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In this paper, we propose the replication of scientific experiments, with the participation of the general public, as one of the possible strategies to confront science deniers. Using the social media of the Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), the project entitled : The Magic of Physics and the Universe, invited the public to reproduce the experiment carried out by the Greek Eratosthenes over 2,100 years ago, which he proved that the Earth is spherical. We present a report of this experience to suggest that it is possible for citizens to experience scientific knowledge and observe the phenomena in a simple way, in order to develop a critical interpretation of false information that circulates in society. This proposal distinctively geeks to deconstruct the denial of the Earth's curvature through direct and collective participation of citizens in Eratosthenes' experiment, which permit more reflection on how the scientific method used to study this subject works., Comment: This article is written in Portuguese

We present the second part of a series of papers proposing a novel teaching sequence for Particle Physics in high school. The topic of the present work is Nuclear Physics. The goal of the sequence is to approach the subject in a way as to stimulate scientific literacy, from a perspective involving Science, Technology, Society and Environment (STSE). We evaluate the potentialities and effectiveness of the material proposed here, allied to a dialogical approach by the teacher, by analyzing the presence of scientific literacy and engagement indicators during interventions applied to a public school in Esp\'irito Santo, Brazil., Comment: 31 figures, in portuguese

Introduction and Objective. Assuming the need to rethink Education and its function as an element of social transformation and generator of a profound ethical change and promoter of other ways of being on planet Earth, this study seeks to understand the possible dialogues between Earth Pedagogy and Astrobiology in the construction and proposition of continuing education processes for science teachers. Methodology. A mini-course was promoted aimed at teachers and an attempt was made to report the construction process of the training process and, using Content Analysis, to analyze the contributions pointed out by the participants to their training and teaching practice. Results and Conclusion. The dialogue between knowledge in the continuing education of teachers contributes with fundamental elements to teaching practice, covering cognitive, emotional, individual and collective aspects, as well as highlighting the role of the university in promoting initiatives that bring Education and Complexity together., Comment: This article is written in Portuguese

The growing interaction between traditional knowledge and formal sciences emerges as a relevant field of research. In this perspective, the aim of this article is to investigate the intersections between Physics and traditional knowledge in the ceramics practices of Vila Cuera, in Bragan\c{c}a, state of Para. Using an ethnographic approach, complemented by qualitative analysis, we realize that ceramists use their sensitive intuition and, masterfully, apply thermodynamic principles in the production of handmade ceramics. The results highlight the value of Ethnophysics, underlining that, long before the formal structuring of science as we know it, traditional societies already practiced and understood natural phenomena in tune with contemporary physical principles. We conclude that there is an inherent link between Physics and traditional knowledge with regard to the traditional ceramics practice, grounded on empirical observations and ancestral wisdom, that dialogues with science in a complementary relationship. The study highlights the importance of valuing and recognizing the knowledge of traditional populations by highlighting the knowledge doings of cultures and institutionalized science., Comment: in Portuguese

In this paper, we present the Quantum Information Software Developer Kit - Qiskit, for teaching quantum computing to undergraduate students, with basic knowledge of quantum mechanics postulates. We focus on presenting the construction of the programs on any common laptop or desktop computer and their execution on real quantum processors through the remote access to the quantum hardware available on the IBM Quantum Experience platform. The codes are made available throughout the text so that readers, even with little experience in scientific computing, can reproduce them and adopt the methods discussed in this paper to address their own quantum computing projects. The results presented are in agreement with theoretical predictions and show the effectiveness of the Qiskit package as a robust classroom working tool for the introduction of applied concepts of quantum computing and quantum information theory., Comment: This is a didactic text written in Portuguese by undergraduate physics students under the supervision of Professor Clebson Cruz. This paper summarizes the class notes, activities, and projects developed by students of the Applied Quantum Computing course at the Federal University of Western Bahia - Brazil

This study presents the development of two graphical interfaces using Matlab's graphical user interface tool, GUIDE, to model the steady-state and dynamic responses of Erbium (Er$^{3+}$)-doped fiber amplifiers. The primary focus is on their application for educational purposes, employing two distinct models. The steady-state model aims to evaluate the influence of various intrinsic parameters of Er$^{3+}$-doped fibers, such as length, overlap factor between the dopant profile and the optical signal, dopant density, and excited state average lifetime, along with the impact of optical signals on the amplifiers' performance. On the other hand, the dynamic model interface facilitates the examination of the channels add/drop impact in an optical network. This dual-interface approach provides a comprehensive understanding of the Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers, making them valuable tools for educational exploration and analysis., Comment: 6 pages, 8 figures. Document in Portuguese

