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Background and purpose: Researches show that limited models have been designed to measure the maturity of digital transformation in libraries, however, no valid and reliable tool has been provided to measure the maturity of digital transformation in academic libraries so far. Identifying the factors affecting the maturity of digital transformation and managing its correct use in the libraries of medical sciences universities is of particular importance in improving the efficiency and effectiveness and as a result, the success and growth of the libraries. Therefore, the purpose of the current research is to compile and validate a suitable tool to determine the factors affecting the maturity of digital transformation in the libraries of medical sciences universities. Materials and methods: The type of qualitative (exploratory) study was based on the plan of developing the tool, which was carried out in two phases: in the first phase, to collect information related to the identification of factors affecting the maturity of digital transformation, the meta-composite method was used under “ Sandelowski and Barroso's model. Then, in the second phase of the Delphi method, the factors were localized and adapted to the topic. The intended community in the met composite section was all related sources from reliable databases, with 82 sources. After extracting, screening, and considering the input and output criteria of the researchers, 41 Persian and Latin sources were selected. The statistical population in the Delphi phase included 15 professors and experts in the field of digital maturity and digital technologies in universities of medical sciences who were selected in a non-probable and purposeful way according to the criteria for entering the research (relevance of work experience and organizational position and field of study of the experts to the subject research, conflict with the discussed issue, having at least 5 years of work experience) as samples. The measurement tool was a structured questionnaire of 69 questions created by the researcher, which was compiled by reviewing the previous findings and then sent to the experts in two stages with the help of the fuzzy Delphi technique, and finally 61 final questions were obtained. Results: In this research, based on the findings of the meta-combination section, 69 primary categories for the maturity of digital transformation were identified first by reviewing the literature and backgrounds. Then, in the next step, a relationship was established between these categories, and they were categorized into 13 items. Then, the identified main categories were divided into 2 general categories (internal and external factors). Then, for quality control, the validity and internal reliability of check methods were used. The size of the Kappa coefficient (0.78) in this research indicated the good internal reliability of the obtained results. Finally, for validation, the developed tool was provided to the members of the Delphi panel, which had 15 members. After two stages of fuzzy Delphi and after making corrections and removing irrelevant items (8 items) and the agreement score of experts in the rest of the factors (61 items), it was observed that the disagreement of experts in the first and second steps did not have a significant difference and the agreement score of experts in all commons was more than 70%; therefore, the survey was stopped in the second stage, and all factors were confirmed. The results of the fuzzy Delphi analysis led to the confirmation of 61 items of the digital transformation maturity questionnaire in the libraries of medical sciences universities in 2 main components (inter-organizational factors and extra-organizational factors) and 13 subcomponents. Conclusion: The developed tool provides researchers with criteria for determining the state of maturity for digital transformation in the libraries of medical sciences universities. The discovered factors include 10 internal organizational factors (digital culture development, digital infrastructure development factor, new technology infrastructure development factor, human resources development factor, management resource development factor, digital strategy development factor, digital support factor, organizational rules and regulations factor, financial resources factor and experience development factor (digital users) and 3 components of extra-organizational factors (collaboration and support of upstream and academic institutions, the factor of development of national culture in the field of digital transformation and the factor of national laws and regulations) which can be used as a suitable tool to measure the maturity of digital transformation in libraries.

IntroductionHegel is a philosopher who studies the concept of the state with his multifaceted philosophy and his special methodology. On one hand, he criticizes the views of different schools of thought about this concept and believes that the government is not a mechanism to maintain peace, enforce rights, or promote benefits beyond its own existence, and only in this capacity can it be recognized by everyone as a right. On the other hand, in his theory, the divine and intrinsically purposive government is trying to incorporate all the desirable features of these schools, despite all these criticisms. notwithstanding this paradox, this research, whose sources have been collected through the library research method and descriptive-analytical study, aims to prove the hypothesis that the Hegelian state emerges from within the traditional liberal and democratic state-building philosophies in a special and distinct way. It is trying to answer the question “What are the characteristics of the ideal state in Hegel's view, In a practical look at the political philosophy of the state?”, The results show, while proving the hypothesis; that contrary to the extreme collectivism of Rousseau and the abstract individualism of Lockean liberalism, Hegel's state is ‘a reasonable and inevitable institution of society that everyone must recognize its by force and accept its obedience’. Research Question(s)What are the characteristics of the ideal state in Hegel's view? Literature ReviewSeveral research papers have been published Related to the subject of the research, including; Zahra Vashqani Farahani's thesis titled: "State Theory in Hegel's Political Philosophy" published by the Faculty of Literature and Humanities of the Islamic Azad University (Central Tehran Branch), as well as an article titled "The Importance of Hegelian Separation, State and Civil Society" written by Azim Rahin, Prepared and published in No. (1.2) of Social Sciences Quarterly. However, the distinct feature of this research is the examination of Hegel's paradigmatic view of the government, which is in many ways against or in favor of democracy and liberalism. MethodologyConsidering that research in most humanities disciplines is mainly focused on theoretical solutions, the present study has used a library research method to collect the desired data and examines the data with a descriptive-analytical method. ConclusionHegel's philosophy, methodology, and valuable critiques present an outlook that thinks about modernity, instead of being oriented towards the Enlightenment era of his time. Because, basically, from Hegel's point of view, modernity is a bridge in the evolution of the soul towards freedom, and in this way, the self-awareness of the soul is the most important characteristic of the new era. In summary, for the purposes of this research and its main question, what is certain is that Hegel rejects the political theory of social contract that philosophers such as Locke and Rousseau established and views them as inefficient abstract concepts and, by rejecting the abstract idealism of "Reason" and the empiricism of "History" as an independent and durable ground for authority, established a dialectical relationship between reason and history and thereby resolved some of the contradictions raised in the state's founding phase. He also, based the political right on having an independent nature from the state and supports the concept of political right where it maintains its idealistic aspect, but is based on a certain historical era. On the other hand, even though Hegel criticizes the extreme collectivism of Rousseau and the abstract individualism of Lockean liberalism, his divine and intrinsically purposive government tries to incorporate all the desirable features of these schools and support them. Hegel's goal was to achieve the desired political power system for Germany, and so in this way, he presented his government specially and distinctly from the democratic and liberal state-building philosophies of his time.But what are the characteristics of Hegel's ideal government? The key to understanding this question lies in the ideal concept of political right in Hegel's belief and his opinion about the inherent rationality of the state. From Hegel's point of view, the state is the manifestation of realized freedom and the perfect ethical life. Therefore, the state is an ethical soul that emerges in the form of an essential will by becoming more transparent and definite. Therefore, the state is nothing but "the action of the spirit in the world" realized in a self-conscious form. But since the soul in Hegel's philosophy has an absolute, and even divine essence, according to Hegel's definition, the state is God's will in the world. Such a government is not a responsible or parliamentary government, and this was at a time when the belief in a responsible government was considered the most important feature of 19th-century liberalism. Overall, by studying the philosophy of rights that Hegel talks about, it cannot be said that he does not explicitly accept responsible government, nor can it be said that he explicitly rejected such a government.

The new approach to bisexual education defines a new form of gender role that requires female and male characteristics for both sexes equally. One of the most important principles that is emphasized in this approach is “equality”. The basis of Islamic ethics in dealing with male and female gender is paying attention to the differences and roles according to the female and male genetic characteristics. The type of this study is library research. It evaluates and criticizes the basis of equality in bisexual education through a descriptive and analytical method, with an approach to Islamic ethics based on the Islamic sources, as well as the sources related to the main subject, including psychology, sociology and women’s studies. The findings of this study show that the Islamic ethics considers men and women, due to their commonalities in terms of value, as equal in value, but regards them as having special duties due to their difference, talents and abilities - as a natural right. Paying attention and observing them will lead to the achievement of the happiness for the individual and the society. Islamic ethics does not accept such similarity based on the men’s and women’s genetic equality in creation.

Background and Aims: Nowadays, the use of energizing substances has become a complex complicated problem in sports and causes damage to various tissues., on the other hand However, sports activity has a significant impact on controlling and improving oxidative stress factors and inflammatory indicators. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of eight- weeks of resistance training on lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde [MDA]MDA) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in the heart tissue of rats exposed to stanazol. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 24 male rats with a weight range of 150-200 g and a mean age of 8 weeks were selected and randomly divided into 4 groups (n=6 each), namely 1) control (C), 2) sham (Sh), 3) consumption of stanazol (S), and 4) consumption of stanazol together with resistance training (S+RT). During eight weeks, both groups of 3 and 4 received 5 mg/kg stanazol intraperitoneally daily; however, group 4 performed resistance training three times a week with an intensity of 30%-100% of their body weight. A one-way variance analysis and Tukey's post hoc test were used to analyze the data (P

The present research aimed to examine the role of perceived stress and positive affect as mediators in the relationship between religious orientation and mental health among students. This correlational research applied the structural equation modeling, and its population was the students of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz in the academic year 2021-2022. By the multistage sampling, 311 students were selected. The questionnaires of religious orientation (Maltby, 1999), mental health (1972), and perceived stress (1983) were used. According to the findings, there is a relationship between religious orientation and perceived stress, and between perceived stress and mental health. In addition, there is not a relationship between religious orientation and mental health with the mediation of perceived stress. It is confirmed that there is a relationship between religious orientation and positive affect, and between positive affect and mental health. Positive affect explains the relationship between religious orientation and mental health. There is no significant difference between the two mediating variables. In order to increase students' mental health, it is suggested that internal religious orientation be strengthened and some supportive and educational programs be designed for managing students' stress and increasing their positive affect.

