months, but developed focal activity later on. Other 3 patients had signs of suffering of the nervous tissue (delta waves) from one to 3 months after the operation (patients with convulsive seizures or still with signs of abscess in evolution).. In 6 cases there was slight changes of the basic rhythm, which were due to the healing and with no clinical correlation. The authors conclude that the EEG is a very important auxiliary method for the diagnosis of cerebral abscess and for the prognosis of those cases surgically treated, since it shows disappearance of acute signs of cerebral involvement, or early formation of active convulsive focus, permitting the begining of the anticonvulsive therapy.

Foi feita avaliação do comportamento da globulina beta do LCR em processos inflamatórios do SNC e/ou de seus envoltórios no sentido de verificar até que ponto podem ser úteis para o prognóstico as informações obtidas. Essa avaliação foi baseada no fato de a concentração dessa globulina no LCR estar relacionada ao metabolismo do parênquima nervoso, aumentando em condições que acarretem seu sofrimento. Os proteinogramas do LCR de 45 pacientes com processos inflamatórios do SNC e/ou de seus envoltórios, distribuídos em 6 grupos de casos, foram analisados segundo a possibilidade de o processo inflamatório estar acarretando, ou não, sofrimento do parênquima encefálico. A análise dos resultados mostrou que o estudo da concentração da globulina beta no LCR fornece elementos que permitem avaliar o comprometimento do parênquima encefálico nessas condições, aduzindo dados úteis para a avaliação prognóstica. A intensidade do aumento da concentração dessa globulina no LCR era maior do que a do aumento da concentração de albumina nos casos em que o processo inflamatório determinava comprometimento do parênquima encefálico. The CSF proteins of 45 patients with inflammatory diseases of the CNS were studied in order to evaluate the information that the beta-globulin content may bring about the occurrence of involvement of brain tissue. The material was distributed in 6 groups according to the diagnosis of the cases: 10 patients had spinal cord and/or radicular inflammatory disease, associated or not with leptomeningeal involvement (group 1); 5 had acute leptomeningitis (group 2); in 5 the diagnosis of tuberculous meningo-encephalitis was made (group 3); in 10, of cysticercosis of the CNS (group 4); in 5, of neurosyphilis (group 5); in 10, of encephalitides (group 6). Total protein content was determined by the turbidimetric method of the trichloroacetic acid. The protein fractions were analyzed through paper strip electrophoresis. The results were evaluated in respect to normal values previously reported. The high gamma-globulin content of the CSF in inflammatory processes of the CNS hinders the evaluation of the changes occurring in the content of the other globulins; the interference of such factor is more marked when the inflammatory process is chronic. In such conditions the evaluation of the content of the other globulin fractions is better achieved by comparison with the albumin content, the values reported for each globulin being statistically compared to those obtained for the albumin fraction. By this procedure it was shown that in all 45 cases changes in the alpha-globulin content were not different from that found for the albumin fraction and it was concluded that these data bring no evidences indicating interference of other factors than those related to the blood-CSF barrier for the explanation of the changes in the alpha-globulins content of the samples studied. Significant differences were found in respect to beta and gamma globulins. The changes found in the gamma-globulin support the possibility that the increase of this globulin is conditioned by the local production. Data concerning to beta-globulin in the cases of groups 5 and 6 showed that the increases in the amount of this globulin were more marked than those observed for the albumin. This difference was statistically significant. It brings evidence of participation of a different factor in the explanation of the finding other than those accepted for the albumin fraction. The discussion on the nature of this factor supports the possibility of its relation to the changes in the protein metabolism of the brain, since the damage of the latter was present in the cases of these groups of patients. These data are in agreement to the findings on the changes registered in the content of this globulin in the CSF in degenerative diseases as it is reported in the literature. The changes in the beta-globulin content of the CSF which are more marked than those found in the albumin content bring useful information when the data are analyzed in respect to their respective normal values; they point out to the possibility of brain damage by the inflammatory process. In the basis of such evidence cases of the groups 3 and 4 are considered and it was found that the data obtained did not differ from those resulting from the surgical or necroscopic examination and from the follow-up of the patients.

