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Extended Abstract Background: Because human and non-human factors are present in most part of the Iranian northern Zagros Forests, an extensive portion of the forests in these areas have been lost or are at risk of destruction, making forestry initiatives increasingly important for the environment. Even enriching the existing forests is a particular approach to dealing with the quantitative and qualitative degradation processes. Furthermore, afforestation is a strategy for recovering degraded areas and is recognized as a method of protecting soil and water, combating desertification, providing wood, and increasing carbon and nitrogen stores. The selection of suitable tree/shrub species based on expert opinion and decision-making model criteria is one of the most effective factors in the success of afforestation and reforestation projects. The current study aimed to enhance the Iranian northern Zagros Forests in the Perdanan area of Piranshahr and to restore its destroyed regions (empty spots) by finding the most appropriate forest tree/shrub species. Methods: In this research, all destroyed spots, clearings, and empty spots of tree and shrub species were first identified and extracted as destroyed spots using the satellite images of 2022 from ESRI and the Google Company. To prepare the homogeneous units of the investigated area in the Pardanan forest lands of Piranshahr (northwest of Iran, the starting point of the Zagros forests), the topographical layers of the area, including slope, direction, height above sea level, geological maps, land ecology, and the map of micro-ecosystems, were combined to prepare the map of the ecological unit (homogeneous units) of the studied area. Because of the existence of destroyed spots, gaps, and empty spots of tree plant species, three one-kg soil samples from a depth of 0-30 cm were prepared from each of the environmental units. The soil samples passed through a two-mm sieve and thensubjected to measurements of soil physicochemical properties, including pH, electrical conductivity, texture, moisture, lime, nitrogen, organic carbon, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, bulk density, and particle density factors. The findings of the soil samples were then analyzed with SPSS software to categorize the region based on soil properties by generating a dendrogram of the retrieved parameters using the K-Means Cluster technique. The acquired parameters were split into three good, medium, and poor stands after being separated into distinct groups and identifying the limiting characteristics of the studied region. The best species were selected through an extensive literature review of studies conducted in the area of Zagros forests. A list of 29 species of the most important and best species as final options was prepared and delivered to the questioners, which included university members and forestry experts in Iran. The most suitable species were selected based on the examined criteria and the soil properties of the region. Finally, the introduced species (options) were prioritized independently for each habitat by the TOPSIS method utilizing the opinions of the respondents (university members and forestry specialists in the forest areas of Iran), the AHP approach, and the decision-making criteria (viz. power of adaptation, the cost of keeping seedlings and seeds in afforested regions, water and soil protection, drought and natural element resistance (e.g., wind, pests, fire, etc.), growth rate, and seedling or seed purchase price). Results: The findings of extracting damaged spots, clearings, and vacant spots of tree and shrub species using remote sensing data revealed the presence of 141 places covering a total area of 685 ha. Decomposing the decision-making problem into smaller elements created a hierarchy on three levels. The first level contained the purpose of decision-making, and the second level comprised six criteria (maintenance cost, purchase price, growth rate, resistance, compatibility, and soil and water protection). In the third level, options with 29 native species were examined through a questionnaire among five experts, and finally, the most suitable species (option) was selected for each habitat (good, medium, and poor habitats) determined by examining the results of the sample dendrogram. The soil patches were separated and selected using the TOPSIS method. The results of the TOPSIS ranking technique showed that Arjan and Ars species were the most preferred species, with closeness indexes of 0.63, 0.65, and 0.64, respectively, in good/medium and poor habitats, respectively. Walnut, sand, and hackberry species (with closeness indices of 0.489, 0.487, and 0.484, respectively) were selected as the most unfavorable species for afforestation and forest restoration in these areas. Conclusion: The adaptability of the selected species for afforestation and forest enrichment projects to the region's current environmental conditions, as well as its low demands in comparison to other tree species, are the primary success factors for these programs. Plants, on the other hand, prefer certain conditions over others based on their biology and ecological demands, such as the quantity of light in different life stages, humidity, bedrock, and soil depth. Knowing these requirements will undoubtedly improve the accuracy of species selection and planting site selection and increase the chances of achieving a satisfactory result. According to the findings of this study, the studied region may be divided into good, medium, and poor stands based on its soil properties, and each of these areas has the necessary potential for afforestation. Nevertheless, given that each species has unique ecological demands, the relatedness of the species' ecological needs to the current ecological circumstances in the region is a prerequisite for the success of afforestation and reforestation projects. According to our findings, native species are the best alternative for recovering destroyed forest areas, and nursing species are more important than climax species in restoring degraded forest areas. The findings of this study can help forest managers plan effective forestry operations, particularly in Zagros ravaged areas (particularly in Iranian Northern Zagros forests).

Objective (s): In a situation where the vaccine was not completely accurate and up-to-date against different strains of the virus in all people of the world, compliance with health guidelines was the main key to prevent transmission. But what is clear is that compliance with health protocols is not the same among all communities and depends on factors. This article examines the effects and attitudes of health protocols. Methods: This research was a descriptive-quantitative cross-sectional study, which was conducted among 385 students of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Iran in the last week of May 2022. Factors affecting the adherence to water hygiene behaviors due to covid-19 were investigated using a questionnaire and the results were analyzed and reported in ordinal regression with SPSS 25 software. Results: The ratio of the average score of compliance (19.08) from the total of eight health behaviors to the maximum score (25) was reported as 76%. It was reported that the score of awareness was very high, 94%, and the average score of attitude was about 75%. In the ordinal regression, it was found that having knowledge was not effective in following all health protocols and only two behaviors of avoiding attending gatherings and avoiding losing when meeting acquaintances showed a statistically significant relationship. In other words, with the increase of each score of awareness, the chance of having higher compliance scores in these two behaviors increased by about 1.5 times. On the other hand, the attitude score had a statistically significant relationship with most of the behaviors, except the compliance of coughing and sneezing into a handkerchief or the corner of the arm, and it had a positive simultaneous effect on the compliance of the behaviors. Conclusion: The high level of awareness among the studied community can partially indicate the effectiveness of interventions in increasing awareness, but the gap between awareness, attitude and behavior indicates the need to pay attention to other factors affecting attitude and behavior.

The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of compassion-focuced therapy on self-blame, distress tolerance, self-conscious emotion and conflict resolution styles in patients with cancer in Isfahan. The method of this research was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population included all patients with cancer in Isfahan province in 2019 that 30 patients with cancer were selected by convenience sampling and randomly asingment into experimental and control groups (n = 15). Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies Questionnaire (Garnefski & Kraaij, 2007), Distress Tolerance Questionnaire (Simons & Gaher, 2005), Self-Conscious Emotion Questionnaire (Tangney, Dearing, Wagner, & Gramzow, 1989), Conflict Resolution Questionnaire (Weeks, 1994), used as a pre-test, then experimental group underwent Compassion- Focuced Therapy in 8 sessions of 90 minutes for two months and the control group did not receive any intervention. At the end, post-test was performed on both groups and the data were analyzed using Spss-23 statistical software and analysis of covariance. Findings showed that therapeutic intervention decreased the score of self-blame and self-conscious emotion and increased the score of distress tolerance and conflict resolution styles in the experimental group compared to the control group (P

Background. Muscle weakness and low muscle tone may cause chewing and swallowing disorders in people with Down syndrome. This study investigated the electromyography of the masseter and temporal muscles in children with Down syndrome, aged 2 to 12, during maximal voluntary isometric contraction and rest. Methods. The current descriptive-analytical and case-control study investigated the electromyography frequency indicators of the masseter and temporal muscles at maximum voluntary contraction and resting states in 15 children aged 2 to 12 with Down syndrome and 15 normal children of the same age. Results. The average frequency of the mean and median in the electrical signal of the masseter and temporal muscles on the left and right sides and in two different positions in children with Down syndrome is lower than in normal children. In comparing the average frequency of the mean, except for the left and right temporal muscles in the maximum voluntary isometric contraction and the left master muscle during rest, there is a significant difference in the rest. Also, in comparing the average frequency of the median, except for the left and right temporal muscles in the resting state, there are non-significant differences in the rest of the cases. Conclusion. The average frequency of the electrical signal of the masseter and temporal muscles in children with Down syndrome is lower than that of normal children. Unlike typically developing children, those with Down syndrome struggle with chewing and swallowing. Practical Implications. The data obtained from this study contributes to the enhancement of interventions and treatments for patients with Down syndrome.

Introduction: Treatment of root-treated teeth depends largely on proper restoration. Direct restorations are a better choice if there is sufficient residual tissue. This study aimed to investigate the knowledge of dental students in School of Dentistry in Yazd City about the taught factors of direct restoration of endodontically treated teeth. Methods: In this descriptive-cross-sectional study, the knowledge of 67 dental students of School of Dentistry in Yazd City about the taught factors of direct restoration of root-treated teeth was studied using a valid and reliable questionnaire containing demographic characteristics (age and gender) and 28 knowledge questions. After collecting the data, using SPSS version 16 software, they were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, Mann-Whitney test, T test and Pearson correlation coefficient. Results: 36 (53.7%) female students and 31 (46.3%) male students with an average age of 25 ± 3.14 participated in this study. The average awareness score was 32.74 ± 9.65. The average knowledge score of female students (35.30±10.27) was higher than that of male students (31.95±8.70), but this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.156). In the age group under 25, the average score of awareness (34.78 ± 9.94) was higher than the average above 25 (30.43 ± 8.1). There was an inverse and significant relationship between knowledge score and age, r=-0.242 and P 0.049. Conclusion: The average knowledge score of dental students regarding the taught factors of direct restoration of endodontically treated teeth was good. Gender did not have a significant effect on the knowledge of students, and the knowledge of students under 25 years old was higher than ones over 25 years old.

