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This study investigates the linguistic organization of the introduction sections of academic papers from the Veterinary Medicine field in terms of the two basic systems that determine how one clause is related to another: taxis (degree of interdependency) and logico-semantic relation (Halliday; Matthiessen, 2014, p. 438). All the clauses from the introduction sections of five published academic papers were analyzed. The results showed a high recurrence of simple clauses and embedded clauses in the corpus. In the clause complexes, the preference is for paratactic extensions. The results of this analysis may help understanding the functioning of academic writing in English language in this specific field.

O reconhecimento de interfaces da Fonologia está vinculado ao próprio funcionamento do sistema linguístico, tanto em sua condição interna, a partir de uma interpretação estreita do termo interface, ao se considerarem as relações entre os componentes que constituem a língua, como em sua condição externa, em uma perspectiva ampla do termo, ao se considerar a relação entre esses componentes e os ramos da Linguística que estabelecem conexão com outras áreas do conhecimento. É incontestável que, em seu plano interno, nos sistemas linguísticos está incluída a existência de interseção entre os diferentes componentes, como o fonológico, o morfológico, o sintático e o semântico, e de muitas fronteiras, por vezes controversas, entre eles compartilhadas, como também, em seu plano externo, estão presentes dimensões de naturezas diversas, como a sócio-histórica, a antropológica, a psicológica, a clínica, a tecnológica, entre outras. A natureza multifacetada dos sistemas linguísticos é desafiadora e muitos são os linguistas brasileiros que enfrentam o jogo de voltar-se para fenômenos de interface no exame do funcionamento do português, um movimento inspirado pelas pesquisas de interface conduzidas na área nos últimos anos, consideradas como [...] the most intellectually engaging and challeging research [...] por Ramchand e Reiss (2007 p. 2). As mudanças teóricas e metodológicas pelas quais a Fonologia, como disciplina, vem passando, atestadas por Oostendorp et al. (2011), justificando a constatação desses autores de que estamos vivendo hoje [...] a very exciting time to be a phonologist (Oostendorp et al. 2011, p. xxxi), são motivadas, em grande parte, pela formulação de questões sobre a estrutura sonora das línguas que necessitam da aproximação de diferentes componentes da Linguística para serem respondidas de maneira eficiente. Com foco no componente fonológico da língua, as relações com a face fonética do sistema, com a realidade do funcionamento de estruturas morfológicas e sintáticas e com a sua representação na forma escrita são, por exemplo, temas de alguns estudos de interface. Outras pesquisas de interface voltam-se para a comparação entre diferentes fonologias ou para abordagens teóricas diferenciadas e seu poder explicativo diante de fatos fonológicos. Há também investigações que, em visões de interfaces, descrevem e analisam o comportamento da fonologia sob o viés de sua aquisição, como primeira ou segunda língua, ou de sua variação e mudança. Estas últimas visões são capazes de reunir fenômenos fonológicos e sociais, oferecendo o encaixamento social de fatos estruturais da língua. Têm-se, portanto, espécies de desdobramentos em abordagens de interfaces da fonologia, que tornam os estudos mais complexos e que também lhes podem atribuir maior alcance e maior interesse. É nesta visão ampla e multifacetada que estão situados os doze artigos que compõem este número da Working Papers em Linguística.

This paper presents a study of the Biblical names in regional and historical aspects. Throughout history the Bible has served as the most important religious book for many people. As a result, the Bible has had a significant impact on various aspects of culture, education, and traditions. Ukraine has been characterized by the use of the Biblical names since the adoption of Christianity which influenced on the whole history of the state. Since Biblical personal names are both the lexical units and the symbols, it is interesting to see the presence of these names in different regions and epochs. The present study aims at pointing out at regional aspects of Biblical personal names. The paper provides a brief overview of naming trends in the assignment of Biblical names and Christian names in Ukraine. Our database of all names was fed the names of 2,000 people. The material is taken from the list of students who studied at Odesa State Agrarian University from 2014-2024 with the help of a continuous sampling method. The methodology, both statistical and qualitative, had two phases: a) comparison of the ratio of Biblical names to non-Biblical names, and b) classification of discovered Biblical names. This research is just one aspect of a series of investigations whose goal is to describe the anthroponomical system of Odesa, Ukraine in diachronic and synchronic format. The findings suggest that personal names with Biblical origin continue to be widely used in Ukraine. We emphasize that the study of anthroponyms in different regions and epochs is a valuable tool for understanding the history and cultural traditions of Ukraine. Therefore, the importance of onomastics as an interdisciplinary science affecting History, Sociology, Theology, Literature, and regional studies in the research of the Biblical names in current and past Ukraine is shown. This study draws upon three theoretical frameworks: anthroponomastics (Felecan & Mihali, 2023; Piddubna, 2021, etc.), socio-onomastics (Ainiala, 2016; Beley, 2019, etc.), and the regional onomastics (Braychenko, 2019; Buga, 2013; Chuchka, 1970; Frai, 2021; Matsyuk, 2021; Sholia, 2018, etc.).

This paper presents a new, digital, and interactive list of wounds, deaths, and other acts of aggression in the Iliad. After an introduction, it discusses the state of the art in quantitative approaches to the subject. The following section presents the methodology for compiling the data, briefly establishing the criteria for the distribution of instances in each category. In the discussion, I compare the results with previous similar projects and mention a few examples of the potentiality of the new list – to be published online, not included in the paper –, showing the advantages of the digital format.

Although Anglicisms1 have been the subject of research for quite some time now, their definition in the literature sometimes tends to be somewhat inexplicit, and there are points of disagreement, especially regarding their classification and the distinction between their types. This paper advocates a uniform, consistent approach to defining loans (Anglicisms) and their typology in terms of an interplay between three criterial features which are transferred in, and thereby constitute, (lexical) borrowing: concept, model, and form. Their combination results in seven feature patterns or loan types (both mono- and bilingual), which the paper correlates and compares with standard categories of Anglicisms found in the literature and illustrates using examples from Czech

The paper examines the guidelines dedicated to Italian teaching and, above all, to the ideal thematic, language and stylistic features of school reading books in the programmes for primary school and in the related instructions for teachers issued by the Ministry of Education from 1860 to 1905: a decisive period for the arrangement of the Italian school system, the literacy processes and the spread of the national language. It can be seen how these official documents significantly shaped the writing of school books. The paper also explores the complex relationship between the institutional attempts to regulate textbook production, as evidenced by relevant ministerial documentation parallel to the programmes, and the rich publishing activity in this field. To complete the overview of the dialectic between school-educational publishing and the regulatory will of the Ministry and of the boards connected to it, responsible for the evaluation of textbooks, the witnesses of two prominent school female authors of the 2nd half of the 19th century are commented on: Ida Baccini and Felicita Morandi.

Este número temático da revista Working Papers em Linguística apresenta ao público uma amostra dos trabalhos desenvolvidos no país, bem como avanços de ordem teórico-metodoló- gica da Geolinguística brasileira. Ao todo, além dessa apresentação, constam desse volume uma entrevista com o pesquisador alemão Harald Thun, da Universidade de Kiel (Alemanha), e 15 artigos que recobrem diferentes temas, com análise de corpus e cartas linguísticas de atlas e/ou projetos de atlas linguísticos, englobando estudos de natureza fonética, prosódica e semântico-lexical, além de artigos de revisão da literatura na área da Dialetologia.