In this work, we present the Electric Motor simulator, an application on the SimuF\'isica platform intended for use in the classroom. We briefly describe the technologies behind the application, the equations that govern its operation, some studies showing the dynamics of the electric motor and, finally, examples of approach in the classroom. -- Apresentamos neste trabalho o simulador Motor el\'etrico, um aplicativo da plataforma SimuF\'isica voltado para uso em sala de aula. Descrevemos brevemente as tecnologias por tr\'as do aplicativo, as equa\c{c}\~oes que regem o seu funcionamento, alguns estudos mostrando a din\^amica do motor el\'etrico e, por fim, exemplos de abordagem em sala de aula., Comment: 5 pages, in Portuguese

The results of the National High School Examination (ENEM) are an important tool for a diagnosis of educational deficiencies at the end of a training cycle. This exam is a relevant source of data for the evaluation of what is learned by high school students. In this paper, thirteen selected questions are presented, from the Natural Sciences exam in the period between 2009 and 2014, questions that were classified as "physics questions", in which the alternatives reveal well-delimited non-scientific conceptions described in the literature. From the students' performance on these items, observations about the learning process in physics in basic education are made. This study reveals that there are some permanent difficulties in understanding basic concepts of mechanics, thermal phenomena and geometric optics. Many of these questions point to the presence and even predominant role of non-scientific conceptions described in the research literature in physics teaching. Even knowing how difficult it is to modify these conceptions, the results reveal that, despite all the research effort in physics teaching since the 1980s, there was little impact of the results in the learning process, and only a few changes incorporating this knowlege in the didactic materials and in the teacher training courses. (Paper in Portuguese.), Comment: 36 pages, in Portuguese 29 figures, 16 tables. Submitted to Revista Brasileira de Ensino de Fisica

This is the first paper of a series aiming to present a new teaching sequence for Particle Physics in high school. We propose a systematic discussion of the subject, covering not only the understanding of its key concepts, but also of the very nature of Science, of the factors that surround its practice and of its relations to technology, society and the environment, in a framework towards scientific literacy. In this work we present the first part of this teaching sequence, focused on the quantum theory of electromagnetism: Quantum Electrodynamics. We analyze the potentialities of the material proposed here, when applied in a dialogic manner by the teacher, by evaluating the presence of scientific literacy and engagement indicators throughout interventions at a full-time public school in Espirito Santo, Brazil., Comment: 32 figures, in Portuguese

This paper is aimed to develop formative actions about Science Technology and Society (STS) relations in the teaching of Physics in order to integrate Act 10.639/2003, which includes African, and Afro-Brazilian history and culture in school syllabuses. Besides we also aim to overcome the challenges found in the educational system and to enable students to learn about the contributions made by African societies regarding to the Science and technology. The methodological procedure included a written questionnaire, pre- and post-test, both with the students. The results have been proven relevant for the teaching of racial relations in the classroom., Comment: V1: In Portuguese, 20 pages, 3 frames, 6 figures. This version matches the published one in Cadernos de Educa\c{c}\~ao B\'asica (CEB)

In this paper we take a brief discussion about the two editions of State Show of Astronomy and its influence in process of student formation. One comparison between numbers of projects registrants and also total teachers registrants, of these editions, we see that is necessary to create forms for the teacher of public school could dedicate time for orientation activities. Once these practices help to better the teaching-learning relationship., Comment: 5 figuras. in Portuguese

The goal of this paper is to present three proposal of didactics sequence with astronomical thematic taking alignment with BNCC. They were developed during the work plan progress of students of high school connected with OAIG. As a final result of the students practices, they: (1) determined the mass of Jupiter by Io eclipse; (2) recognized crateras and seas of the Moon; and (3) constructed the H-R diagram for the near stars., Comment: 10 figure, in Portuguese

The goal of this paper is have bringing a reflect on the experience of applying a continuing education course in Astronomy Teaching for teachers from two municipal networks, know Laranja da Terra (ES) and Guarapari (ES). Here we are presenting a brief of the course offered by Ifes-Guarapari for these networks as well as analyzes the experience reports, font of collection of data, done by the course participants, which was guided by diagnostic questions that allowed the systematization of the course participants' perceptions in the developed training process. After the systematization and analysis of the texts, the reflection was as follows: a) the existence of a demand for training in the area of astronomical knowledge; b) the potential of Astronomy Teaching as a provider of innovative pedagogical practices in the school context as well as its interdisciplinary potential; and c) notes for improvement in the construction and offer of new training courses in Astronomy for elementary school professionals., Comment: 21 pages, in Portuguese, 6 figures