Introduction: Work-related musculoskeletal abnormalities are one of the main causes of musculoskeletal injuries, followed by job-disability among employees. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between abnormal profiles and the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) among academic staff men and women. Material and Methods: The present study is of a causal nature after occurrence. The statistical population consisted of all employees of Isfahan University of Technology in 2018. A random sample of 64 men and 59 women were recruited as the study sample. A New-York-based assessment questionnaire was used to assess musculoskeletal-abnormalities and a Nordic questionnaire was used to assess the extent of MSDs. For data analysis, descriptive statistics and Spearman test were used in SPSS version24 software. Results: The highest musculoskeletal abnormality in the upper limb was observed in shoulder area (0.37%) and among the lower limbs the ankle (0.82%) was reported as the highest. In terms of correlation between pain, disability and injuries and MSDs with gender in the last 7 days, there was the highest correlation with shoulder (r=0.377), wrist (r=0.401) in the last 12 months and musculoskeletal abnormalities with shoulder area (r = 0.411). There was a significant difference in the prevalence of pain and disability with injury in the shoulder area (P = 0.001), wrist (P = 0.001), back (P = 0.002), buttocks (P = 0.032) and knees (P = 0.006). Conclusion: The results indicate a high risk of MSDs and abnormalities in male and female employees. In order to reduce the incidence of abnormalities, it is necessary to perform corrective exercises and improve the ergonomics conditions of the work environment.

This study was performed to investigate the effects of drought stress on agronomic traits, post-drought recovery, and survival of tall fescue genotypes in the Research Farm of the Isfahan University of Technology located in Lavark, Najafabad, central Iran. In this study, 67 tall fescue genotypes, including three groups of the early, medium, and late in terms of flowering were studied. All genotypes were fully irrigated after planting for two years (2016-2017) and then in the third and fourth years (2018-2019) were examined under three irrigation environments including normal water (50% moisture depletion) mild drought stress (70% moisture depletion), and intense drought stress (90% moisture depletion). Morphological and performance traits were examined. In the summer of the fourth year (2019) after the summer harvest, irrigation was stopped in all drought stress levels for two months. Then the plants were irrigated again for six weeks, and after regrowth, recovery-related traits were evaluated. High genetic diversity was observed among tall fescue genotypes for all measured traits. The results showed that drought stress had adverse effects on forage yield and yield components, recovery traits, and survival. Prolonged drought stress changed the relationships between different traits. Significant positive correlation between the forage yield and recovery rate with drought tolerance indicated that these traits could be used as appropriate selection criteria to increase forage yield and identify superior genotypes in arid and semi-arid regions. The results of this study indicated low to moderate summer dormancy (incomplete summer dormancy) in this germplasm. Negative correlation of functional and stress tolerance traits with day to recovery under drought stress conditions showed that drought tolerant genotypes will have faster recovery than other genotypes. The results showed that some late flowering genotypes (such as 3L, 18L and 11L) are valuable gene sources for forage production. Drought tolerant genotypes with suitable yield in three flowering groups were identified using the biplot and principal component analysis method. These genotypes can be useful for breeding programs in future studies.

Aim and Background: Therefore, conducting research on children's behavioral problems is important. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of mindful parenting training program plus parental management training (combined education) with mindful parenting training and parental management training alone on reducing externalized and internalized behavioral problems of children. Methods and Materials: The present study was a quasi-experimental design with pre-test, post-test and two-month follow-up with a control group. The statistical population included all preschool children in Kashmar in 2021-2022, from which 120 people were selected by purposive sampling and randomly assigned to four groups. All completed the pre-test, post-test, and follow-up questionnaires of the Achenbach and Rescorla (2001) Child Behavior Inventory. Finally, the data were analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance using SPSSV19 software. Findings: The results showed that there was a significant difference in both variables of externalized and internalized behavioral problems between groups (P

Aims: Abuse of substances leads to much damage in different fields. Therefore, necessary measures should be taken to prevent infection, withdrawal and prevent return. The present study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation combined with cognitive rehabilitation in reducing cravings and improving inhibitory control in adolescents dependent on tramadol. MATERIALS & METHODS: The current research is a semi-experimental type using a pre-test-post-test design and a 2-month follow-up with a control group. The statistical population of the present study is all the boys and girls (14 to 18 years old) dependent on tramadol in Shahrekord in Iran who contacted the researcher in 2022 through calls published in schools and social media. From this population, 30 people (12 girls and 18 boys) were selected from the people who met the criteria for entering the research. The subjects were randomly divided into two groups of 15 people, experimental and control, based on gender matching. The criteria for entering the study were the diagnosis of substance abuse disorder (tramadol), not suffering from other psychological disorders, age 14 to 18 years, not having a history of epilepsy and convulsions, not receiving any other psychological or drug treatment at the same time, no history of direct transcranial current stimulation treatment, no intracranial implants or any other metal object near the head that cannot be removed, having a high motivation to participate as determined through the initial interview and agreeing to participate in the research and signing a written consent form. And the exclusion criteria were the inability to perform cognitive rehabilitation tasks, not participating in more than 2 consecutive sessions in therapy sessions, and the participant's lack of motivation in therapy sessions. To collect data, the desire for drug questionnaire and go/ no go test were used. The Desires for drug questionnaire (DDQ): this questionnaire was designed by Franken et al. in 2002 and it measures the desire to drug at the moment. This questionnaire consists of 14 questions, which are 3 factors of desire and intention towards drug use (questions 1, 2, 12 and 14), desire to use and negative reinforcement and pleasure (questions 4, 5, 7, 9 and 11) and severity of lack of control (questions 3, 6, 8, 10, and 13) on a 6-point Likert scale from zero (not at all true) to five (completely true). The maximum score of a person on this questionnaire is 70 and the minimum score is zero [26]. In Poursaeid et al.'s study, Cronbach's alpha for the entire scale was 0.96 for opium users, 0.95 for crack, 0.90 for methamphetamine and 0.94 for heroin [27]. In the present study, Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the whole scale was equal to 0.91. Go/ No Go Test: This test was used in 1984 by Hoffman to measure response inhibition. In the go/no-go test, there are two situations, in the first situation (go) by presenting a stimulus, the person must provide a response that is compatible with the existing stimulus as quickly as possible and in the second situation (no go), after the presentation of the first stimulus, another stimulus is also presented, and the person must refrain from responding when the second stimulus appears. A person's ability to control his response in the second situation, i.e. the no-go level, is an indicator of his inhibitory control. This test has different versions. In the present study, the second version of PEBL software was used. In the go/ no go test of this software, there are two target stimuli, one of which appears on the screen each time. These two stimuli are P and R. The test consists of two levels. In the first stage, 128 P stimuli and 32 R stimuli appear. The subject must click on the screen when he sees the P, and if the R appears, he must refrain from answering. In the second level, 128 times the R stimulus and 32 times the P stimulus appears, where the person has to click on the screen when they see the R stimulus but refrain from responding when they see the P. The number of wrong responses to the no-go stimulus (R in the first stage and P in the second stage) or in other words, the commission error is considered the main indicator of measuring inhibitory control [28]. Since this test is non-verbal, it is not dependent on culture and foreign research can be used to cite validity and reliability. The reliability and retest coefficient of this test has been reported above 0.8 [29]. In the current study, Cronbach's alpha coefficient for this test (no-go error score) was 0.92. To carry out the current research, calls were first published in the schools of Shahrekord city and on the channels and pages of social media to recruit subjects to carry out the research. After checking the conditions for entering the project, to conduct the current research, the subjects who were contacted to participate in the research were interviewed and received sufficient information about the conditions and duration of the intervention and its safety. Also, before participating in the research, all the subjects completed the informed personal consent form to participate in the research and they were assured of confidentiality and non-disclosure of information. Then the subjects or their parents were given explanations about the treatment methods used and also the research procedure. Before starting the interventions, the subjects were evaluated through the desired tools, i.e. the desires for drug questionnaire and the go/no-go test. Then the members of the experimental group were treated with transcranial direct current stimulation combined with cognitive rehabilitation, but the members of the control group did not receive any intervention and were placed in the waiting line. After completing the interventions, the subjects were re-evaluated. Also, after a period of intervention and a second evaluation, the third evaluation or two-month follow-up was done. In the present study, transcranial direct current stimulation was used through the Neurostim 2 electric current generating device, manufactured by Medina Medicine Company, which continuously and mildly passes the electric current through the head. In this research, the subjects of the experimental group also performed cognitive rehabilitation tasks related to inhibitory control with Captain Log software while receiving transcranial direct current stimulation. Transcranial direct current stimulation was applied in 10 sessions of 20 minutes and 3 sessions every week. The intervention was such that the anode (excitatory) electrode in the posterior lateral region of the left prefrontal lip (left DLPFC) and the cathode (inhibitory) electrode on the posterior lateral region of the right prefrontal lip (right DLPFC), i.e. F3 and F4 regions, respectively, based on the system 10-20 international electroencephalography was placed. In this research, direct electric current was applied with an intensity of 1.5 milliamperes and a duration of 20 minutes. A summary of treatment sessions is given in Table 1. Ethical Permissions: This research has been approved by the research ethics committee of the Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz in Iran with ethics code 1401.2.24.183177/scu.ac.ir. The ethical principles of the current research were fully observed; Subjects could leave the research whenever they wanted and all their confidential information was protected and destroyed without exploitation. Statistical analysis: To check the effectiveness of the intervention, the method of covariance analysis (MANCOVA) was used. Data were analyzed through SPSS 20 software. FINDINGS: Out of the 30 statistical samples selected, 3 people (2 people from the control group and 1 person from the experimental group) were not able to continue cooperating with the researchers and were excluded from the study. The size of the control group was reduced to 13 people (4 girls and 9 boys) and the size of the experimental group was reduced to 14 people (4 girls and 10 boys). The demographic information of the statistical sample of the present study showed that the average age of the subjects in the study was 16.70±1.35 years. The average of the research variables in the pre-test, post-test and follow-up levels can be seen in Table 2. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov one-sample test was used to check the default normality of the distribution of the variables, and the results showed that except for the inhibitory control in the control group of the follow-up level, the rest of the data had a normal distribution. Since the skewness and kurtosis of this case were in the range of -3.29 to +3.29 (in samples with small volumes), we were able to use parametric tests for analysis. Leven's test was used to check the default homogeneity of variances. The results obtained from Leven's test showed that the F value was not significant at the alpha level of 0.05 in both the post-test and follow-up levels, so the default of homogeneity of variances was maintained. Also, the default homogeneity of the regression slope was investigated. The results showed that the F value of the interaction between the independent variable and the covariance variable, both craving and inhibitory control variables was not significant at the alpha level of 0.05 in both the post-test and follow-up levels, so the default of homogeneity of the regression slopes was also maintained in both the post-test and follow-up levels. Also, based on the Box's M test, the equality of the covariance matrix of the dependent variables between the experimental and control groups in both the post-test and follow-up levels was not significant at the alpha level of 0.05. Considering that the presuppositions of multivariate covariance analysis were established, this test was used to answer the research hypotheses. The results are given in Table 3. The results of Wilk's lambda test at the post-test level showed that there was a significant difference between the averages of the two experimental and control groups, controlling for the effect of the pre-test, at least in terms of one of the dependent variables. And this meant that transcranial direct electrical current stimulation was successful in influencing at least one of the dependent variables (p