The provision of a translator’s paratext offers greater visibility to the translator and a direct source of information on his/her decisions and intentions. Osório de Oliveira, the translator of the Portuguese version of Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe, replaces the author’s original preface with one of his own in which he justifies the alterations to the original text, whilst underlining that it was a Portuguese vessel on its way to Brazil which saved the hero from his desperate plight. This paper proposes to examine the reasons for Oliveira’s emphasis on this particular episode, to the detriment of others which were unquestionably more interesting within the context of the hero’s adventures. The date of publication of the translation – 1940 – and consequently of the paratext, provides the principal key to the answer, as the ideology of the Estado Novo was founded on the exaltation of the Portuguese “Discoveries”, underpinning a colonial policy which supposedly justified the retention of the “Overseas Provinces”. The paper discusses the translator’s reasons for intervening in the target text, whilst attempting to evaluate how far the paratext may have mediated the reception of a final version in which the deeds of past heroes were exploited in an attempt to appropriate Defoe’s story.

Translation assessment is an activity present in many scenarios and the diverse individuals who must deal with it partly explains the variability of such activity. Previous Translation Studies have already profiled and compared both the behaviour and the results of assessments carried out by a variety of evaluators. This paper examines the main contributions concerning this issue, and adds to the field by distinguishing between the contexts in which evaluators carry out their usual work and other less paradigmatic situations. The result is a compendium of the characteristics defining the prototypical evaluator profiles as well as presenting a warning for researchers, professionals, students and teachers on the special conditions that, depending on the circumstances, affect their evaluation and make it look as a different activity. The discussion includes complex formulas characterized by the collaboration of different groups of evaluators, as well as of those whose profile is not defined always by a single role. Therefore, the present paper may serve as an inspiration for new research investigating the profiles of evaluators to open the focus and take into account the circumstances that may affect their alleged habitual activity.

Este artigo traz um panorama dos estudos em sintaxe diacrônica no Brasil, que aliam a Teoria da Variação e Mudança com a Teoria Gerativa no estudo da mudança linguística. Apresentamos as linhas principais dos modelos de mudança sintática, o modelo da Sociolinguística Paramétrica e o modelo da Mudança pela Competição de Gramáticas. Além disso, abordamos alguns dos resultados de pesquisa para fenômenos sintáticos amplamente estudados no Brasil, como a ordem dos constituintes, a posição do sujeito e a colocação pronominal. Mostramos como cada um dos modelos interpretativos trata os fenômenos elencados. Por fim, apresentaremos os artigos que compõem o volume 22, número 2, da Revista Working Papers em Linguística, que trata de estudos de sintaxe diacrônica.

ABSTRACT Typical resultative constructions in English are unavailable in Brazilian Portuguese (BP) and in Romance. This fact has been attributed by previous studies to different event-framings, following the Talmian view. English would illustrate the satellite-framing pattern, whereas Romance would illustrate the verb-framing pattern. Literature in BP has mainly focused on describing properties of different sentences similar to resultatives of the English type. A large part of the debate has been devoted to answering whether these can be classified as true resultatives. Much less attention has been dedicated to a proper description of the framing patterns in BP. This paper fills in this gap and, by doing so, argues that BP admits both framing patterns. The v-framing pattern is highly productive, exemplified by numerous complex parasynthetic verbs that entail a result. The s-framing pattern is marginal, illustrated by a small sample of modified resultatives and verb-particle constructions. This paper supports the framing analysis, but recasts its merits in light of new connections established among (apparent) resultatives in BP.

The aim of this paper is to explore the language-space relationship by analysing the way Latin American transnational speakers experience mobility processes and the way these shape their linguistic practices and identities. Namely, the focal point of this study is the way spatial and sociolinguistic bordering are constructed and conceived by analysing the narrative of a transnational woman who experienced back and forth migration between Peru and Italy with her family. I will analyse this aspect from a theoretical point of view in the first part of the paper, where I will refer to that part of the literature that, while studying the relationship between language and migration, addresses questions about how language ideologies, the centre-periphery dynamics, as well as the material conditions of diaspora influence language practices and the construction of social identity in contemporary societies. I will then explore these epistemological aspects through the voice of a Peruvian transnational woman relating the social and sociolinguistic cross-bordering she experienced with her family through her spatial mobility.

ABSTRACT This paper discusses the benefits of information and communications technology (ICT) in the contextual target situation analysis at a distance to design online critical English for academic purposes (CEAP) courses. A contextual investigation of the publishing process of high-impact journals in computer science is presented, which is aimed at identifying issues that might influence the publication of Brazilian researchers’ papers. The beliefs and experiences of Brazilian authors in the aforementioned process were analyzed through electronic questionnaires and remote interviews. Moreover, research articles’ reviews were studied to identify the community´s criteria for accepting or rejecting papers. Via ICT, a wider contextual analysis was possible with participants located in different parts of the world. Results provided relevant information about researching and publishing in the field, which may substantiate the design of tasks aimed at improving students’ critical academic literacy. For developing continental countries such as Brazil, saving time and resources through ICT in CEAP courses’ design means the possibility of investing in a more relevant instruction, which better attends to students’ contextual needs and wants.

Resumo This paper seeks to point to the role of the phenomenon called ‘translanguaging’ as a wake-up call, as well as a call to action against the hegemony of the Global North in the way it has traditionally disparaged the Global South, undercutting the latter’s bona fide aspirations to a place on a level playing field. In undertaking this task, it explores the potentially subversive aspect of translanguaging and also ignores the reclaimings of equal action fields to all that work there. It is argued that it is all too easy to miss the wood for the trees here by those who would rather look at the phenomenon as fundamentally a question of switching between different languages – so-called ‘code-switching’ – with great abandon and true spirit of laissez faire. In this paper, I shall turn my attention instead to what I call the ‘politics of translanguaging’. By that, what I intend to mean to press home is that people, especially in postcolonial settings, have used translanguaging as an effective means to challenge the last vestiges of colonial power that persist thanks to the lingering effects of coloniality by deliberately ‘muddying the communicative waters’ through their translanguaging practices – a process that will be analysed in closer detail through examination of postcolonial literary works. Postcolonial writers of the likes of Arundhati Roy are past masters at this.

Este número especial da revista Working Papers em Linguística faz uma singela homenagem à querida professora Edair Maria Görski por sua relevante contribuição aos estudos sobre a língua em uso, relacionados em geral com a Sociolinguística Variacionista e com o Funcionalismo de vertente norte-americana e por seu envolvimento marcante em atividades de pesquisa, ensino e extensão na Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC). A formação de inúmeros pesquisadores renomados que, atualmente, estão espalhados nas mais diversas universidades brasileiras é um de seus legados.

Coube a nós a desafiadora tarefa de entrevistar a professora Edair Maria Görski, nossa orientadora de mestrado e doutorado, parceira de publicações, projetos e eventos e homenageada nesta edição da revista Working Papers em Linguística. Procuramos lançar questionamentos que levassem a professora Edair a rememorar sua jornada como pesquisadora e que possibilitassem uma retomada dos principais temas que foram e são objeto de seu interesse. Entendemos que as respostas concedidas pela professora refletem sua sólida carreira na UFSC e seu olhar para a língua em uso, que integra multifuncionalidade, variação e mudança, considerando aspectos sociais, identitários/estilísticos e culturais constitutivos das línguas.

