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The article is devoted to the activity of individuals serving as heads of counties (poviats) in the Kingdom of Poland between 1867 and the late 1870s. It features assessments of the work of all officials holding the position in 1873 and some from 1874 carried out by officers of the Warsaw Police District on the basis of overt and undercover observations in those years. The assessment reports deal not only with the officials' professional activities, but also their family life and political attitudes, and point to various factors and phenomena contributing to the shortcomings in their work. In addition, the reports feature a lot of information provided by police officers and concerning unlawful decisions and actions of the county heads. They also mention the scale of the phenomenon and the response of the central and provincial authorities of the Kingdom to various abuses of the heads of this administrative structure. Also featured in the article is information from employees working in the police department about irregularities in the implementation of the Russian policy in the Kingdom of Poland by several of them in their professional activities, as well as about cases of inappropriate cooperation between them and their associates, especially those responsible for police and military matters. In addition, the author of the article demonstrates -- from the point of view of the police -- the reasons why the heads of counties did not cooperate well with the police, and presents their demands and proposals for improving the work of the county heads. The last two topics addressed in the article concern the response of the authorities of the Kingdom to various lapses and irregularities in the work of county heads and the measures taken by the Warsaw governors to improve the county heads' professional activities, strengthen their position within the administrative system and increase their remuneration and concessions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Progress in Plant Protection is the property of Institute of Plant Protection and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Progress in Plant Protection is the property of Institute of Plant Protection and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Progress in Plant Protection is the property of Institute of Plant Protection and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Progress in Plant Protection is the property of Institute of Plant Protection and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Progress in Plant Protection is the property of Institute of Plant Protection and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Progress in Plant Protection is the property of Institute of Plant Protection and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Archaeology of emotion is a fairly young discipline of research, developed in the last decade of the 20th century within the field of postprocessual archaeology. Although emotions are a difficult subject for researchers working without written sources and basing their studies solely on material sources, it seems that with the use of proper methodology (according to the authors: moderate constructivism) and narrativism also archaeologists can attempt to reconstruct emotions of people from past cultures. The article presents the reflections on possibility of identification in archaeological material the examples of fear and anxiety experienced by people in the past. In the case of the first of these emotions, we can trace them in our relatively scarce sources, as for example material traces of people's behaviour during natural disasters discussed in the article, e.g. volcanic eruptions. Materialisation of fear, on the other hand, are almost omnipresent (all traces of actions caused by fear of diseases, famine, war, death caused by war etc.). An analytic part of the article analyses fear and anxiety on the examples of the so-called anti-vampire burials in Poland taking place since the time of Roman influences, throughout the Middle Ages until the early 19th century. Such graves have been discovered in an early medieval graveyard at Kałdus (Lat. Culmen; the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, the 10th-13th cc.). In the article we attempt to answer the question whether the fear and atypical burials that were to prevent the possible return of some dead people could have been caused by diseases or disabilities suffered by them. A thorough analysis of bone remains from Kałdus indicates that fear of the dead and of the so-called vampires had different sources and archaeologists studying old emotions should try to identify them in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Polimery is the property of Industrial Chemistry Research Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Progress in Plant Protection is the property of Institute of Plant Protection and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Polimery is the property of Industrial Chemistry Research Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Polimery is the property of Industrial Chemistry Research Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Perineural cyst (Tarlov cyst) is a lesion in a form of fluid-filled sacks, usually located within the nerve root sheath at the posterior root of a spinal nerve, whose wall is formed by: endoneurium, peripheral nerve fibers and ganglion cells and areolar tissue. Depending on the studied population, the frequency of lesion occurence was estimated at 1.5- 13.2%, with its significant majority occuring in women. Cyst development may be the result of ischemia, hemorrhage, inflammation or trauma. Cysts are usually asymptomatic theefore they are likely to bo detected accidentally. However, in approximately 1/4 of the cases, the cyst puts so much pressure on the nerve and the neighbouring nerve roots that it becomes symptomatic (causes pain). The presence of clinical symptoms may be an indication for conservative treatment (i.e. analgesics, rehablitation, cyst puncture) or surgery (usually laminectomy)., (© 2018 MEDPRESS.)