According to Mowlavi, the Highest and Most Perfect Human Beings are the Prophets and Saints for Whom we have Chosen the Title of "Perfect Human Beings" in this Article. Perfected Human Being, Through his/her Honor and Perfection of Existence, has Authority over other Human Beings and even over other Creatures. Of Course, Perfect Human Beings are not all in the Same Rank and Degree, and Some are Virtuous over others Rumi and the Mystics before him Believed in the Difference between the Status and Rank of Perfect Human Beings and Therefore Addressed the Following two Main Issues in Their Works: First, Among Perfect Human Beings, The Status of Prophets Takes Precedence over the Status of Saints, or Vice Versa. Second, The Issue of The Classes of the Elders, Which is a Collection of the Mystics of the First Traditions’ Views Focused on the two Main Patterns: The So-Called Herami Hojviri Pattern and Hakim Tirmidhi Pattern, can be Researched. in this Article, in this Article, First, the Course of Perfect Human Beings In The Form Of These Two Basic Issues Will Be Analyzed and Studied in the Opinions and Views of the Mystics of the First Tradition, and then Rumi's Specific Views in this Field Will be Explained.

Objective: Existence of high quality and comparable information is an effective factor in increasing investors' confidence in the optimal allocation of resources in the form of investment decisions and financing. In this regard, one of the external factors affecting the quality of financial reporting is the social attitude of companies to ensure the interests of all stakeholders as social legitimacy. However, companies' commitment to this can also be different due to the need to implement different business procedures at different stages of a company's life cycle. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between social responsibility and financial statement comparability in the life cycle of a company. Methods: This research is an applied one in terms of purpose, and is correlation and post-event in terms of method. In order to test the research hypotheses, 123 companies in the period 2012-2019 were selected and analyzed using multiple regression models. To measure the social responsibility index, three economic, legal and moral dimensions of social responsibility were used by using the combined index of the mentioned variables and by decimating the relevant indicators, similar to the method of Gaio and Raposo (2010). To measure the financial statement comparability, De Franco et al. (2011) model was used and for the life cycle of the company, Dickinson (2011) method was used in accordance with the cash flow pattern (operating activities, investment and financing). Results: The results of hypothesis testing show that the total index of social responsibility has a positive effect on the financial statements` comparability and causes it to increase. And the index of social responsibility in the growth stage has the most and in the maturity stage has the least impact and in the decline stage has no effect on the financial statement s` comparability. Thus in the stages of growth and maturity it has a positive effect and in the decline phase has no significant effect on the financial statement comparability. Conclusion: The increase in the company's social responsibility for transparent accountability for its annual performance to various stakeholders and as a result more monitoring of the company's performance reduce information asymmetry and therefore increase the quality and financial statement comparability. And companies in the stages of business growth and maturity, unlike the stage of decline, due to more access to financial resources and focus on differentiation strategy, use social responsibility to increase the quality of reporting and gain and strengthen their competitive position. Thus, companies in the stages of growth and maturity, use social responsibility to increase the reporting quality and acquisition and strengthening of competitive position. Because in terms of signaling theory, companies in the growth phase of their life cycle due to long-term time horizons in achieving goals, need to be seen, need to visualize their future performance and growth opportunities and more involvement of stakeholders. However, in the final stages of the life cycle, due to limited financial resources, declining profitability and changing companies' approach to survival strategy, they have limited resources to invest in social responsibility.

Sediment accumulation is one of the major factors that reduce the beneficial life span of artificial reservoirs. Conservation and improving vegetative cover conditions may reduce sediment accumulation. A framework for implementing the PES was proposed assuming that the cost of soil and vegetation cover conservation may be considered as an investment in water supply through economic incentives, consisting of vegetative cover change projection, erosion and sediment transport modeling, reservoir sedimentation estimation, and the PES scheme design. Based on the results of increasing the amount of total sediment production from 486637.6 m3/yr in the current situation to 564217.5 and 658925.4 m3/yr, respectively over the next 20 years, and reduction of the useful lifespan of the Shirin Darreh reservoir (17.3%), the minimum payment for ecosystem services was considered 104 million Rials/yr. Furthermore, the volume and the total value of sediment control services provided by the vegetative cover was also determined by considering a complete degradation of the vegetative cover scenario and opportunity cost of 740535.5 m3/yr and 3.7 billion Riyals. Furthermore, the maximum payment was also estimated by considering the total value of the sediment control services and the estimated net present value of range conservation to be about 3.9 billion Rials/yr.

Background and Objectives: Computer games have become an important part of teenagers' lives. These games have positive and negative consequences, including addiction. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the components of psychological wellbeing and emotional intelligence in players with and without addiction to computer games. Materials and Methods: The present research method is descriptive and the statistical population included all the students of secondary schools (second period) in the academic year of 1401-1402 in Alborz City; from this population, first, by multi-stage random cluster method and then by purposive method and by implementing a Game Addiction Scale (Game Addiction Scale; GAS-7) on computer game players, 112 participants were selected as the target sample (56 participants with addiction and 56 participants without addiction). After removing incomplete and outlier data, 51 participants remained in each group (102 in total). In addition to GAS-7, Ryff's Psychological Well-Being Scale (RPWS-18) and Wong Law's Emotional Intelligence Scale (WLEIS-16) were also implemented. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) test was used for the final analysis of the data. Results: The results showed that addicted players scored significantly less in all psychological well-being components than the comparison group (p<0.001). Also, they obtained lower scores in the use and regulation of emotions (p<0.001). Conclusion: Based on the results, players with addiction had weaker psychological well-being and emotional intelligence than the comparison group. Based on this, by identifying students with addiction, educational measures to improve emotional intelligence and well-being in secondary schools seem necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, Awareness of the spatial structure of cities and the reasons that dominate its spatial development in different periods is necessary to control its expansion. The purpose of this research is to investigate and analyze the factors affecting the development of the physical-spatial structure of Qom city with the approach of Perspective studies. The present research is aimed at applying a combination of exploratory and exploratory methods based on a perspective approach that has been implemented using a combination of quantitative and qualitative models. The method of data collection is library and field studies. In this research, structural analysis and Delphi technique have been used. The software used in this study is MIC MAC software and ARC GIS software. Based on the structural analysis model, 38 indicators were identified and evaluated in 6 groups of variables based on previous studies and experts' opinions. The results of the system analysis indicated that the level of influence of physical and Political – managerial variables is far more than their effectiveness, and in fact they were recognized as the most important variables affecting the physical and spatial development of Qom. On the other hand, among its indices, the indices of converting the city of Qom to the province in 1996 and promoting the city of Qom to the provincial capital, the prosperity of trade and the formation of the market and its expansion, and government policies and urban laws and regulations were identified as the most important indicators.

The reign of Buiids (322-448 AH) has been one of the most significant periods in the history of Iran in terms of culture and civilization. There are works left from this period that show the architecture of this period. A study of the nature of architecture of this period and its elements can reveal the course of architecture in Iran and its developments in this period. This research has been done based on a descriptive-analytical method and library information collection technique. The research findings indicate that in the Buiid period, the architecture of early Islam with the cultural changes of the Sassanid period and the use of cultural enhancements and social and religious perceptions had fundamental elements in the form of innovation. In a way that is both reminiscent of the past and expresses the phenomenon of diversity in the evolution of Iranian architecture. Early Islamic architectural materials relying on environmental conditions include layers, clay, brick and stone. In most parts of Iran, the use of clay and earth has been constantly used from ancient times until now since the materials have always been ecological and were supplied from the same environment and surroundings. The beautifications of the early Islamic buildings rely on the decorations of earlier periods, in other words, they are a long historical painting, as it was used in the first prehistoric temples. In the Buiid period, there is a combination of architecture derived from Islamic culture and architecture left over from the ancient Iranian period, which can be reflected in the use of decorative motifs along with ancient architectural materials. Research aims: 1. Recognition of sustainable architectural elements in the buildings of Buiid period. 2. A study of the aesthetics of patterns in the architecture of the Buiid period. Research questions: 1. What features and elements did architecture have in the Buiid period? 2. What is the place of motifs and designs in the architecture of the Buiid period?

