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The research is dedicated to the analysis and evaluation of the transformation of intellectual capital (IC) properties in the pre-war period of the country. The study enhances and categorizes contemporary indicators for assessing intellectual capital properties, classifies indicators based on their qualitative impact on the level of intellectual capital, normalizes indicators for constructing radar charts, and determines the level of intellectual capital in Ukraine. The research identifies the impact level of the dynamics of intellectual capital properties on the country's GDP changes. Methodology: To achieve the set goal, the study employs the dialectical method, analysis, and synthesis (investigation of human, organizational, and structural (client) capitals and changes in their properties), graphical method (for illustrating research results); system-structural and expert analysis (to determine the impacts of changes in intellectual capital properties on GDP). Scientific novelty lies in determining the influence of transformations in intellectual capital properties on GDP changes to define a strategy for optimizing the country's intellectual capital structure. Practical significance involves recommending indicators for assessing IC properties for further development of incentive measures using digital technologies and artificial intelligence to enhance the structure of intellectual capital, providing grounds for developing a strategy for IC optimization in the country.

The main goal of this article is to investigate how the structure of inter-sectoral links affects the dynamics of human capital. This structure has been split into related variety (RV) and unrelated variety (UV). The assembled empirical evidence shows that RV positively affects the rate of human capital growth in a region, while UV has negative effects both in the group of all Polish regions and in the most developed regions located in western Poland. Moreover, among all the analysed control variables, only RV determines the existence of the effect of human capital convergence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After joining the European Union, Polish entrepreneurs, especially those in the small and medium-sized sector, gained the opportunity to be supported by non-repayable aid funds, mainly under the Cohesion Policy. They used these funds primarily for the expansion of production (service) capacities, research and development activities, implementation of innovations and training of human resources. Despite the need to meet numerous requirements, they eagerly sought EU funds because of their non-refundable nature. When analysing the available results of studies and analyses in the field of support to SMEs through EU non-reimbursable aid, it is difficult to assess clearly their importance for the functioning and development of the sector in question, in particular for the investment, innovation or R&D activities of SMEs. This is due to the fact that they were usually of a fragmentary nature. Effects were assessed in terms of the project system (tangible products) and not in terms of their importance for the functioning of the SME sector. This study is an attempt at a broader assessment of the significance of EU funding for SMEs, taking into account the author’s experience in preparing, evaluating and implementing projects co-financed by funds in the analysed sector. The subject of the analysis carried out in the study is the volume, directions and effects of support for the SME sector in Poland with EU funds, while the aim is to determine the importance of this support in the activities of the entities in this sector (excluding investments in human capital). The analysis covers the last two completed Cohesion Policy programming periods: 2007–2013 and 2014–2020. The data used for the analysis come from the sources of the Ministry responsible for the implementation of EU funds in Poland, the Polish Agency for Enterprise Development, and public statistics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie założeń ontologicznych właścicieli i osób zarządzających różnymi rodzajami obiektów noclegowych na obszarach wiejskich; zróżnicowane ontologie otwierają obszary wiejskie o funkcji turystycznej na odmienne paradygmaty rozwoju. Przeprowadzone badania odpowiadają na dwa zasadnicze pytania badawcze, tj. 1) jakie paradygmaty rozwoju są identyfikowalne na obszarach wiejskich oraz 2) jakie jest znaczenie czynnika osobistego i społecznego dla rozwoju obszarów wiejskich w ramach zróżnicowanych ontologii rozwoju. Główną metodą jakościową zastosowaną na potrzeby niniejszego badania były strukturyzowane indywidualne wywiady pogłębione. Przeprowadzono je w 2019 r. z 14 właścicielami i osobami zarządzającymi obiektami noclegowymi zlokalizowanymi w województwie łódzkim. Zdefiniowanie pojęcia rozwoju dla uczestników badania nie było proste. Bezpośrednie odniesienia do neoliberalnego paradygmatu wzrostu gospodarczego (zwiększenie obłożenia, wzrost przychodów, zwiększenie liczby oferowanych miejsc noclegowych) pojawiły się w opiniach menedżerów obiektów hotelowych czy ośrodków szkoleniowo-wypoczynkowych. Właściciele gospodarstw agroturystycznych koncentrowali się natomiast na elementach takich jak jakość życia na wsi czy budowanie dobrych relacji z mieszkańcami i turystami. Nie znaczy to jednak, że wartości te były obce menedżerom obiektów komercyjnych. Zarówno oni, jak i właściciele obiektów noclegowych są „agentami zmiany": odrzucają monofunkcyjny rozwój obszarów wiejskich, utożsamiają się często z niekapitalistycznymi paradygmatami rozwoju, pośredniczą w relacjach między turystami a lokalnymi społecznościami, umiejętnie korzystają z lokalnego kapitału ludzkiego i społecznego oraz przyczyniają się do jego rozwoju. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Entrepreneurship; Education / Przedsiebiorczość - Edukacja is the property of Press of Pedagogical University of Cracow and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Social Inequalities & Economic Growth / Nierownosci Spoleczne a Wzrost Gospodarczy is the property of University of Rzeszow and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Social Inequalities & Economic Growth / Nierownosci Spoleczne a Wzrost Gospodarczy is the property of University of Rzeszow and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The basis of this study was the analysis of the human capital reproductive processes in the Republic of Kazakhstan, considering the gender component. The object was the human capital of Kazakhstan’s regions, and the subject was the gender aspect of human capital development. Mincer’s supplemented human capital assessment model was the primary model for calculating human capital. Factors influencing the effective use of human capital in the regions, considering the gender component, were identified, and their indices were calculated. The analysis showed a persistent gender gap in life expectancy, education level, income, and labour market. Based on the results, leader and outsider regions in terms of the accumulated human capital level were identified. The analysis indicates the responsible attitude of the government of the Republic of Kazakhstan towards developing gender equality. Over the past ten years, Kazakhstan has advanced significantly in its efforts to empower women in the socio-political sphere. The Republic of Kazakhstan has assumed obligations under several international agreements, adopted many laws, and developed government measures critical for increasing women’s participation in government activities.