Background and Objective: Diadochokinesis tasks, as a traditional component of speech-motor assessment, are an indicator of the evaluation of oral motor skills. This study aimed to help determine a criterion for the evaluation of the speed of consecutive movements by determination of diadochokinesis in normal children aged 7 to 9 years. Moreover, by creating syllabic assignments, consisting of closed and open vowels, it was possible to compare the speed of production in reciprocal movement conditions. Materials and Methods: The current descriptive-analytical study used a cross-sectional design. It was conducted on 210 primary school students in three age groups of 7, 8, and 9 years old in Kermanshah City, Iran, who were randomly selected. Students had to repeat two-syllable structures 15 times and three-syllable structures 10 times. The structures consisted of consonants and vowels/a/ and /u/ to determine their durations. Results: The production speed of the two-syllable structures /pata/ and /paka/ was significantly higher, compared to that of /putu/ and /puku/, respectively (P=0.002). However, in the two-syllable structures /taka/ and /tuku/ (P=0.09) and trisyllable structures /pataka/ and /putuku/ (P=0.11), the difference of the mean diadocokinesis was not significant. Therefore, the vowel /a/ increased the ability of diadochokinesis in some syllabic combinations but had no effect on some other combinations. Conclusion: With the increase of age, the ability to produce two- and three-syllable structures quickly and accurately increases. Usage of the vowel /a/, compared to the vowel /u/ in some syllabic combinations increased the speed of diadochokinesis but had no effect in some syllabic combinations

Abstract In recent decades, the concept of e-marketing has been expanding and taking on a new meaning every day. E-marketing can bring new business opportunities. The purpose of this research was structural analysis of new business creation by identifying and developing electronic marketing opportunities in companies based in the growth center. In this applied research, descriptive-field methods were used to collect data. The statistical population of this research is 400 employees of companies located in the growth center and science and technology park, of which 196 people were selected as a sample using Cochran's formula. The data collection tools are two Likert scale questionnaires and paired comparisons questionnaires. The validity of the research tool was confirmed by the opinions of several professors and its reliability was confirmed through Cronbach's alpha with a coefficient of 0.83. SEM-PLS method was used in Smart-PLS-3 software for data analysis and AHP was used in Expert Choice for ranking. The findings show that all aspects of electronic marketing opportunities have been effective in creating new business. Also, the result of prioritizing the components of E-marketing opportunities, customization with a rank of 0.237 was considered to have a higher degree of importance than all dimensions. E-marketing opportunities exist in many forms. In order to create a new business, the need to exploit each of these opportunities in the context of electronic marketing, such as customization, creating innovation, etc., can expect business growth and development at the international level as well.Introduction In recent years, the establishment of new businesses has garnered significant attention as a key factor in economic development. Entrepreneurial activities are among the primary drivers of industrial dynamism, economic development, and growth. Businesses play a fundamental role in the functioning of economies. Therefore, entrepreneurship and the creation of new businesses are recognized as catalysts for innovation, employment, and economic growth.A healthy economy is identified by an appropriate number of existing businesses and a continuous process of creating new businesses (business flow). The elimination of physical boundaries has occurred with the recent expansion of electronic and digital communication channels, such as mobile phones and the Internet. Leading digital companies often distinguish themselves through new business models. Finding the right business model is a challenge for entrepreneurs.These innovative entrepreneurial approaches coincide with recent trends in small-scale investments utilizing digital technologies to expand their core capabilities. Indeed, advancements in information and communication technology have led to widespread transformations in the lives of individuals, businesses, and marketing practices. As a result, electronic marketing constitutes a significant portion of marketers' attention and corporate budgets.Although research has been conducted on challenges and opportunities for startups, initiating new businesses, electronic marketing, and innovation, no research has yet addressed the identification and development of electronic marketing opportunities for starting a new business. Therefore, this research aims to conduct a structural-functional analysis of establishing a new business using the identification and development of electronic marketing opportunities in companies based in growth centers.Case study The companies that located in the growth center and science and technology park of Sistan and Baluchistan province.Materials and Methods The current research, in terms of its objective and application, is descriptive-applied, and in terms of methodology, it is descriptive-field. The data analysis method employed is a combination of quantitative methods, including Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with a partial least squares approach using Smart-PLS software. For ranking purposes, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) has been utilized in the analysis.Discussion and Results The findings indicate that the dimensions of value-added (0.317), creating competitive advantage (0.242), quality differentiation (0.558), blue ocean strategy (0.175), export growth (0.127), customization (0.150), e-marketing opportunities (0.207), market dynamism (0.182), competitiveness driving force (0.112), innovation orientation (0.199), and market integration (0.158) significantly impact the establishment of a new business. Additionally, the prioritization results of e-marketing opportunities components show that customization, with a rank of 0.237, is considered the most important dimension among all factors. This means that it is the most influential component in e-marketing opportunities. Integration, with a coefficient of 0.214, holds the second position, and competitive advantage, with a rank of 0.166, is in the third position. Therefore, according to the experts' perspective in the study, three crucial variables have been identified.ConclusionUpon reflection on the evolution of online methods in service delivery, one can observe the success and impact of utilizing virtual space knowledge in a way that certain phenomena have successfully operated and achieved better and more desirable results by intelligently employing these methods in the modern age. Online marketing, viral marketing (electronic word-of-mouth), social media, and similar tools can all contribute to the facilitation of a new business. Numerous goods and services are presented by individuals, especially women or those who cannot be present in the community full-time. These individuals, through electronic marketing, can easily showcase their products or services in the market without physical presence and generate income. Especially in special circumstances, such as the current societal conditions and restrictions on people's movement to prevent the spread of the coronavirus, electronic marketing finds greater prominence and is considered one of the most crucial avenues. Through research and study in this field, seven dimensions were identified for the electronic marketing opportunities variable, including: 1. Market Integration (with two components: price fairness and non-restriction of working time and place). 2. Customization (with two components: potential opportunities and perceived usefulness). 3. Competitiveness Driving Forces (with two components: market performance and time-saving orientation). 4. Market Dynamism (with two components: use of social networks and customer relationship management). 5. Creating Competitive Advantage (with two components: supply chain management and quality content production). 6. Blue Ocean Strategy (with two components: use of desirable new technologies and target market evaluation strategy). 7. Export Growth (with two components: convenience motivation and quality of electronic services).

مقدمه: ارتقای توانایی ها و عملکرد پرستاران در مدیریت زمان، یکی از نیازها و ضرورت های ارتقای نیروی انسانی است. بنابراین، پژوهش حاضر با هدف تعیین اثربخشی آموزش مدیریت زمان بر استفاده مشکل‌زا از اینترنت و کیفیت زندگی دانشجویان پرستاری انجام شد. روش‌ کار: در این مطالعه 105 نفر از دانشجویان پرستاری دانشکده پرستاری و مامایی مشهد به روش نمونه‌گیری طبقه‌ای انتخاب و در دو گروه آزمون (58 نفر) و شاهد (47 نفر) قرار گرفتند. گروه آزمون در 2 جلسه چهار ساعته (مدیریت زمان) و 1 جلسه دو ساعته (آموزش کاربردی) طی سه هفته متوالی آموزش دریافت کردند و گروه شاهد در لیست انتظار قرار داشتند. دانشجویان پرسشنامه استفاده از اینترنت مشکل ساز، پرسشنامه استاندارد مدیریت زمان مورهد و گریفین و پرسشنامه کیفیت زندگی سازمان بهداشت جهانی (BREF-WHOQOL) را در پیش آزمون و پس آزمون تکمیل کردند. داده‌ها با کمک آزمون‌های تی مستقل و یو-من ویتنی و نرم‌افزار SPSS نسخه 16 تجزیه و تحلیل شد. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که آموزش مدیریت زمان در کاهش استفاده مشکل‌زا از اینترنت مؤثر بوده است (001/0 P). نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به نتایج، استفاده از راهبردهای مدیریت زمان نقش مؤثری در کاهش استفاده مشکل‌زا از اینترنت در دانشجویان دارد.