The present paper focuses on the travel notes by Michel Vieuchange (1904-1930), a young Frenchman who decided to reach Smara, a holy Muslim city located in the middle of the desert, to describe it, and to draw a map. His notes are to be analysed through the prism of autobiogeography. The term used by Michel Collot means telling your life through the places that has affected you. In the case of Vieuchange’s notes the geographical descriptions intervene with the description of the personality of the traveler and form a whole. The paper shows that three cities, Tiznit, Tigilit and Smara, mark three stages of the travel and correspond to different aspects of Vieuchange’s personality.

This paper discusses causal clauses in Brazilian Portuguese introduced by porque ‘because’. It is proposed that these clauses are adjoined to three distinct positions in the matrix. To describe these different levels of integration, I adopt the classification proposed by Frey (2016) and Badan and Haegeman (2022), in which adverbial clauses are classified as central (internally attached to TP), peripheral (externally attached to TP), and non-integrated (attached to a projection linked to the speech act). This syntactic description is not obtained from the meaning of the clauses: the adjunction positions are defined from syntactic diagnostics involving the scope domain of the matrix. The paper also discusses causal clauses with respect to the well-known relations established by Sweetser (1990) between adverbials and the matrix: relations in the domain of content, in the epistemic domain, and in the domain of speech acts. Although, at first glance, there seems to be a direct correspondence between the three adjunction positions and the three domains established by Sweetser, it is proposed, based on Frey (2016), that this correspondence takes place as follows: content clauses can be adjoined to all three positions, epistemic clauses can be peripheral or non-integrated, and speech act clauses can only be non-integrated.

Resumo: À semelhança do que fez Cantoni (2013) para o sistema de acento do português como um todo, proponho neste trabalho uma explicação diacrônica para o fato de os verbos terem acento móvel e os não verbos terem acento fixo em português. Adoto uma perspectiva diacrônica, considerando, como proposto nas abordagens de sistemas dinâmicos, que o conhecimento do estado inicial de um sistema nos ajuda a entender seu estado atual. Nesse sentido, examino os paradigmas flexionais de substantivos latinos e as mudanças que ocorreram desde o latim até o português com o intuito de verificar em que medida essas mudanças morfológicas acabaram determinando características do sistema acentual do português. Em sua grande maioria, os substantivos apresentavam deslocamento do acento em seu paradigma em latim. Como é demonstrado neste trabalho, no entanto, o acusativo era o único caso em que praticamente não havia deslocamento de acento em latim do singular para o plural. O fato de o acusativo ter sido o caso lexicogênico do português, isto é, o caso cujas formas deram origem aos substantivos e adjetivos correspondentes do português, acabou tendo como resultado a imobilidade do acento nos não verbos. Ele era o caso de realização mais frequente e, como seria de se esperar numa perspectiva baseada no uso, foi o único caso que sobreviveu. A seção final do texto discute ainda o fato de que as mesmas mudanças diacrônicas fizeram com que as vogais temáticas nominais e adjetivais nunca sejam acentuadas em português. Palavras-Chave: acento; português; diacronia. Abstract: As did Cantoni (2013) for the Portuguese stress system as a whole, I propose in the present paper a diachronic explanation for a difference between verbs and non-verbs in Portuguese: the fact that verbs have mobile stress, whereas non-verbs do not. I adopt a diachronic perspective, considering, as proposed in dynamic systems approaches, that the knowledge of the initial state of a system helps us understand its current state. Based on that, I examine inflectional paradigms of Latin nouns and the changes that have taken place from Latin to Portuguese with the purpose of assessing to what extent those morphological changes have determined characteristics of the Portuguese stress system. The vast majority of nouns showed a stress shift in their paradigms in Latin. As is shown in the present paper, however, the accusative was the only case in which there was practically no change in stress between singular and plural. The fact that the accusative was the lexicogenic case in Portuguese, i.e., the fact that nouns and adjectives in Portuguese have their forms derived from the accusative of corresponding Latin words eventually produced fixed stress in Portuguese non-verbs. The accusative was the most frequent case in Latin and, as would be expected from a usage-based perspective, it was the only surviving case. The final section of the paper additionally discusses the fact that the same diachronic changes have kept noun and adjective theme vowels from ever being stressed in Portuguese. Keywords: stress; Portuguese; diachrony.

Este trabalho analisa a monotongação variável do ditongo oral decrescente [ej] na variedade do noroeste paulista. Por meio desse processo, há o apagamento do glide, como em gelad[ej]ra ~ gelad[e]ra e p[ej]xe ~ p[e]xe. Esta pesquisa fundamenta-se na Teoria da Variação e Mudança Linguística (Labov, 2008 [1972]). Metodologicamente, foram conduzidas análises qualitativa e quantitativa, a partir do programa Goldvarb X, de 12 entrevistas retiradas do banco de dados Iboruna, resultado do projeto ALIP (FAPESP 03/08058-6 – UNESP/IBILCE – Gonçalves, 2023 [2007]). Dos 1.057 dados levantados, 376 apresentaram monotongação, correspondentes a 35,6%. Verificou-se que a maioria das ocorrências de monotongação ocorreu em contexto de tepe ou fricativa subsequente, como em cad[e]ra e qu[e]jo, destacando a influência de fatores linguísticos para a aplicação do fenômeno, como observado em outras variedades do Português Brasileiro.

Este artigo investiga a realização prosódica de orações adverbiais anexadas à oração matriz e de orações desgarradas nos falares de João Pessoa e de Porto Alegre, com base nos pressupostos da Fonologia Prosódica (Nespor; Vogel, 2007) e no modelo Autossegmental e Métrico da Fonologia Entoacional (Pierrehumbert, 1980; Ladd, 2008). O corpus de análise é constituído por 720 orações – 360 de cada localidade – e foram observados o contorno melódico, a duração e a gama de variação da F0 no fim do sintagma entoacional (IP). O estudo do fenômeno na fala de indivíduos pessoenses e portoalegrenses visa, além de descrever se o desgarramento será materializado de forma semelhante ao descrito por Silvestre (2021) para a capital fluminense, observar se traços fonéticos regionais, descritos anteriormente em estudos prosódicos sobre orações assertivas neutras (Cunha, 2000; Lira, 2009; Silva, 2011; Silvestre 2012; Castelo, 2016), também se manifestam nas orações desgarradas de João Pessoa e de Porto Alegre ou se são neutralizados pela construção sintática específica. Os resultados revelam que o alongamento das sílabas finais é característica importante para a materialização do fenômeno de desgarramento em todos os dialetos estudados e que há, mesmo nesta estrutura sintática específica, índices relativos à prosódia regional. Em João Pessoa, é consistentemente observado o tom H+L* no início dos IPs e subida melódica na última sílaba pós-tônica dos enunciados. Em Porto Alegre, é frequente a fronteira bitonal HL% no fim do IP, com descida melódica após a sílaba tônica, característica que parece diferenciar o falar na capital gaúcha.