Copyright of Security: Theory & Practice / Bezpieczeństwo.Teoria i Praktyka is the property of Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, AFM Publishing Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Social Inequalities & Economic Growth / Nierownosci Spoleczne a Wzrost Gospodarczy is the property of University of Rzeszow and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Based on social network theory, the study explained the digital transformation process of startups in Vietnam during the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. The study examined the relationship between social capital, human capital, access to resources, and digital transformation of startups in Vietnam. The study used Partial Least Squares - Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) with a sample size of 230 startups managers. The results show that there are positive and statistically significant relationships between social capital, human capital, access to resources, and digital transformation. The results also reveal the partial mediating roles of access to resources and human capital in the relationship between social capital and digital transformation. The results proposed some managerial implications for startups managers in building relationship networks with stakeholders such as government agencies and business partners (customers, competitors, suppliers, and providers of digital platform services). Through managers' social capital, accessible resources and the improvement of human capital have accelerated digital transformation for startups to escape the crisis of the COVID-19 pandemic. Finally, the study presented some limitations and directions for further research.

Copyright of Rozwój Regionalny & Polityka Regionalna is the property of Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza (IH UAM) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural & Agribusiness Economists is the property of Polish Association of Agricultural & Agribusiness Economists and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Res Historica is the property of Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Human Resource Management / Zarzadzanie Zasobami Ludzkimi is the property of Institute of Labour & Social / Instytut Pracy i Spraw Socjalnych and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of the article was to identify differences in the assessment of aspects influencing trust towards a potential immediate superior and co-workers, made by Generation Z respondents from Poland and selected European countries – France, Spain, Portugal, and Italy. The survey questionnaire was constructed based on the measurement scale created by Mishra and Mishra. The aspects most influencing the trust of Polish respondents towards a potential immediate superior and co-workers are primarily their professional competence, their keeping of promises, and their willingness to admit a mistake. The least significant factor influencing trust towards both an immediate superior and co-workers turned out to be their ability to make personal sacrifices for the organisation. Statistically significant differences in the assessment of individual statements occurred primarily between respondents from Poland and those from Spain and Portugal. There are also many differences between the assessments of participants from both countries of the Iberian Peninsula. The observed positive correlation between the assessments of statements on the measurement scale regarding trust towards a potential immediate superior and co-workers means that an increase in the assessments of individual statements about trust in an immediate superior is accompanied by an increase in assessments of statements about trust in co-workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main goal of this paper is to analyse the role of human capital in the incidence of hand-to-mouth (HtM) consumers: those who have no liquid resources. The proposed model is based on a two-asset model by Kaplan, Violante and Weidner [2014] with an extension to allow for endogenous accumulation of human capital and is confronted with empirical data on US households from the Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF). I show how the HtM status of consumers depends on their innate abilities, time preference and initial resources. Wealthy HtM households, i.e. households with illiquid resources but with little or no liquidity, are more able, more patient and initially richer than poor HtM households. As a consequence, they accumulate more human capital than poor HtM households. For both types of households, their status depends on having a steep income path, which is endogenous because of endogenous human capital accumulation. The correlation of observable characteristics with HtM behaviour may be of interest to economic policy makers: these consumers have a high marginal propensity to consume so that targeting them could increase the effectiveness of fiscal policy.