Introduction and purpose: Considering the impact of work stress on nurses' quality of life, stress management is of great importance. Therefore, the present study investigated the relationship between these two factors in the teaching hospitals of Shahid Sadougi University of Medical Sciences in Yazd in 2023. Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, the statistical population comprised working nurses, 123 of whom were selected using proportional stratified random sampling. 1981), frequency, mean and standard deviation as well as Pearson correlation test, t-test and ANOVA were used for data analysis with SPSS version 26 software. Results: Among the dimensions of job strain, nurses had the highest stress (8.38 ± 4.97) and the lowest (2.31 ± 2.09) in the dimension of suffering and death of patients. In the dimensions of quality of work life, the highest mean score was in desire and motivation to work (15.28 ± 2.21) and the lowest in problem solving (8.65 ± 2.54). According to the results of the present study, there is a statistically significant relationship between occupational stress and the quality of nurses' work life (P-value

Abstract The present study was conducted investigating the psychometric properties of the Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Functions - Second Edition (BRIEF-2) in students with externalizing behavior problems. The method was based on correlation research. The statistical population consisted of all male students with behavioral problems between the ages 7 and 12 in East Azarbayejan province who were studying in the academic year 2021-2022. To select the sample, first, students with externalizing behavior problems were identified. Then their parents completed the parent form of Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Functions - Second Edition (BRIEF-2) and Coolidge's Neuropsychological Questionnaire (2002). The data was analyzed with 599 people. Cronbach's alpha coefficient, confirmatory factor analysis, and criterion validity were used to analyze the data. The results showed that the behavioral rating inventory of executive functions - second edition (BRIEF-2) has good reliability and validity. Therefore, this scale can be used to evaluate executive functions in students with externalizing behavior problems. Keywords: psychometric properties, behavior rating inventory of executive function, externalizing behavioral problems. Extended Abstract Introduction Externalizing problems such as disruptive behavior, aggression, and breaking rules can be a significant public health issue. These symptoms can have serious consequences for individuals, including dealing with disruptive behavior, feeling insecure or victimized, and incurring economic costs for prevention, treatment, and trials (Constanty et al., 2021). When evaluating children with externalizing behavior problems, it's important to assess their executive functions. Executive functions refer to the cognitive processes that are involved in regulating behavior, such as attention, working memory, and self-control. There is a relationship between executive functions and externalizing behavior problems, which means that how well a child can regulate their behavior is linked to their cognitive abilities. By assessing executive functions, we can better understand the cognitive and behavioral factors that contribute to externalizing behavior problems in children. The Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function, Second Edition (BRIEF-2) is currently the most widely used tool for measuring executive functions in children (Pino Muñoz et al., 2021; Parhoon et al., 2022). While BRIEF-2 is a comprehensive tool for assessing executive functions in children, its psychometric features have not been fully examined in children with externalizing behavior problems. The current research aims to answer the question of whether the psychometric characteristics of the BRIEF-2 parent form are appropriate for use in assessing executive functions in students with externalizing behavior problems. Research Question Are the psychometric characteristics of the BRIEF-2 parent form suitable for assessing executive functions in students with externalizing behavior problems? Literature Review Anastasiadis (2023) conducted a study to examine the clinical usefulness of the BRIEF-2 and its associated scales in differentiating between pediatric ADHD presentations and comorbidity. The study used archival data from 211 children between the ages of 5 and 12 who were seen at a university-based ADHD Evaluation Clinic. Ratings from parents and teachers were analyzed separately. The results of the study were consistent with predictions, showing that the Emotional Regulation Index (ERI) was highest in the combined presentation of ADHD. Parhoon et al., (2021) conducted a study to examine the psychometric properties of the Persian version of BRIEF-2 parent-form in children between the ages of six and 12 years. The study used confirmatory factor analysis to analyze the internal structure of the BRIEF-2. The results showed that the model with three indexes (Behavioral, Emotional, and Cognitive) and nine scales (Inhibit, Shift, Self-Monitor, Emotional Control, Initiate, Working Memory, Plan/Organize, Organization of Materials, and Task-Monitor) had a good fit. Jiménez & Lucas-Molina (2019) conducted a study to examine two aspects of BRIEF-2 in a sample of primary school-aged children. The results of the study showed that the confirmatory factor analysis of BRIEF-2 revealed a good fit for the sample. The model with three indexes (Behavioral, Emotional, and Cognitive) and nine scales (Inhibit, Shift, Self-Monitor, Emotional Control, Initiate, Working Memory, Plan/Organize, Organization of Materials, and Task-Monitor) was found to be an appropriate fit for the data. Methodology The current research used a descriptive correlational-normative study method. The statistical population for this study included all male students between the ages of 7 and 12 years old who had behavioral problems and were studying in East Azarbaijan province during the academic year of 2021-2022. The final analysis of the current research included data from 599 questionnaires. The researchers used three different tools to collect data: The Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), the Behavioral Rating Scale of Executive Functions - Second Edition (BRIEF-2), and the Coolidge Neuropsychological Questionnaire. The researchers used two different software programs, SPSS and Lisrel, to examine the psychometric properties of the BRIEF-2. Results The results of the confirmatory factor analysis of BRIEF-2 in Table 1 and Figure 2 showed that all fit indices, including the square root of the mean error of approximation (RMSEA), were within the desired range. This indicates that the model used in the questionnaire data is an appropriate fit for the data. Table 1. All fit indices of BRIEF-2 confirmatory factor analysis. Fitness indices Values RMSEA 0.098 NFI 0.96 NNFI 0.95 CFI 0.97 GFI 0.94 AGFI 0.89 Fig. 1. Estimation of standardized coefficients Discussion The results of the study showed that the BRIEF-2 has good reliability, as indicated by the examination of Cronbach's alpha coefficients and internal consistency. Additionally, the confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the three-factor model of the scale and its nine components. This suggests that the three-factor structure of the BRIEF-2 is desirable and acceptable in the studied population of school-aged children with externalizing behavioral problems. This finding is in line with the research results of Parhoon et al. (2022), Parhoon et al. (2021), Anastasiadis (2023) and Jiménez & Lucas-Molina (2019). One limitation of this study is that the statistical population was limited to primary school-aged male students with externalizing behavioral problems. Therefore, caution should be taken when generalizing the results to other groups of children. Additionally, the data used in this study was limited to participants from East Azarbaijan province. This means that the results may not be representative of other regions or populations. Besides all limitations, it is suggested that the BRIEF-2 be used as an evaluation and diagnostic tool for assessing executive functions in primary school-aged students with externalizing behavior problems. Conclusion The results of this study suggest that children with high levels of behavioral problems may experience more difficulties with executive functions, which can negatively impact their emotional and motivational abilities. Based on the desirable psychometric properties of the BRIEF-2 and its appropriate criterion validity, it can be used as a tool to evaluate the executive functions of primary school-aged students with externalizing behavior problems. Acknowledgments The researchers express their sincere gratitude and appreciation to all the participants who contributed to the implementation of this research. Without their participation, this study would not have been possible.

Proper management and planning of water resources in their operation, distribution, and revitalization play an important role in sustainable development. This issue is of much higher importance in countries located in the arid and semi-arid regions of the world, such as Iran. Because it is inevitable to return and use indigenous technologies and knowledge and update them alongside modern technologies to achieve sustainable development, this research utilizes an extensive study of literature from internal and external sources and exploratory factor analysis to identify and assess the most important criteria or applicable factors of indigenous knowledge relevant to water resources planning and management in Yazd Province. Due to the high importance of the issue, attempts were made to use experienced and relevant faculty members from certain universities, as well as experts and specialists from all relevant organizations in Yazd Province. The results showed that six criteria—protection and stability, integrated management, holistic (comprehensive) approach, cost-effectiveness, compatibility, and dynamism—are found to be more important than others for the area. In the second step of this research, by means of BWM and creating a linear programming model, six principal factors were weighted, and their optimal weights were obtained. The integrated management criterion has the highest weight (0.413), and the holistic approach criterion has the lowest weight (0.048). Moreover, the protection and stability criteria and the cost-effectiveness criteria jointly rank second with a weight of 0.168, and the criteria of compatibility (0.119) and dynamism (0.084), respectively, rank third and fourth.

Introduction The diverse and magnificent plant kingdom of the world is widely known for its medicinal importance. Natural substances obtained from medicinal plants and their plant extracts are used for the treatment of a lot of diseases in human pathology as well as plant pathology. Therefore, it is important to understand the relationship between medicinal plant species and their environment in terms of producing optimal secondary metabolites. Salvia officinalis L., which belongs to Lamiaceae family, as the main herb in the world is cultivated in many countries. Essential oil from S. officinalis aerial parts is used as raw material in pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries. It has been known that different harvest times have a great effect on both quality and quantity of essential metabolites. Furthermore, the drying process, which is one of the post-harvest processes, is very expensive, but if it is done correctly, it significantly increases the efficiency and components of the essential oil after harvesting. In large-scale agriculture, S. officinalis raw materials needs a lot of space and high cost for drying process due to the large volume of material at harvest time. In this case, if it is possible to directly extract the essential oil with the desired quantity and quality from the fresh plant, the production cost will be significantly reduced from the economic point of view. For these reasons, it is necessary to determine optimum harvesting time(s) and plant material kinds affecting essential oil quantity and quality. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the yield and quality of valuable medicinal plant essential oil of S. officinalis in different harvesting times of fresh and dried plants throughout the year in Fars province to determine the yield and quality of essential oil. Materials and Methods For these purposes, aerial parts of S. officinalis in full flowering stage were collected from selected plants from a 3-year farm located in Saadatshahr city of Fars province. A factorial experiment based on a completely randomized blocks design with three replications and two factors include three different harvesting times (5th of May, 26th of July and 5th of November, 2020) and two types of plant materials (fresh and dry) was performed in the farm. The essential oils of different S. officinalis samples were extracted by hydro-distillation using Clevenger apparatus and with three replications. The yields were calculated based on dry weight and the oils were analyzed by a combination of GC-FID and GC-MS techniques, to check for chemical variability based on British Pharmacopoeia. At the end of the experiment, data analysis was performed using SAS software (version: 9.4). The means were compared by Duncan's multi-range test at a statistical level of 1%. Results and Discussion The results of the current study revealed that the essential oil content of S. officinalis aerial parts harvested at different times and plant materials ranged from 0.19% to 1.18% (w/w). It was found that the interaction effects of harvesting times and plant materials on the essential oil yield was significant at the 1% probability level, and the comparison of the average interaction effects of harvesting times and plant materials showed that the highest essential oil yield of S. officinalis was related to the second harvesting time (26th of July, 2020) and the dry plant material (1.18 % w/w). Meanwhile, the lowest yield of essential oil (0.19% w/w) was obtained in the first harvesting time (5th of May, 2020) and in fresh plant material. 34 different constituents have been identified in which 22 compounds were common. Monoterpene hydrocarbons were the main group of compounds in all studied plant samples. The key compounds of essential oil were 1,8-cineol, α-thujone, β-pinene and camphor. The comparison of the average interaction effects of harvesting times and plant materials on the main compounds of the essential oil demonstrated that the interaction effects on α-thujone and camphor constituents were significant at the 1% probability level and for β-pinene were were significant at the 5% probability level. The results of this research showed that the yield of essential oil in dry plant materials was higher than in fresh plant materials and different harvesting times had a significant effect on the quantitative and qualitative performance of essential oil. Conclusion Eventually, the results obtained from this study showed that the quantity and quality of essential oil in S. officinalis were influenced by the different harvesting times and plant materials. In order to achieve the maximum quantity and quality of essential oil in this species, the best type of plant materials was dry plant material and the best harvesting times was the summer harvesting in the full flowering stage. Due to the fact that the performance of essential oil at different harvesting times fluctuates in terms of quantity and quality during the growing season, it is necessary to have the essential oil certificated from each harvest in order to successfully enter the market.