INTRODUCTION ... [1, 2]. Job burnout is the final consequence of stress and psychological pressure caused by work, which involves personal, professional, and organizational relationships [3]. Happiness at work is a path in which people grow, flourish, and also overcome their negative emotions [4]. ... [5]. Burnout and lack of happiness lead to employee satisfaction, delays, absenteeism, and leaving the organization, which in addition to many costs, also affects the morale of other employees. Reduction in the quality of work life of employees, reduction in citizenship behavior, and lack of sense of organizational belonging among employees are the most important individual consequences of burnout [6]. ... [7, 8]. Shift work and night work cause disturbances in the sleep-wake cycle, which brings physiological and psychological consequences for shift workers [9-11]. ... [12-15]. Mousavian Asl et al., in their research conducted on 180 shift-working nurses, reported that these people scored higher in job burnout components, especially emotional exhaustion, and depersonalization [16]. Wisetborisut et al., in a study conducted on 2772 healthcare workers, reported that burnout was higher in shift workers than in non-shift workers [17]. Peterson et al., in a study of 3140 North American police officers, reported that irregular work schedules, long shifts of more than 11 hours, shift work, and sleepiness was associated with greater burnout [18]. ... [19, 20]. Vakili et al., in a study they conducted on 210 nurses in Yazd hospitals, reported that one of the factors associated with lower happiness in these people is shift work and night work [21]. Khosrojerdi et al., in a study conducted on 422 nurses to determine the predictors of happiness, reported that shift work can be associated with less happiness [22]. Also, Kaliterna et al., in a study they conducted on 1210 workers with different working hours, reported that the level of happiness in shift workers is lower than other workers [23]. AIM(s) This study aimed to compare burnout and happiness and their components in police shifts and office workers in Ahvaz, Iran. RESEARCH TYPE This descriptive-analytical research is a comparative causal study. RESEARCH SOCIETY, PLACE & TIME The statistical population of the present study included all the shift and office workers of Ahvaz Police in Iran in 2019. SAMPLING METHOD & NUMBER Based on Morgan's table, 50 shift workers and 50 office workers were selected by random cluster sampling. USED DEVICES & MATERIALS Subjects were asked to answer Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) and Oxford Happiness (OHI) questionnaires. The burnout questionnaire has 22 items that measure emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal inadequacy. The lowest score a person can get on this questionnaire is 22, and the highest score is 132, and higher scores indicate more problems [6]. For the first time in Iran, the validity and reliability of the Maslach Burnout Inventory questionnaire were confirmed by Filian, who reported the reliability coefficient with the test-retest method of α = 0.78 [24]. In the present study, Cronbach's alpha method was used to determine the reliability of the burnout questionnaire was obtained at 0.70. Badri Gargari has also calculated the concurrent validity between Perry Fieldort's burnout questionnaire and job satisfaction in the research, and the inverse relationship has been obtained [24]. The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire contains 29 items that measure the five components of life satisfaction, positive mood, health, efficiency, and self-esteem. The highest score that the subject can get on this questionnaire is 87, and the lowest score is zero. People who get low scores have low happiness, and people who get high scores on tests have high happiness. Cronbach's alpha coefficient of this test was 0.93 [25]. In this research, Cronbach's alpha method was used to determine the reliability of the happiness questionnaire, which was obtained as 0.95 for the entire questionnaire. To check the face validity of the questionnaire in their research, Alipour and Noorbala asked ten experts, all of whom confirmed the ability to measure happiness by this test [25]. METHOD After coordinating with Ahvaz Police officials, the research questionnaires were distributed among office and shift workers, and those willing to participate in the research completed and submitted the questionnaires. ETHICAL PERMISSION Written and informed consent was obtained from the subjects, who were assured that the information would remain confidential. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviation and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) using SPSS 21 software. FINDING BY TEXT One hundred people (50 shift workers and 50 office workers) aged 21-45 years old with an average age of 29.77±5.46 years participated in this study. The frequencies of variables based on demographic characteristics are given in Table 1. The descriptive findings of this research, including the statistical indicators of average, standard deviation, and the number of sample subjects for all the studied variables, are presented in Table 2. In order to analyze the data related to the difference between the two groups of shift workers and office workers in the components of burnout and happiness, the multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used. Before performing the analysis, the most important default of multivariate analysis of variance, i.e., the sameness of the error variance and the homogeneity of the variance-covariance matrices, were measured with Leven's and box's M tests, respectively. Leven's test showed that the default of the same error variance was met in both burnout (F=1.133 and p=0.296) and happiness (F=1.743 and p=0.357). The box's M test results showed that the variance-covariance matrix's default homogeneity was met for the components of burnout (box's M =6.895 and p=0.348) and happiness (box's M =6.438 and p=0.115). Wilks's lambda test was used to determine the significance of the difference between the two groups in burnout and happiness variables. The results are recorded in Table 3. There was a significant difference in the linear combination of burnout and happiness component scores in office and shift workers shown in Table 3 (p=0.025 and F=3.26). Multivariate analysis of variance was used to investigate the difference between the two groups in the components of burnout and happiness. Table 4 shows that there was a significant difference between shift workers and office workers in terms of burnout and emotional exhaustion (p=0.009 and F=7.14) and depersonalization (p=0.008 and F=7.33), but no significant difference was observed in reducing the feeling of individual success (p=0.152 and F=0.208). It was also observed that there was a significant difference between shift workers and office workers in terms of happiness in life satisfaction (p=0.010 and F=6.97), positive mood (p=0.005 and F=8.31), health (0.014 and F=6.23) and efficiency (p=0.006 and F=7.96), but no significant difference was observed in the field of self-esteem (p=0.193 and F=1.71). MAIN COMPARISON to the SIMILAR STUDIES The present study showed that the shift workers group obtained more burnout scores than the office workers group. Although there is not much research in this field, this research was consistent with the findings of Mousavian Asl et al. [16], Wisetborisut et al. [17], and Peterson et al. [18]. Based on this finding, shift workers consider the volume and difficulty of work more and more significant because shift workers find themselves ready to perform multiple and difficult missions, especially during hours of the day and night when even office workers may be less present and they deal with the possible risks of various missions and dealing with criminals. This is despite the fact that although these people expect things such as being appreciated, increasing welfare facilities in the workplace, increasing wages and bonuses, as well as promotions, in reality, they are not provided with such things, or it is much less than what they expect. Based on the Maslach model, many factors play a role in burnout. Among these factors are inappropriate rewards, long working hours, lack of feeling of social support and organizational justice, etc. Since these cases are felt more in shift workers, higher burnout can be observed among them. The significant difference between the two components of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization can cause burnout in shift workers. However, the lack of significant difference in the field of personal inadequacy may be because both groups of office workers and shift workers, despite work problems, consider themselves to have potential abilities and talents that can flourish. However, they consider organizational factors as one of the important reasons for the lack of flourishing of their talents. Also, the results of the present study showed that there was a significant difference between the two groups of shift workers and office workers in terms of happiness (components of life satisfaction, positive mood, health, and efficiency); in such a way that the group of shift workers obtained lower grades in terms of happiness than the group of office workers. Although there are few studies in this field, this research was consistent with the findings of Vakili [21], Khosrojerdi et al. [22], and Kaliterna et al. [23]. It can be said that mainly among the employees of this organization, there is an idea that shift work, for example, night work, requires more physical energy and reduces the efficiency of the person, and issues such as lack of sleep or insomnia may cause occupational stress and threaten the health of shift workers. This causes these people to consider themselves entitled to more salaries and benefits than office workers. However, this difference is not considered in their salaries, job promotion, and bonuses. Among the components of happiness, only self-esteem has yet to be approved. It seems that according to the significance of other components and the total score of the happiness variable, this lack of significant difference is because the employees, both shift workers and office workers, in order to maintain their social status, have tried not to declare the items that indicate high self-esteem to a high level in order to emphasize their civility and positive and simple relationships without pride in dealing with others such as citizens. On the other hand, in the explanation of both mentioned findings, it can be said that many psychological structures are related to sleep problems, such as insomnia or lack of sleep [26,27], and burnout and happiness are not excluded from this issue, and can be affected by these problems. [28-30]; Therefore, since shift work can cause many sleep problems in people, it can increase burnout and decrease happiness. SUGGESTIONS The sample size should be increased in future research to increase the results' generalization power. This research should also be carried out in other cities and communities to obtain more general results. LIMITATIONS The results obtained from the current research were related to the police shift workers and office workers in Ahvaz city in Iran. Therefore, caution should be taken in generalizing the results to other organizations regarding work environment or other individual and organizational characteristics, which may differ from these people. CONCLUSIONS Burnout and happiness are reported more and less in shift workers than in office workers. Considering this result and the important role of these variables in mental health, the necessary preventive and therapeutic psychological interventions in this field and the provision of more welfare services for shift workers must be done by the relevant authorities. CLINICAL & PRACTICAL TIPS in POLICE MEDICINE Mental health experts can use the results of this research to identify occupational and psychological injuries caused by shift work and improve the efficiency of shift workers of the police of the Islamic Republic of Iran. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The researchers thank all those who helped in the implementation of this research. CONFLICT of INTEREST The authors state that the present study has no conflict of interest. FUNDING SOURCES This research did not have any financial support.