Primary liver neoplasms occurs relatively rarely in Poland. The most frequently occurring type of cancer is hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which globally constitutes 7% of all the occurrences of cancer. The incidence increases with age and is the highest in patients around the age of 70. It also varies significantly depending on the geographic location. The main factors that cause HCC are infection of HBV and HCV, whose genome integrates into the DNA of the host, causing mutations. The other factors include excessive alcohol consumption, contact or consumption of Aspergillus toxins as well as various metabolic disorders, such as α1-antitrypsin deficiency, hemochromatosis, tyrosinemia, porphyria, von Gierke disease and in person with gene mutation p.I148M of adiponutrin. HCC is usually detected incidentally, during ultrasound examination or during clinical diagnosis of liver failure. HCC can be diagnosed using computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which is considered the most accurate diagnostic method. A core needle biopsy or the examination of the level of markers such as: alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), D-gamma-carboxy prothrombin (DCP), tumourassociated glycoprotein 72 (CA 72-4, TAG-72), are advised for a complete diagnostics.

In the last years the retroviral disease, caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), turned from an incurable to a chronic disease. This fundamental change happened due to a huge progress in the understanding of the pathogenesis and treatment of this infection. However, one question still remains open: what is the best time to introduce therapy. The CD4 count is the point of reference to start of the treatment in HIV infected patients. Tendency to introduce highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) as early as possible has been observed recently. According to the most recent guidelines of the World Health Organization HAART should be started when CD4 reaches < or = 500 cells/microl. The aim of this paper is justification for the early introduction of antiretroviral therapy in patients living with HIV.

Langerhans cell histiocytosis is a disorder of unknown etiology characterized by proliferation of histiocytes originating from dendric cells. It usually affects children. LCH is claimed to be a difficult diagnostic challenge. We present a case of multi-organ LCH with severe liver damage. Initial symptoms of disease, the results of additional tests including histological assessment of liver suggested an autoimmune hepatitis. Histopathological evaluation of sequentially occurring lesions in the intestines and lungs made it possible to clarify the diagnosis. As there is no effective treatment--the progression of the disease resulted in patient being qualified for liver transplantation.

Unlabelled: HCV is responsible for the development of chronic hepatitis C, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The Polish population is mainly dominated by genotype 1 infections, genotypes 3 and 4 are less common. Studies have shown that changes in SNPrs12979860 of human chromosome 19 affect their ability to eliminate infection both spontaneously and during the antiviral therapy. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY was to evaluate the frequency of different HCV genotype infections in the Podlasie region during the period from 2002 to 2011 and to determine the frequency of particular genes associated with rs12979860 polymorphism amongst patients both eligible for treatment and currently undergoing the treatment. METHODS. Research and evaluation of the genotypes was performed in 923 cases of HCV and in 126 cases genes rs 12.97986 were identified (97 patients infected with genotype 1, 17--genotype 3 and 12--genotype 4). HCV infection was confirmed by the detection of HCV-RNA and it's genotype in serum with RT-nested--PCR (Syngen Biotech, USA). Rs12979860 polymorphism was detected by sequencing, using PCR. The final scores were determined using 3500 Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, USA)., Results: HCV infection was more frequent among men (60%). Genotype 1 was found in 66% of patients, genotype 3 in 27% and genotype 4 in 7% of patients. During period of 10 years slow increase of genotype 4 HCV infection prevalence was observed. Among patients infected with genotype 1 HCV waiting for the treatment and those who already completed antiviral therapy the presence of genotype C/C was found in 21%, C/T in 59% and T/T in 20%., Conclusions: The most common in Northeastern Poland is genotype 1 of HCV. There has been a slow increase of infections with genotype 4. In 79% of patients infected with genotype 1 ofHCV genotypes C/T or T/T have been found which is an adverse prognostic factor of the treatment.