Introduction: The importance of sharing economy in changing the behavior of consumers and business models and especially the emergence of platform businesses has caused new concepts such as platform economy, decentralization of platforms and its relationship with user perceptions and behaviors to be noticed by researchers. Fully centralized management of digital platforms has forced users - on both supply and demand sides – to circumvent reactions such as system resistance by circumventing the system, play the system or select alternative options– to reduce the effect of platform control and achieving their desired results. Despite the fact that the main claim of the businesses of the sharing economy has been the elimination of intermediaries on the demand side and the creation of free spaces on the supply side, we see it every day new intermediation and the comprehensive domination of platforms in the form of algorithmic management and Gig economics. It seems that using the power of users in proportion to their level of readiness to implement the affordances of the platform and their participation in decisions related to their requested service, not only can lead to increased use, but also it can be as a competitive advantage for digital age businesses. In this article, with the help of Theory of Planned Behavior, the effect of platform decentralized organizing on the performance of such businesses is investigated. Therefore, the aim of this research is to investigate the effect of decentralization of platform affordances on the willingness to use internet taxi and to identify the behavioral pattern of internet taxi passengers in decentralized conditions. Methodology: This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of data collection, correlation type and based on structural equation model. The target population of the research was internet taxi users and the non-random sampling method was available and A statistical sample of 481 ride-hailing users in Iran was used to test the hypotheses; Questionnaires were used to collect data The method of data analysis is structural equation modeling with partial least squares approach and using SmartPLS6/2 and SPSS software. Validity (content and structure) and reliability (factor load coefficients, Cronbach's alpha and combined reliability) of the research questionnaire were confirmed. And the general model of this research has a very strong fit and is approved. Results and Discussion: According to the research results, The findings of this research showed that mental norms, perceived behavioral control and attitude have a positive and significant effect on the intention to use a decentralized internet taxi and it was confirmed that the decentralization of affordances of an internet taxi increases the positive attitude of users and the intention to use. . In other words, the relationships among main structs (: attitud, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control) were positive and meaningful, which was anticipated according to the theory of planned behavior. It has also been shown that the intention to use decentralized internet taxi among passengers is different based on gender, occupation, number of times of use per month and duration of using internet taxi. In addition, it was found that marital status, age, income and level of education do not affect the intention to use. In addition, it was found that marital status, age, income and level of education did not affect the intention to use significantly; it means Women tend to decentralize more than men. Among different occupational groups, housewives had the highest intention and the unemployed had the lowest intention. Conclusion: Platform business owners can prevent the occurrence of sometimes destructive behaviors of users, such as resisting the system or choosing alternative platforms, by decentralizing the organization of affordances, and increase the intentions to use ride-hailing application. It is also necessary for travelers to feel more empowered to make decisions about proposed travel options based on their demographic characteristics. For example, they can design and develop applications in such a way that female employee users feel that their power of choice is higher and they can choose the desired option with the knowledge of the data required for a desirable trip. With this approach, the users' attitude towards It is developed to applications and control their perception on applications. In addition, Internet taxi application service providers, if they wish to experience an increase in Internet taxi travel, need to understand the importance of subjective norms in the preliminary stage of adoption of decentralized Internet taxi applications, and need to know how to promote positive word-of-mouth with the help of strategies. Consider effective marketing.

Antibody-based radiopharmaceuticals are of increasing interest today in cancer imaging and radiotherapy. The cetuximab monoclonal antibody binds to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and thus provides therapeutic and diagnostic protocols against this receptor. Following purification and conjugation with freshly prepared DOTA-NHS, the cetuximab antibody was labeled with lutetium 177 and samarium chloride-153. Labeling efficiency and in vitro stability were measured using thin-layer chromatography. Cellular tests were performed to determine radioimmunoactivity in cancer cells. The results showed that the labeling efficiencies of 177Lu-DOTA-cetuximab and 153Sm-DOTA-cetuximab were more than 97±1% and 96±2%, respectively. Also, the in vitro stability of the labeled products in fresh human serum after 96 hours was 83± 22% and 78%, respectively. Immunoreactivity was 91% for 177Lu-DOTA-cetuximab and 66±1% for 153Sm-DOTA-cetuximab. With different intensities based on time and beta energy, both products inhibited the growth of HT29 colon cancer cells. The results showed that the immunoconjugate complexes of 177Lu-DOTA-cetuximab and 153Sm-DOTA-cetuximab can be considered a novel radiopharmaceutical for cancer radioimmunotherapy.

Background & Aim: Micronutrients deficiency is one of the most common health problems among adolescents. Theory based educational interventions which address learners' preferences are among the solutions for the matter in hand. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the Transtheoretical model (TTM) based educational package on vitamin intake in female adolescents in Tehran. Methods & Materials: A randomized community trial was applied. Study samples were consisted of 80 female students from two middle schools of Tehran, district 17th. They were selected using a cluster-random sampling method and were randomly assigned to the intervention (n=40) and control groups (n=40). The intervention group received a TTM-based educational package. Changes in vitamin intake were assessed using standard food frequency & 24-recall questionnaires. Results: Based on pre-test results, intake of vitamin B2, B6, B9, B12, and C were lower than Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) in both groups. Based on the post-test data, a significant increase occurred in the mean score of vitamin intake in the intervention group comparing with the control group; and also with the intervention group at pretest (P

Background & Aim: Diet adherence is a major issue in cardiovascular diseases control. Patient education could be a valuable strategy for promoting diet adherence. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of computer-assisted vs. face to face education on dietary adherence among patients with myocardial infarction. Methods & Materials: In this experimental study, 117 patients with the first acute myocardial infarction were selected via a convenience sampling. The participants were randomly allocated into three groups. Patients in the face to face group (n=43) received an education about diet in two two-day sessions. The computer-assisted education group (n=33) received the same educational plan provided by computer software containing audio, text, images and animations at home. The control group (n=41) received their usual care. Adherence to dietary regimen was assessed three months after the educations. Results: There were not significant association between the three groups in terms of demographic characteristics and disease history. There were no significant different in unhealthy diet adherence between the three groups. There were not significant differences in healthy diet between the computer-assisted and face to face education groups. The computer-assisted education group had significantly better adherence with the consumed amount of fats (P=0.01), useful meat substitutes (P=0.01), and other foods (P=0.012) than the control group. In addition, the face to face education group had significantly greater adherence scores with consuming meat substitutes (P=0.04), and fats (P=0.04) than the control group. Conclusion: Both computer-assisted and face to face educational strategies had positive effects on improving adherence following myocardial infarction.

Urban open spaces have great potential for all kinds of urban activities, and one of the important functions of these spaces is leisure time, which has become more important in recent decades due to the rapid growth of urbanization and the revolution that has occurred in the lifestyle of citizens. Dealing with the issue of quality in urban open spaces for spending leisure time, and analyzing and identifying the most important indicators affecting the quality of these spaces can be especially important for managers and urban planners. Therefore, introducing a process that can provide a proper analysis and evaluation of urban open spaces and factors affecting their quality is important and is one of the goals of this research. This research has been carried out using a descriptive-analytical method with a quantitative-qualitative approach and as a case study. In this research, using theoretical foundations, 45 indicators of quality in urban open spaces were introduced (as an evaluation checklist) and then, using the exploratory walking technique, the mentioned indicators were evaluated in selected open spaces of Arak city. The necessary data has been collected. Then, by using a factor analysis structural measurement model, the influence coefficient of each indicator has been calculated as the weight of the criteria. And then, using the weight of each index and TOPSIS technique, the studied open spaces have been compared and ranked. In this way, a practical process for analyzing and evaluating the quality of urban open spaces for leisure time has been introduced. Based on the results, it was determined that the indicators "the existence of areas and facilities for games and excitement for all ages" and "the existence and conditions of cozy and secluded spaces and the facilities for creating climatic comfort" in improving the quality of urban open spaces for spending leisure time, are the most effective indexers. Also, among the studied open spaces in Arak city, the "Laaleh Amusement Park" and " Shohadaye Gomnaam Park" have won the first and second places, respectively, for spending leisure time.