Copyright of Management & Quality / Zarządzanie i Jakość is the property of Scientific Society of Organization & Management / Towarzystwo Naukowe Organizacji i Kierownictwa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Nowadays, a challenge faced by all entrepreneurs is acquiring the ability to function in the reality of recurring economic crises, while at the same time obliging company management entities to verify the current methods of operation and their effectiveness in terms of crisis resilience. The purpose of this article is to present a created model of organisational culture characterised by a high degree of resilience to crisis, and then to demonstrate the possibility of its application in economic reality by entrepreneurs and stakeholders. The research process focuses on demonstrating the interdependencies between selected cultural features (dependent variables) and crisis resilience (dependent variable). As part of the model, the most important features of organisational culture have been distinguished, understood as the basic predictors of the resilience of organisational culture to crisis, such as: customer orientation, employee trust, transparency of activities, employee well-being, supporting managerial staff, creativity, employee loyalty, respect for others. The use of the model boils down not only to enabling verification of whether the current organisational culture of a given company can be considered resilient, but also indicates the direction of changes (desired culture) in the case of the willingness to transform in terms of shaping the culture of an organisation aiming at a culture of resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. This study aims to examine the relationship between human capital and environmental destruction. Methodology / approach. The analysis includes 56 years between 1961 and 2017 for 14 selected European countries. In the model established for the variables, the ecological footprint is used as the dependent variable, human capital and real national income per capita are used as independent variables. To select the appropriate test method in the analysis, we used the CADF panel unit root test, which considers the cross-sectional dependence. The Pooled Mean Group was used for model estimation. Results. In the study, it is emphasized that human capital has an important contribution to reducing the ecological footprint as an indicator of environmental pollution. According to the results of the PMG co-integration analysis, the increase in human capital reduces the ecological footprint in European countries. Since the European countries are developed ones, the availability of a good educational infrastructure is an important factor. It increases human capital. In addition, the high level of education and welfare in European countries is effective in increasing the number of environmentally sensitive individuals. This increases the environmental quality and therefore is an important factor in reducing the ecological footprint. Originality / scientific novelty. There are no studies in the literature examining the relationship between human capital and the ecological footprint of European countries. Therefore, this study closes a gap in the literature and takes its originality from the relationship between human capital and ecological footprint in European countries. Practical value / implications. The practical value of the results is that human capital reduces the ecological footprint by protecting natural resources, exhibiting a more environmentally friendly behavior, and realizing production that will minimize the damage to the environment.

The author’s position on the theoretical basis of the concept of investment activity of enterprises is given. It is proposed to base the concept on the theory of economic development of society, the key ones among which are: the theories of stages of economic development, the theory of structural transformations, the theory of dependence, the theory of sustainable development. Based on the provisions of these theories, the directions of investment in the development of enterprises should be determined, guidelines should be formed for improving the mechanisms for attracting real investments into the economy. At the same time, it is necessary to create certain conditions for economic, social development and improvement of the ecological environment of enterprises. To achieve investment goals, the basic principles of investment activities have been determined. Compliance with these principles will ensure the formation of an approach to investment as a legal, purposeful, systematic and responsible activity, which is based on the optimal and efficient use of investment resources and is aimed at achieving a balanced economic, social and environmental development of the enterprise. Potential partners of enterprises in investment activities have been identified. The key role in this process is assigned to the personnel of enterprises and local and state authorities. ISSN 2664-245Х № 4 (98) 2021 97 The system of implementation of the concept of investment activity of enterprises is proposed. The basis of this system at the enterprise level is the goals, principles and directions of investment, as well as the formed potential. At the same time, the directions of investment should come from the functions of the enterprise, and human capital should be the basis of the potential of the enterprise. On the example of enterprises in the production sphere, the study of the effectiveness of the system for implementing the concept of investment activity was carried out. It has been established that the efficiency of the functioning of enterprises depends on the size and structure of investments aimed at their activities. At the same time, it was found that the increase in investment in human capital is one of the priority areas of investment for enterprises, since it provides a significant increase in the economic efficiency of their functioning.