Aim of this study is to assess the causes of mechanical loosening of revision Recon Ring baskets (Aesculap / BBrown, Germany). This analysis was done by assessing the circumstances of baskets loosening of revision in 3 patients. Intraoperative images and radiographs of patients with these clinical complications were analyzed, and removed damaged bins and bolts of revision metallographic expertise. It was found that the most likely cause mechanical damage to the implant was originally unstable or re-fixing their ischial part, causing movable canopy closer to the basket is balanced by the screws and in turn causing fracture or bending arms, and follow-up baskets of hip bone loss. Our observations suggest that the most important is proper attachment of acetabular basket, especially his arm sciatic.

The variability of human populations in a large part is determined by two complementary factors: environment and genetic information. Genetic variation is caused by different genetic variants (polymorphisms and mutations) present in the human genome. Until recently it was thought that most of these variants are small changes of one or several nucleotides (SNPs) which in their millions are present in the human genome. However, it was recently shown that there are also polymorphisms that extend over hundreds of thousands of DNA base pairs in the human genome. Such alternations called copy number variation (CNV) often include genes and other functional genetic elements. In this article we present the general characteristics of copy number polymorphism and we discuss some examples of CNVs that influence human phenotypes.

The aim of the study was the assessment of results after acetabular revision arthtoplasty with the use of reinforcement ring ReconShell (BBrown - Aesculap) and homogenous bone grafts. There were 49 patients in the study (42 women and 7 men) in the age from 30 to 88 years. The follow-up period ranged from 4 to 48 months. Before operation the mean Harris hip score was 31.14 and at last follow-up 71.64 points. Aseptic loosening of reconstruction ring was found in 3 patients. During next revision good integration of bone grafts, that were implanted into acetabulum at previous operation was found. In one hip revision of loose polietylen cup was performed. Three patient had early dislocation of hip endoprothesis, that were treated successfully in abduction casts. Next 2 patients had re-revision performed for recurrent dislocations. One patient had implants removal for septic loosening. Prolonged wound healing was noticed in 5 patients. Two patients had temporary and one permanent common peroneal nerve palsy. Two patients had temporary femoral nerve palsy. The use of reconstruction rings in massive bone loss of the acetabulum after cup loosening gives satisfactory clinical results. After the procedure patients have stabile joint that allows for weight bearing. Despite relatively high number of complications (most of which are temporary) this procedure is worth recommending.

Adult rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most common of rheumatoid diseases, that may cause hand dysfunction in some patients. Its equivalent in children is juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The aim of our study was to evaluate differences in hand deformity between children with JCA and adults with RA. The prospective study was performed on two groups of patients: 15 with JCA (average age 13.1 years, range from 9 to 18 years) and 15 with RA (average age 53.6 years, range from 42 to 60 years). Both groups were similar in terms of Seyfried classification system and duration of the disease--7.9 years for children and 8.6 for adults. Clinical assessment was performed according to Swanson and Seyfrieda classification system. Patients with RA had only radial wrist "deviation" and those with JCA had both radial and ulnar wrist deviation. In MCP joints in adult's group fingers were always in ulnar position and in children's group finder position was opposite to wrist position. "Swan neck" deformity of fingers from II to V was found in both groups. "Buttonhole deformity" was more often seen in older group. Pain of wrist and in IP joints was more often found and was more severe in RA group. Hypertrophy of synovium and subluxation of IP and wrist joust were found with similar frequency in both groups. In other joints subluxation was rare. Concluding, radial wrist deviation is typical for RA patients. Children with JCA had both radial and ulnar wrist deviation. In MCP joints deformity is always opposite to wrist deviation.