This research is about to analyze the effects of the implementation of a virtual learning space in the homogeneous second-order differential equations applied to the modeling of the phenomenon of simple pendulum physics in the framework of the alliance with the international project World Pendulum Alliance WPA. The collection of information was carried out with a five question, using pre-test and post-test. The effectiveness of the strategy was measured with the Hake gain and the evolution of learning with the vectors of Bao. It was found that the strategy is more effective, but close to that achieved by traditional models, so that students largely achieve the proposed learning objectives. The evolution of learning suggests that students after the implementation of the strategy are marked under the model of acceptable explanation in the literature, although some participants still lean towards the incorrect model or the distracter. Therefore, it is necessary to include in the strategy a greater number of activities related to the description of the physical phenomenon to be studied and the improvement of the algebraic procedures seen in previous courses., Comment: 24 pages, in Portuguese, 7 figures

Presents a differentiated teaching proposal that allows the student to be the agent in the construction of knowledge, overcoming the difficulties that Mathematics presents. Aiming to understand how the use of statistical tools can contribute to the improvement of the teaching-learning process and the construction of statistical knowledge, studied with students from the University Campus of Rondonopolis/UFMT. In order to reach the proposed objective, an analysis was carried out about the didactic activities in the teaching of basic statistics in which a qualitative-quantitative approach was chosen, focusing on everyday life, with the use of software, creation and simulation of models, as well as seeking to establish the frequency of the students' attitude, through questionnaires and a four-point Likert Scale, seeking data that would trace the profile of the actors involved that would help in the understanding of the planned didactic activities. The study is justified by the lack of methodological theoretical references on the subject in question. Didactic activities of Statistics were organized, whose applications took place in alternating classes, being traditional lectures and practical classes in a Computer Laboratory. Constituting the main focus of characterization and reflection of this scientific research during the teaching-learning process of Statistics. The results showed a correct attitude of the researched about the methodological strategies used, assumed with reference to the research/action design. This study contributed to motivate, awaken and answer questions and give meaning and understanding to works with Mathematical Modeling, as it can promote the improvement of the teaching-learning process and configures itself as an indispensable tool for education., Comment: in Portuguese language. A methodological proposal for learning: reflection on the pedagogical practices of Statistics when developing social research instruments. Teaching statistics, Mathematical modeling, Pedagogical practices in higher education, Educational technology. Ensino de estatisticas, Modelagem matematica, Pr\'aticas pedagogicas no ensino superior, Tecnologia educacional

We have carried out a partial survey on the female participation in events organized by the Brazilian Physical Society (SBF, in Portuguese) from 2005 to 2021. Our analysis shows that the participation of women has increased over the years, reaching in some areas, the same percentage as the one observed in the SBF community (always lower that 25\%). However, the participation as members of organizing committees and as keynote speakers is always lower. Some propositions to change this inequality situation are listed., Comment: in Portuguese language

The Higgs boson was predicted in 1964 by British physicist Peter Higgs. The Higgs is the key to explain the origin of the mass of other elementary particles of Nature. However, only with the coming into operation of the LHC, in 2008, there were technological conditions to search for the Higgs boson. Recently, a major international effort conducted at CERN, by means of ATLAS and CMS experiments, has enabled the observation of a new bosonic particle in the region of 125 GeVs. In this paper, by means of known mechanisms of symmetry breaking that occur in the BCS theory of superconductivity and in the theory of nuclear pairing, we discuss the Higgs mechanism in the Standard Model. Finally, we present the current state of research looking for the Higgs boson and the alternative theories and extensions of the Standard Model for the elementary particle physics. Keywords: Higgs boson, BCS theory, nuclear pairing, Higgs mechanism, Standard Model., Comment: Article in Portuguese. The paper will appear in Volume 35 of the Revista Brasileira de Ensino de F\'isica

These notes on modern cosmology were made with high school teachers and students in mind. Taking into account the lack of availability of time and classes that many teachers have nowadays in Brazil, often caused by having to comply with very extensive subject curricula, performing various extra-class tasks and the tribulations inherent in the daily lives of all As workers in this country, we seek to develop basic topics and essentials about modern cosmology for your learning and consultation. We believe that, using it, you will be very well prepared to bring this very important theme of nature to the classroom. A differential of this didactic material is that each chapter has practical activities that allow us to fix the concepts of cosmology., Comment: the notes os cosmology are in PORTUGUESE , Brazil