Tento článek ukazuje ekonomický dopad duševních onemocnění a také různé přístupy k odhadu nákladů. K posouzení zátěže duševních chorob existují tři různé způsoby: lidský kapitál, ekonomický růst a hodnota statistického přístupu k životu. První se zaměřuje na nepřímé a přímé náklady. Navíc vliv duševních chorob na ekonomický rozvoj lze pouze implicitně přiblížit. Nedostatek produkce se tedy primárně odhaduje pro somatické stavy ve srovnání s jejich odpovídajícím počtem let života upravených na zdravotní postižení (DALY). Celkový pokles ekonomické produktivity spojený s duševními chorobami mezi lety 2011 a 2030 je celosvětově ohodnocen na 16,3 bilionu USD. Metoda hodnoty statistického života (VSL) dále naznačuje, že k posouzení pravděpodobnosti zranění nebo úmrtí v důsledku psychiatrického onemocnění by měly být použity kompromisy mezi riziky a kapitálem. Tento výpočet je ekvivalentní výpočtu kardiovaskulárního onemocnění a je větší než výpočet rakoviny. Ke zlepšení stávajícího stavu je však zapotřebí většího aktivismu.

The article considers the relations of education and prior international experience as elements of human capital with new ventures’ early internationalisation. The aim of the study is to investigate the role of human capital as a factor that can influence early internationalisation. The paper presents partial results based on a sample of 220 Polish start-ups operating in the information and communications technology sector, founded between 2017 and 2021. Quantitative methods were used to analyse the data collected in March and April 2022 by applying the CATI method. In addition, binomial logistic regression, assuming a dichotomous dependent variable, was used to verify the formulated research hypotheses. The study finds that prior international experience and education could significantly determine the likelihood of early internationalisation. The research also showed that human capital is positively related to start-up internationalisation. The results presented in the article have practical implications. They are just a starting point for further analysis regarding focusing not only on human capital but also on considerations on intellectual capital and identifying the other factors influencing the start-ups’ early internationalisation in the information and communications technology sector, recognised as one of the most innovative industries in the Polish economy.

Copyright of Human Resource Management / Zarzadzanie Zasobami Ludzkimi is the property of Institute of Labour & Social / Instytut Pracy i Spraw Socjalnych and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper traces the evolution of approaches to human capital in economics, finance and management. It is based on research reports focusing on: (a) the theory of human capital (Schultz, Mincer, Becker), (b) neoclassical (Spence, Arrow, Thurow) and radical (Bowles, Gintis) criticism of human capital theory, (c) human resource accounting, and (d) management. The main finding of the paper is that a terminological disagreement between proponents of various economic approaches stems from the fact that researchers sometimes use different theoretical backgrounds for studying and interpreting the human capital concept.

Research on the spatial distribution of high technology industries has been the subject of geographers' studies for a long time. However, in recent years there has been a lack of analyses in Poland which would allow to determine the spatio-temporal variability of advanced economic activities and to verify the determinants of their occurrence. On the basis of GUS data and variables describing transport accessibility, principal component and regression analyses were carried out to identify the location factors of the high-tech industry at the local (commune) level. It is still significantly concentrated in the areas of large cities. Nevertheless, the number of enterprises of the analysed industries in suburban areas increases significantly, which indicates the processes of economic suburbanisation of advanced economic activities. Unfortunately, apart from historically shaped centre of the high technology industry and limited number of new centres, the analysed industries do not develop in medium and small towns and their surroundings. Due to strong emigration, underdeveloped human capital and insufficient transport accessibility, high technology industries have so far generally not appeared in non-metropolitan areas, too. The analysed high-tech industries are concentrated in areas with high values of the entrepreneurship index, high living standards and relatively good transport accessibility. The key variable determining the development of the analysed industries is the situation on the labour market, both in terms of the level of professional activity of the population, the sought-after qualifications of the staff, as well as the level of inter-firm mobility of the staff. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Przestrzeń Urbanistyka Architektura is the property of Cracow University of Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Human Resource Management / Zarzadzanie Zasobami Ludzkimi is the property of Institute of Labour & Social / Instytut Pracy i Spraw Socjalnych and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The spread of the concept of sustainable development has meant that human capital is an important area of non-financial reporting. However, the complexity and multidimensionality of this category mean that employee reporting and the indicators used for it are very diverse. The purpose of the article is to assess the comparability of non-financial disclosures about human capital in the reports of selected companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange. This article supplements the existing scientific achievements related to non-financial reporting, identifying the dysfunctional area of comparability. For the purposes of this study, the following research methods were used: a literature review, analysis of legal regulations, analysis of secondary data in the form of non-financial reports, as well as induction and synthesis meth- ods used in formulating applications. The ten largest companies listed in the WIG-20 index were selected for the study. The research covered non-financial reports for 2019. The study was divided into five stages, which reflect five categories of disclosures on employee issues, i.e., the level of employment and salary, relations with employees and freedom of association, occupational health and safety, development and education, and diversity and equal opportunities. Within each category, a maximum of three non-financial measures have been defined. The study confirmed that none of the non-financial reports analyzed in any of the categories were fully comparable.