Unlabelled: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the long-term results of uncemented total hip arthroplasty (THA) in young patients (below 50 years of age) with dysplastic coxarthrosis. In the last 20 years, 862 primary uncemented THA, were implanted in our Institution. This surgery was performed in 459 patients. From this group 220 hips in 177 patients (167 women and 10 men), who had dysplastic coxarthrosis, were included in our study. The left hip was operated in 66 and the right one in 68 patients. Bilateral surgery was performed in 43 cases. The means age at the time of hip surgery was 38.3 years (range from 18 to 49 years). The mean follow-up was 9.3 years (range from 2 years to 18.6 years). In 167 (75.8%) patients the operative treatment of DDH was performed during the early childhood (Colonna-Zahradnicek procedures, Dega, Pemberton and Salter pelvic osteotomies). Only 39 (17.7%) patients were treated in the childhood conservatively by means of overhead extension, Frejka pillow or Pavlik harness. All patients were evaluated clinically and radiological. For clinical evaluation the classification system proposed by Merle d'Aubigne and Postel with Chamley modification was used. For radiological evaluation of the steam implantation the classification system proposed by De Lee and Chamley was used and for the cup implantation the system by Gruen and Moreland. The femoral head displacement prior to THA surgery was classified according to Crowe at all. classification. Based on above mentioned criteria in 26 hips (11.8%) the final result was graded as very good, in 61 cases (27.7%) as good, in 94 hips (42.7%) as satisfactory and in the remaining 39 cases (17.8%) the final result was poor. We observed a very strong correlation between clinical and radiological results. According to Crowe and all. classification, in class I we noted 19 (61.3%) very good, 11 (35.5%) good, 1 (3.2%) satisfactory results. In class II in 5 cases (6.6%) the results was very good, 25 (32.9%) good and in 39 (51.3%) satisfactory results. In class III only in 2 cases the final result was graded as very good, and good in 23 hips (25.8%). In class IV there was no very good result, and we observed 19 (21.4%) poor results. In analyzed group in 37 (16.8%) patients the revision hip surgery was necessary because of aseptic prosthesis loosening., Conclusions: The treatment of dysplastic coxarthrosis by means of THA is difficult. The high level of experience is necessary to perform this type of surgery. This type of THA should be performed only in selected orthopaedic centers. Starting the surgery one has to think about complications.

Unlabelled: The main problem in total hip arthroplasty (THA) surgery is aseptic loosening of prosthesis components. In most cases the phagocytes reaction against the wear particle during the hip movement is responsible for aseptic prosthesis loosening. To prevent this reaction different hip articulation are invented to reduce this reaction. One of these solutions is ceramic-ceramic hip prosthesis articulation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term results in patients who were treated because of coxarthrosis by means of ceramic-ceramic hip prosthesis. We analyzed 258 primary THA (222 patients, 116 women and 106 men) who were treated because of advanced coxarthrosis by Mittelmeier type hip endoprosthesis (ceramic-ceramic articulation). The mean age of patients at the surgery was 45.6 years and a mean follow-up 10.2 years. In most of our cases the idiopathic, traumatic and dysplastic coxarthrosis was noted. For clinical evaluation the classification system proposed by Merle d'Aubigne and Postel with Charnley modification was used. For radiological evaluation of the steam implantation the classification system proposed by De Lee and Charnley was used and for the cup implantation the system by Gruen and Moreland. In 87 patients (33.7%) the final results was graded as very good, in 96 (37.2%) as good, in 47 (18.2%) as satisfactory and in 28 patients (10.9%) the final results was poor. In analyzed group in 13 patients (5.0%) the revision surgery was necessary., Conclusions: The long-term results of THA with the use of Mittelmeier type of hip prosthesis presented a very low percentage of aseptic loosening. This type of prosthesis gives very high patients satisfaction.