This is a series of short teaching papers dealing with specific topics in a standard first-year undergraduate Physics course. ----- Este texto comp\~oe-se de quatro pequenas notas -- independentes entre si -- em que se discutem alguns t\'opicos espec\'{\i}ficos de f\'{\i}sica para o segundo grau e o primeiro ano universit\'ario., Comment: Paper in Portuguese

It is well known the method of determining the center of mass of a triangular piece in which it is hanged from each one of its vertices while drawing from the vertice its verticals. The intersection of the three verticals is considered as the center of mass, verified by equilibrating the piece over a point object. But not everybody knows that the method was developed by Arquimedes 2,300 years ago, determining the geometrical elements to the medians of the triangle. He demonstrated theoretically its result and, inspired on his demonstration we developed another one, which lends to the ideia and methods of the differential and integral calculus., Comment: 10 pages, in Portuguese, 14 figures

This project of experimental physics practice has consisted of the insertion of CTPM / SJDR high school students in the experimental investigative environment through the application of the concept of Scientific Method. Standardization, or not, in the act of reproduction of an experimental germination practice of seeds of beans, made by students in their respective homes during social isolation, made it possible to obtain distribution curves with events with greater and greater minor correlation between them. In the end, taking advantage of the global context throughout the year 2020, these event distribution curves were used for a conclusive approach as to the effect of social isolation on the "flattening" of the curves of the contaminates by the SARS-Cov-2 virus., Comment: in Portuguese

The technological and digital reality has broadly expanded, reaching the school. Therefore, this research aims to develop a didactic sequence, using as strategy a comic book, Figures, Gifs and videos, programs for activities applied to comics using Newton's Laws. The research aimed to analyze how this pedagogical tool contributed to student learning. It is a qualitative research in education, whose data were collected in the course of the pedagogical action, through questionnaires, analyzed comparatively. The strategies were well accepted among adolescents, which is why their application favored advances in the learning of concepts and in the application of knowledge of classical physics in everyday events, Comment: 22 pg, in Portuguese

The technological and digital reality has broadly expanded, reaching, in a massive way, spaces, for a century, it is not part of this environment, being a school an example. Therefore, this research has as general objective to develop a didactic sequence, using as a strategy a comic book, as well as Figures, Gifs and videos, programs for activities applied to comics using Newton's Laws. A research that aims to analyze which methodological form can influence student learning. For this, it supports us in research such as Carvalho and Lemos (2010), Camargo (2015), Farias (2010), Nardin (2016) and Vygostky (1930). The method used for the development of the research was a case study, with the collection of qualitative and quantitative data. The product seems to have received a good acceptance among teenagers and for this reason it can help in learning, favoring advances in the learning of concepts and in the application of knowledge in everyday events., Comment: Dissertacao, realidade aumentada, ensino de fisica. Dissertation in Portuguese

This article is derived from the development of educational activities in astronomy, with a view to encouraging the training of future researchers. The goal is to present how the participation of students from EEEM Dr.Silva Mello took place in the Mostra de Astronomia do ES (MAES), and how that promoted their involvement and participation in the three types of education, formal, informal and non-formal, highlighting the articulation between them. In order to train citizens with interests for development of scientific research on astronomical themes, developing a taste for the search for knowledge and to motivate this action, we form groups to present works at MAES, used as a non-formal education space . The event included the presentation of works, lectures and prizes. As a result, one of the works presented by the students was awarded. Informal education has gained special relevance, when students discussed science, bringing it to their daily lives, Comment: 6 pg, in Portuguese

In this paper we show how to obtain the Inverse-square law of the distance to the light intensity emitted from a small source in a simple, fast and with good precision way. With the aid of two smartphones, free apps and a ruler, one is able to measure the distances between the devices listed (one as a source and the other as a measuring light intensity) and the respective light intensities measured by the probeware in the device. The ease of reproduction of the proposed experiment and the penetration of the use of tablets and smartphones among students and teachers, could make the proposed activity a good alternative to the introduction of physical phenomena which exhibit the same functional dependence, such as the Law of Newton's Universal Gravitation and Coulomb's Law., Comment: in Portuguese, 3 pages, 4 figues