Subject and purpose of work: This paper presents the development of human capital on the labour market of the Wielkopolskie Voivodeship in 2004-2017.

The article presents selected elements of human capital in creating added value and creating the organization’s competitiveness on the global market. Human capital management components have been identified in strategic terms. The most important elements of organization management in the new knowledge economy era are indicated.

Research background: The subject of the study is the disproportionate development of rural and urban areas in terms of human capital in the context of the convergence process. Purpose of the article: The main goal of the study is to assess the rural–urban disparities on the educational attainment of the population (adopted as a human capital proxy), based on the example of Poland. Methods: The Bray-Curtis measure of structures diversity, the Kruskal-Wallis test and regression analysis were applied to investigate the scale and dynamic of the rural–urban educational divide in Poland in the period 1988–2018. Findings & Value added: The paper emphasizes the aspect of rural–urban differences in the Polish economy and their dynamic nature. Studies have revealed that in 1988–2018, in Poland, the disparity in educational attainment between rural and urban populations was gradually reduced. This process, however, was not accompanied by the reduction of internal educational disparities in the rural space. The study results are helpful in verifying the effectiveness of public funds, allocated in recent years in order to accelerate the multi-functional development of rural areas in Poland and other CEE countries.

This paper aims to answer the question of whether it is economically profitable for net taxpayers to introduce public education financed by consumption or income tax in a situation where it is impossible to finance public education with a flat-rate tax. This question was answered using a modified Nelson-Phelps model including both private and public investments in human capital. The results obtained indicate that such a move may be profitable, especially in the case of developing countries with insignificant differences in property. It was also found that positive income effects are greater in the case of financing education with consumption tax, and that in developed countries such effects can only occur with this type of tax. On the other hand, developing countries may find it more socially profitable to introduce education financed by income tax due to the greater tax base and a stronger positive effect on human capital.

The article is devoted to the actual problems of social protection and social welfare system development in the context of preservation of human capital in Ukraine. It is substantiated that the social protection and social welfare system, among other things, plays a crucial role in the process of preserving human capital by supporting economically active people in difficult life circumstances that are not limited to job losses but extrapolated to the life support area of those categories of people which for various reasons are not able to participate in the process of social production, thus meeting their needs on their own. The peculiarities of the domestic system of social protection and social welfare are analyzed. Based on the view that human capital is a progressive imperative of social development in the era of post-industrial transformation, the high importance of the social protection and social welfare system is proved, which should aim at preventing the de-qualification of workers, devaluation of their professional knowledge and skills, burden of excessive demo-economic load. The arguments are made that the globalization of the world economy impedes the implementation of effective strategies for modernization of the system of socio-economic relations in the territories that are not leaders of geopolitics, adversely affecting the quality of life of population and the prospects of social development. The measures to improve the social protection and social welfare system as a prerequisite for improving the quality and raising the standard of living of the population in the era of progressive tendencies of globalization content are proposed – according to the measures the approaches to solving many problems of socio-economic development require radically different management decisions at all levels of government.

In the era of strong market competition, the most important goal of entrepreneurs is the development of the company (organization), strengthening its position on the market and gaining benefits. Meeting this task lies in efficient management stimulating employees to work effectively. Research in this area shows that building an appropriate incentive system is an important element of management. In management, motivation is expressed as the ability to combine the goals of individual employees with the goals of the company. The following article describes issues related to motivating employees and presents the development and importance of the theory of motivation in practical operation.