The study population consisted of 311 patients (50 female and 261 male) who had reached skeletal maturity at last follow up (361 hips). The mean age at the onset of symptoms was 6 years and 10 months (range: 2.5-13 years). All patients were treated by containment methods (bed rest and traction in abduction, brace, Petri cast, varus osteotomy, Salter osteotomy and shelf operation). Premature growth plate closure was estimated according to Bowen (central and lateral). Necrosis of the femoral head was classified according to Herring and Catterall, late results according to Stulberg and Mose and leg length discrepancy on scanograms. Article-trochanter distance (ATD) was estimated according to the Edgren methods. Premature femoral head growth plate closure was found in 61 hips (central--41 and lateral--20). Statistical analysis did not reveal any correlation between the gender and type of treatment and premature growth plate closure. The central pattern of growth plate closure was more often seen to 6 years of age at the onset and the lateral over 9 years of age at the onset (p = 0.0176). Premature growth plate closure was observed more often in Herring group C and Catterall group 4 (p = 0.0001). Disturbances in femoral head sphericity according to Mose increased (except with bilateral Perthes' disease) and ATD decreased in patients with premature growth plate closure. Also premature growth plate closure increased the leg length discrepancy in Perthes' disease. Thirty two (52.5%) hips with abnormal physeal growth were classified into type I or II according to Stulberg classification, 16 (26.2%) into type III and 13 (21.3%) into type IV or V. Premature growth plate closure in Perthes' disease is more common in huge necrosis of the femoral head. The central pattern of growth plate closure is more often in younger children (to 6 years of age) and the lateral in older (over 9 years of age). With abnormal physeal growth the greater trochanter overgrow and ATD decreased, the leg length discrepancy and disturbances in sphericity of the femoral head increased. Premature growth plate closure increased satisfactory and poor results according to Stulberg classification.

Malignant transformation of skin epithelium caused by chronic wound exudation in the absence of osteomyelitis is a rare event. The paper reports a case of 50 year old Caucasian male who presented with an exophytic tumor on the right hand. The tumor rapidly developed within previous area of unhealed skin wound that had existed only for about 5 months. Histological examination of the excised tumor revealed highly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). At that time of surgery nearby lymph node biopsy didn't reveal evidence for metastatic spreading. Patient underwent the limb salvage procedure with tumor resection followed by two stage, cross-flap skin plasty. This report indicates that there is a need to expand knowledge about SCC and about the treatment of the patients with these tumor by surgeons practicing in small medical centers.

The pathogenesis and treatment of heterotopic ossification still remains controversial. According to clinical study 164 patients after total hip replacement and review the recent literature the new hypothesis was established. This study showed that probably, heterotopic ossification of muscles is triggered by ischemia/reperfusion injury at the time of surgery procedure. That assumption was established on the base of causalities between ectopic bone formation and disturbances of connective tissue oxygenation observed at clinical trial and mentioned in the study.

There is no doubt, that local anesthesia for knee arthroscopic surgery is rather simple, reliable, well tolerated, cost-effective and safe procedure acceptable also for one-day-surgery and outpatients. Patient's acceptance and satisfaction are behind those measurable data and could be predicted only after the question if the patients would prefer intraarticular analgesia when they should need to have another arthroscopy performed. The aim of the investigation was to compare this prediction with real patients feeling. Comparison was made between the types of anesthesia (regional, intraarticular) used for knee surgery, twice the same knee and patient. The retrospective data (mean 9 months after the last surgery) showed higher patients satisfaction (93.5%) with local anesthesia if compare with regional (2.6%) and femoral nerve block (3.9%).

