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We normally hardly notice the mass-produced paper products that pass through our hands on a daily basis, which we then recycle. In fact it has recently been predicted that books printed on paper will be replaced by digital formats. However, paper endures and specialist craft papers are now being produced in increasing quantities, especially valued by artists and conservators, but also by tourists visiting paper-producing areas around the world. Paper is therefore flourishing even in our computer and mobile-phone focused world. One of the areas benefiting from this revival is the Himalayas. As well as serving the tourist trade these products are now exported world-wide, as they were when paper first arrived in Europe in the eleventh century. There are even organisations that run Tibetan-style paper making workshops in Amer­ica. This paper focuses on the papermaking revival in Tibet (China), Nepal, Bhutan and Sikkim (India). Using information gained from visits to producers, middle men, as well as retail and export operations, it seeks to compare the economic and social factors influencing the revival, including conservation issues. The conclusion highlights the fact that, even in the twenty first century, hand-crafted items still play an important rôle in our lives.

Copyright of Safety & Fire Technology / Bezpieczeństwo i Technika Pożarnicza is the property of Centrum Naukowo-Badawcze Ochrony Przeciwpozarowej and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: Based on a case study, the authors, members of a heavy urban search and rescue unit (HUSAR Poland) of the State Fire Service (SFS), who participated in relief operations in the aftermath of the 2015 Nepal earthquake, try to describe the roles of medical teams within this specialist organisation. Introduction: The article starts by enumerating the key organisational bodies of the State Fire Service where the Unit’s members normally work, and proceeds to outline the history of its formal establishment, including the appointment of the first SFS Chief Commander Team for Search & Rescue. Then it describes the role of the uniform search and rescue procedures within the State Rescue and Fire-Fighting System, and presents previous international operations following earthquakes, in which Polish firefighters participated. Finally, the paper explains the legal basis for the International Search and Rescue Advisory Group (INSARAG) and the importance of its guidelines for specifying minimum international standards, and lists all the components of HUSAR Poland. The purpose of this paper was to address the question concerning the best way to utilise the potential of HUSAR Poland’s medical component during foreign search & rescue operations.Methods: Research material comprised international and domestic standards which govern the functioning of HUSAR Poland and which define the minimum standards for search and rescue groups and foreign medical teams. The paper analyses HUSAR Poland’s involvement in the 2015 Nepal operation, and conclusions drawn from the 2010 Haiti operation. Its primary research method was the analysis of documents and statistical data. The article provides an overview of USAR Poland’s medical team at different phases of the Response Cycle, and documents used in practice. As shown in the title, special attention was given to describing medical roles and responsibilities fulfilled during the Nepal operation. The authors not only present some statistical examples for the Unit’s medical team involvement in Nepal, but also refer to some similar activities carried out during the 2010 Haiti operation. Summary: In the Summary and conclusions section, the authors tried to identify the most effective ways of utilising HUSAR Poland’s medical component in international operations, immediately after the search & rescue phase involving the recovery of victims from the rubble (known as beyond the rubble) is completed, so that its potential can be used in full to meet the expectations of the affected communities and the local emergency services. These conclusions suggest that a possible role could be to serve the functions similar to those defined by the World Health Organisation for Foreign Medical Teams Type 1.

Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studies in Law & Economics / Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne is the property of Lodz Scientific Society / Lodzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Caste has been in existence for centuries in South Asia, though its forms and contents vary across the region. Caste is a mode of power, a weapon of action and one of the criteria of making people’s collective identity within groups. I argue, in this paper, that caste is a product of complex histories and exists today in multiple forms. There has been a major change from treating caste as a rigid ritual stratum to caste as “identity to negotiate power and resources.” It operates as a symbol of collective identity and a basis for collective bargaining of limited resources and representation in various organizations and administrative institutions. The caste system eroded at the ritual level, but emerged at the political and economic levels in India and Nepal.