Este estudo descreve e analisa o registro gráfico da nasalidade vocálica em posição medial de palavra por crianças falantes de três variedades do português, a saber, o brasileiro, o europeu e o moçambicano. Tendo em vista as divergências teóricas em relação à existência de vogais nasais no inventário fonológico do português, busca-se investigar em dados de aquisição da escrita como crianças que partilham o mesmo sistema linguístico concebem a nasalidade vocálica. Note-se que, conforme Miranda (2018), o registro gráfico da nasalidade medial é tarefa complexa que se impõe às crianças nos primeiros anos escolares. Neste artigo, são analisados dados extraídos de textos de 1º e 2º anos do ensino fundamental de escolas de ensino público das cidades de Pelotas (Brasil), Porto (Portugal) e Maputo (Moçambique), pertencentes ao Banco de Textos de Aquisição da Linguagem Escrita (BATALE). Os resultados encontrados corroboram a literatura da aquisição fonológica que defende a existência de vogais nasais no inventário infantil, um conhecimento que está na base das escritas alfabéticas iniciais e que, por efeito do contato com forma ortográfica, vai sendo alterado até corresponder à proposta de Camara Jr (1979) para a nasalidade vocálica do sistema adulto do português, isto é, uma vogal oral seguida de uma consoante nasal.

Este trabalho descreve o processo de monotongação do ditongo /ei/ na variedade urbana do Português em Moçambique, a partir do levantamento de dados em 18 entrevistas – estratificadas de acordo com as variáveis sexo, faixa etária e nível de escolaridade –, recolhidas em Maputo (Vieira; Pissurno, 2016). A investigação tem por hipótese que a implementação da variante [e] em posição interna ao vocábulo é incipiente na comunidade. Os resultados confirmam a hipótese: o input de aplicação da regra de monotongação é relativamente baixo, e a implementação de [e] se correlaciona aos segmentos precedente e subsequente ao ditongo, ao sexo e à faixa etária dos informantes e ao contato entre o Português e as línguas autóctones de Moçambique. Esta investigação contribui para a descrição de um processo fonético-fonológico em uma variedade do Português ainda em formação e dos efeitos do contato entre línguas no comportamento da variável em análise.

Na língua portuguesa não existe uma relação biunívoca entre grafema e fonema. Isso implica desvios ortográficos por alunos de todos os anos do Ensino Fundamental. Argumentamos que os desvios ortográficos são sistemáticos e têm como gênese a utilização de algum conhecimento fonético-fonológico por parte dos alunos. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo preliminar investigar os desvios ortográficos mais recorrentes identificados em produções textuais de estudantes do 9º ano e, como objetivo principal, elaborar um caderno pedagógico voltado para o trabalho sistemático e reflexivo desses desvios ortográficos. Foram analisadas 76 redações de uma turma de 9º ano, nas quais os desvios ortográficos foram identificados, classificados e contabilizados de acordo com os processos fonológicos e as relações grafofônicas do português que os ocasionaram. As três categorias de desvios ortográficos mais recorrentes foram: o apagamento de em coda e sua hipercorreção, o alçamento vocálico e sua hipercorreção, e a concorrência de grafemas para representar a fricativa alveolar surda. Esses três tipos representam quase 60% dos 211 desvios ortográficos identificados. Diante desse resultado, foi proposto um caderno pedagógico com atividades reflexivas, contextualizadas, discursivas e específicas para o tratamento de cada uma das dificuldades ortográficas.

Este artigo tem como objetivo a análise da hipercorreção da coda final (r) em verbos cujas formas hipercorretas coincidem com o infinitivo padrão escrito (i. “o mundo não gira, ele capotar”; ii. “a maldade está nos olhos de quem ver”; iii. “eu dormir muito ontem”). O corpus da pesquisa é composto de dados de textos escritos em plataformas digitais, como as redes sociais Twitter e Instagram e o aplicativo de conversa WhatsApp. Como arcabouço teórico, elegeram-se a Teoria da Variação e Mudança (Weinreich, Labov; Herzog, 2018 [1968]) e os Modelos Baseados no Uso (Bybee, 2016 [2002]; Pierrehumbert, 2003, 2016; Cristófaro-Silva; Gomes, 2020). As variáveis de efeitos fixos analisadas indicam a relevância da dimensão do vocábulo e da vogal antecedente como favorecedoras da hipercorreção. A análise com efeitos aleatórios aponta para um possível condicionamento lexical do fenômeno. Os resultados sugerem impactos da representação escrita das palavras no conhecimento linguístico dos falantes.

Neste artigo discutimos a silabificação no português urbano de São Tomé e Príncipe (PSTP), com base no exame de alguns processos fonológicos: apagamentos de clusters, coda e núcleo; ensurdecimento vocálico; vocalização, nasalização e posteriorização do rótico. Tais fenômenos, embora tratados, comumente, de forma independente pela literatura, quando analisados em conjunto podem refletir padrões silábicos diversos, trazendo uma visão ampla e complexa sobre o sistema em foco. De fato, o levantamento dos fenômenos no PSTP indica a atuação de duas trajetórias gramaticais paradoxais: a prevalência de sílabas CV fomentada por apagamentos e lenições, em que sílabas fechadas se adaptam em sílabas abertas, e a emergência de estruturas complexas, promovida, sobretudo, pela ressilabificação de sibilantes e pelo apagamento vocálico. Essas trajetórias contrastantes refletem a dificuldade de propostas tradicionais em explanar a variação observada no PSTP. Ressaltamos, a partir dos processos discutidos, a necessidade, em trabalhos futuros, em abordar a questão por modelos pautados no uso, que acomodem a variação, e possam abarcar a complexidade dos sistemas linguísticos.

La palatalización en wichí es un proceso morfo-fonológico generado por las vocales anteriores, tautosilábicas /i/ y /e/. Este proceso ocurre dentro de la palabra, específicamente, entre morfemas cuando el segmento afectado ocupa la coda final de la base, y el sufijo (o enclítico) que se añade inicia con vocal o con h. A su vez, este proceso está condicionado prosódicamente: el segmento resultante de la palatalización debe ocupar la posición de ataque del sufijo o enclítico. Según Bateman (2007) este proceso presenta características tipológicamente frecuentes: 1) las consonantes velares, /k/ y /x/, son consonantes objetivo (target) típicas de la palatalización, 2) las vocales anteriores, /i/ y /e/, son desencadenantes comunes; y 3) la realización de velares como segmentos palatales (outcome) es frecuente. Por su parte, González (2014) señala que la palatalización es un rasgo distintivo de la fonología de las lenguas indígenas chaqueñas; de hecho, señala que las velares como segmentos afectados es uno de los rasgos marcados de la palatalización en las lenguas mataguayas. El objetivo de este trabajo es brindar una aproximación al análisis de la palatalización de velares en wichí, desde la perspectiva de la optimidad estratal (Kiparsky, 2000; Orgun, 1996).

