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The article under discussion deals with the issues of formation and development of the Chernivtsi School of studying traditional plots and images in arts (TPI). It determines the significance of TPI as a constituent of comparative literary studies, as well as outlines the basic ideas of the Chernivtsi TPI School (along with Kyiv and Ternopil centers) in terms of modern Ukrainian comparative studies. The article also reconstructs the background of the formation of the Chernivtsi TPI School since the foundation of the Department of World Literature in the University of Chernivtsi. Particular emphasis has been placed on the activities of Mykola Hulia, Roman Volkov, Oleksandr Biletskyi, Olha Hulia, on the final design of the TPI scientific school, and on the leading role of Anatoliy Volkov in its emergence and functioning (through his own works, publications in co-authorship, supervision of PhD theses). In addition, the article draws peculiar attention to scientific periodicals (“Problems of Literary Criticism” and other educational-methodological editions), summarizes the main accomplishments of the Chernivtsi TPI School (presented by the Lexicon of General and Comparative Literary Studies, 2001 and the collective monograph Traditional Plots and Images, 2004), as well as outlines the heredity of contemporary scholastic research of Chernivtsi literary critics with the Chernivtsi TPI School.

The article analyzes the place and role of the teacher in activating the cognitive activity of higher education students. It is stated that the teacher is a key figure in activating the cognitive activity of higher education students. The emphasis of his work should shift not to the transfer of accumulated knowledge at the moment, but to the formation of learning motivation. The analysis shows that most researchers in their work focus on cognitive and didactic and methodological areas of activation of cognitive activity. Issues directly related to the transformation of cognitive needs of higher education students through the optimization of pedagogical interaction have been little studied. The authors consider the task of intensifying educational activities through the use in pedagogical communication of didactic and psychological patterns and principles of educational interaction. The emphasis in such subject-subject interaction should be on, in particular, the formation of a hierarchy of personal needs necessary for higher education students. The article presents in graphical form the structure of the need-motivational sphere of higher education seekers with different strengths of learning motivation. Only positive emotion can restructure the hierarchy of needs of a person with low learning motivation. This thesis is confirmed by the result of the study of the correlation between the average score of higher education students for 5 years and the level of satisfaction of their basic needs (according to A. Maslow). It is proposed to use, first of all, the technology of creating a situation of success in learning, active teaching methods, in particular, the method of projects, for the formation of internal motives for learning. The basis of the process of activating the cognitive activity of higher education teachers is his communicative repertoire: a set of communicative techniques, methods and technologies that provide him with the opportunity to form cognitive needs. The article presents such communicative skills that provide an opportunity to intensify the educational activities of higher education students during classes. In general, the article reveals the technological and motivational levels of the teacher's teaching activity, taking into account which he can more effectively manage the cognitive activity of higher education students.

After World War II, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics sought to liquidate the Greek Catholic Church. In 1946, a non-constitutional synod was held in Lviv which liquidated the Greek Catholic Church and incorporated it into the Russian Orthodox Church. Similarly, Romanian communist authorities liquidated the Greek Catholic Church in 1948 and the same took place in the Czech Republic two years later. In the Polish People’s Republic, the authorities did not even try to make the liquidation bear the marks of legality. The communist authorities considered that resettlement of the hierarchs and most of the clergy as well as the Greek Catholic followers to the Soviet Ukraine and the rest of them to the west and north of Poland solved the problem. However, the priests and their followers made every effort to re-establish the Greek Catholic Church in Poland. Greek Catholic clergy tried to find their faithful in the place of settlement and, if possible, start their pastoral service in the native rite. This is how regular services in Chrzanów began. Taking advantage of the kindness of some Roman Catholic priests, Greek Catholic liturgies began to take place in Cyganek, Bytów and Kwasów. The faithful, who were deprived of priests, also began to organize their own religious life. They met in larger groups in private homes, where they prayed and sang religious songs. They tried to celebrate the holidays according to the Julian calendar and in accordance with the native tradition. Because of that, the communist authorities decided to make the Greek Catholics convert to the Orthodox Catholic Church. Therefore, Orthodox Catholic institutions were opened for the Greek Catholics on the basis of the Greek Catholic Church in Poland. Despite initial success, the initiative ended in failure. Most of the Orthodox Catholic institutions collapsed after Greek Catholic liturgy had been resumed as the faithful returned to their church.