A century after observing the deflection of light emitted by distant stars during the solar eclipse of 1919, it is interesting to know the concepts emerged from the experiment and the theoretical and observational consequences for modern cosmology and astrophysics. In addition to confirming Einstein's gravitational theory, its greatest legacy was the construction of a new research area to cosmos science dubbed gravitational lensing. The formation and magnification of multiple images (mirages) by the gravitational field of a compact or extended lens are among the most striking phenomena of nature. This article presents a pedagogical view of the first genuine gravitational lens effect, the double quasar QSO 0957 + 561. We also describe the formation of rings, giant arcs, arclets and multiple Supernova images. It is also surprising that the Hubble constant and the amount of dark matter in the Universe can be measured by the same technique. Finally, the lensing of gravitational waves, a possible but still not yet detected effect, is also briefly discussed., Comment: 22 pages, 20 figures, in Portuguese

The Brazilian National Assessment of Secondary Education (ENEM, Exame Nacional do Ensino M\'edio) has changed in 2009: from a self-assessment of competences at the end of high school to an assessment that allows access to college and student financing. From a single general exam, now there are tests in four areas: Mathematics, Language, Natural Sciences and Social Sciences. A new Reference Matrix is build with components as cognitive domains, competencies, skills and knowledge objects; also, the methodological framework has changed, using now Item Response Theory to provide scores and allowing longitudinal comparison of results from different years, providing conditions for monitoring high school quality in Brazil. We present a study on the issues discussed in Natural Science Test of ENEM over the years 2009, 2010 and 2011. Qualitative variables are proposed to characterize the items, and data from students' responses in Physics items were analysed. The qualitative analysis reveals the characteristics of the exam in these years: long items, only a few of them demanding more complex reasoning, a characteristic of problem solving skills. The analysis of student performance also reveals that learning physics is not attained, with a percentage of correct answers on items that is almost always small, and that items that require some type of disciplinary knowledge or require use of mathematical reasoning presents a performance significantly weaker., Comment: Paper to appear in Revista Brasileira de Ensino de F\'isica (Brazilian Journal on Physics Education). Written in Portuguese. 20 pages, 12 figures and tables

In this work, we present a study carried out to develop a didactic kit based on the use of touch and thermal receivers for the teaching of Astronomy. The proposal arose in the face of the difficulties encountered in the search for experiments capable of presenting the best concepts involved in the teaching of Astronomy for visually impaired people. The equipment consists of the use of a model with hemispheres with Peltier pellets for simulation of temperature scale of planets of the Solar System. The research was based on the use of accessible and low-cost materials. All the materials used and the assembly of the equipment are described in this work, since the design until the application of the final product for students. This experiment was part of a set of pedagogical equipment presented at a scientific exhibition for the visually impaired during the 15 a National Science and Technology Week in the city of Juazeiro do Norte in the State of Cear\'a., Comment: 7 pages, in Portuguese, 8 figures

Despite the legislation in force in most countries and the discourse on gender equality, the observed reality, still today, shows a clear picture of inequality and restrictions for women, particularly when the issue is the choice of a career and the subsequent promotions. In many professions, although women represent the majority in the entrance to undergraduate courses, their participation is dramatically reduced as the career progresses to the highest levels. While the participation of men increases, that of women decreases as the academic levels move towards the top ranks. This kind of evolution of two groups in opposed directions is usually referred as the "scissors effect". This effect with respect to sexes also occurs in the area of physics, both in Brazil and in the rest of the world. But at what age does this effect begin? What is its intensity in the different stages of women's lives? In this article we aim to shed some light on these questions by analyzing data of the Brazilian Olympiad of Physics and of fellowships for physicists in Brazil. We observe the systematic occurrence of scissors effect throughout the full studied data, ranging from the first years of participation in the Olympiads (13 years old) to the highest stages of the scientific career., Comment: 7 pages, in portuguese, 2 figues

The Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM - Universidade Federal de Santa Maria) has trained more than 600 undergraduate and 200 Ph.D. students, becoming a reference in physics training at the Rio Grande do Sul central region. In this work we present a gender analysis of the UFSM graduated students from both levels. The number of graduated students of the female gender has been rising with time and is significatively bigger than the number observed nationally in both levels. The mean values are 35%, 37%, 28%, 42% e 39% for the courses physics teaching (daytime), physics teaching (nightime), physics, master and doctorate, respectively. We also observe an increase in the participation of female students in graduate courses, when comparing to undergraduate courses, unlike what is observed in the national average numbers. Considering only the last 5 years the number of graduated students reaches 50% in the physics teaching (daytime) and master courses. Although this study is of a local nature, it reinforces the need for the dissemination of data regarding the gender of graduates by all universities, allowing to conduct general gender studies., Comment: Main text in Portuguese; Published in Ci\^encia e Natura (https://periodicos.ufsm.br/cienciaenatura/article/view/31793)