Êste trabalho versa sôbre o diagnóstico específico das causas da oclusão carotídea ou de uma das principais artérias intracranianas. Êle é baseado em 101 casos nos quais uma ou mais artérias acima referidas foram consideradas como ocluídas em conseqüência de causa patológica e 6 casos de estenose arterial de maior ou menor extensão. A fim de sistematizar o estudo do diagnóstico diferencial, foram incluídos casos de oclusões artificiais. São postas em relêvo as dificuldades que podem ocorrer nas diferentes etapas do diagnóstico específico de uma oclusão arterial, bem como os recursos empregados para superá-las. Para maior clareza, os diferentes itens relativos ao diagnóstico angiográfico das oclusões arteriais em aprêço foram esquematizados em: 1) distinção entre obstrução arterial verdadeira e oclusão artificial; 2) distinção entre obstrução orgânica e oclusão funcional da luz arterial; 3) diagnóstico das estenoses arteriais segmentares; 4) distinção entre ausência congênita e oclusão adquirida de uma artéria, particularmente no que se refere às partes constituintes do polígono de Willis. This paper deals with the specific diagnoses of the causes and mechanisms involved in the occlusion of the carotids or one of the major intracranial arteries. It is based on a series of 101 cases in which one or more of the above mentioned arteries were considered as occluded, the occlusion being of a pathologic origin. Artificial occlusion of the carotid and vertebral arteries as well as intracranial ones was also taken into account. Difficulties which may arise in every step of the differential diagnosis of arterial occlusion are pointed out, as are technical resources which help to avoid such difficulties. In order to render the report more practical the items concerned with angiographic diagnosis of occlusion of the intracranial and extracranial arteries of the brain are schematized as follows: 1) distinction between lasting and transitory non-pathologic occlusion; 2) distinction between organic and functional occlusion of an artery; 3) recognition of arterial narrowing; 4) distinction between congenital absence and acquired occlusion of an artery, specially one of the parts of the arterial circle of the base.

A aradura é a principal das operações agrícolas para o desenvolvimento das diversas culturas. A sua importância é conhecida desde as mais remotas eras. Assim, os romanos já tinham sua teoria sobre aradura. Desta forma o arado, a mais antiga das máquinas agrícolas, foi sempre motivo de atenção dos agricultores, fabricantes e técnicos em mecânica agrícola. A sua evolução foi bastante grande. O estudo do arado sob o ponto de vista agrícola e econômico, para exata aplicação da máquina, nas diversas condições de solo, é de máximo interêsse para a mecânica agrícola. Assim sendo, para orientar a correta aplicação do arado, o que constitui a presente tese, foi experimentado num solo arenoso, de características mecânicas (areia total 75,7%, argila 13,5 e lôdo 10,8%) a diversas profundidades de aração, (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30cm), plantando nos mesmos, milho para verificar o efeito na produção. Num terceiro ano de experiência, foi realizada uma experiência a mais, isto é, uma subsolagem a 40 cm. Foi plantado milho nos canteiros assim trabalhados, e que eram repetidos em número de 4, porque o milho é uma cultura muito frequente e de fácil contrôle. As experiências com as diversas profundidades, demostraram que nestas condições de solo, à medida que aumenta a profundidade, aumenta também a produção. Do exposto, conclui-se pela experimentação que para esse solo é aconselhável: fazer o arado trabalhar a maior profundidade em que comumente é empregado até o limite de 25 cm, que foi o valor máximo examinado. No matter what crop is concerned, plowing the soil is the main agricultural practice. Its importance is well known since many centuries ago: suffices to say that the Romans before Christ already had a theory on plowing the land. Thus, the plow, the oldest agricultural implement, has always attracted the attention of farmers, engineers and people engaged on agricultural mechanics. For this reason, its evolution was remarkable. The study of the plow, under both an agricultural and an econcmic point of view, is of great interest to agricultural mechanica, since on such a kind of research is based the best method of application of the plow. The present paper deals with an experiment carried out to obtain data on the use and effect of plowing as related to different depths of doing it. The soil worked out presented the following characteristics: total sand - 75.7%, clay - 13.5%, silt - 10.8%; hence, it is a sandy soil. Plowing was made at the following depths: 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 cm. in the first two years; in the third year, another depth was included, that is, 40 cm., which corresponds to an under-plowing. The field trial was conducted with four replicates throughout, plots 50 X 20 m. being used. Corn was planted to find out the effects of the depth of plowing on such a crop. The following conclusions can be drawn: 1. on the experimental conditions, yield was directly proportional to the depth of plowing; in other words, the deeper the plow works, the best is the yield therein obtained; 2. it is therefore suggersted that on soils similar to this experiment's it is advisable to plow deeper than usual; a working depth of 252cm. is recommended.

This paper deals with two cases of patients suffering from cerebral cysticercosis, who were previously being treated as neuroluetic. The first case was of a patient aged 35 who suffered from epileptic seizures since the age of 12. Due to changes of the cerebrospinal fluid, he was submitted to an antiluetic treatment and also to malaria therapy. In spite of the antisyphilitic treatment the diseasse went slowly on, bearing a psychiatric and neurological syndrome of the frontal lobe and also [...]