The article is devoted to the research of dynamics of the social structure of Ukrainian society in the period after the Revolution of Dignity in 2013-2014. The authors try to identify the leading tendencies of the middle class transformation, the basis for stability and guarantees of the irreversibility of democratic transformations in postmaidan Ukraine. The large-scale program of social transformation, proclaimed by the Ukrainian government (62 reforms), could not be implemented due to lack of essential resources, Russia's aggression in Donbas and an acute crisis of public trust to the government. The national middle class responded with quantitative reductions and qualitative changes in its composition. The factors influencing this process have been analyzed, in particular: the extraordinary concentration of large financial capital, genetically related to power; maintaining essential state regulation in the economy; increase of the share of social expenditures of the state in support for the lower stratum; increased migration activity of Ukrainians after obtaining a visa-free regime with the EU; social mobility in the labor market, precarization; reduction of working age rural population; influence of the informal (shadow) economy; decentralization of power; socio-political factors. It can be concluded that the middle class in postmaidan Ukraine has already realized its "social self," but cannot realize its activity-structural potential yet.

Jakub Gorczyca SJ, „An Outline of Fundamental Ethics. Being for Others”

After the memorable elections of June 1989, Poland underwent crucial changes that essentially changed the socio-political structure of Poland. Due largely to these shifts and transformation, the Ukrainian minority began to seek the condemnation by the Sejm of the Vistula operation and the elimination of its consequences. Importantly, the Association of Lemkos in Poland (OLP) initiated the idea. Keywords: Ukrainian minority, Operation Vistula (Polish: Akcja ‘Wisła’)

In this article we have presented the results of the military training area measurements concerning the water aerosol obtained by explosive method, which is very good medium to extinguish an intermediate area fire. A dependence of the aerosol cloud diameter and shock wave pressure on the delay between main and upper charge detonations has been investigated. The obtained results allowed to estimate values of time delays guarantee highest efficiency and safety of firefighting system.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the poem by Adam Naruszewicz Duma do słowika that is the translation of the ode by Jean‑Baptise Rousseau, A Philomele. The poem’s narrative order is marked out by the comparison of the two texts; and all that is done to show the way Polish poet rendered the original text. In the article particular attention is paid to the differences between fragments of the French work and Polish Duma do słowika. But above all, the analysis brings out the fact that Naruszewicz’s style was quite distinct, and the relation of lyrical I to the recipient of the utterance is slightly different from that in the Rousseau’s poem, which is particularly noticeable in the ending passage of the Polish work. Important features of the Naruszewicz‑as‑a‑translator’s technique are also discussed.

Troska o należytą formację doktrynalną i moralną wiernych, w szczególności osób duchownych, to znaczy o ich należyte kształcenie i wychowanie, cechowała Kościół od początku. Troska ta zdecydowanie wzrosła w czasach nowożytnych, szczególnie w związku z tym, że pojawiało się coraz więcej głosów krytycznych na temat Kościoła, i zaczęła przybierać coraz bardziej instytucjonalne formy oraz zyskiwać charakter nadzoru i kontroli. Obserwując tę dziedzinę, zauważamy swoiste przesuwanie akcentów od spraw dotyczących wychowania w kierunku kształcenia o charakterze intelektualnym.

W medycynie europejskiej stwierdza się coraz większe zainteresowanie medycyną dalekowschodnią i jej metodami leczniczymi, m.in. akupunkturą. W Polsce, jak w innych krajach europejskich, również wzrasta znaczenie naturalnych metod leczenia. Z akupunktury, akupresury czy refleksoterapii korzysta się niemal w każdym kraju. Traktuje się je jako metody pomocnicze, uzupełniające leczenie konwencjonalne.[...]Akupunktura jest metodą naturalną, opartą na wykorzystywaniu jako czynnika leczącego mobilizacji sił witalnych organizmu w walce z chorobą, jego zdolności do samoregulacji i samoregeneracji. W Polsce akupunkturą interesuje się coraz większe grono lekarzy.[...]Lekarze w wielu szpitalach i klinikach na Zachodzie stosują akupunkturę na równi z nowoczesnymi metodami leczniczymi. Badania nad akupunkturą są prowadzone w znanych ośrodkach kliniczno-doświadczalnych prawie we wszystkich krajach.[...]Dużym atutem akupunktury jest skuteczność, gdy zawodzą inne metody konwencjonalne. Dzisiejsza nauka udowadnia, że w akupunkturę nie trzeba wierzyć, ale mieć wiedzę na jej temat. Akupunktura działa i daje efekty lecznicze, których dokładne zbadanie wymaga jeszcze wiele czasu.(fragment tekstu)

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