Objective: Nowadays, locating urban land uses with GIS is very important in urban planning. The day market is one of the most important social uses in the city that also influences other important activities. This study investigates the current situation and proper location of Sirjan day market. Methods: This article is an applied - developmental and descriptive - analytic method. According to the data collected, the parameters of the study area were studied and then weighted for the criteria using AHP model and then using ARC GIS software and FUZZY logic obtained the appropriate maps for the criteria and finally. Integrated together and then prioritized and ranked places using VIKOR method. Results: Based on these criteria, 3 places were the most prone areas for market placement, respectively. Conclusion: Therefore, in order to facilitate access and reduce traffic as well as reduce environmental pollution, careful planning is needed to create the best day market.

This research, after studying interpretation of Al-Mizan's and examining how Allameh Tabatabai's views on the views of the authors of Al-Manar are written in a descriptive-analytical way and with the aim of discovering the principles and criteria of Allameh Tabatabai's criticism of Interpretation of Al-Manar's.The importance and validity interpretation of al-Manar's on the one hand, and the extensive criticism Allameh toward this interpretation on the other hand, led to the question, on what basis and for what reason, did the author of al-Mizan examine and criticize the views of the authors of this interpretation? That the author has extracted, categorized, expressed with research throughout of interpretation of al-Mizan components and criteria of Allameh Tabatabai in criticism of views the authors of Al-Manar, and has cited examples of the verses below that criticize the views of al-Manar's authors as an example.Conclusion: Allameh Tabatabai most important reasons and principles for criticizing the views of the authors of Al-Manar can be: inadequate knowledge of the authors of Al-Manar's interpretation of the principles of interpretation, disregard for the style of the verses and thematic interpretation, baseless and unreasonable comments, Inability and weakness to cite and use narrativesand their inconsistency with Farragin's correct narratives, fanatical view with the default and opposite of theQuran, weakness in using Arabic literature(misidentification of correct letters, pronouns, etc.), incorrect semantics of the words and meanings of theQuranic verses, misidentification correct of the audience of the Quranic verses and instances expressed as opposed to certain religious teachings and etc.

Objectives: The current study investigated the potential acceptability and effectiveness of Contextual Intervention adapted for Autism Spectrum Disorders (CI-ASD) in developing children’s participation and mothers’ parenting self efficacy. Contextual Intervention adapted for Autism Spectrum Disorders (CI-ASD) involving contextually reflective occupational therapy combines 3 elements: parent coaching, child’s sensory processing patterns, and social support of parents. Intervention sessions comprised group parents training and (individualized) coaching sessions, which reflective questions and discussions with mothers support them in identifying best plans to achieve their therapeutic goals. Method: In this pilot research, we employed a single subject, A-B-A interrupted time series design across 3 participants (3 mothers of children with the diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorders) reffered to Navid-e-asr rehabilitation center in Tehran, in spring of 2017. The participants were selected among families who have children with diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorders, ages 3-10 years and had at least one sensory pattern outside typical range based on the Short Sensory Profile II. Recruitment was based upon parent reports, Short Sensory Profile II data, demographic questionnaires and informed consents. The mothers’ education participated in this research were diploma or above diploma, and they could understand and speak Persian very well. We conducted the study for eighteen weeks in 3 phases. During baseline period or phase 1, the participants received treatments as usual (TAU) for 4 weeks. During intervention period or phase 2, the participants received Contextual Intervention adapted for Autism Spectrum Disorders (CI-ASD) for 10 weeks, 1 week group parents mothers training (two sessions) and 9 weeks individualized coaching sessions (1 session per week), in addition to treatments as usual (TAU). During phase 3 or follow up, participants received only treatment as usual (TAU) for 4 weeks. The intervention therapist and coach was an occupational therapist, with 20 yrs. of clinical experience in pediatric rehabilitation implemented CI-ASD sessions during the study. In this pilot research, we administered outcome measures four times: prior to the study before phase 1 (pre- intervention1), after phase 1 (pre- intervention2), after phase 2 (post- intervention) and, after phase 3 (follow- up). We measured child participation by Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM) and Goal Attainment Scaling (GAS), and parental self efficacy by Parent Self Efficacy Measure (PSEM). We conducted semi-structured interviews after completing the intervention period to explore acceptability of treatment and participants’ experiences of Contextual Intervention adapted for Autism Spectrum Disorders (CI-ASD). We used visual inspection of graphed data to identify variations between phases. Results: Two of three participants )two mothers( completed the program and described growth in children occupational performance (COPM1) [13, 14, 22, 26] and [12, 12, 23, 29], satisfaction of occupational performance (COPM2) [13, 17, 22, 25] and [7, 7, 23, 29], goal attainment (GAS) [-6, -6, +2, +6] and [-6, -6, +2, +6], and parental self efficacy (PSEM) [50, 53, 57, 57] and [44, 43, 49, 55]. Two participants (mothers) found Contextual Intervention adapted for Autism Spectrum Disorders (CI-ASD) highly acceptable. Data showed development in occupational performance (COPM1), satisfaction of occupational performance (COPM2), goal attainment (GAS) and parental self efficacy (PSEM) continued after 4 weeks follow up. One of three participant (one mother) had difficulty accepting Contextual Intervention adapted for Autism Spectrum Disorders (CI-ASD) and left the study after 3 coaching sessions. Conclusion: On the report of two participants, Contextual Intervention adapted for Autism Spectrum Disorders (CI-ASD) was acceptable to deliver and may show promise as an intervention for children with the diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorders and their families. Further research is needed to determine the effectiveness of Contextual Intervention adapted for Autism Spectrum Disorders (CI-ASD). Since one family did not accept the Contextual Intervention adapted for Autism Spectrum Disorders (CI-ASD), it would be useful to identify characteristics of families who may benefit most from this intervention.

This article refers to an introversive way of understanding God. The Golden Ratio (φ 1.618) is an affirmation mark of Allah on His creatures in the world, the golden stamp that catches the mind of any curious person. Here we want to unveil another new effect of this seal on human face and associate it with this golden ratio and try to understand God's purpose of creating humans. The position of Ka'aba (the Holy Sanctuary in Mecca) on earth is based on the golden angle that is π/φ 111 degree which equals (π 3.14). If there is such a connection in humans, what is the meaning of it? In this paper, by using an analytical method and a mathematical approach, the golden angle in the human eye and its iris is depicted. In view of the visual art, it is shown that the Earth and the two Globes of the eye coincide with the Earth's axis and the Earth's orbit, which presents a mathematical and physical model of prostrating before God and praying to him. One of the Names of God has also an interesting artistic adaptation on human face. Therefore, each person endowed with an artistic and divine vision of these two things - the Golden Angle and the Golden Image of God's Name in his face - can evoke the concept of his creation and the need to worship his Creator in his mind and look at worshipping God in a new perspective.

Preliminary agreement means an agreement that result from preliminary negotiations process for obtaining the ground of final and main contract conclusion. These preliminary agreements treat as steps towards achievement to the final contract and these preliminary agreements have different names and different forms. In respect of legal analysis, we are encounter with this question: whether preliminary agreements are enforceable or not. In litigations happening around enforceability of preliminary agreements, similar judicial precedent did not exist in legal systems. In England law general approach is that preliminary agreements are not enforceable while U.S.A law trend to enforceability of them. In civil law countries preliminary agreements are enforceable. In Iran legal system if a preliminary agreement have all of essential terms expressed in article 10 of the Iran civil code and this agreement be considered an example of that article or be conditioned with irrevocable contract, will be enforceable. Otherwise such agreement considered as an independent condition that jurisprudently is not enforceable. American courts i pay attention to many factors as express statement, partial performance; open terms, typically written contracts and field of negotiations. Practicing these factors in Iran courts can be useful for clearing the ambiguities of Iran contract legal system.

Geographically, the studied region in Ilam dam watershed is between 46°16'36'' to 46°38'32'' eastern longitude and 33°23'27'' to 33°38'54'' northern latitude. The area of case study is 476.5km2 with the highest and lowest height as 2400 m and 640m above sea level. In this study, in order to map the landslide hazard zonation of Ilam Cham Gordalan dam basin by weighting the main criteria and using fuzzy membership functions in Arc GIS and establishing the best relationship functions between the presence and absence of landslides, a set of parameters is used. Then, each of the factors affecting landslides in the under-study area such as slope, slope direction, elevation, geology, land use, distance from roads, distance from drainage network, distance from the fault, and rainfall map has been digitized in the software environment of ArcGIS and are used in the fuzzy analysis. Landslide hazard in the under-study area has been zoned using fuzzy operators (Gamma, Product, Sum, Or, And). After the fuzzy fiction phase, the effective measures in the landslide occurrences in the area have been prepared using the above-mentioned method through Gamma fuzzy operators with Lambda 0.2،0.5،0.8and 0.9and by comparing final maps, the ideal model for the landslide hazard zonation in the area has been selected. The results show that among the above-mentioned operators, the Gamma operator with Lambda 0.9 is considered to be the most appropriate method for zoning the landslides in this area due to its fine fuzzy fiction of each criterion based on the distribution maps of occurred landslides and the way of separating risk classes.