Authors present an estimation of articulo-trochanteric-distance (ATD) and ATD index in patients with Perthes disease and if there is any correlation between ATD and ATD index and age at the onset, gender, type of treatment, Herring and Stulberg classification. The study population consisted of 242 patients (35 female and 207 male) who had reached skeletal maturity at last follow up. The mean age at the onset of symptoms was 7 years and 4 months. All patients were treated by containment methods (bed rest and traction in abduction, brace, Petri cast, varus osteotomy, Salter osteotomy and shelf operation). ATD was estimated according to the Edgren methods and ATD index was calculated as relation ATD on Perthes site to ATD in normal joint. The late results were classified according to the Stulberg classification. Statistical analysis did not revealed any correlation between the age at the onset, gender and ATD index and ATD during last follow up. Both parameters decreased with poor results according to the Stulberg classifications. ATD index and ATD were statistically significant less after surgical treatment than after non-operative treatment. The same relations were seen between patients with leg length discrepancy (LLD) and without LLD. Patients in Herring group A had statistically significant bigger both parameters than patients in group B, C and patients in Herring group B than C. Articulo-trochanteric-distance and ATD index decreased during follow up and ATD decreased also in normal joint. In our opinion ATD index is a more reliable radiological parameter than ATD. ATD index decreases with bigger necrosis of the femoral head and poor result according to the Stulberg classification. This parameter is an evidence of the dysfunction proximal femoral growth plate in patients with LLD. The most decreased ATD index was observed after surgical treatment. There was no correlation between the age at the onset, gender and ATD index at last follow up.

The authors report a 44-year-old patient with at least a 10-year history of alcohol abuse in whom an organic brain syndrome developed with cerebellar ataxia, left-side hemiparesis and bulbar symptoms. MR imaging of the head demonstrated a large hyperintense focus in T2-weighted images involving the central part of the pons. Central pontine myelinolysis was diagnosed. Laboratory investigations showed no hyponatraemia. After withdrawal treatment and motor function rehabilitation the neurological symptoms regressed nearly completely. After 18 months control MR imaging demonstrated considerable reduction in the size of the myelinolysis area in the brainstem, despite the fact that the patient resumed alcohol drinking.

The issue of a stabile, long lasting bone-implant interface is still very valid. One of the new models of uncemented hip prosthesis is the Bicontact prosthesis made by Aesculap. This four-part endoprosthesis offers two types of cups: threaded München type and spherical Plasmacup type. The prosthesis stem is a wedged type stem, porous in the proximal type. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the value of Bicontact prosthesis in treatment of coxarthrosis. Our material consisted of 69 patients (38 female and 31 male) with 72 operated hips. Average age of the patients was 50.8 years. The mean follow-up was 24.5 months. Clinical and radiological evaluation according to Merle d'Aubine-Postel classification with Charnley's modification yielded 88% very good and good results. In 11 hips a similar complication was noted--fracture of the femur during final hammering of the prosthesis stem into the medullary canal. This was immediately repaired by circular wire fixation without any influence on the final result. This complication was observed during the first procedures. The learning curve of surgical technique allowed us to avoid this complication during subsequent procedures. We concluded that type of hip prosthesis was is very useful in in treatment of coxarthrosis.

The use of bone cement during total hip prosthesis implantation despite it's advantages triggers of some local and general complications. The paper presents and classifies most cement related complications, with special attention to vessel complications. This paper includes an external vein injury, which occurred 5 years after a total hip replacement procedure. Chronic erosion and mechanical stress of the iliac vein by a cement hook was the cause of this complication. It has been stress that most vascular complications are a result of imperfect surgical technique.

Heterotopic ossification is the most common complication after THR. The authors present the distribution of frequency of ectopic ossification after cementless THR using Mittelmeier and Parhofer-Mönch prosthesis and it's influence on THR outcome. 151 hip joints were evaluated with a follow-up period of more than 2 years. All procedures were performed by a lateral approach. The ectopic ossification was verified according to the Brooker classification. Clinical evaluation was performed according to the d'Aubigne-Postel method in Charnley's modification. The 3rd degree ectopic ossification was found in 14 hip joint and 4th degree ectopic ossification in 2 hip joints (together 10.6%). The positive correlation between the degree of ossification (3rd and 4th) and the decrease of range of motion of the hip joint along with an increase in pain after THR was found.

The results are presented of MRI studies of the brain and spinal cord in patients with neurological symptoms in the course of certain diseases of the haemopoietic system (leukaemias, lymphomas). The analysis showed that MR images, although not specific, can be very useful for the evaluation of the intensity and topography of haematological lesions in the central nervous system. However, the diagnosis of these processes is not easy. In the differential diagnosis focal lesions of vasogenic origin, infections and radiation-induced lesions should be considered, and in cases of lymphoma--metastases are a possibility.