This study investigated the possible influence of the allomorphs [t, d, ɪd] in the intelligibility of 48 verbs ending in -ed, half in the first and half in the second intelligibility test, which were produced by eight speakers from four different L1 backgrounds (e.g., BP, Spanish, German, English) and orthographically transcribed by 14 Brazilian listeners in two intelligibility tests within a four-month interval. Results of the first intelligibility test indicated that verbs ending in the allomorph [t] were more intelligible than verbs ending in the allomorph [ɪd], which in turn were more intelligible than verbs ending in the allomorph [d]. However, results for the second intelligibility test did not follow the same tendency and indicated that the intelligibility of verbs ending in the allomorphs [t, ɪd] were very similar whereas the results for the intelligibility of verbs with the allomorph [d] increased since it had large room for improvement from the first to the second test. Moreover, results also indicated that there was variation in the intelligibility of verbs ending in the three allomorphs for each learner and among the learners, demonstrating that the language development is a dynamic, varied, and complex system, as the Dynamic System Theory proposes.

Este artigo objetiva identificar quais valores de taxa de elocução são considerados aceitáveis e a partir de que ponto a taxa de elocução torna o conteúdo do enunciado ininteligível no Português Brasileiro (Pb). Para tanto, relata um estudo experimental sobre o impacto da fala comprimida na aceitabilidade e inteligibilidade de enunciados do Pb. Para os experimentos, frases curtas de áudio contendo mensagens de alerta foram utilizadas como estímulos. Essas frases foram gravadas em uma taxa de elocução natural e, em seguida, manipuladas digitalmente para taxas mais rápidas de forma escalar (de 9 a 19 sílabas por segundo). Testes de inteligibilidade e aceitabilidade foram então conduzidos com participantes cegos e videntes. Os resultados indicam que a fala comprimida tem um impacto significativo na aceitabilidade e na inteligibilidade das elocuções para ambos os grupos de participantes e que, embora os participantes cegos tendam a taxas de aceitabilidade ligeiramente mais altas em todas as condições de velocidade de fala, os participantes com visão tiveram um desempenho melhor no experimento de inteligibilidade, o que contradiz uma tendência frequentemente relatada na literatura.

The acquisition of a second language (L2) is a highly demanding cognitive task that, in terms of phonology, happens through the siege of the first language (L1). The cue-weighting, that is, the attention given to specific cues in the L2 speech and the ability to change the focus of attention to relevant cues is essential for L2 speech processing and tends to be affected by the patterns of the L1. The present study aimed to produce a systematic review of the studies concerning attention and L2 phonological knowledge. Research participants, attention and phonological assessment, and the main results of eighteen studies published between 2010 and 2021 were described and analyzed. The data gathered indicates that the bulk of the research carried out is of cross-sectional studies with attention control and perceptual discrimination tasks with L2 English adult learners. Most studies pointed out that attention has an important role in L2 phonological acquisition. At the beginning of acquisition, attention seems to be more important to L2 speech processing than for proficient L2 speakers when automatization takes place. Focusing, selecting, shifting, dividing, and sustaining attention as well as being flexible and having good inhibitory control have a special role in L2 phonological acquisition. The need for further investigation with controlled variables, other L1/L2 combinations, and multiple assessment instruments is evident.

Dixon and Aikhenvald (1999) considered the existence of Amazon as a linguistic macroarea, from which it has recognized the separation between Vaupés and Caquetá-Putumayo areas in Colombia (Epps; Michael, 2017), where without georeferencing were used to characterize areal scopes. Through phonological criterium of Sound Alternations (Donegan; Stampe, 2009) in combination with methods without (García-Vallve; Puigbo, 2016 [2002]) and without georeferencing methods (Nerbonne et al., 2018) were applied to twenty-five languages from the compilation of González de Pérez and Rodríguez de Montes (2000), it was inferred that structural classifications aren’t very similar than areal. Moreover, it has found that, respect to phonological criterion, Vaupés isn’t an even terrain, but it’s divided between the North and South.

This paper is made in continuation of the article of Fabrice Marsac, Witold Ucherek and Magdalena Dańko “De l’infinitive de perception dans la pratique traductologique” (Studia Romanica Posnaniensia 46/1, 2019); both papers fall within the framework of the bilateral Polonium program “On the translation of French perception structures into Polish” (n° PPN/BIL/2018/1/00181), implemented and financed by the Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange (NAWA), the French Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs (MEAE) and the Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Innovation (MESRI). In the present case, we intend to report on the content and progress of the part “multi-dimensional labelling” of this long-term French-Polish project. Therefore, we describe the formal encoding of structures, categories and functions of the items in the large multi-label corpus (French-Polish) we have been collecting since 2019.

This paper arises from the subject Errors in Spanish as a Foreign Language, taught in the Master of Teaching Spanish at Masaryk University of Brno, Czech Republic. Its main objective is to show how the analysis of lexical errors can be used as a tool in the training of non‑native teachers of Spanish, in this case, Czech and Slovak. To achieve this goal, firstly, the paper presents a brief review of the trends that have investigated errors in foreign language learning, such as contrastive analysis, error analysis and interlanguage studies. Secondly, it analyzes a corpus of texts written by learners of Spanish according to the error analysis methodology (Corder, 1967), as an activity for the Master students. Thirdly, it shows a typological classification of different lexical errors found in the texts and it reflects on the possible connection between mistakes and teaching methodology. Based on the results of the analysis, the paper discusses the usefulness of the analysis of these errors not only for the training of non‑native teachers of Spanish as a foreign language, but also for a better understanding of vocabulary teaching.

The paper is concerned with some aspects of politeness in the request act by the pragmatic connotations of syntactic structures in Hindi and Persian. Considering the role of politeness as an explanation for the deviation from the Grice’s cooperative principle, the main question of the paper is whether Leech’s maxims of politeness operate on the syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations and whether there is any hierarchy in their manner of application. To answer the abovementioned question the main hypothesis of the research posits that Leech’s maxims of politeness have a structure of hierarchy in both Persian and Hindi. Considering the Pandharipandes' (1979) hierarchy of the degree of politeness proposed for Hindi, this paper aims to develop a similar hierarchy of the degree of politeness for Persian and to analyze the Leech’s maxims operating in the respective hierarchies of politeness. The general theoretical framework adopted for the present study is based on Lakoff (1972), and Leech (1980). Whereas the findings of this research indicate a hierarchy in Hindi and Persian at the syntagmatic planewith regard to their respective Leech’s maxims,no such hierarchyis detectable for paradigmatic relationwhichholds good for all types of social situations.

With this paper, we aim to make some reflections on the Brazilian Portuguese null object and its semantic animacy constraints. Many synchronic and diachronic, formalist and variationist works (GALVES, 1984; DUARTE, 1989; CYRINO, 1994, SOLEDADE, 2011; PEIXOTO, 2021) attest that Brazilian Portuguese (BP) is a language that allows null object with virtually no restrictions. This means that it can occur in several syntactic structures – coordination and subordination (relative, adverbial) – and with several types of antecedent/referent: [+/− animate, +/− specific], preferably being [− animate]. However, one type of configuration weakens the possibility of null object in BP, although it is still possible: when its antecedent is [+ excited, + specific]. Several generativist authors have proposed interpretations for this fact, relating it to different natures of the null category. In this paper, based on a corpus of private personal letters written by Brazilians born during the twentieth century, based on the results of Peixoto (2021), we bring some of these discussions and results of quantitative data analysis about the null object in BP and its relations with the animacy of its referent, showing that the null object constraint is not strictly syntactic in nature, but semantic, what Galves (2001) calls a logoforicity constraint.

