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The European Union's Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) has been reformed several times since its launch in the early 1960s. It has evolved from a price support policy into a mechanism for supporting agricultural income and investment. At the same time, increasing concern has been given to environmental issues, in line with the paradigm of sustainable development. Part of this approach is the concern for the viability of family farms, including smallholder ones. The question that arises here is whether today's EU agricultural policy is really adapted to the needs of smallholder farms. The aim of this publication is to find an answer to the above question. Therefore, the study was conducted to assess the opinions of small family farms owners on the financial support within the EU common agricultural policy. Three European countries - Poland, Romania and Lithuania - were included in the analysis due to the relatively high share of small-scale farms. The research was organised in two stages. In the first, a synthetic measure of sustainability of smallholder farms was created among the holdings surveyed. The second stage included in-depth interviews with 20 – in each country - most sustainable farms. As a result, it was proved that financial support, especially in the form of the simplified direct payment, is necessary to ensure the viability of small farms, but the owners also expect greater price stability and equal conditions of competition within the food supply chain.

This text presents the survey carried out among parents on the issue of speech development in their children raised in the environment of Polish-Swedish bilingualism in Sweden and convictions about the role of a speech-language pathologist in bilingual upbringing. The aim of this study is to fill the gap in speech-language pathology research on the parental perception of bilingualism in their children. Thematic analysis, a method applied in speech-language pathology abroad, was employed to obtain the results. The selected themes and the accompanying notions were characterised by diversity and multi-sidedness, which permits the conclusion on the holistic need to consider the subject of Polish-Swedish bilingualism in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Towards the end of fragment 1 of his Poem, Parmenides puts forward two methods or paths that a priori explain the same object of study: the existence of the fact or state of being. One of the options leads to the core of the truth and is, therefore, pursued. The other is merely a set of contradictory opinions and is, accordingly, abandoned. These two paths are expounded in the rest of the Poem, while fragment 4 shows that even the erroneous conception, which had to be set aside, can still be fruitful. Once the firm foundation of truth has been established, fragments 10 and 11 propose to widen the inquiry to the whole of reality. This interpretation suggests a rejection of the arrangement of the Poem that has become canonical, and a criticism of the doxographic tradition that since Aristotle has “Platonised” the philosophy of Parmenides by assimilating the “opinions” (which are only points of view) to the “appearances” (in the Platonic sense of the term).

The aim of the article is the quality assessment of service at five four-star hotels in Lublin in the light of reviews left on booking.com. Query and contextual analysis methods were used during the research. Of the hotels analysed, the highest quantitative score (9.25) was given to the Atelia Banquet & Catering Centre hotel, while the highest qualitative score (taking into account guests' opinions) was given to Focus Hotel Premium Lublin (9.08). In terms of qualitative assessment in relation to the assumed areas, it appears that the intangible elements (especially the variety and taste of meals, cleanliness in the hotel and in the room) received the most comments, but the tangible elements (exterior appearance of the building, interior design/aesthetics, location) received the highest remarks. The least feedback was in the areas of "price-quality ratio" and "comfort of stay". A comparison of the ratings of the four-star hotels analysed with those of the three-star hotels and hostels shows that in all of them, cleanliness (in the hotel and in the room), the location of the facilities and price-quality ratio were important to guests. Thus, in relation to the emotional model of customer satisfaction, clean hotels, their aesthetic interiors, their good location, varied and tasty meals, friendly staff, and good price-quality ratio can all have a positive impact on the perception of Lublin's tourist space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Medical marijuana was legalized in Poland in 2017. Cannabinoids contained in marijuana can play a big role in the treatment of pain. The right to pain treatment is especially needed for palliative patients, as it ensures them dying in dignity and peace. With the growing occurrence of medical marijuana in the treatment of patients, future pharmacists should acquire the necessary knowledge on this topic during their studies. Pharmacists have a legal obligation to provide information on prescription medicinal products containing cannabis, including storage and use of the medicinal product dispensed, as well as precautions related to the medicinal product dispensed. Aim of the study: The study looked for answers to questions about the level of pharmacy students’ knowledge concerning medical marijuana and relationship between the year of study and level of knowledge. On the basis of a medical prescription, pharmacists make prescription drugs containing medicinal hemp in pharmacies. Materials and methods: The survey study was conducted from February 25 to April 19. The studied group consisted of 132 pharmacy students from all Pharmaceutical Departments in Poland. The form contained 16 questions. Most of these questions were disjunctive and in several of them the Likert scale was used again. Results: The results of the study indicate that pharmacy students rate their knowledge of medical marijuana very low. Students do not know the indications for medical cannabis use or its side effects. The study sought to find out if there was a need for additional education for students about medical marijuana. No correlation was found between the year of study and the knowledge of pharmacy students. Conslusions: Education about endocannabinoid system in the course of pharmacy studies is negligible, therefore there is an increased need to include this topic in the pharmaceutical study program. Regardless of the year of study, the level of pharmacy students' knowledge about indications, side effects or how to take medical marijuana is low and they need additional education in this field