The authors report a case of central pontine myelinolysis in a woman aged 30 years addicted to alcohol since at least 30 years. In the diagnosis the principal role was played by MRI. Attention is called to the disproportion between massive brainstem lesion and relatively low extent of neurological symptoms and signs. The patient had a several-weeks alcohol detoxication treatment and general supportive treatment. During that tine the neurological signs regressed nearly completely which suggests considerable reversibility or compensation of brainstem lesions in this syndrome.

A 41-years old male patient is reported who had spastic paresis of all extremities, and evidence of peripheral motor neuron damage. He had been treated with steroids for 10 years after erroneous diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. The final diagnosis was a congenital fissure of C2 and C3 arches with spinal cord compression in cervical part. After operation some improvement of the neurological status was obtained.

The aim of the study was establishing of correlations between the age of patients and their present and past diseases on one hand and the presence and intensity of leukoaraiosis (LA) on the other hand. The studied material comprised 91 patients hospitalized between Jan 1 1995 and June 15 1996 in whom features of LA were found on CT or MRI examination. Women and patients aged over 70 years prevailed in the group. Clinical analysis was based on neurological findings and routine diagnostic investigations. The intensity of LA lesions was assessed by means of a four grade scoring system known in literature. The analysis showed that higher grades of LA were more frequent on older patients: 14 had grade IV LA and 80 or more years of age. The greatest number of the patients had grade III LA and most of them were in the age range 70-80 years. Arterial hypertension was present in 64% of the patients, and more frequently it was associated with LA in younger patients. Stroke and myocardial infarction were given by 31% an 33% of the patients respectively in the history. Several had more than one stroke. Diabetes was found in 21 patients. Ischaemic brain episodes were the most cause of hospitalization.

The anatomy, function and injuries of the anterior cruciate ligament were presented. The authors reviewed some technical problems concerning the intra-articular reconstruction of ACL using artificial prostheses, chemically treated allografts and xenografts or combinations of various materials. There was pointed out that none material was found to meet the criteria to be superior to autogenous graft of the middle one third of the patella tendon with its attached bony insertions.

The paper reports results of treatment for 5 posterior dislocations of the shoulder in 4 patients. Closed reduction was successful in 2 cases (2 days and 14 days after injury). Spontaneous reduction after removal of the Desault plaster cast 3 weeks after injury was observed in one case. Two patients with inveterate dislocation have been operated on. The defect within humeral head was filled with an allogenic bone graft in one patient and by lesser tuberosity transposition in another. Modified Constant score was used for clinical evaluation at the follow-up ranging from 5.5 months to 56 months (mean 30.4 months). Two excellent and one good result were achieved in conservatively treated cases. After surgery one result was rated poor (allograft case) and one good (lesser tuberosity transposition).

Lacunar stroke accounts for 20-25% of all ischaemic strokes. It is believed that the prognosis in this stroke is relatively good, with annual mortality being 9.8% to 11.3%. In the analysis of the Warsaw Stroke Register this mortality was much higher--about 25%. The purpose of the present study was to assess the factors increasing the probability of death in lacunar stroke based on a one-year follow-up of 113 patients (67 males and 48 females), mean age 67.3 +/- 11.2 treated at the II Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology. The total one-year mortality was 23%. In the group of patients dying in that year hypertension was found in 88% and diabetes in 27%, while in the surviving group these diseases were found in 72% and 18% respectively. The differences between groups were not significant. Considering the effect of other risk factors (age, fitness status assessed with modified Barthel index) it was demonstrated that the risk of death increased with increasing age (relative risk 1.03, 95% CI 1.001-1.05) and with the degree of dependence on the help of others, Barthel index < 60 (RR = 1.49.95%, CI 1.24-1.66). In the analysis of the effect of antiaggregation treatment the mortality was lower in aspirin-treated patients (300 mg daily) with cumulated annual survival rate 79.8 as compared to the not treated patients in whom it was 58.2. The difference was not significant, probably due to small number of cases.