Resumo: O artigo discute a hipótese dos parâmetros para expressão da comparação e das construções graduais analisando dados do português brasileiro (PB). Beck et alii (2009) e Beck, Oda e Sugisaki (2004) estipulam três parâmetros: i) a língua tem predicados graduais (DSP – Degree Structure Parameter); ii) a língua tem ligação de variáveis na sintaxe (DAP -Degree Abstraction Parameter); e iii) a língua tem a posição sintática de grau preenchida (DegPP – Degree Phrase Parameter). Línguas com marcação negativa no DSP não exibem qualquer construção gradual, enquanto as marcadas positivamente exibem uma variedade de construções graduais, especialmente comparativas tradicionais com algo semelhante a “mais”. O DAP dá conta de estruturas que envolvem ligação de variáveis de grau na sintaxe, como comparativas que exibem ambiguidades de escopo. Por fim, também há a impossibilidade de se preencher o argumento de grau dos adjetivos com sintagmas de medida (cf. *2 metros alto), um fato explicado pela marcação negativa no DegPP. Mostramos que o PB recebe marcação positiva nos dois primeiros parâmetros e negativa no último. Discutimos estruturas interrogativas graduais, bem como sintagmas de medida como 2 metros de altura. O artigo conclui que essas estruturas precisam ser melhor discutidas para entendermos sua relação com os parâmetros. Palavras-chave: Semântica; Universais Semânticos; Modificadores Graduais; Orações Comparativas. Abstract: The paper discusses the hypothesis of parameters for the expression of comparison and degree constructions discussing data from Brazilian Portuguese (BP). Beck et alii (2009) and Beck, Oda and Sugisaki (2004) propose three parameters: i) the language has degree predicates (DSP – Degree Structure Parameter); ii) the language has or does not have binding of degree variables in the syntax (DAP -Degree Abstraction Parameter); and iii) the language has a syntactic degree argument filled (DegPP – Degree Phrase Parameter). Languages with negative setting in the DSP do not show any degree construction at all, especially comparative constructions with an expression like “more”. The DAP explains structures with binding of degree variables in the syntax, like comparative clauses with scope ambiguities. At last, there is the impossibility of filling the syntactic degree argument of gradable adjectives with measure phrases (cf. *2 metros alto/2 meters tall). This fact is explained by a negative setting in the DegPP. It is shown that BP receives positive setting in the first ones but negative setting in the last. It is also discussed degree interrogatives and measure phrases like 2 metros de altura “2 meters of height”. The paper concludes that these structures should be better discussed to understand their place in the degree parameter hypothesis. Keywords: Semantics; Semantic Universals; Degree Modifiers; Comparative Clauses.

This paper discusses the phenomenon of meronymy in the Apurinã This paper discusses the phenomenon of meronymy in the Apurinã indigenous language (Arawak family), which corresponds to the processes involved in the expression of part/whole relationships (CRUSE, 2011). There are few descriptive linguistic works that address this issue in indigenous languages (KLEIN, 2000). In Apurinã, meronyms show specific morphosyntactic behavior, depending on the class of nouns to which they belong. Most meronyms in Apurinã are encoded in the form of inalienable nouns, which have different morphological marking patterns from those of alienable nouns, although there are cases of meronyms encoded as alienable, for example, certain parts of plants such as kawy-ry (pupunha- N.POSSD) ‘pupunha’ / ny-kawy-re (1SG-pupunha (fruit)-POSSD) ‘my pupunha’. Among the inalienable nouns, we have, on one hand, the meronyms related to parts of the body (including concepts metaphorically related to the body, and some abstract concepts), such as kanuke-txi (arm.of-N.POSSD) ‘arm (of somebody)’/ py-kanuke (2SG-arm.of) ‘your arm’, which receives the suffix -txi; and, on the other hand, we have the kinship terms, which do not receive this suffix, due to the impossibility of occurring non-possessed, as in nh-ithary (1SG-brother.of) ‘my brother’ / * ithary-txi (brother). Thus, the macro semantic domain of meronyms in Apurinã is organized in a complex (but systematic) way, and is a subject marked by a lack of studies in the context of indigenous languages.

The black swan event in education systems of the whole world has generated a surge in the demand for web based teaching and learning. Starting as inevitability, online education turned into an emergence of numerous educational platforms, tools and methods. The saying presuming that black swans did not exist-has become reinterpreted to rare events that are beyond the realm of normal. The general understanding that online education as a whole does not exist —has become reinterpreted to the most up-to-date and commonly used way of teaching. Getting used to an absolutely digital way of delivery is a long process, which requires supporting our learners throughout this journey of digitalization. This paper explores which lesson conducting patterns, such as various activities and games, can help overcome psychological barriers related to the lack of interpersonal communication and one-on-one support in online teaching. It also addresses how university students can benefit from the online delivery of ESL courses and examines the strategies that make the students more successful in a new normal. This paper raises questions how to best support English preparatory program university students in a way that they can take the most out of e-learning. This study was designed to analyze the psychological determinants of the learners’ behavior relevant to online learning. The number of psychological challenges that the students are facing in online medium of communication, and how these issues can be addressed. This study, based on the students being surveyed, focused on English Preparatory Program university students, who are currently combining faculty courses and English language course. The research study was conducted through the questionnaire and sent to the students via Google Forms. The students got open ended and Yes/No questions pertaining to the online environment, and structure of the course in terms of benefits, pitfalls and suggestions to take into consideration, when learning in a new reality. All the questions were answered anonymously.

Resumo: O presente trabalho objetiva investigar a estrutura silábica da libras, a partir de pressupostos estabelecidos sobre as línguas orais e sobre as línguas de sinais, especialmente sobre a American Sign Language (ASL). Para tanto, na tentativa de apontar aspectos relevantes que corroboraram a compreensão da sílaba em libras, retoma-se importantes trabalhos sobre a sílaba nessa língua, como o de Cunha (2011) e o de Aguiar (2013). Neste trabalho, todavia, a base metodológica para tal análise segue o modelo fonológico MLMov (Mão-Locação-Movimento), proposto por Lessa-de-Oliveira (2012; 2019), que estabelece que a estrutura articulatória dos sinais da libras é constituída em quatro níveis hierárquicos. Objetiva-se ainda identificar o núcleo da unidade silábica da libras e descrever se há ou não funcionalidade no Princípio da Sonoridade para identificação desse núcleo. Verifica-se que um critério funcional que dê conta de identificar o núcleo silábico não seria a sonoridade, mas a obrigatoriedade. Como resultados, aponta-se que uma sílaba em libras se constitui de uma unidade MLMov, que poderá ter as seguintes combinações em sua estrutura interna: [MLMov], [ML], [MMov] ou [M]. Dessa forma, compreende-se, por fim, que o segmento presente em todas as unidades MLMov componentes de sinais é Mão, sendo esse, portanto, o núcleo silábico nessa língua. Palavras-chave: libras; fonologia; sílaba; MLMov. Abstract: In this paper, we aim to make an analysis of the syllabic structure of libras, from the assumptions established about oral languages and about sign languages, especially about the American Sign Language (ASL). Therefore, in an attempt to demonstrate relevant aspects that corroborate the understanding of the syllable in libras, important works on the syllable in this language are resumed, such as those by Cunha (2011) and Aguiar (2013). In this paper, however, the methodological basis for such analysis follows the MLMov (Hand-Location-Movement) phonological model, proposed by Lessa-de-Oliveira (2012; 2019), which establishes that the articulatory structure of libras signs is constituted in four hierarchical levels. It also aims to identify the core of the syllabic unit of libras and describe there is or there isn’t functionality in the sound principle to identify this nucleus. It is verified that a functional criterion that is able to identify the syllabic core would not be the sonority, but the obligation. As a result, it is pointed out that a syllable in libras constitutes an MLMov unit, which may have the following combinations in its internal structure: [MLMov], [ML], [MMov] or [M]. Thus, it is finally understood that the segment present in all MLMov units of sign components is Hand, which is therefore the syllabic core in this language. Keywords: libras; phonology; syllable; MLMov