Entre os pacientes internados, por traumatismos cranianos, no Pronto Socorro de Neurocirurgia do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de São Paulo, de 1954 a 1957, foram selecionados três, nos quais a evolução ulterior infirmou o diagnóstico inicial de hematoma extra ou subdural. O aparecimento, algum tempo após o traumatismo, de sinais focais e de hipertensão intracraniana sugeriu a existência de hematoma intracraniano provavelmente subdural, sendo então indicada a realização, com urgência, de uma angiografia cerebral por via carotídea. Em todos os casos foram evidenciados desvios da artéria cerebral anterior, não havendo elementos para o diagnóstico da natureza do processo expansivo. Em dois casos foram feitas pneumografias que mostraram desvios do sistema ventricular e electrencefalogramas que mostraram depressão da atividade elétrica no hemisfério homolateral ao traumatismo. Exames radiológicos sucessivos mostraram diminuição progressiva, até a desaparição, dos desvios arteriais; um dos pacientes foi submetido a trepanação exploradora que mostrou apenas edema cerebral. Medicação visando combater o edema cerebral determinou melhora acentuada dos quadros clínicos. A finalidade do trabalho é de apresentar um quadro raramente descrito como complicação de traumatismos crânio-encefálicos e tecer comentários a respeito das dificuldades do diagnóstico diferencial com o hematoma subdural. A review of cases admitted to the "Emergency Service" of the Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo during a period of 4 years (1954 to 1957) was made and among them three cases were considered of interest because of the difficulty of diagnosis as well as its rarity. In those patients the evolution and further investigation invalidated the diagnosis of subdural hematoma with which they were admitted. This diagnosis had been made because of focal symptoms and intracranial hypertension after a period of one to two months after a craniocerebral trauma. Angiograms in the three cases had showed deviations of the anterior cerebral artery without sufficient data to demonstrate the nature of the expansive process. In two cases pneumoventriculographic examination showed a deviation of ventricular system and the electroencephalograms revealed depression of electric activity in the hemisphere ipsilateral to the traumatism. Successive roentgenologic examinations showed progressive reduction and even disappearing of the vascular deviation previously found. In one patient a trepanation was performed revealing nothing but cerebral edema. Conditions of the three patients were greatly improved with conservative measures. The object of this paper is to emphasize the difficulties for differential diagnosis with subdural hematoma.

Os A. A., visando aplicar a bartonelose do rato albino esplenectomizado como teste para o estudo das funções do baço, uma vez que há evidência de um mecanismo de proteção de natureza hormonal, estudam a evolução da anemia nesse animal após a esplenectomia. Discutem aspectos e trabalhos sôbre o assunto. Comparam a anemia da bartonelose à da fenilhidrazina e discutem a influência dos traumatismos inespecíficos sôbre o desencadeiamento dessa infecção. Aproveitam o material para a verificação do efeito terapêutico da penicilina bárica, fabricada no Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, na bartonelose experimental do rato albino. Descrevem os métodos e concluem sôbre a extrema sensibilidade dos animais utilizados e da ineficácia da penicilina, pelo menos na dose empregada.The A. A. intending to use Bartonellosis of splenectomized rats as a test of spleen functions, since there is evidence of an hormonal protective mechanism, study the evolution of anemia in this animal after spelenectomy. They discuss the principal aspects and papers about the subject. They compare the influence of inespecific trauma as regard the appearance of this infection. They profit the material for the verification of the terapeutics effect of barium penicillin produced at the Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, over the experimental Bartonella muris anemia of splenectomized albino rats. They describe the methods and give the results in respect of the extreme sensibility of the animals employed and the ineffectiveness of penicillin at least in the dosage used.

In this paper the A. A. report the observations about the general anesthesia by chloral hydrate on the veterinary surgery. The observations were made on emasculation practices of horses, mules and hogs. It was possible to establish the following conclusions: 1) The choral hydrate presents low cost, it harmless, and is of easy application. 2) The more recommendable dosis for equine and swine were : 12-13 g per 100 k of body weight, in destilled water solution at 30 and 20%, respectively. 3) The anaethestic was injected by intravenous way with good results; in horses and mules the applications were made in the jugular; in swine, in the anterior vena cava, as was described by Carle and Dewhirst, because it was impracticable in the ear vein. 4) The dosis applied produced deep narcosis not lasting to long and with no danger to the animal's life. 5) In the case of fattening hogs, it must be made a discount of about 40% on the body weight, to calculate dosis to be employed. 6) The tables A and B show the results, that may be considered as good.