We show in details the four quantum key distribution protocols which initiated the important field of quantum cryptography, using an accessible language for undergraduate students. We begin presenting the BB84 protocol, which uses polarization states of photons in order to transmit cryptographic keys. Thereupon we show the E91 protocol, whose security is based on the use of singlet states to generate a random sequence of bits. We end the paper with the BBM92 and the B92 protocol. These last two protocols can be seen as simplified versions of the first two., Comment: 9 pages, 2 figures, text in Portuguese, to be published in Revista Brasileira de Ensino de Fisica

An analysis is performed of the role played by physical intuition in expressing the electromagnetic field in terms of its sources in the time-dependent case. The conclusion is that it is dangerous to dissociate physical intuition from the mathematical description of the phenomena., Comment: This is an abridged English version of the paper "Intuicao fisica e generalizacao das leis de Coulomb e de Biot-Savart para o caso dependente do tempo", to appear in Portuguese in the Revista Brasileira de Ensino de Fisica

Is it allowed, in the context of the Lagrange multiplier formalism, to assume that nonholonomic constraints are already in effect while setting up Lagrange's function? This procedure is successfully applied in a recent book [L. N. Hand and J. D Finch, {\it Analytical Mechanics}] to the problem of the rolling penny, but it does not work in general, as we show by means of a counterexample. It turns out that in many cases the use of nonholonomic constraints in the process of construction of the Lagrangian is allowed, but the correct equations of motion are the little known Voronec's equations., Comment: Translation of the paper "Vinculos Nao-Holonomos e Equacoes de Voronec", to be published in Portuguese in Revista Brasileira de Ensino de Fisica

Nowadays the Science progress depends on the numerical calculus, due to the possibility of obtention of solutions using simulations which would be impracticable, or even impossible, to be analitically obtained. In this aspect, it becomes important to dominate the fundamental tools of numerical calculus applied to some programming language, Fortran for example. In this work we presented few basic concepts of the Fortran 77. We show how this concepts can be applied in the simulation and analysis of physical systems, trying to offer a first contact, a guide, with this programming language. We presented the construction of routines that model the behavior of spring-mass system, trigonometric functions and a more complex system, the standart map. We presented a discussion about meaningful learning involving physical concepts and programming in Fortran., Comment: 12 pages, in Portuguese, 12 figures

In this work, we analyse all existing data related to the number of incomers and outcomers (who actually obtain the degree) of the following courses offered at the Federal University of Santa Catarina: physics teaching, bachelor in physics, master of sciences in physics and doctorate in physics, corresponding to the 1998-2017 period, according to their availability. The data point towards a great male predominance (larger than 76%) and a huge evasion of both sexes (in average, less than 20% of the undergraduate incomers obtain the degree), the evasion being lower in the postgraduate courses and always slightly higher for women. The average number of incomers and outcomers per year decreases as the students advance from graduate to postgraduate courses, although many students in the postgraduate courses come from other institutions. The proportion of women decreases as the carrier advances. The results indicate the need of complementary studies that can help the identification of the causes of such a high evasion in order to minimize them., Comment: 13 pages, in Portuguese, 13 figures

We are experiencing a period of extreme intellectual effervescence in the area of cosmology. A huge volume of observational data in unprecedented quantity and quality and a more consistent theoretical framework propelled cosmology to an era of precision, turning the discipline into a cutting-edge area of contemporary science. Observations with type Ia Supernovae (SNe Ia), showed that the expanding Universe is accelerating, an unexplained fact in the traditional decelerated model. Identifying the cause of this acceleration is the most fundamental problem in the area. As in the scientific renaissance, the solution will guide the course of the discipline in the near future and the possible answers (whether dark energy, some extension of general relativity or a still unknown mechanism) should also leverage the development of physics. In this context, without giving up a pedagogical approach, we present an overview of both the main theoretical results and the most significant observational discoveries of cosmology in the last 100 years. The saga of cosmology will be presented in a trilogy. In this article (Part I), based on the articles by Einstein, de Sitter, Friedmann, Lema\^itre and Hubble, we will describe the period between the origins of cosmology and the discovery of Universal expansion (1929). In Part II, we will see the period from 1930 to 1997, closing with the old standard decelerated model. The Part III will be entirely devoted to the accelerated model of the universe, the cosmic paradigm of the XXI century., Comment: 18 pages, 10 figures. To appear in Revista Brasileira de Ensino de F\'isica (in Portuguese)