Abstract: This paper analyzes the Brazilian Portuguese adjective mesmo with anaphoric reading (MOLTMANN, 1993; FERREIRA, 2010). Expanding the functional layer of the determiner phrase (e. g., CINQUE, 2010), this analysis proposes that mesmo has “pronominal” properties and that there is a specific position in the functional structure of DP/NP which hosts both possessive pronouns and anaphoric mesmo, at least in the end of derivation, and such a position is in fact a host for adjectives with pronominal properties. In the last sections the article (using tools of formal semantics: e. g. HEIM; KRATZER, 1998) presents a semantic definition for anaphoric mesmo, arguing that it is a sort of implicit comparative item (CARLSON, 1987), with a “comparison function” as part of its very definition. We propose, taking advantage of insights of the pertinent literature (ALRENGA, 2010; HEIM, 1985; LASERSOHN, 2000; among others), that the semantics of mesmo is composed of an assignment function and a function which establishes a contextual equivalence by means of the sharing of relevant properties between the referent or kind introduced by the DP with mesmo and an individual or kind mentioned in previous discourse. In the end of the paper, we briefly speculate on the semantics of what is here called “explicit” comparative mesmo (that includes a comparative CP after the noun), which, as well as the distributive mesmo (CARLSON, 1987, among others), and as this text intends to show in the following pages, is hierarchically lower, in the syntax of DPs, than anaphoric mesmo. Keywords: Mesmo; Determiner Phrase; Adjectives; Comparative Semantics. Resumo: Este trabalho analisa o adjetivo mesmo do português brasileiro com a leitura anafórica (MOLTMANN, 1993; FERREIRA, 2010). Expandindo a camada funcional do sintagma determinante (e. g., CINQUE, 2010), esta análise propõe que mesmo tem propriedades “pronominais” e que há uma posição específica na estrutura funcional do DP/NP que alberga, pelo menos ao fim da derivação, tanto pronomes possessivos quanto o adjetivo mesmo anafórico, e tal posição recebe, de fato, adjetivos com propriedades pronominais. Nas últimas seções o artigo apresenta (usando ferramentas da semântica formal: por exemplo, HEIM; KRATZER, 1998) uma definição semântica para o mesmo anafórico, defendendo que ele é uma espécie de item de comparação implícita (CARLSON, 1987), tendo uma “função de comparação” como parte de sua definição. Propomos, aproveitando insights da literatura pertinente (ALRENGA, 2010; HEIM, 1985; LASERSOHN, 2000; entre outros), que a semântica de mesmo é composta por uma função de assinalamento e uma função que estabelece uma equivalência contextual por meio de um compartilhamento de propriedades relevantes entre o referente ou tipo introduzido pelo DP que contém mesmo e um indivíduo ou tipo mencionado no discurso prévio. Por fim, o artigo especula sobre a semântica do que aqui é chamado mesmo “explicitamente” comparativo (que inclui um CP comparativo após o nome), que, assim como o mesmo distributivo (CARLSON, 1987, entre outros), e como este texto deseja mostrar nas páginas a seguir, é mais baixo hierarquicamente, na sintaxe do DP, que o mesmo anafórico. Palavras-chave: Mesmo; Sintagma Determinante; Adjetivos; Semântica de Comparativos.

This paper explores the sound aesthetics of the Uruguayan performance group Moxhelis focusing on its relationship with industrial and postindustrial music. The aesthetics of the group's performances consisted on a juxtaposition of fragmentary images in which post-industrial, circus, post-avant-garde, retro-futuristic and post-apocalyptic elements were intertwined. The Moxhelian aesthetics can be addressed from different perspectives, whether focusing on its sound, its visuals or on the bodily dimension. Moreover, these positions interact with each other in every performance, producing a complex network of meanings and aesthetic perceptions. Through the analysis of the preserved audiovisual archive, in this paper we will approach the sound dimension succinctly, presenting the group's performances in the 1990s in Uruguay.

This theoretical paper gives an overview about how proper names and different name types exist in the mental system, also showing new solutions provided by the cognitive perspective in connection with old questions of name theory. Cognitive onomastics is a relatively new approach to the study of proper names based on a cognitive approach to language. In this framework, names as linguistic elements are parts of the cognitive system, thus mental representation and usage of proper names can be described by general cognitive processes. The overview of topics and directions of cognitive onomastic research shows that studying names and naming in a cognitive framework has a lot of potential. Providing further evidence of the advantages of the cognitive approach, the paper discusses two controversial issues of name theory. First, the meaning of proper names is addressed from a cognitive perspective, pointing out the complex meaning matrix of this word class; then the categorization of proper names is discussed, i.e., how the networks and subnetworks of names emerge within the mental lexicon.

In the Italian academic discourse research, Master’s degree theses used to be studied mainly from the perspective of linguistic competencies of their authors. However, strictly linguistic skills are not the only challenge for undergraduate, who must also convey intellectual content in appropriate discursive and rhetorical forms. The paper explores the patterns of a peculiar form of “collaborative writing”, i.e. the cooperation between the thesis supervisor and the student. Using the example of Master’s theses in linguistics, written in Italian as a foreign language, three basic didactic approaches are discussed in the paper. In the didactics of content the supervisors emphasize knowledge, i.e. linguistic concepts expected to be applied in a Master’s thesis. In the didactics of forms, the supervisors focus on the linguistic code, that is, on grammatical and lexical correctness of the Master’s thesis. In the didactics of forms of content the supervisors use regularities observed in academic discourse, such as genre and rhetorical structures, as valuable teaching resources likely to help students develop metacommunicative awareness.

This paper deals with auxiliary verb constructions in Romance, in particular with those that exhibit two auxiliary verbs ‘have’ and ‘be’ which alternate, in many Italo-Romance varieties, within one and the same paradigm. It is argued that such an intra-paradigmatic distribution represents a special kind of grammaticalization, traditionally referred to as morphologization. Two aspects are discussed. First, a morphological approach to such ‘mixed paradigms’ is advocated, the main claim being that in order to explain the distribution of the two auxiliaries within the paradigm, one has to make essential reference to paradigmatic structure rather than to the intrinsic featural composition of the auxiliaries (along the lines of paradigmatic approaches reviewed in Blevins 2016). Second, it is shown that these mixed systems, although they often represent “delicate transitional stages” (Loporcaro 2014: 56, n. 8), also display interesting diachronic convergence typical of various stem alternation patterns, famously referred to as morphomes (cf. Maiden 2018). The paper draws on a dataset that is currently being put together in order to become, in the future, a large database of mixed perfective auxiliation systems. Some space is thus devoted to the description of the main parameters of this project, called ‘MIXPAR’.