In the current work, the graphene oxide was synthesized through Hummer’s method and modified with nickel hexacyanoferrate nanoparticles. The product was characterized by a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The characterization results confirm the successful synthesis of graphene oxide and the immobilization of nanoparticles on it. The obtained graphene oxide-nickel hexacyanoferrate (GO-NiHCF) was applied for the removal of Sr(II) from the aqueous media in the batch method. The influence of effective factors such as pH, time, and initial concentration of strontium on adsorption was studied. The pH study showed that Sr(II) uptake increases in the pH range of 1-7 and the uptake reduces slightly or remains constant at higher pH values. The adsorption capacity under optimum conditions was obtained at about 140 mg g-1 adsorbent. The kinetic data of Sr(II) sorption by GO-NiHCF were investigated by pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models. The results showed that the kinetic data fitted well to the pseudo-second-order rate model. The equilibrium data suggest the data are relatively fitted well to the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Therefore, it can be understood that adsorbents’ dispersion on graphene oxide sheets or interlayers is homogenous. The separation factor(RL) value extracted from the Langmuir curve was estimated as 0

Ali Ibn e- Ibrahim Alavi Javvani (died in the early 4th century) is of the Shiite historians and the author of the books of Akhbar Sahib Fakh and Yahya Ibn e- Abdullah. In his works, he tried to consider the uprising of prominent Alavi and Zaidi individuals. These books have been lost, but parts of them have been preserved through the book of Maqatil al-Talebiyyin and found their way into other historical texts. The ambiguities that existed about the personality, scientific life, historiographical method and sources cited by Javvani and his goals for writing these works made a coherent research in this field inevitable. The result of the research indicates that Javvani was one of the historians and writers of the Shia Companions, and his most important motivation in writing the death of the Abi Talib family, especially the historical news of Sahib Fakh and Yahya Ibn e- Abdullah, was introducing their spiritual, political, and social face in the political and social conditions of his era as well as the corruption of the government and reemphasizing the fight against oppression until martyrdom on the one hand, and on the other hand, the incitement of Zaidi and Alawites who had the idea of an armed uprising.

Background and Aim: Today, natural compounds such as peptides and probiotics can be mentioned as a supplement to the treatment of diseases such as cancer. These compounds may be effective in preventing the progression or treatment of cancer by affecting some molecular pathways including inflammation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of D-peptide-B and B.bifidum probiotic lysate on the expression of TNF-α and IL-1 genes in gastric cancer cells of AGS cell line. Materials and Methods: In this study, AGS and HEK cells were cultured in DMEM medium with 10% bovine serum. The cells were treated with different concentrations of D-peptide-B and B.bifidum lysate and were incubated for 24 hours. The cell viability was checked by MTT. For molecular investigations, after RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis, the relative expression of TNF-α and IL-1 genes was evaluated using Real time PCR, and the data were analyzed using statistical methods One-way ANOVA. Results: The MTT results indicated that the AGS cancer cells’ survival rate decreased after treatment with dipeptide-B and lysate of B.bifidum as compared to HEK control cells. Furthermore, the study found that the expression levels of TNF-α and IL-1 genes in gastric cancer cells were significantly higher after treatment with D-Peptide-B, bacterial lysate, or both, when compared to normal HEK cells (P≤0.05). Specifically, the IL-1 gene expression increased by 300% (4 times) for peptide treatment, 100% (2 times) for bacterial treatment, and 650% (7.5 times) for combined treatment. Similarly, the TNF-α gene expression increased by 350% for peptide treatment, 100% for bacterial treatment, and 520% for combined treatment. These results suggest that these compounds may have induced cell death in cancer cells by affecting other molecular pathways. Conclusion: Considering that D-peptide-B and B.bifidum lysate had no significant toxicity on normal cells and caused a significant decrease in the survival of cancer cells and this toxicity was dose dependent, therefore, consideration might be given to these natural compounds in treatment of gastric cancer.

Banks and other credit institutions can face crises during their operations. The institution of temporary administration or conservatorship is one of the methods of restructuring banks and other credit institutions in times of crisis. The purpose of this study is to identify, legal description and explain the territory of temporary administration. Finally, while defining, legalizing and explaining the scope of this institution, we reached the following conclusions: First, in the event of several circumstances, such as the suspension of a bank or credit institution, the regulator, such as the central bank, either directly takes over the management of the bank or the credit institution or delegates it to another person. Secondly, temporary administration is basically a kind of imposed and compulsory agreement arising from the law and public order. Thirdly, not only with banks, it is possible to implement the conservatorship for other credit institutions, such as credit cooperatives, leasing companies, exchange offices, Gharz al-Hasna funds and even insurance companies, Rather, the scope of the temporary administration is not limited to the management of deposits by the guarantor bank or credit institution, and for various reasons, has a wider scope, and the comprehensive administration covers all property and all matters. This analytical view of the issue can provide approaches to the legislature and the courts in the discussion of the temporary administration of a credit institution by another credit institution and fill its gaps in the Iranian banking legal system.

Background and Objective: Methotrexate (MTX) is a chemotherapy drug that has destructive effects on body tissues, including the male reproductive system. Since coenzyme Q10 is an antioxidant that can reduce its destructive effects to some extent, this study was conducted to investigate the effects of the simultaneous use of methotrexate and coenzyme Q10 on testis tissue structure and sperm parameters in male mice. Methods: In this experimental study, 24 male NMRI mice were divided into four groups of six: the control group received 0.2 ml of distilled water intraperitoneally, the MTX group received 20 mg/kg methotrexate once a week intraperitoneally, the CoEnQ10 group received coenzyme Q10 orally at a dose of 200 mg/kg three times a week, and the MTX+CoEnQ10 group, in addition to receiving methotrexate 20 mg/kg intraperitoneally once a week, also received coenzyme Q10 orally at a dose of 200 mg/kg three times a week. All groups were treated for five weeks. After sacrificing the animals, epididymal cauda and testis tissue were sampled and analyzed respectively in order to check sperm parameters and histomorphometry changes and the process of spermatogenesis. Findings: After treatment with MTX, viability, motility, tubule differentiation index, spermatic index, sperm repopulation index, mean seminiferous tubules diameter, seminiferous tubules lumen diameter, and germinal epithelium height decreased significantly compared to the control group (p

Background: Identity is a dynamic construct and will change under different cultural conditions. Immigrants, facing the host country, react differently in order to adapt their identity to the new cultural conditions. Despite the high importance of identity and its changes in different cultural and geographical conditions and how a new identity base is formed in immigrants, none of the researches have specifically addressed the identity confusion caused by migration and how to help the individual in redefining identity as a dynamic matter. Aims: The current research aimed at developing a model to help immigrant students form an established identity status focusing on “returning to oneself”. Methods: This research was conducted with a qualitative approach and a classical hermeneutic method. The current research community is the famous work of Maulana Jalaluddin Muhammad Balkhi, i.e., Masnavi Manavi, and the target sample, according to the content of the research, is two stories; of “Ni Namah” and “The Maid and the King” from Masnav’s first book. These two stories are often cited as documentary sources. The primary coding was based on the hermeneutic method emphasizing the metaphorical side of the mentioned stories. The underlying structure of the research was drawn through the descriptive and interpretive processes; the underlying structure of the research was drawn. Results: Data analysis results were formulated in the counseling form model comprising six processes: 1) therapeutic alliance, 2) discovering the person desired, 3) raising awareness, 4) searching for origin, 5) unifying, and 6) termination. Each process has its unique content, purpose, and techniques. Conclusion: The establishment model of the identity status based on “returning to oneself”, based on the components and theoretical framework obtained, can be utilized for solving the identity challenges of immigrant students.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of deuterium-depleted water (DDW) in specific concentrations on HT-29 and SW-480 cells. HT-29 and SW-480 cell lines were cultured in RPMI medium containing different concentrations of DDW for 24, 48, and 72 hours, and then the percentage of cell survival was determined by MTT-based cytotoxicity assay. The findings proved the role of reducing deuterium and increasing time treatment in inhibiting the growth of these cell lines. The lowest cell survival rates for HT-29 and SW-480 cell lines were obtained during 72 hours of treatment with 30 ppm deuterium concentration, with 23% and 37% cell survival percentages, respectively. To investigate the side effects of deuterium-depleted water, normal C2C12 cells were also treated with deuterium-depleted water. The results showed that under the same conditions as cancer cells, deuterium-depleted water has a lower growth inhibitory effect on normal cells, so cell survival in this cell line was more than 50%. Our data show that deuterium-depleted water could open up a new strategic approach to preventing and treating colorectal cancer.

Adding various substances to the chewing gums has led to the formation of new applications for them, which include drug delivery and oral and dental hygiene. In this research, the physicochemical and rheological properties of charcoal chewing gum were studied using chemical analysis and sensorial methods. The results of this study show that the addition of activated charcoal in the studied chewing gums has a Longer-lasting flavor and more saliva secretion. Longer-lasting flavor in charcoal chewing gum increases the acceptance and willingness to keep charcoal based chewing gums for panelists. In line with the results of sensory evaluation, histometric analysis of charcoal and non-charcoal based chewing gums shows the same texture profile against pressure on both types of chewing gum, with the difference that the maximum pressure tolerance threshold in charcoal based chewing gums is higher than in chewing gums without charcoal. In general, it seems that increasing the susceptibility along with increasing saliva secretion and increasing the pH in general create a suitable substrate for more activated charcoal in chewing gum and therefore the efficiency of charcoal chewing gum to absorb unwanted substances such as dyes, microbes and viruses in saliva. Therefore, it is expected that the use of charcoal gum by reducing the concentration of microbes and viruses in saliva can have a great impact on oral health, dental protection, general health, and reduce the prevalence of infectious and viral diseases.