The purpose of the work is to identify the ways and scope of territorialization processes of human capital as well as to analyze its perception and values in economic processes. Theoretical research begins with the identification of human resources as a production factor that is reevaluated and reinterpreted towards the concept of human capital. Human capital is not initially associated with the place and space, especially in the initial period of globalization of the late twentieth century. However, also under the global trends it is getting territorialised, which is raising the role of territory in economic processes both in the local, as well as in global scale. At the same time, the nature of innovative processes also changes, from a linear model to open innovation systems. These systems are also determined by the properties of the territory. Thus, two important features of human capital are revealed through evolution, subject to embeddedness and concentration processes. Human capital is an important element of territorial capital that determines the existence and attractiveness of innovative entrepreneurial milieu. The role of the spatial proximity of the institutional environment is invaluable in his investment process.

The article is devoted to the study of the application of the basic conceptual provisions and theories in the process of formation and reproduction of intellectual capital in the modern practice of ensuring the competitiveness of domestic machine-building enterprises. The economic content, purpose and forms of the process of development of intellectual capital in relation to human capital are revealed. The scientific approaches to the theory of intellectual capital are analyzed, on the basis of which the basic mechanisms of processes of formation and reproduction of intellectual capital of modern machine-building enterprises are theoretically substantiated. Theories of human and intellectual capital are considered, their systematization is given. Essential characteristics of retention and transformation of intellectual capital are summarized and critically analyzed in order to identify potential growth opportunities for further economic development in line with the innovation paradigm. The influence of human and knowledge on the transformation of intellectual capital is revealed. The current state is investigated and features of formation and reproduction of intellectual capital at the enterprises of machine-building complex of Ukraine are revealed. The content of the concept of “intellectual capital of the enterprise” is clarified, the author's interpretation of the main components of the intellectual capital of the enterprise, which directly contribute to the increase of competitiveness, is given. The issue of management of intellectual capital of domestic machine-building enterprises is discussed. A number of problems that directly affect the formation and reproduction of intellectual capital in machine building of Ukraine are identified. The development of intellectual capital at the enterprise level significantly increases their competitiveness, allowing to find new opportunities to gain market. Strengthening the role of intellectual resources in the development of competitiveness of the enterprise in the knowledge economy has led to a change in conditions and ways of creating value added: knowledge, skills of human resources (human capital), organizational and managerial abilities of the enterprise, its competences (structural capital) have become the main factors creating new value and actually synthesizing the emergence of intellectual capital, which can be seen as a key element of enterprise competitiveness, more precisely an element, which shapes the potential competitiveness of the enterprise. The potential of development of competitiveness of the enterprise lies in the field of formation of its intellectual capital. The higher the intellectual capital, the higher the potential competitiveness of the enterprise. Hence, more and more often, valuation of intangible assets (components of intellectual capital), such as technological assets, business strategy, corporate culture, client capital (relationship capital), reputational capital, brand equity, etc., comes to the fore when assessing the market value of the enterprise.

Copyright of Studies in Law & Economics / Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne is the property of Lodz Scientific Society / Lodzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Social Inequalities & Economic Growth / Nierownosci Spoleczne a Wzrost Gospodarczy is the property of University of Rzeszow and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the context of the transition of the national economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan to an innovative type of development, the issues of the formation and development of human capital are becoming increasingly important. Increasing labor productivity, developing high-tech production, creating innovative products in the republic is impossible without providing the branches of the national economy with personnel who have the necessary professional and personal competencies. In turn, social and economic factors affect the formation and quality of human capital, while there is an uneven spatial distribution of human resources. Accordingly, the priorities of the socio-economic development of the territories require coordination with the tasks of increasing human capital. The basis of this study is the analysis of the reproduction processes of human capital in the regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan, taking into account the socio-economic component. The object of the research is the human capital of the regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the subject of the research is the socio-economic aspect of the development of human capital. The method of the integral index for assessing human capital was taken as the main model for calculating human capital. We identified not only socio-economic factors affecting the effective use of human capital in the regions, but also demographic, environmental components and calculated indices based on these factors. The analysis showed that one of the key factors affecting the differentiation of the level of accumulated human capital is socio-economic. According to the results, the regions were identified as leaders and outsiders in terms of the level of accumulated human capital, regions with a post-industrial warehouse of the economy have high indicators of the human capital index, regions with agricultural specialization are low.

Subject and purpose of work: The article presents a quantitative change of endogenous factors affecting the development of the Mazowieckie Voivodeship in 2004-2017.