In our never-ending search for the most efficient and eloquent ways of teaching English as a foreign language, we have identified “Guided meditation” as an interesting and challenging alternative approach and strategy. This paper discusses the notions of “linguistics”, “applied linguistics” and “psycholinguistics” and it tackles several teaching methods connected to guided meditation, such as “Suggestopedia” and the “Natural Approach”. It further deals with the main differences between “mindfulness”, “guided meditation” and “transcendentalism”, and then it aims at showing and explaining ways of using guided meditation practice for boosting teaching and learning English as a foreign language, mainly based on Tatiana Slama-Cazacu’s dynamic-contextual methodology (1999). The paper also designs an experiment that is going to be implemented in the first semester of the academic year 2021-2022, based on the hypothesis that the students engaged in guided meditation strategies can generate new ideas (be creative), cooperate with their colleagues, learn, reflect and think critically, improving thus their communication abilities in English. For this purpose, the research framework of the paper presents the subjects, the main research methods, the data collection instruments and the stages of the experiment (administering an initial and an achievement test, a pre-survey and a post-survey, conceiving activities, collecting work samples and the teacher’s observation notes).

This paper identifies causes of grammatical borrowing and related grammatical phenomena in L1 English L2 Czech immigrant speech. This study contributes to the literature on causes of grammatical borrowing and considers key ideas including social pressure (Thomason and Kaufman 1988), cognitive pressure (Matras 1998; Sanchez 2005) and gap filling (Campbell 1993). Thirteen semistructured interviews were conducted. Participants were affected by social pressure and cognitive pressure surrounding their language use, whether it acted as a driving or inhibiting factor in terms of grammatical borrowing. Participants also engage in borrowing akin to “language play” (Porte 2003: 116) with those close to them; it is a conscious choice to borrow in these cases and it usually represents matter (MAT) (Matras and Sakel 2007) borrowing (Castle 2021a). This paper proposes a new model which considers both conscious and subconscious borrowing whilst also considering factors inhibiting the possibility of borrowing.

This paper aims to analyze the social representations of women in Portuguese Textbooks (LDP) distributed in high school programs of state schools and selected based on the Guide of the National Textbook Program (PNLD) 2018. To this end, we draw from the field of Discourse Analysis, more specifically, from Foucault’s postulates (2009, 2011, 2013, 2014, 2016) in dialogue with the notion of “gender identity”, by Louro (1997, 2008). The corpus of analysis is comprised of visual-linguistic texts collected from the three most chosen collections of high school textbooks by schools of Minas Gerais State. Based on the analyses, we found that the corpus presents visual-linguistic texts that foster possible questions about normalized gender representations for women. However, we could perceive that most of the scenes portray previously normalized roles based on the traditional model of asymmetric gender relations. Therefore, in this paper we present other interpretations of the visual-linguistic materialities of LDPs, outlining possible practices of sexism confrontation in Portuguese language teaching and learning.

The aim of this paper is to show empirically, albeit in an indirect manner, some aspects related to language development and knowledge construction, in the frame of the relations between thought and language proposed by contemporary philosophy and by systemic functional linguistics (SFL). To do this, we compare two versions of the same two texts, produced by university students as part of an explicit genre-based learning process, and argue for an evolution of their cognition. Different stances of contemporary philosophy, socio-historic psychology and cognitive studies are revised as part of the conceptual framework, along with the language-based pedagogy proposed within systemic-functional linguistics. Based on this theoretical revision, two teaching-learning experiences informed by this genre-based pedagogy and SFL discourse analysis methodology are presented. These experiences offer some achievements in the direction of the goal of the paper. We propose that students evolve in the construction of knowledge and, hence, in the development of thought, through the development of their writing competences, achieved by the application of genre-based teaching for written discourse. Therefore, based on the experience and the theoretical base proposed, evidence is provided for the hypothesis of cognition of the world as a human faculty constituted by the development of language.

Este artigo tem o propósito de ampliar o olhar sobre as políticas de educação inclusiva para Surdos ao revisitar documentos oficiais, discorrer sobre os modelos existentes de educação para os estudantes Surdos e expor a situação marginal em que eles se encontram. Para tal, recorro às leituras de autores, leis e decretos tais como, Campos (2013), Silva e Favorito (2009), Lacerda (2006), Kumada (2016), a nova Lei 14.191 (BRASIL, 2021), a Lei nº 10.436/02 (BRASIL, 2002), a Política Nacional de Educação Especial na Perspectiva da Educação Inclusiva (BRASIL, 2008) e o Decreto nº 5.626/05 (BRASIL 2005), respectivamente. Embora as políticas educacionais na perspectiva da inclusão escolar de estudantes Surdos venham assegurando-lhes direitos, percebemos uma disparidade entre os que asseveram as leis e a realidade escolar desses estudantes. Professores e toda a comunidade escolar, em sua maioria, encontram-se despreparados para atuar no processo de ensino que seja adequado para o aprendizado desses estudantes, sentenciando-lhes à exclusão e à marginalidade das práticas sociais. O acesso das Pessoas com Surdez à educação de qualidade ainda é um desafio para a sua comunidade e a sociedade como um todo.

Este artigo visa compreender o imaginário na constituição do discurso, analisando efeitos de sentidos produzidos sobre o sujeito indígena em documentos oficiais, bem como compreender como o imaginário impacta em políticas públicas para a educação escolar indígena e incentivar iniciativas para o ensino e a valorização das línguas indígenas. O arquivo foi constituído pelo Parecer CNE/CEB nº 14, de 19 de setembro de 1999 e pela Resolução CEB nº 3, de 10 de novembro de 1999, que tratam das Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais da Educação Escolar Indígena. Para tanto, trabalhou-se com a hipótese de que os esquemas interdiscursivos de repetibilidade – utilizados para refutar o passado e estabilizar o presente –, constantes no discurso sobre, ao criar um lugar para essa política e um lugar imaginário de sujeito indígena, produziram um espaço de tensão, gerando ressonâncias em relação ao imaginário e, consequentemente, em relação à constituição do sujeito indígena e às políticas da educação escolar indígena. A perspectiva discursiva adotada entende o sujeito como cindido, clivado e barrado pela linguagem e trabalha com efeitos de sentido, desvelando a incompletude do discurso e do sujeito. Com as análises, o real da língua, o real da história e o real do sujeito desvelaram que pelo imaginário se constituiu um sujeito indígena que é uma mistura indefinida, um “entre”, um “pertence/não/pertence”. Os documentos produziram um imaginário sobre o sujeito indígena que não é um, nem outro; não é igual, nem diferente. Não é sujeito indígena, mas também não é sujeito não-indígena, repercutindo nas políticas da educação escolar indígena.