Regarding the importance of knowledge-based capital in the modern economy, this paper aims to measure this kind of capital in Iran’s manufacturing sector using the exploratory factor analysis method. Data include active firms in Iran’s manufacturing sector at the 2-digit ISIC level over the period 2002-2018. The results indicate the existence of a factor in the manufacturing firms with a positive and increasing trend of knowledge-based capital accumulation. The findings also show that the accumulation of this type of capital in Iran’s manufacturing sector is in the early stages of development and highly depends on the literate labor force.

Seed osmopriming is an effective strategy to improve the germination process. Screening and estimating the optimal concentrations of different osmotic compounds is the first step in seed osmopriming. In this study, the effects of treatment with single osmotic compounds were initially evaluated at different concentrations, namely NaCl (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 20, 30 g/l), ZnSO4 (0, 1, 5, 10, 20, 30 and 40 mM), proline (0, 1, 5, 10, 20, 30 and 40 mM), and trehalose (0, 1, 5, 10, 20, 30 and 40 mM) on wheat seeds. Then, the surface-response method was designed in the form of a Box-Benken design. Results showed a significant increase in wheat seed germination at concentrations of 3 and 10 g/l NaCl, 1 and 20 mM ZnSO4, 1 and 10 mM proline, and 0 and 1 mM trehalose. These concentrations were validated using the surface-response method and experiments. The values of coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.99) and adjusted R2 (R2adj = 0.99) showed that the obtained model is suitable for data analysis. One-way analysis of variance confirmed the quadratic model as the best model to determine the interaction of the studied variables (P

One of the indisputable principles in Islamic international relations is Nafy-e-Sabil Rule (no domination over Muslims by Non-Muslims) according to which the basic rule is that any agreement in which Muslims or the Islamic State is somehow dominated by non-Muslims is not valid and its performance is not required. One of the issues in which non-Muslim domination over Muslims is controversial is non-Muslim arbitration in Muslim-non-Muslim or even Muslim-Muslim claims in Islamic states which is usually stipulated as a subordinate obligation in the contract that is called “arbitration clause”. According to the primary rule, the denial or Nafy-e-Sabil Rule rejects such obligations that require a Sabil, however, necessity, hardship (haraj), and expediency are among the topics that, if fulfilled, can be considered for a departure from the elementary rule. The present study is an attempt to explain the nature and validity of the arbitration clause in the contracts of Islamic states in the international arena which has been conducted by descriptive and analytical method. It has finally led to this conclusion that the arbitration clause and referral of the arbitrator to the infidel, although at the first is overcome by the rule of Nafy-e-Sabil and, as a consequence, is ineffective, but the secondary rule in the field of haraj and expediency governs it. This analysis justifies the accession of Islamic states to international conventions. Furthermore, some jurisprudential-legal solutions have been provided to get out of the rule of Nafy-e-Sabil Rule.

In recent years, some countries and destinations have used brands to describe themselves, in a way that "tourism nation branding" has become one of the main focuses of tourism marketing studies. On the other hand, tourism development depends more on tourism policy-making than the known underlying factors, which imply the determination of governments to develop this industry, and it reflects in high-scale documents and laws as well as in monitoring their proper implementation. This study analyzes the branding approach in macro policies of tourism in Iran. The research is descriptive-analytical and qualitative. After reviewing the research background, tourism nation branding policies were extracted from the content of the selected documents by thematic analysis. Then 243 primary codes were categorized into 62 basic themes, 21 organizing themes, and four global themes entitled (1)Nation tourism branding, (2)Components, (3)Effects, and (4)Factors affecting it. Finally, the thematic network was drawn, and the results were interpreted. According to the findings, not only the specialized indicators of tourism nation branding but also the primary indicators of policy-making have been ignored. At the top of them are a lack of systematization, a lack of stability and integrity, and a lack of guidance on implementing decisions.IntroductionIt seems that an essential part of the challenge of not paying attention to tourism branding can be found in macro tourism policies and policy-makers' lack of attention to integrating tourism development and marketing measures through branding. Therefore, the present study is designed in response to this question of whether the branding approach can be discovered in macro tourism policies? So we can explain the situation of tourism branding in the macro perspectives of the country to identify gaps and fundamental shortcomings of the Iranian policy system in this field.In addition, a comparison of credible reports related to the national brand with tourism reports (before the Covid-19 epidemic) shows that 7 out of the top 10 countries in the NBI index presented in 2019 were among the top tourist destinations in the world (in terms of tourist attraction and income) in the same year, which was published in the report of the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) entitled Tourism Highlights 2020.Materials and MethodsThe present study aimed to analyze the policies of different parts of the tourism nation branding in basic and large-scale documents, using thematic analysis. Then, the themes related to tourism branding were extracted. For this purpose, the basic (specific to tourism) and large-scale (macro) laws, documents, programs, and regulations of the Islamic Republic of Iran related to the field of tourism were identified (21 documents). Considering that the Iranian tourism industry has been influenced by the political institution more than anything else, the documents after the Islamic Revolution of Iran have been introduced and examined in this study. Then, based on the Attride-Stirling method, the coding was performed to identify basic themes (codes and points of the text), organizing themes (combining and summarizing basic themes), and global themes (governing the whole text) to form a thematic network. This research is descriptive-analytical and qualitative (in terms of the nature of the data).Discussion and ResultsThe first step- parsing the text: first, the content of the documents was studied independently by the researchers, and the irrelevant or unuseful information was removed. Then, by separating the useful and related points, for example, the related content to tourism, branding, and its dimensions (explicitly or implicitly), the coding process began, and the basic themes were identified based on the initial codes.The second step- interpreting the text and drawing the thematic network: In the next step, 243 initial codes were identified after reviewing the basic themes and ensuring the method of classification, naming, and adapting them to the original codes. Then, the primary codes were categorized into 62 basic themes, 21 organizing themes, and four global themes entitled (1) Nation tourism branding, (2) Components, (3) Effects, and (4) Factors affecting it. Finally, the thematic network was drawn, and the results were interpreted.ConclusionsAs confirmed in the present study, despite the importance of the tourism industry as an economic sector in the world, tourism nation branding has received little attention from policy-makers and the planning system in Iran. So that, only designing a random logo and slogan has been considered. Even designing and implementing a promotional program (albeit short-term) did not matter much for the same logo. In this regard, contrary to the consensus of researchers on the process of place branding and destinations branding, such an approach can not be traced in the selected documents, which shows the lack of importance of tourism branding in the field of public policy and tourism policy. The findings of this study are in line with the research literature. However, there are many obstacles along the way. According to the findings, it seems that given the current situation and the incomprehensible position of tourism nation branding in public policy, Iran is not currently ready to develop a purposeful and coherent tourism nation brand in the long run.

Dependency of Iranian Economy on oil revenues has provided conditions for imposing further sanctions on Iran. One way for Iran to get rid of sanctions is to sell its oil in currencies other than US dollar. In this regard, this article evaluates the risks for Iran if it, in selling oil, substitutes US dollar with currencies of its oil importing countries. We firstly apply Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) and Self-Exciting Threshold Autoregressive (SETAR) models on Yuan and Rupee data for the period of 1990:01-2019:05 as well as on Euro data for the period of 1999:01-2019:05 and then based on the estimated models, forecast losses and gains for the period of 2019:06-2021:12 if Iran sells oil to China, India and Europe and receive payments respectively in Yuan, Rupee and Euro. Our forecasts indicate that selling oil to India and China and receiving oil revenue in Rupee and Yuan respectively will significantly decrease value of oil exports in range of 5-23 percent due to very likely devaluation of these currencies vs. the US dollar. Therefore, Iran must firstly use in its oil transaction relevant diplomacy with its oil importing countries, requesting them to share in risks of devaluation of their currencies vs. US dollar. Secondly, as a particular example, this article shows that political decisions may bring in economic consequences for the country. Therefore, Iranian authorities are expected to consider economic consequences of their political decisions more seriously and with sufficient transparency.

In order to evaluate genetic diversity using phenotype and phytochemical properties of sweet violet (Viola odorata), 10 regions of Mazandaran and Golestan provinces were studied. Phytochemical traits such as phenol content, flavonoid, antioxidant capacity, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and morphological characters of leaf size, petiole length, pedicel length, and root length were evaluated. Sari and Kosout genotypes had the highest chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll contents and the Sari ecotype had the highest flavonoid content. The highest level of antioxidant capacity was observed in Sari and Vari ecotypes. The ecotypes of Zanglab, Aq Cheshmeh, Tangeh Chehel Chai with lower height showed the highest total phenol contents. Results of morphological evaluation showed that ecotypes of Vari, Sar,i and kosout had the longest leaves and ecotypes of Azni and Vari had the longest roots. Also, ecotypes of Vari, kosout, Tangeh Chehel Chai, and Zanglab had the highest petiole length and Tangeh Chehel Chai ecotype had the highest leaf number. Correlation of traits showed that leaf height, leaf width, petiole length, leaf number, leaf flavonoid, and leaf phenol contents of sweet violet decreased with increasing altitude. In general, Sari, Vari, and Kosoot ecotypes from Mazandaran province had superior genotypes for most of the traits that could be used for future breeding programs.