Objective: This study examines the effects of time horizon dimensions of profits on board of directors’ compensation, and identifies the current degree of stickiness of board of directors’ compensation with the dimensions of time horizon of profit in the companies accepted in the Tehran Stock Exchange during the period 2010 to 2017. Method: Data was collected using document mining and databases referencing method, and then was analyzed by Eviews software. Panel data model was applied to the research test hypotheses. Results: The results showed that based on R&D, advertising and marketing expenditure, in the long-term horizon, more compensation will be assigned than in the short-term horizon. Also, the use of revenue-raising strategy and operating and non-operating profit-enhancing strategies has no effect on Board of director’s compensation. Conclusion: R&D, advertising and marketing expenditures for landlords are more tangible than income growth strategies. Therefore, the intermediate elements of net profit which indicate sustainability, continuity and time horizons of profit, are not effective indicators in the compensation of board of directors.

The purpose of this study was to present and test amodel of the effect of the students' locus of control on happiness with the mediation role of optimism and hope. Therefore 377 participates, including 234 males and 143 females, were selected from among the students of a nonprofit institute of higher education and then were asked to respond to the items of Rotter's Locus of Control and Adult Hope Scales, Oxford Happiness Questionnaire and Life Orientation Test. Structural equation modeling was used to test the research model. Also, to investigate the indirect effects of the research model, bootstrapping method was used. The results showed that the fit indices for the research model were in the favorable range; therefore, the model was consistent with the data. Also, the direct effects of the model showed that the effect of locus of control on the optimism was significant, the effect of hope on happiness was significant, the effect of the locus of control and optimism on hopefulness was also significant , but the effect of optimism on happiness was not significant. Finally, the results showed that all of the indirect effects of the model were significant and the locus of control had a significant effect with the mediation of optimism and hope, on the students' sense of happiness. Therefore, it seems necessary to consider these factors as the influential factors promoting happiness.

The purpose of this study was to investigate multicultural problems in primary schools in Saveh and provide solutions using quantitative, quantitative research. The statistical population included 15178 students and 1400 teachers in the academic year of 2018-19. Cluster sampling method, 260 teachers and 373 students, students' tools in the quantitative section of the socio-cultural questionnaire of Cohen and Rasman (2014) and in the qualitative part of the semi-structured interview with 20 teachers and content analysis. The research method was descriptive-correlational and Friedman and independent t-test. Results showed that the ranking provided by students and teachers (teaching, learning, content and environmental problems) was statistically significant at the level of 0.05. Also, people's view of learning, educational content, teachers' lack of familiarity with different cultures, and feelings of humiliation of students due to their accent to the educational problems of multicultural schools has a direct and significant relationship. In fact, the attention of planners to the content of education, the familiarity of teachers with different cultures will reduce the educational problems of these schools. On the other hand, providing counseling services to students in multicultural students' schools to deal with the feeling of embarrassment and shyness, the importance of different cultures in the texts of textbooks, the participation of students in group activities, lowering the classroom population, engaging more with Families, non-discrimination and special attention to cultures, emphasize more on the common points of cultures and the formation of educational groups with students from different cultures by teachers from the research results.

If the reward is not commensurate with managers actual performance not only increase corporate value but also is a means to transfer wealth. In this study, the question is raised that, Is in the reward programs to Motivation to achieve Profit threshold and Asymmetric adjustments of profit target, that effect the precision of earnings in form of manipulation and management them, attention and attention is enough? So the main aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of Motivation to achieve Profit threshold and Asymmetric adjustments of profit target as a dimension of precision of earnings, to board of director’s bonus. Therefore, the data related to the companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange for the period 2009 to 2016 were extracted and the combination regression model were used to test the hypothesis. The results show that the Achieving profit thresholds, played an active role in rewarding managers, And they reduce the bonus and asymmetric adjustment of target profits will have a positive effect on bonus, while in companies with good and poor performance in the industry, this has a negative and significant impact on bonus.

Introduction: Anxiety is a common problem among pregnant women, which has a negative impact on mother and neonate. Midwives are responsible for providing advice and giving care to mothers during pregnancy, delivery, and postpartum. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of individual counseling program by a midwife on anxiety during pregnancy in nulliparous women. Materials and Methods: This clinical trial was conducted among 90 primiparous women with the gestational ages of 28 to 30 weeks referred to healthcare centers of Mashhad, Iran, during 2015-2016. The participants were randomly assigned into two groups of intervention and control (45 individuals per group). The subjects in the intervention group received three sessions (once every two weeks) of the individual counseling program based on the content of the consultation model in the Gamble's study, and the control group got routine care. Data were collected using the Beck Anxiety Inventory and demographic characteristics form. The level of anxiety was measured at pre-intervention phase during the gestational ages of 34 to 36 weeks. Data analysis was performed using Chi-squared test and t-test with the help of SPSS software, version 16. P-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The mean scores of anxiety in the intervention and control groups were 6.355±3.960 and 9.822±5.420 during the gestational ages of 34-36 weeks, respectively, which represented a significant difference between the groups (P

To create interests alignment between the owner and the manager, accurate index of performance should be usedas the rewarding criterion. One of the important indexes for performance measurement purposes in rewarding plans is the profit sensitivity, so that it can meet all of contract parties’ interests. Those profits carrying sensitivity cancause a change in the value of the company's market. So, the main purpose of this study is to survey the effect of profit sensitivity dimensions (Earnings response coefficient, abnormal returns fluctuations and earning prediction error)on board of directors’ reward. For this purpose, the data related to the Tehran Stock Exchange listed companies (121 companies) for the period from 2008 to 2016 were extracted and the multiple regression was used to test the hypothesis. The results showed that three criteria, namely, earnings response coefficient, adjusted earnings response coefficient and earnings value relevance, have a positive effect on board of director’s rewards, while two criteria, namely, abnormal returns fluctuations and earning prediction error have a negative effect on board of director’s rewards.

This research aims to develop strategic leadership components by referring to the views and definitions provided by experts and examining their compatibility with the characteristics required by senior managers of the University of Farhangian. In order to achieve the above objectives, the mixed research method has been used. Qualitative stage is used to extract and compile the components using qualitative content analysis method and in the quantitative stage, a survey method has been used. Findings of the research show that, from an individual's point of view, strategic leadership has features such as managerial wisdom, learning, flexibility, absorption capacity, adjustment capacity, and creative stress. Organizationally, the strategic leader, with the characteristics of the linkage of activities with the organization's strategy, is identical to the future, global management, productivity and continuous improvement, motivation and persuasion, change management, continuous monitoring, close relationship between the leader and the follower. In an environmental field, a strategic leader should consider his own plans by observing the organization's surroundings, strategic thinking, explaining the right path, foresight, prediction, competitive advantage, customer orientation, and market development. Also, the results of the research showed that apart from the competitive advantage, all other features of strategic leadership were essential for senior managers of the University of Cultural Exchanges.

Time history analysis of infrastructures like dams, bridges and nuclear power plants is one of the fundamental parts of their design process. But there are not sufficient and suitable site specific earthquake records to do such time history analysis; therefore, generation of artificial accelerograms is required for conducting research works in this area. Using time series analysis, wavelet transforms, artificial neural networks and genetic algorithm, a new method is introduced to produce artificial accelerograms compatible with response spectra for the specified site condition. In the proposed method, first, some recorded accelerograms are selected based on the soil condition at the recording station. The soils in these stations are divided into two groups of soil and rock according to their measured shear wave velocity. These accelerograms are then analyzed using wavelet transform. Next, artificial neural networks ability to produce reverse signal from response spectra is used to produce wavelet coefficients. Furthermore, a genetic algorithm is employed to optimize the network weight and bias matrices by searching in a wide range of values and prevent neural network convergence on local optima. At the end site specific accelerograms are produced. In this paper a number of recorded accelerograms in Iran are employed to test the neural network performances and to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method. It is shown that using synthetic time series analysis, genetic algorithm, neural network and wavelet transform will increase the capabilities of the algorithm and improve its speed and accuracy in generating accelerograms compatible with site specific response spectra for different site conditions.

Eleven genes encoding Calcineurin B-Like proteins with a high degree of sequence conservation were identified using bioinformatics approaches in tomato. These proteins classified into five clusters including SlCBL1, SlCBL3, SlCBL4, SlCBL8 and SlCBL10 using orthology-based method of nomenclature. Sequence analysis showed that all five members of SlCBL1 and SlCBL4 contained a myristoylation conserved motif (MGXXXS/T) at their N-terminals. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR showed that among the SlCBL1 members, SlCBL1-3 up-regulated under both drought and virus stresses, as well as the combined treatment. Although, both SlCBL3-1 and SlCBL3-2 up-regulated under both drought and virus stresses in both susceptive and resistant cultivars, the combined stress did not have any additional effect on the expression. Among SlCBL4 members, only SlCBL4-1 up-regulated under drought or virus attack. There was a diverse pattern of expression between the two SlCBL8 members under different stresses in both cultivars. SlCBL10 showed no change in expression pattern under drought or virus stresses in susceptive cultivar and this gene showed to be up-regulated under drought in resistant cultivar. Overall, it was concluded that changes in the expression pattern of CBL genes under biotic and abiotic stresses seemingly induced various CBL/CIPK patways in suseptive or resistant plants.