Os autores relatam o caso de um homem de 38 anos de idade que apresentava uma hemiparesia direita nítida, sem afasia, datando de cerca de um mês. O déficit motor no dimídio direito se iniciara com violenta cefaléia, rebelde ao uso de analgésicos, mas que, pouco a pouco, cedeu completamente. O exame clínico não revelou qualquer causa capaz de explicar a hemiparesia. Liqüido cefaiorraquidiano e exame oftalmoscòpico inteiramente normais. As radiografias simples do crânio mostravam opacificação de consistência compacta no seio frontal e imagem aérea, volumosa, ocupando a maior parte do hemicrânio esquerdo. Os cortes planigráficos sagitais revelaram erosão da parede posterior e do assoalho do seio frontal, sem continuidade com a coleção de ar. Durante a operação foi verificada integridade da dura mater. Dias após a intervenção, a motricidade voluntária do hemicorpo direito já havia melhorado consideravelmente e, um mês após, o exame neurológico foi totalmente negativo. Tratava-se de osteoma ebùrneo. Após estudar os aspectos otorrinolaringológicos dos osteomas dos seios frontais, os autores consideram as suas eventuais complicações. Assim, se o tumor crescer para o lado, poderá invadir a órbita, causando exoftalmo, proptose e diplopia; expandindo-se para trás, poderá erosar a parede posterior do seio frontal, ocasionando pneumatocele extradural, como ocorreu no caso registrado neste trabalho; sucessivamente, poderá também perfurar a dura mater (pneumatocele subdural), invadir o tecido cerebral (pneumatocele intracerebral) e mesmo se comunicar com o ventrículo lateral (pneumatocele ventricular). Essas coleções aéreas intracranianas (pneumocéfalos) são eventualidades excepcionais em doença também rara. De fato, até 1941, haviam sido registrados 321 casos de osteomas, dos quais apenas 8 se complicaram de pneumocéfalo: 2 extradurais, 4 intracerebrais e 2 ventriculares. Por outro lado, essas complicações neurológicas de osteomas podem se agravar pela inflamação do seio paranasal infectado. Comparando os casos de pneumatocele subdural traumático com os determinados por osteomas sinusais, os autores chamam a atenção para a inconstância e a transitoriedade com que, nestes últimos, se evidencia a rinorréia cefalorraquidiana. Para que se forme a coleção aérea intracraniana é necessário que o duto nasofrontal seja permeável; evidentemente, se este houver sido previamente obliterado pela expansão do tumor, o pneumatocele não poderá se constituir. Os autores explicam a hemiparesia apresentada pelo paciente, como o resultado de uma compressão da coleção de ar, através da dura mater e dos planos subjacentes, sobre o hemisfério cerebral esquerdo. The authors present a case of a man, 38 years old, who presented since a month a right hemiparesia, without aphasia. The paresia in the right side began with a violent headache, which would not give way to the analgesics, but little by little, disappeared completely. A careful general examination did not show any cause capable of explaining the hemiparesia. Ophthalmologic and spinal fluid examinations were absolutely normal. The plain radiograms shows a opacity of compact consistency in the frontal sinus and a voluminous image occupying the largest part of the left side of the skull. The sagital tomographic sections revealed erosion of the posterior wall and floor of the frontal sinus in continuity with the air collection. Once the patient was operated on, the integrity of the dura mater was evident. A few days after the intervention, the voluntary movements of right side of the body had already improved considerably, and a month later the neurologic examination was entirely negative. The removed tumor was an osteoma eburneo. After studying the otorhinolaryngologic aspects of the osteoma of the frontal sinus the authors consider its eventual complications. If the tumor grows lateral wards, it may invade the orbit, causing exophtalm, proptosis and diplopia; expanding backwards, it may erode the posterior wall of the frontal sinus causing an extradural pneumatocele, as occurred in the case registered in the present paper; it may also successively perforate the dura mater (sub-dural pneumatocele), invade the brain tissue (intra-cerebral pneumatocele), and even communicate with the lateral ventricle (ventricular pneumatocele). These intracranial collections (pneumocephalus) are exceedingly rare eventualities in a rare illness. As a matter of fact, until 1941, 321 cases of "osteomae" had been registered, of which only 8 had complications of pneumocephalus (2 extra-dural, 4 intra-cerebral and 2 ventricular). Besides, these neurologic complications of "osteomae" may get worse with inflammation brought from the infected paranasal sinus. Comparing the cases of traumatic sub-dural pneumatocele with those determined by sinusal "osteomae" the authors emphasize the inconstancy and transitoriness with which, in the last ones, the rhinorrhea is present. The naso-frontal duct must be permeable to allow the formation of intracranial aerial collection; evidently if this one has been previous obliterated by the expansion of the tumor, the pneumatocele cannot be produced. The authors explain the hemiparesia presented by the patient, as the result of a compression by the air collection, through the dura mater and the subjacent plans, on the left cerebral hemisphere.