In this study, flat membranes containing neat polyethersulfone and the mixed matrix membranes containing polyethersulfone and nanoparticles such as titanium dioxide(TiO2) and functionalized multi-walled carbonnanotubes (fMWCNTs) were fabricated by wet phase inversion. And the boron ions' rejection and permeat flux behavior of these prepared membranes were evaluated and compared using the nanofiltration process. The hydrophilic properties of the prepared membranes and their structure were evaluated by measuring the contact angle and the scanning electron microscopy method, respectively. To optimize the amount of boron ion’s rejection percentage and permeate flux on the neat polyethersulfone membrane, the operational parameters such as the weight percentage of polyethersulfone, pH, time, pressure, and boric acid concentration were investigated. Finally, the performance of mixed matrix membranes containing different percentages of nanoparticles was evaluated under these optimal conditions. The results showed that at optimal conditions (pressure=12 bar, polyethersulfone=20% (W/W), concentration of boric acid=20 ppm, time= 30 minutes, and pH=12), all the prepared mixed matrix membranes have higher boron ion rejection percentage and permeate flux than the neat polyethersulfone. The mixed matrix membrane containing fMWCNTs (0.7%wt) has the highest boron ion rejection percentage (95/79%).

Value-added tax is levied at various stages of the import, production, distribution, and consumption chain based on a percentage of the value of goods sold or services provided at each stage and ultimately paid by the final consumer. Structural transformation is considered as one of the variables affecting the efficiency of VAT collection often has led to an increase in the share of services in the total value added of the economy. In this study, the effect of structural transformation on the efficiency of VAT collection in provinces of Iran during 2008-2016. The results indicate that the ratio of value added of the service sector to total value added has a negative and significant effect on the efficiency of VAT collection. The value-added ratio of the services sector to the value added of the industrial sector has a negative and significant effect on the efficiency of VAT collection. Also, GDP growth per capita, Gini coefficient and the interval of value-added ratio of the agricultural sector of total value added has a negative effect on the efficiency of VAT collection. The rate of urbanization and the ratio of construction expenditures to total government expenditures have a positive and significant effect on the efficiency of VAT collection in the provinces.

In recent years population rejuvenation policies in Iran have been considered; But there are two different perspectives on the impact of this policies; Some have blamed rising youth unemployment for rising labor imbalances and others believe that because young people have more mobility to find a suitable jobs, it results into companies' job opportunities increasing to attract young people. Therefore in this study, with the aim of "examining the effect of cohort size on the employment rate in Iran" and using the secondary analysis method, a statistical population that includes people of working age by age groups (15-19 ..., 64-60 years) during the period of 1350-1395 in the country; Data analysis technique; And by controlling the independent economic, demographic and socio-cultural variables, we seek to answer the question of whether the employment of that generation will decrease with the increase of the population of one generation or not. The findings show that after controlling for variables, not only is there no inverse relationship between population and generational employment; Rather, there is no direct and strong relationship between the age groups of 35-39 years, 40-44 years, 55-59 years and 64-60 years, and no significant relationship is observed in other age groups.

Principles of green chemistry in the production of products to reduce and eliminate environmental pollutants can introduce products such as nano-gels as environmentally friendly and biodegradable adsorbents. Freshwater supply is one of the most important goals in improving the infrastructure of aquaculture and industry due to repeated droughts. For this reason, wastewater treatment and reuse can be a suitable way to meet the country's water needs. The purpose of this research was to use herbal nano-gels from agricultural waste (bagasse) to remove phosphate from wastewater treatment. First, the bagasse nano gels were prepared by a mechanical and a top-down mechanism. Optimal values were calculated for each parameter. The optimum amount of dosage, pH, concentration, time was determined 0.2 g, 0.3 g for nano-gel, 5, 100 mg/l, 30 minutes. According to the equations, the adsorption isotherm was the most consistent with the Langmuir model and Temkin and Pseudo-second-order. The results showed that bagasse nano-hydrogels can remove phosphate by less than 0.5 mg/l.

The purpose of this study was to prediction of academic dishonesty based on academic engagement, achievement goals and implicit beliefs of intelligence in during pandemic Coronavirus (Covid-19). The descriptive- correlation method was used. The statistical population consists of all female students high schools Tehran city in year academic 2019-2020. In this study, according to convenience sampling method, 200 female students by formula Plant of Tabachnick & Fidell (2007) were selected as samples and they were asked to fill in the academic dishonesty scale (ADS) of Witherspoon, Maldonado & Lacey (2010), schoolwork engagement inventory (SEI) of Salmela-Aro & Upadaya (2012), achievement goal questionnaire–revised (AGQ-R) of Elliot & Murayama (2008) and implicit theory of intelligence scale (ITIS) of Abd-El-Fattah & Yates (2006). The data were analyzed by tests of Pearson correlation and multivariate regression. Findings showed that there was significant correlation between academic engagement, achievement goals and implicit beliefs of intelligence with academic dishonesty (p < 0/01). Regression analyses also revealed that %64/3 of variance of academic dishonesty infidelity was explained by academic engagement, achievement goals and implicit beliefs of intelligence. This study confirmed the significant contribution of academic engagement, achievement goals and implicit beliefs of intelligence on academic dishonesty in students.

Aim: The aim of present study was to investigate the effectiveness of a brain based learning on everyday memory functioning and academic help seeking of students with learning disability. Method: This study was a research design was quasi experimental with pretest-posttest and control group. The statistical population included p students with learning disability in Hamadan city in academic year 2018-2019. 30 students with learning disability were chosen as samples and randomly were divided in 2 groups of individuals as control and experimental. Initially, the pretest was performed on two groups. The experimental groups practiced the brain based learning 8 session and 60 minutes in each session. Then, post-test was performed for them. For data collecting, questionnaire of memory measure of everyday memory functioning of Geurten, Majerus, Lejeune and Catale (2018), academic help seeking scale of Ryan and Pintrich (1997) and Colorado learning difficulties questionnaire Willcutt, Boada, Riddle, Chhabildas, DeFries and Pennington (2011) were used. Data analysis was done by using multivariate analysis of multi covariance. Results: Statistical data analysis illustrated brain based learning that amounts of everyday memory functioning and academic help seeking were significantly improve in experimental than control group (p < 0/05). Conclusion: brain based learning might be an efficient way to improve everyday memory functioning and academic help seeking of students. Also, teachers can use this educational approach for improving problems students with learning disability. Keywords: brain based learning, everyday memory functioning, academic help seeking, learning disability.

the world and our global community needing change to be more responsive to environmental, social and economic capital. This process not only makes companies more environmentally sensitive, it is also a great opportunity for innovative companies to grow and gain competitive advantage and benefit from greening, and this great planet can also be a resource keep it natural for future generations. In this study, the impact of diffusion of innovation and environmental pressures on green marketing and sustainable innovation in Tehran's restaurant industry has been considered from the perspective of experts and experts in the field of sustainable tourism and green marketing. To achieve the goals and answer the research questions, the data collected from the experts were analyzed by questionnaire using SEM. Finally, among these variables, the relevance of the environmental pressure variable with green marketing strategy was eliminated and the other variables were correlated with sustainable innovation

Given the obstacles in cooperatives, one of the ways to increase the share of the cooperative sector in the Iranian economy is to implement supportive policies by the public sector. The statistical population includes all active cooperatives producing agricultural sector, including 23 cooperatives in Shahroud city, which using random sampling method and Cochran's sampling formula out of 170 main members of companies 115 of them to study selection The research method was descriptive-correlational, which was performed in terms of data collection by survey, using the pre-test "researcher-made" questionnaire. At least three people from each company and a maximum of seven people participated in the study.The reliability and validity of the research instruments were confirmed by calculating the coefficients of KMO and Cronbach's alpha (α> 0.7) and by the panel of experts. Data analysis was performed with spss22 software. The results of the study showed that the members of the studied cooperatives are not well aware of the obstacles and problems of the agricultural sector and only see the supportive policy in injecting liquidity. Also, the most important obstacles to land consolidation in the agricultural sector from the point of view of the people studied are "lack of culture building in the field of ship together" and "lack of appropriate and sufficient training and extension courses in the field of ship together".Also, based on factor analysis, the barriers to agricultural production cooperatives were emphasized by emphasizing supportive policies in the managerial, personality and psychological factors, policy and supportive categories.

Today, advertising as one of the marketing strategies has a tremendous impact on consumer behavior and their choices. Thus, it has played an important role and a prominent position in promoting successful sales of the products in any organization. Therefore, in their research, researchers try to make it possible for organizations to benefit from this strategy. After COVID-19 pandemic, man has been forced to innovate and change its work and life. This is an applied research to investigate the role of advertising on customer behavioral intentions to comeback using restaurants in post-corona era. A sample of 390 potential customers of restaurants in Tehran was selected by the convenience non-probability sampling method. Having collected data, research hypotheses were analyzed by the LISREL; Structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis were used to analyze them. The result of the research showed that all relations were confirmed. But sympathy and familiarity were the only variables which do not influence on this model.

Due to mismanagement in the field of use, rehabilitation and allocation of water resources, the return and use of local indigenous technologies and knowledge and also their updating, plus localization of modern technologies make it inevitable. Since one of the important elements of planning and management in the field of water resources is to identify the most appropriate criteria or effective factors in it, so in this research with extensive study of internal and external sources in the field of indigenous knowledge and also using the opinion of specialists and experts of Yazd Province, the variables were first identified through Delphi method and then a questionnaire was prepared. Thereafter, the effective variables were examined and evaluated using appropriate methods such as exploratory factor analysis and principal component analysis. The research findings indicate that the six factors of protection and stability, management, holistic, cost-effectiveness, compatibility, and dynamism have been the primary factors and criteria of indigenous knowledge in the management and planning of water resources in Yazd Province. Variables such as biodiversity conservation, proper management, cost-effectiveness, and wildlife conservation have been also more important compared to other variables.