A hundred years ago, the quantum concept provoked a revolution in science and the search of a new conceptual basis for whole physics, as emphasized by Einstein. In this paper, I discuss the essential features of Planck's works in 1900 on the blackbody radiation and the hypothesis of energy quantization., Comment: Text in Portuguese, 13 pages, 5 figures

The purpose of this paper is to make clear the difference between rigid and undeformable bodies in Relativity. The error of confusing these two concepts has survived up to the present day treatises. We hope it will not persist in the XXI century treatises. The large majority of relativists do not know the formulae for the relativistic elasticity of rigid bodies (Mc Crea 1952,Brotas 1968). The paradoxes of the rotating disk and of the 3-degrees of freedom of rigidies bodies in Relativity are in the domain of relativistic elasticity., Comment: Latex file in portuguese language (23 pages). Key words: relativity, rigid body, paradoxes,rotating disk

We present a method to study engagement level uniformity in a class of students. We validate our method by comparing two semesters taught using different methods in a physics and mathematics course. The first semester used conventional methods while the second semester used graphic spreadsheets-based laboratories and homework before the introduction of formal methods. We found that engagement of the students that were below the median at the beginning of the semester improved by an order of magnitude (by our metric) while the engagement level of students initially above the median did not change., Comment: In Portuguese language. 8 pages, 3 figures, 1 table

A simple way of measuring g in the basic lab with a an Arduino micro-controller is discussed. Experimental results are obtained and compared with values provided by the National Observatory, Rio de Janeiro. Our relative error is 0.1 %., Comment: In Portuguese. Soon an English version will be available

Physical quantities and physical dimensions are among the first concepts encountered by students in their undergraduate career. In this pedagogical review, I will start from these concepts and, using the powerful tool of dimensional analysis, I will embark in a journey through various branches of physics, from basic mechanics to quantum gravity. I will also discuss a little bit about the fundamental constants of Nature, the so-called "cube of Physics", and the natural system of units., Comment: 20 pages, 6 figures; v2: minor changes, reference added. Pedagogical article in Portuguese addressed to undergraduate students

Flow of viscous fluids are not usually discussed in detail in general and basic courses of physics. This is due in part to the fact that the Navier-Stokes equation has analytical solution only for a few restricted cases, while more sophisticated problems can only be solved by numerical methods. In this text, we present a computer simulation of wind tunnel, i.e., we present a set of programs to solve the Navier-Stokes equation for an arbitrary object inserted in a wind tunnel. The tunnel enables us to visualize the formation of vortices behind object, the so-called von K\'arm\'an vortices, and calculate the drag force on the object. We believe that this numerical wind tunnel can support the teacher and allow a more elaborate discussion of viscous flow. The potential of the tunnel is exemplified by the study of the drag on a simplified model of wing whose angle of attack can be controlled. A link to download the programs that make up the tunnel appears at the end., Comment: in Portuguese

The LOT-G3 is designed to be a versatile equipment that perform several simple experiments for use in helping the physics classes for high school. Easy construction, low cost, using easily accessible materials. Its construction involves simple practices and knowledge of electromagnetism. It has the function of a plasma globe to demonstrate the ionization of a low pressure gas, as well as the formation of magnetic field. Can be used as sanitizer closed environments such as automotive vehicles in ozonator function, demonstrating the ionization of oxygen in the atmosphere, producing ozone, essential to life on earth. And as a sparks transmitter, low power, low frequency modulated continuous wave in (CW), for signals in Morse code. Therefore the equipment here called LOT-G3, has three functions: a plasma lamp, ozonator and CW transmitter., Comment: in Portuguese

In this chapter, we present some reflections about the learning process -and its implications in the teaching- of notions related to the phases of the Moon., Comment: Article in Portuguese, PDF document including 11 figures. Published version available at http://cms.iafe.uba.ar/gangui/didaastro/#Publications. in Ensino de astronomia na escola: concepcoes, ideias e praticas, edited by M.D.Longhini, Campinas: Atomo editora, Chapter 17, p. 339-358, 2014

We describe the making of a two-mirrors stereoscope, identical to the first historical one, with the advantage of employing digital images on LCD monitors. We surprised the public with it, because they do not imagine being possible to watch 3D without needing goggless, neither the lack of knowledge of something so simple and old. Nowadays it is common to have two monitors at the exit of a computer, so that the system is still a simple one., Comment: 9 pages, in Portuguese, 5 figures, submited to a brazilian journal