Introduction: Proper level of knowledge of midwives on the subject of clinical trials is influenced by the participant's safety and the quality of conducted clinical trials. Aim: The aim of the study was to assess midwives knowledge of clinical trials. Material and method: The study involved 105 midwives, at the age of 20–54years. The method of a diagnostic survey was used. The study was conducted in period April - December 2018 year. Results: The majority of respondents - 81% (n=85) knew the correct definition of the clinical trial. The most important benefit of clinical trials for the study group was "creating new treatment standards" (69,5%, n=74), and the greatest risk resulting from clinical trials "was" the possibility of adverse events and events "(92,4%, n=97). Conclusions: Midwives knowledge about clinical trials is on a sufficient level.

The aim of this study is to present the correlation between guests' evaluations and opinions about the quality of hotel services and decisions made by managers of selected hotels in Lublin. The results of the search indicate that three-star hotels predominate in the city, therefore the study focused on objects of this category. Several methods were used in the research procedure, including Internet query of hotel websites, the contextual analysis method, which is the equivalent of Text Mining, in the field of analyzing comments left on the booking.com portal and a diagnostic survey using an interview questionnaire addressed to hotel managers. In terms of quantitative assessment (on a scale of 1-10), of the hotels in Lublin included (Focus, Locomotiva, Victoria and Willowa), the Focus Hotel was rated highest (mean score of 8.8). Considering all hotels, in qualitative assessment, the following variables received the most positive opinions: level of service and cleanliness of room (in Focus, Victoria and Locomotiva hotels), location (in Victoria Hotel). Almost half of all negative comments concerned the parking area. The survey conducted with managers shows that the comments of guests have a large influence on the changes implemented in the hotels (e.g., breakfast serving time in Willowa Hotel or extension of buffet offer in Locomotiva Hotel). The contextual analysis method, which can be equivalent to the SERVQUAL method, is of particular research value especially under the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic when it is impossible to conduct interviews in person. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article encourages reflection on the role of Polish language education in the face of contemporary challenges. One of them is the expansion of populism (e.g. in politics, in the media, in the way of thinking about education) and the accompanying disinformation campaigns, propaganda or replacing information analysis with emotional opinions. We are also in Poland witnessing this disturbing process, which threatens the foundations of democracy. That is why teaching a critical attitude towards theses expressed in public discourse is so important. The article shows how access to reliable information can contribute to forming such an attitude. The author also suggests that the interpretation of modern children’s literature may be used to expose populist lies, harmful simplifications, and manipulation of facts; it can also successfully support the development of mature civic awareness even among very young students. The point of reference in this case is the problem of attitude towards refugees.

The article discusses the image of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in seventeenth-century English language publications, particularly geographic and historical ones. The author proposes a new evaluation and method of interpreting the existing sources, e.g. diplomatic materials and travel accounts, by taking into account the real readership of these texts depending on their type, specific editions as well as the readers' market. In case of England and Scotland, sources decidedly indicate that due to their developed forms and large number of publications which included information on the Commonwealth, readers could acquire enough information to form a relatively precise opinion of their own on the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kolenko Yulia. Awareness of oral cancer and precancer among final year dental undergraduates in Ukraine. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2016;6(3):106-112. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.47867 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/3426 https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/works/721251 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 755 (23.12.2015). 755 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Author (s) 2016; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 05.01.2016. Revised 12.02.2016. Accepted: 27.02.2016. AWARENESS OF ORAL CANCER AND PRECANCER AMONG FINAL YEAR DENTAL UNDERGRADUATES IN UKRAINE Kolenko Yulia1 1Bogomolets National medical university, Kyiv, Ukraine Correspondence: Kolenko Yulia, associate professor of Operative Dentistry department, Bogomolets National medical university, Zoollogichna street, 1, Kyiv, Ukraine. Tel: +380 50 772 7375. E-mail: kolenko.julia@gmail.com Abstract Background: Oral cancer presents with high mortality rates, and the likelihood of survival is remarkably superior when detected early. Health care providers, particularly dentists, play a critical role in early detection of oral cancers and should be knowledgeable and skillful in oral cancer diagnosis. Purpose: The objective of the present study was to assess the comprehensive awareness of final year dental undergraduates of Medical Universities and Institutes Ukraine concerning oral cancer and oral potentially malignant disorders. Materials and Methods: A pretested self-administered questionnaire was distributed to fifth year dental students. Questions relating to knowledge of oral cancer, risk factors, and opinions on oral cancer prevention and practices were posed. Results: Only a small proportion of both groups of students expressed confidence in their knowledge and skills in oral cancer prevention and detection. This study revealed areas of deficiency in the awareness of these students concerning oral cancer and OPMD. It points to a necessity to strengthen these aspects of medical and dental undergraduate curricula. Conclusions : The findings of the present study suggest that here is a need to reinforce the undergraduate dental curriculum with regards to oral cancer education, particularly in its prevention and early detection. Keywords: dental students, knowledge, opinions, dental education, oral cancer, oral potentially malignant disorders, curriculum.