Research background: Currently the topic of a company’s intellectual capital is being widely investigated by various researchers. Nevertheless, only a small number of studies on the company’s intellectual capital impact on its market value were conducted. What is more, the concept of a company’s intellectual capital itself is not unified. There are some discrepancies in defining a company’s intellectual capital, unifying structural model of the company’s intellectual capital, and harmonizing the research methods and models of how to evaluate a company’s intellectual capital. Purpose of the article: The aim of the article is to examine various scientific approaches of the company’s intellectual capital and its impact on the market value of a respective company; to prepare a model of company’s intellectual capital and its impact on the market value. What is more, the aim of this article is to check and test the model effectiveness using an example of the Baltic States listed companies. Methods: Data on 58 Baltic States’ companies that are listed in Nasdaq Baltic stock exchange were taken as the basis of the research. Based on four component model (human capital, structural capital, juridical capital, relational capital) a set of indicators for assessing company’s intellectual capital was formed. Expert evaluation was used in order to assign weights for different structural parts of intellectual capital. An exploratory factor analysis was conducted in order to find out what factors are the most significant for a company’s intellectual capital. In order to find out how specific elements affect company’s intellectual capital, a pair-wise multiple correlation and regression analysis were used. An average comparison method was used to reveal differences between companies of different countries. Findings & Value added: The study contributes to the Baltic States’ knowledge on intellectual capital. It was detected that it is appropriate to use human capital, structural capital, juridical capital, and relational capital structural parts as components of company’s intellectual capital while investigating its impact on market value of a respective company. According to the obtained results, the model of a company’s intellectual capital and its impact on the market value was created, optimized, and its validity checked using exploratory factor analysis. The model was used to test the Baltic States listed companies and how their intellectual capital affects the market value. It was identified that intellectual capital in the listed companies of the Baltic States has a positive impact on their market value. Nevertheless, the study revealed that intellectual capital structural parts do not equally affect the market value of listed companies. The findings support the conclusion that human capital and relational capital have the greatest influence on the market value of listed companies. Companies where structural capital comprises the largest proportion of intellectual capital had lower levels of intellectual capital aggregated index, which could be examined in future studies.

The article discusses the issue of personalistic human capital management. The argument is based on a􀁢new approach to the employee within an organisation, as well as the role of the subjective determinants of employee activity in the effective attainment of strategic goals. The essence of the personalistic approach to human capital within an organisation is presented through the prism of personalism, mainly the personalistic concept developed by K. Wojty􀃯a (later John Paul II), emphasising the autonomous value of human being as a person. Against such a backdrop, it is shown that the application of the personalistic approach to human capital requires resolving dilemmas associated with the recognition of both subjective and economic dimensions of actions. The outlined bi-directionality in the approach to a human being in the modern organisation greatly complicates the discussion about the personalistic perspective of the human being within an organisation. However, the author points to basic conditions of the personalistic human capital management in an organisation. Pro-social strengthening of organisational culture and the introduction of pro-social orientation into strategic activities, as well as axiological targeting of managers’ attitudes are necessary. These factors condition the presence of a personalistic norm in the long-term achievement of economic efficiency based on a fully subjective management of the organisation’s human capital.

Subject and purpose of work: The paper focuses on identifying and assessing selected conditions and limitations of smart rural development in Poland. The concepts of smart development pointed out in the literature were used to analyse the results of field studies carried out in 2011 and 2016 in ten purposefully selected villages located in various regions of the country.

The article aims to present and assess educational migration as a driver of human capital redistribution across regions. The unique research on academic careers of 8.5 thousand secondary school-leavers in Lublin (Poland) allowed to gather microdata on the mobility of young people along with the school-leaving examination results being a proxy of human capital. The results indicate that the ratio of youth out-migration from their home region amounts to roughly 20%, which seems a low figure against comparative studies. However, the distribution of migration rate along with the logit regression proved high propensity of the most talented youth to move out. Hence, strong positive migration selectivity is regarded as an important driver of human capital redistribution across regions, which might negatively affect human capital accumulation in the sending area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Polish Journal of Economics / Gospodarka Narodowa is the property of SGH Warsaw School of Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studies of the Industrial Geography Commission of the Polish Geographical Society / Prace Komisji Geografii Przemyslu Polskiego Towarzystwa Geograficznego is the property of Press of Pedagogical University of Cracow and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)