Descreve-se neste trabalho uma proposta de curr\'iculo interdisciplinar para a forma\c{c}\~ao de professores de ci\^encias da natureza. O curso permite a obten\c{c}\~ao de quatro diplomas: professor de ci\^encias para o ensino fundamental (nomenclatura brasileira), professor de biologia, f\'isica e qu\'imica para o ensino m\'edio. O diploma de professor de ci\^encias \'e obtido com a integraliza\c{c}\~ao de cr\'editos oferecidos ao longo dos tr\^es primeiros anos do curso. Para cada ano subsequente \'e poss\'ivel obter os diplomas de professor do ensino m\'edio. Os componentes curriculares pertinentes \`as ci\^encias da natureza s\~ao inteiramente interdisciplinares nos tr\^es primeiros anos. No quarto ano s\~ao oferecidas disciplinas espec\'ificas de biologia, f\'isica e qu\'imica, para a respectiva forma\c{c}\~ao de professor do ensino m\'edio. An interdisciplinary curriculum for science teaching undergraduate course will be described. The curriculum allows four degrees according the Brazilian educational legislation: science teacher for the middle school, biology, chemistry and physics teacher for the high school. The science teacher degree is obtained by accomplishing the three initial years syllabus. For each subsequent year it will be possible to obtain the other degrees. The components of the curriculum for the three initial years are radically interdisciplinary, with a pedagogical organization in such ways to prepare students for the subsequent year dedicated to a specific discipline (biology, chemistry or physics)., Comment: 26 pages 5 figures in Portuguese, aceito para publica\c{c}\~ao na Revista Brasileira de Ensino de F\'isica (2014)

An interesting physical phenomenon, which contradicts our common sense, is concerned with the dynamics of motion of a spinning ellipsoid in a non smooth surface. A hard-boiled egg spinning on a table with a rough surface is an example. In this article, we present a theoretical explanation, of the dynamics of motion of this ellipsoid, that describes the axis raising phenomenon, from the horizontal to the vertical. The equations of motion were obtained with Lagrangian formalism., Comment: The article is written in Portuguese and was accepted for publication in the journal "Brasileira de Ensino de F\'isica"

The relation among instantaneous, mean and average velocities in one-dimensional motion with constant acceleration is studied. It was shown that the instant velocity evaluated in the time $t_{p}=\left(t_2+t_1\right)/2$ is similar to the mean and average velocities evaluated between the times $t_1$ and $t_2$. The reason for relations illustrated before were shown in detail. Also, the results obtained were used to propose a pedagogical strategy in order to study the one-dimensional motion with constant acceleration as a natural extension of one-dimensional motion with constant velocity., Comment: 4 pages,2 figures. Submitted to Revista Brasileira de Ensino de Fisica, in Portuguese

The physics teaching particularly the optics teaching always have faced motivational problems, mostly due to the loss of the link between the social practice and the daily life of the student. Moreover, the laboratory practices have lost space in high school attributable to a lack of resources or caused by the fact that the main purpose of the high school is being no more than the access to the University. This work shows how an extension activity called "Holographic Exhibit" tries to motivate high school students by means of experimentation, observation and the application of physics concepts in daily life, awakening their interests to the general physics. La ensenanza de la fisica y en particular de la optica siempre ha enfrentado problemas de aspecto motivacional principalmente por la perdida del vinculo con la practica social y con la vida cotidiana del estudiante. Ademas, las practicas de laboratorio han perdido mucho espacio en la ensenanza media por carencias de las escuelas o debido a que tiene apenas como objeto el examen de ingreso a la universidad. El objetivo de este trabajo es mostrar como una actividad de extensi\'on universitaria llamada 'Exposicion de Holografia' intenta motivar a estudiantes de ense\~nanza media a traves de la experimentacion, observacion y aplicacion de conceptos fisicos en la vida cotidiana, despertando sus intereses por la f\'isica general., Comment: 8 pages, 8 figures. in Portuguese

Scientific education and divulgation not only amplify people's vocabulary and repertory of scientific concepts but, at the same time, promote the diffusion of certain conceptual and cognitive metaphors. Here we make some hypothesis about this process, proposing a classification in terms of visible, invisible, basic and derived metaphors. We focus our attention in contemporary and classical physics metaphors applied to psychological and socio-economical phenomena, and we study two exemplar cases through an exhaustive exam of the online content of large Brazilian journalistic portals. Finally, we present implications and suggestions from the cognitive metaphor theory for the scientific education and divulgation process., Comment: In portuguese, 20 pages, 2 figures, new version submitted to RBEF