MR imaging of the head was performed in forty schizophrenics (DSM-IV). Mental status was evaluated before and during 8-weeks of neuroleptic treatment. Cortical atrophy in frontal and temporal regions was found in 40% of subjects. They were older, had longer history of schizophrenia, were less active professionally and were more frequently hospitalized. Patients with and without cortical atrophy in MRI did not differ in the severity of schizophrenic psychopathology at baseline. During neuroleptic treatment negative schizophrenia symptoms were significantly better diminished in patients without cortical atrophy than in subjects with cortical atrophy in MRI; this regarded specially the severity of emotional blunting. Clinical improvement after 8-weeks of neuroleptic administration was less favorable in patients with cortical atrophy.

Clinical records of 89 patients with lacunar stroke were reviewed, to evaluate the occurrence of neurological syndrome and to correlate the frequency of its signs with the localization of ischaemic lesions seen in neuroimaging examinations. "Pure" motor paresis (50%) and sensory-motor paresis (27%) were the most common clinical syndromes. The localization in putamen and corona radiata (37%), or in anterior part of the internal capsule and in the head of the caudate nucleus (35%) were the most frequent sites of localization. In the group of patients with lesions in anterior part of internal capsule or with lesions in putamen and corona radiata "pure" motor paresis was the most common clinical syndrome. Additionally, in the group of patients with lesions in putamen and corona radiata sensory motor paresis was also frequently observed (44%). During one year of follow-up 22 patients died. Dysarthria and disability (Barthel Index < 60) were the independent predictors of one year mortality. Non-neurological complications were the main cause of death.

In forty schizophrenic (or schizophreniform disorder) patients diagnosed according to DSM-IV, the magnetic resonance imaging was performed. The T2 relaxation time was measured in selected brain regions from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex as well as in amygdala. These results were compared with clinical parameters regarding severity of psychopathology and improvement after neuroleptic treatment. The mean T2 values of grey matter of right inferior frontal gyrus were significantly higher in patients with schizophreniform disorders (those patients were clinically diagnosed as suffering from cycloid psychoses) than in other types of schizophrenia. The T2 values of this region correlated inversely with the severity of negative symptoms before treatment. The T2 values of gray matter of left inferior frontal gyrus correlated positively with the severity of schizophrenic symptoms before treatment. Mean T2 values of left amygdala were significantly higher in patients showing less favorable improvement after neuroleptic treatment in comparison to those who improved better. No correlation was found between the presence of brain atrophy and T2 values in brain regions studied. The results allow to suggest that the measurement of T2 relaxation time might reveal interesting relations between clinical picture and neuroradiologic findings in schizophrenia, however clinical significance of such parameters still requires further elaboration.

In 40 schizophrenic patients, various criteria of clinical improvement after neuroleptic treatment were compared in order to establish correlations between improvement after treatment and some clinical and MRI parameters. Three ways of evaluation of clinical improvement (CGI scale, PANSS index, percentage of improvement) correlated strongly with one another. Only the distribution of numbers of patients with different clinical improvement evaluated by the use of PANSS index was not statistically significant. Clinical improvement, evaluated with all three methods, significantly correlated with basal PANSS score as well as with the severity of positive symptoms and affective blunting, but not with the severity of schizophrenia negative symptoms. Only clinical improvement with the use of CGI demonstrated significantly better improvement in patients who had good previous response to neuroleptics. This particular method of clinical improvement evaluation, in contrast to other two methods, failed to reveal better response to neuroleptics among patients with no cortical atrophy found in MRI. Among patients with different improvement after treatment, evaluated with the use of all three methods, selected MRI parameters did not show significant differences with the exception of CGI improvement which correlated positively with the intensity of signal in T2-weighted image of gray matter in left medial frontal gyrus.