Background: One of the most important issues in order to save life in patients with cardiac arrest is cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). This study evaluated the performance of resuscitation team in Chamran hospital, Isfahan, Iran, in 2015. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 211 patients undergone CPR, in or out of the Chamran hospital. The CPR process data were collected from patients' files and the CPR heads filled out the checklists. Findings: The patients were 140 men (66.35%) and 71 women (33.65%). The age, sex, and location of CPR had not significant effect on the outcome of CPR (P > 0.050 for all). Use of advanced life support, the time between cardiac arrest and start of advanced life support, the time between cardiac arrest and applying first shock, use of electroshock, CPR due to basic life support (BLS), CPR due to advanced life support (ALS), and duration of CPR had significant effect in primary survey of CPR (P < 0.050 for all). Unless time between cardiac arrest and apply of first shock, there was no significant relationship between other criteria and 1-month survival after primary successful CPR (P = 0.010). Conclusion: In our study, demographic indices did not have significant effect on primary CPR outcome but need to basic and advanced life supports, applying shock to shockable rhythm and also the time between cardiac arrest and applying first shock had significant effect on primary successful CPR. Incompatibility in the percentage of CPR cases with American Heart Association (AHA) guideline notes the necessity of regular and continuous retraining.

Background: One of the most common urologic diseases is renal and urinary tract stone. Patients experience severe pain after lithotripsy operation; one cause maybe the limited knowledge about the procedures. Due to important and considerable application of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) procedure, we decided to evaluate the effect of preoperative education on postoperative pain and anxiety in these patients. Methods: This clinical trial study included 130 patients who underwent the percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Nephrolithiasis was confirmed via spiral computed tomography (CT) scan in them. Patients divided randomly into two groups. This study followed with two parallel groups of equal size, and the effect of preoperative education on postoperative pain and anxiety evaluated by means of visual analog scale (VAS) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), respectively. Postoperative anxiety and pain intensity were compared using independent t test. Findings: The mean anxiety level was 34.89 ± 4.84 and 22.98 ± 2.37 in control and case groups, respectively (P < 0.050). In addition, the mean pain intensity level was 74.44 ± 26.74 and 34.18 ± 8.17 in control and case groups, respectively (P < 0.050). Conclusion: In our study, postoperative stress and pain intensity after percutaneous nephrolithotomy were significantly less in experimental group. Due to less costs of preoperative educations and potential physiological and psychological effects, it is acceptable for patients to get information before surgery.

Background: Seizures caused by electrical stimulation during electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) should be managed; otherwise, electroconvulsive therapy can be an unpleasant experience. Therefore, sedative short-acting drugs like sodium thiopental, propofol, methohexital, etc. can be used with different hemodynamic changes and adverse effects. Some studies showed that propofol was associated with less complication and hemodynamic changes. The aim of this study was to compare cardiovascular effects and complications of propofol and sodium thiopental in pediatric age group treated with electroconvulsive therapy. Methods: This census double-blind clinical trial study was conducted in Alzahra hospital affiliated to Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. Before electroconvulsive therapy, one group received 2 mg/kg sodium thiopental and the other one 1 mg/kg propofol; then, both groups received 0.5 mg/kg succinylcholine and electroconvulsive therapy was done at least 90 second (1.5 minutes) after that. Heart rate, blood pressure and O2 saturation were measured at 1, 5 and 10 minutes after the seizure. Duration of seizure, language response, return to full consciousness, spontaneous breathing after seizure, and recovery time were measured and also drug adverse effect were assessed as well. Findings: This study was conducted on 70 children aged 6-18 years treated with electroconvulsive therapy. Seizure induction time (P < 0.001), language response time after seizure (P < 0.001) and return to full consciousness (P < 0.001) were significantly shorter in patients received propofol. Headache (P = 0.001), nausea (P = 0.020) and myalgia (P < 0.001) were observed more commonly in group received propofol. Conclusion: According to this study, verbal response time and return to full consciousness following seizure caused by propofol were achieved faster; but the drug caused more adverse effects.

The phenomenon of inequality between urban and rural households, mainly rural poverty is one of the things that has attracted especial attention to rural development in the world. This study is descriptive- correlational with the overall objective of ranking rural micro-credit courses based on the achievement of sustainable development in rural areas. This this research study was conducted based on confirmatory factor analysis. The population of this study included all of the personnel of credit institutions and the micro-level depositors and the Morgan table and random sampling of depositors (195) were used. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software package. The results show that Dehagh, Khezra Sin and Azadi credit institutions ranks in achieving sustainable development are the first, the second and the third, respectively. The results indicate that the environmental, economic and social dimensions of sustainable development have received very little attention. Moreover, the authorities of these units can play a significant role in directing attention to these issues. Thus, it is recommended that the authorities in charge of these units be selected based on criteria such as education level, age, and belief in cooperatives, and etc.

AbstractThe integration and integration of traditional media and the developments and changes of new technologies and media have led to media convergence. Convergence has certainly been one of the most important, yet controversial, concepts in the media industry over the past two decades, so that some theorists of the 21st century are already Convergence is referred to as the Second Industrial Revolution. Therefore, this phenomenon is an ongoing and evolving process that encompasses all areas of the media, including technology, industry, content and audiences. So, in this research, the question is what are the methods of convergence between audio and video and space in content production? The present study was a qualitative study. The research data were categorized through in-depth interviews with 12 experts, collected and after extraction and coding. Finally, in response to the main research question, strategies were presented, which are: 1- Training of media literacy of the audience 2- Changing media functions 3- Removing parasites 4- Different use of both media spaces 5- Interacting with the Audience 6- Changing Strategies 7- Changing Policies through Designing Media, Creating Media Policy, Creating Common Discourse, and Having Specialized Power 8- Enjoying Rich Archives, Social Trust, and Advantage Organizational IoT 9- Convertability and content processing 10- Benefit of image and audio benefits 11- Use of people-generated content 12- Use high diffusion rate in our space Azzi 13. Mvj‌ of use.

On the basis of the normativity of belief thesis, there is a normative relation between belief and its content. The normative relation is typically formulated by a norm which is called "the norm of belief" in the literature such that "one ought to believe that p if and only if p is true" (Shah 2003, 2009). My focus in this paper, concerns an argument regarding the normativity of belief thesis which is called "the no norm argument" developed by Gluer and Wikforss (2009, 2010, 2013, 2015). On the basis of the argument, Gluer and Wikforss claim that the norm of belief does not have the role of guidance for the act of belief formation. On this ground they conclude the implausibility of the normativity of belief thesis. The key aim of the present paper is to criticize Gluer and Wikforss's claim. To this aim, after considering the normativity of belief thesis, I will specify the scope of actions which is constrained by the norm of belief. After criticizing Gluer and Wikforss's claim, I will end the paper by an analysis of following the norm of belief on the basis of the normativity of belief thesis.

The Restraint of Trade Clause shall be taken in labour agreement to preserve the Client's competition position and restraint the employee from disclosing of the Secrets of Trade and creating some subsequent legal relationships. Since, this clause causes a lot of limitations, shall be subject to several conditions including to: (i) employer's legitimate interests, (ii) determining of the time and place of performance of the clause and (iii) not discrepancy with public policy and social benefits. In the Iranian law, since, Labour Act do not comprise the Restraint of trade clause expressly, we will examine the clause under general rules governing on clauses and obligations. This paper wish to examine the clause and conditions thereof generally then in Iranian Law.

Promotion in rural tourism, based on sustainable tourism development and using tourism as the economic engine of the region to improve life quality, is one of the most important issues that needs to apply appropriate and rational strategies, fit to the regional and local capabilities and the direction of spatial analysis. This study aims to explore strategies of rural tourism development in the Gaykan village, which is one of the target tourism villages in Aligoodarz County. The research method is descriptive- analytical which uses questionnaire to collect data. Sample data were about 184 people in the geographical area. Cochran formula was used to estimate the number of sample data. Sampling method is random and stratified sampling. In order to analysis and prioritize tourism development strategies, we used SWOT analysis model. The results show that, considering the evaluation of internal and external factors, Invasive strategy (max - max) has been identified as an optimal strategy towards achieving tourism development in Gaykan village.

Introduction: The problems of children with Cerebral Palsy (CP) are permanent, long-term and understanding their challenges, require awareness of the environmental and cultural context. To explore the handling challenges as experienced by children, mothers and occupational therapists (OT), this study was conducted in Iranian context. Material and Methods: This qualitative research is a part of big Grounded Theory study. Two children, four mothers and four OTs participated in this study. Participants were selected using purposeful sampling followed by theoretical sampling. The data collected via in-depth semi structured individual and group interviews and two observations at home and clinic. A conventional content analysis approach was conducted to analyze data. Results: In Total, 1275 initial codes were extracted. The results were categorized in four central themes that were identified as; (1) handling at home, (2) handling at clinic, (3) handling at school (4) handling at society. And 11 sub-themes were recognized. Conclusion: Lack of practical handling training, Focus on to exercise therapy, non care centered handling and child abuse were the major challenges for participants in handling at home, clinic, school and society; respectively. More investigation will be needed about home modification, caring for children with CP and handling training at home, clinic, school and society to cover the gaps. Key words: child; cerebral palsy, challenges, qualitative content analysis