Copyright of Polish Nursing / Pielegniarstwo Polskie is the property of Poznan University of Medical Sciences Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology. Organization & Management / Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Slaskiej. Seria Organizacji i Zarzadzanie is the property of Silesian Technical University, Organisation & Management Faculty and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background. Even though, the psychology has been existing in sport since 19th century, the presented portrait of a psychologist who cooperates with an Olympic training team constitutes a novelty with regard to research topics of both medical sciences as well as physical culture. There is a vast study material regarding the features of the most wanted coaching attitude both in team and individual disciplines. Descriptions of traits of character of famous managers fascinated many researchers. However, literature lacks discussions of roles and features which, in coaches' opinions, should characterize their other colleagues, i. e. doctors, physiotherapists or psychologists in order for them to create a harmonious and efficient team. The survey which was filled in by training coaches also referred to the trainer's opinions on factors which condition success but also those which lead to failures in professional sports. Therefore, its results provide many pieces of valuable information with regard to trainers' needs and expectations from psychologists who cooperate with them. Material and methods. Participants were 34 coaches of summer Olympic disciplines, currently preparing the national teams for Olympic Games. Results. According to the coaches, main skills which should characterize a psychologist are: • professionalism, knowledge, attitude, ability to make contacts, efficiency of contacts, practical wisdom • sports experience, knowledge of the discipline (as above) Expectations with regard to a psychologist are as follows: • leading and mentally preparing the sportsmen, psychologically strengthening, mobilizing and motivating, • permanent contact and support in conflict and problem solving. Conclusions. On the basis of opinions expressed by Olympic training coaches, one should state that: 1. Psychological preparation plays a major role in sports rivalry at the Olympic level; ranked as the second most important, after motor and technical preparation. 2. The following skills and features are the most valued ones: professionalism, practical wisdom and knowledge of the discipline as well as loyalty, discretion, trust and „luck” brought by psychologist. Expectations are: psychologically strengthening the sportsmen mainly through training, mobilizing and motivating them to rivalry as well as support in conflict solving. 3. The results of the inquiry emphasize a greater need of psychologist's support during competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Introduction: The ability to provide first aid, especially cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in accordance with the guidelines of the European Resuscitation Council (ERC) is a key element in helping and rescuing people with pre-hospital cardiac arrest. As recommended by the ERC 2015 guidelines, one of the most important steps to be taken to increase the rate of CPR appraisal by participants or cardiac arrest witnesses is to teach these skills to all children in schools. Numerous studies have shown that school-age children are positive about learning resuscitation, and moreover, they are important multipliers of knowledge because they are happy to transmit the information they receive to family members and the closest surroundings. The aim: To get to know the opinions of young people about the need for first aid education and the period in which it is best to start learning in this area., Patients and Methods: Materials and methods: The study was attended by 498 people, students of various types of universities, the research method was an online diagnostic survey, a self-help questionnaire tool., Results: Results: The study involved 309 women (62%) and 189 (38%) men. The respondents are young people between 18-30. Almost all respondents (97.2%) are of the opinion that learning first aid should be compulsory in the course of school education. The majority of respondents (76.7%) expressed the opinion that the knowledge regarding first aid should be updated, 16.3% had no opinion on this subject, while only 7.0% of respondents believed that there was no need to do so. Almost half of respondents (48.3%) are of the opinion that learning first aid should take place from the elementary school, while 30.3% of respondents think that they should be educated at pre-school age., Conclusion: Conclusions: The vast majority of respondents consider first aid education to be significant and needed during education. Young people are aware of the need to practice skills and to repeat and update information on first aid. The majority of respondents are of the opinion that education in this area should be started very early, even in the pre-school period.