< p >AbstractIn this study, attempts were made to understand the views of the two legal systems of Iran and the European Union on the revocation and feasibility of it in the donation. The purpose of this study, while familiarizing with the draft EU civil law, was to examine the comparative approach of the revocation and the effects of it in two systems. Finally, while suggesting an opinion on the Iranian and European legislature''s approach and its cases, we have achieved the result that, despite the similarity in the target, Due to the acceptance of the principle of the ability to revocation, the Iranian legislators have made exceptions to the impossibility of revocation; While in the EU law, due to adopting a non-revocation approach, the cases of revocation have been established somewhat limited but reasonable including: Ingratitude, Impoverishment and Change of essential circumstances of the time of concluding the contract after the hangover. This comparative approach to the subject has been widespread in the field of action and opinion and, while imparting the minds of the Iranian legislator, can fill some legal vacuum or bring about a reform of the law.Keywords:Revocation, Donation, Donor, Donee, Dcfr.

Urania nanostructures were synthesized by a facile, which is a simple and clean and straightforward deposition method, for two different deposition time durations. The morphology and structures of the products were characterized by the X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM). The SEM images indicated that the morphology of the synthesized samples for 10 minutes was composed of a coin-like structure with a nano-scale dimension in a narrow- size distribution. The results indicated that the deposition time affects the morphology while it does not affect the structure. The XRD results identified the sample structures as UO2 crystal. The chemical composition of different points of the sample surface was determined by the energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) technique and the results clarified that the samples have a homogeneous composition of uranium oxide. The synergistic properties of the substrate surface, and uranium ions are responsible for the formation of an outstanding and a novel structure.

Holmium-loaded AcAc nanoparticles are potential agents for radionuclides endoradiotherapy because of their low density, biodegradability and favorable radiation characteristics. In this study, production, quality control and biodistribution studies of 166Ho-AcAc nanoparticles have been presented. Firstly, the stable 165Ho acetylacetonate (AcAc) spheres were prepared by the solvent evaporation technique. The 165Ho-AcAc nanoparticles were converted to the 166Ho-AcAc by irradiation in the Tehran Research Reactor. The morphology, stability, and structural parameters of the complex were investigated by SEM, ITLC, IR and XRD, respectively. The complex solutions (100 μCi/100 μl) were injected intra-tail into rat followed by scarification studies post- injection. The results indicated that the 166Ho-AcAc nanoparticles were prepared successfully with an optimal mean particle size of 70-100 nm and displayed a smooth surface with a high radiochemical purity of more than 97%. The complex was stable at 4ºC, human serum, PBS buffer, and room temperature. The most upper %ID/g of the 166Ho-AcAc nanoparticles was observed in the liver. Our data showed that the AcAc nanoparticles could be made in the optimal size range for the laser irradiation, and their ability to retain 166Ho makes them attractive agents for endoradiotherapy.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of eco-tourism culture on conservation of Lar National Park. The research method was descriptive-survey and the data were collected by field survey. The statistical population of this study was all the researchers (ecotourists) of Lar National Park in 2017. Due to the limited statistical population (more than 100 thousand people), the statistical sample of the study was 384 tourists based on statistical tables (Krejci & Morgan) using an available sampling method. After distributing and collecting data and separating incomplete and confused questionnaires, statistical analysis was performed on 345 questionnaires. The data gathering tool was a researcher-made questionnaire which its face and content validity were confirmed by 11 professors of tourism and environmental sciences. The structural validity of the questionnaire was examined by exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. The reliability of the questionnaire through Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the ecotourist culture’s questionnaire and national park protection’s questionnaire were obtained (α = 0.89) and (α = 0.90) respectively. For data analysis, descriptive statistics, mean, standard deviation, and inferential statistics of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis were used and the research model was analyzed using SPSS and LISREL software. This project indicated that the variables of responsibility, social behavior, normalization, education, knowledge and awareness, and religious and traditional values are affecting environmental behaviors. As a general result, it can be said that culture is the determinant for tourist’s behavior in national parks and the environmental behavior of individuals in a community originated from this key factor.

In the present work, a hybrid material, as an adsorbent based on a mesoporous silica nanoparticle Sainta Barbara Amorphous-15 (SBA-15) and inorganic adsorbent, tin tungsto-molybdo-phosphate (TWMP), was synthesized for the investigation of adsorption behavior of uranium in aqueous solution under ambient conditions. The synthesized hybrid was characterized by the X-ray diffraction, Fourier transfer infra-red, thermogravimetry, and N2 adsorption-desorption analysis. The obtained results confirm that TWMP has been immobilized on SBA-15 very well. Furthermore, the experimental results show that uranium adsorption on the hybrid is strongly influenced by the hydronium ion concentration, contact time, and initial concentration of uranium. The values of the calculated correlation coefficients of the linear regressions (R2) indicate that, the adsorption data are fitted by the Langmuir isotherm model very well. The obtained amount of RL (0.1) shows that the adsorption process is favorable. The amount of E obtained by the Dubinin-Radushkevich model, suggests that the predominant reaction mechanism is a physisorption process. Kinetic data of adsorption indicate that the adsorption process can be described by the pseudo second-order reaction rate model. Finally, the obtained maximum adsorption capacity of uranium (193.6 mg.g-1) on hybrid, indicates that the prepared material is a perfect candidate for the adsorption and removal of the uranium from wastewater.

The present article criticizes the article in regard with“the analytical investigation of narrative historiography of Imamiyeh”. It raises the question related to the properties of narrative historiography of Imamiyeh and presents an analysis in this regard. The researcher investigates this kind of historiography, the motivation of traditionists (hadith recorders) and compares their approaches in reporting the historical events relying on the viewpoints of historians. Following the assessment of the method and the content analysis of the article, the researcher concluded that the aforementioned article has criticized Hadith recording of Imamiyeh instead of their narrative historiography due to the different reasons such as lack of an accurate definition from the concepts, issuing the general decrees, disregrarding the typology of historical and hadith related sources, no identification and seperation of historical narrations from non-historical ones, a selective approach towards narrations in order to present a general analysis and other similar cases

This research was carried out with the aim of investigating the role of agricultural cooperatives in reducing production costs during Tillage, planting, harvesting and transportation of potatoes in Ardabil.The statistical population of the study consisted of farmers of cooperative and non-cooperative members of potato work in Ardabil city which were selected by random sampling method, 183 farmers. The required information was collected through a survey and completed questionnaires. The results showed that there was a significant difference in total of production costs between cooperatives members and non-members, so that members of the production cooperative was observed at the planting stage, which the cooperatives farmers spent 24% more than non-members. The sum of production costs in the tillage and harvesting stages was not significant. However, members of cooperatives at these stages were 3% and 2% respectively more than non-member farmers. Transportation costs were statistically significant between the two groups of farmers, so that cooperatives' farmers paid less than 22%. The Trans log cost function estimation showed that members of the production cooperatives had more costs than non-member farmers and the hypothesis of homothetic structure of potato production is unacceptable among farmers. By increasing the production level, more use made of seed input and labor, and less use of land and machinery was achieved per hectare. It is suggested that cooperatives participate in a broad and parallel way with the needs of farmers in all stages of production and marketing, and develop and expand their functional fields.

Supply chain network resilience is a serious challenge in the supply chain management. The existing researches in the literature focused on creating resilience in design of new supply chain networks, and creating resilience in supply chain has not been addressed in previous studies. This research investigated supply chain network redesign to make supply chain resilience. For this purpose a mixed integer linear programing model is developed considering two existing risk mitigation strategies, consisting of “the extra capacity” and “the emergency stock”, and a new strategy called "two-phase facility". The proposed “two-phase strategy” is applied in two echelons of distribution centers and retailers. Eventually, numerical experiments have been conducted to evaluate and compare the performance of the resilient and non-resilient supply chain networks as well as to compare the efficiency of risk mitigation strategies. Results revealed that resilient supply chain enjoys 4.5% and 5.5% higher performance in compared with non-resilient supply chain in terms of supply capability and profit, respectively.

In this research, the efficiency status of a sample of pistachio producers in Sirjan Township, which was selected using Cochran formula and divided into two groups based on membership in agricultural production cooperatives, was studied. Data were collected by questionnaires in 2014 and 2014. In this study, the role of social capital as a software operating factor affecting production along with other production factors has been emphasized. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts and reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha. The total technical efficiency of inputs and the water sub-vector efficiency were calculated using data envelopment analysis method in two groups of farmers, including social capital and without it.The results showed that technical efficiency in cooperatives farmers was 83 and in non-member Farmer's group 74% including social capital. Also, the water sub-vector efficiency among cooperatives farmers was 58 and in the non-member farmer group was 48% including social capital.Also, the effect of different dimensions of social capital and membership in cooperatives was investigated on the technical efficiency of inputs in the form of Tobit's model.According to the results, membership in cooperatives due to the greater association of farmers with each other and the strengthening of trust and participation among farmers and, as a result, the strengthening of different dimensions of social capital, would increase the productivity and efficiency of farmers.