Background and Objectives: Mental affectivity is a new perspective on emotion regulation. This view has introduced a new aspect in emotional regulation. The aim of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Mentalized Affectivity Scale in university students. Materials and Methods: The research method is cross-sectional and factor analysis. Its statistical population was all the students of public universities in Tehran City who were selected in a random multi-stage cluster method (academic year 2020-2021). The sample size included 500 participants, out of which 492 people were included in the analysis. Following tools were used in this study: Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ), Emotion Regulation Skills Questionnaire (ERSQ), Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), Affective Style Questionnaire (ASQ), Symptom Checklist-25 (SCL), and the Mentalized Affectivity Scale (MAS). In order to analyze the data, confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis, as well as Cronbach's alpha reliability and criterion validity methods were used. Results: The results showed that this scale has desirable psychometric properties. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the three-component model of this scale. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.91 for the whole scale, and 0.91, 0.85, and 0.64 for the three components of identification, processing, and expression, respectively. Conclusion: Considering the desirable psychometric properties of the Mentalized Affectivity Scale, this scale can be used by researchers in psychological studies, focusing on the student community. It seems necessary to observe caution in using these instruments for other statistical communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In today’s changing world, in addition with establishing human capital, supporting social capital is one of other challenges in organizational behavior. Furthermore, social capital is a public characteristic, but it is resulted from individual efforts in making trust, relationships and cooperation. Without social capital, staff would not have willingness to share information and knowledge. This article investigated the social capital and the learning organization. Methods: This was a descriptive-correlational study with practical and fundamental objectives. The study population included 120 staff of Qom University of Medical Sciences. The sample size was 92 subjects according to the Morgan’s table. They were randomly selected and their viewpoints concerning the social capital were collected. The views were analyzed through inferential statistics by SPSS software. Results: The results showed that there was a significant correlation between the social capital and learning organization in Qom University of Medical Sciences (P < 5%). Conclusion: Since social capital influences on improving and promoting the learning organization, this type of capital in addition with other weaker aspects of social capital in administrations and departments of medical universities must be identified and strengthened. Keywords: Social Capital; Organizational Learning; Organization

Introduction: To develop entrepreneurship in health sector, it is essential to improve entrepreneurship morale among students. So the present study aimed to investigate the degree of entrepreneurship morale among students at Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. Methods: The present study is a descriptive- cross sectional research. The population included senior students of all fields from whom a randomly stratified sample of 150 were selected. A researcher-made questionnaire with 54 items using 5 point Likert scale was completed by participants. Data were analyzed using descriptive indices, t-test and ANOVA. Results: The average age of the students was 24.61 years. The observed mean of entrepreneurship morale for all the students (3.5±.54, out of 5) indicated entrepreneurship morale was above theoretical average (3). Also the mean scores for its four subscales were above the scale average: “regard to achievement” (3.64±.77), “internal control” (3.39±.5), “autonomy” (3.56±.67), and “creativity” (3.61±.53), but it was lower than scale average regarding “risk-taking” subscale (2.85±.73). Conclusion: The above average level of entrepreneurship morale implies that students of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences are psychologically potential to become entrepreneurs.

مقدمه: هدف اين مطالعه، تعيين تأثير آموزش مراقبت‌هاي ويژه روزمره زندگي به والدين، در منزل بر تکامل حرکتي ظريف در کودکان فلج مغزي 72-6 ماهه بود. مواد و روش‌ها: در اين مطالعه تجربي، 40 کودک 6 تا 72 ماهه مبتلا به فلج مغزي از بين مراجعه کنندگان به کلينيک‌هاي توان‌بخشي تهران، مطابق معيارهاي تحقيق انتخاب شدند و در دو گروه شاهد و مداخله قرار گرفتند. محقق در منزل کودکان گروه مداخله حضور می‌یافت و همراه با تطبیق منزل، آموزش‌های مربوط به مراقبت‌های ویژه روزمره زندگی را طی 1 جلسه 4 ساعته به مراقبین کودک ارایه می‌داد. ابزار جمع‌آوري داده‌ها شامل فرم مشخصات دموگرافيک، GMFCS (Gross motor function classification system) و PEABODY (Peabody developmental motor scales and activity cards test) بود. داده‌ها در 3 نوبت: قبل از دوره مداخله، 1/5 ماه و 3 ماه بعد از دوره مداخله ثبت می‌شد. یافته‌ها: تکامل حرکتي ظريف در هر دو گروه، 1/5 و 3 ماه بعد از دوره مداخله نسبت به قبل تفاوت معنی‌داري داشت (0/001 > P). ميانگين پيشرفت نمرات تکامل حرکتي ظريف 3 ماه بعد از دوره مداخله، در گروه مداخله بهتر از گروه شاهد بود (0/043 = P) و همچنین تفاوت میانگین پیشرفت نمرات تکامل حرکتی ظریف 1/5 ماه بعد از دوره مداخله، در دو گروه معنی‌دار نبود (0/19 = P). ميانگين پيشرفت استفاده از دست، دستکاري، هماهنگي چشم و دست در گروه مداخله بيشتر از گروه شاهد بود، اما تفاوت معنی‌دار نبود. در حالی که ميانگين پيشرفت "در دست گرفتن اجسام" در گروه مداخله به طور معنی‌داري بيشتر از گروه شاهد بود (0/036 = P). نتيجه‌گيري: نتایج این مطالعه این گونه نشان می‌دهد که آموزش Handling به مراقبين در منزل، در طولاني مدت (3 ماه) باعث بهبود تکامل حرکتي ظريف کودکان فلج مغزي 6 تا 72 ماهه مي‌شود. کليد واژه‌ها: کودکان فلج مغزي، مراقبت‌هاي ويژه روزمره زندگي، تکامل حرکتي ظريف، مراقبين

Introduction: Patterns of time use provide important information about the ways in which individuals manipulate their time to contribute in daily activities. According to the World Health Organization, the proper usage of time has a positive effect on health and welfare. Having a child with cerebral palsy imposes various kinds of pressure on the family including feeling a “time pressure” for ongoing care of the affected child which may be beyond what is expected regarding the family schedule. Although mothers are usually the most affected member of the family in this dilemma as they are the main caregiver of cerebral-palsied child, less attention has been paid to them. Therefore, this study aimed at investigating the patterns of time use in mothers of children with cerebral palsy compared to those of healthy children. Materials and Methods: 30 mothers of cerebral palsied children and 37 mothers of healthy children Participated in this case-control study. The “Mother Time Use” Questionnaire along with a demographic questionnaire were used for collecting data of interest. Results: Mothers of children with cerebral palsy spent more time to look after their children as compared to mothers of healthy children (P < 0.05). However, in other areas there were not significant differences. Satisfaction of mothers of children with cerebral palsy regarding their time management skills was significantly less than that of the other group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that the mothers of children with cerebral palsy did not maintain a well-balanced daily schedule which, in return, may lead to less than satisfactory “use of time”. It is necessary to consider further resources of support for mothers of children with cerebral palsy. Keywords: Cerebral palsy, Time use, Areas of occupations, Time management skills

Introduction: Regarding the significance of a doctor’s receptionist role as an important factor in promotion of health services in physicians' offices, passing educational courses seems useful and somehow necessary for them. This study therefore was performed to evaluate the effect of office management principles on knowledge and performance of receptionists working in specialists' offices. Methods: In this quasi experimental study, 30 receptionists from gynecologists' offices of Isfahan were selected for an intervention through systematic random sampling. Education method was lecture and discussion. Data gathering tools were a questionnaire for knowledge assessment, and an observation checklist for performance evaluation which were employed before and after educational courses. Data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistical tests through SPSS software. Results: Comparison of mean scores of knowledge and performance of the receptionists before attending office management principles courses( 15.23, and 12.03 respectively) showed a significant difference with their mean scores of knowledge and performance after attending these courses (24.93, and 18.56 respectively). Conclusion: Regarding the findings of the study, it seems that great attention must be paid to the occupational structure of receptionists in physicians' offices. Holding educational courses before employment as well as in service training for receptionists can promote patients’ visits process in specialists' offices.

The important factors affecting the information search process and following it the decision making for buying, have been widely under survey that the result of this survey shows that this ingredient includes: market specialty, product specialty, consumer specialty and situational condition. In case of consumer specialty, elements like social condition, age, degree of learning, people's knowledge with different kinds of products and their perception of risk have been accurately under survey. But this research for the first time in Iran by studying the consumer life style which consist of group of inside and outside ingredients have a comprehensive and supplementary point of view which trying to study the role of life style in Iranians kind of decision making for purchasing. Considering different existing defragment of consumer behavior we have four kinds of decision making including: extended decision making, limited decision making, decision making based of loyalty to commercial brand and compulsory decision making. In this research by the use of statistical methods including .r2 and Gamma coefficient have been processed the kind of dominant decision making in VALS life style consist of following innovators, experiences, achievers, believers by survey method. Finally it have been determine that the dominant kind of decision making for innovators is extended decision making and for achievers is limited kind of decision making but there isn't a considerable different between two remaining kinds of life style including experiences and believers. So as a result these two life styles will use the four kinds of decision making in the same.

The disposal of excess sludge from wastewater treatment plant represents a rising challenge in activated sludge processes. Hence, the minimization of excess sludge production was investigated by increasing the dissolved oxygen in aeration basin. Units of the pilot include: Primary sedimentation tank, aeration basin, secondary sedimentation tank, and return sludge tank. Volume of aeration basin is 360 l and influent flow rate is 90 L/h. Influent of pilot is taken from effluent of grit chamber of Isfahan's North Wastewater treatment plant. The experiments were done on different parts of pilot during the 5 month of study. Results show that increase of dissolved oxygen in aeration tank affect on decrease of excess sludge. Increase of dissolved oxygen from 0.5 to 4.5 mg/L resulted in 25% decrease of excess sludge. Variation of dissolved oxygen affect on settleability of sludge too. By increase of dissolved oxygen, SVI decreased and then increased. Value of 1-3 mg/L was the adequate range of dissolved oxygen by settleability of sludge and optimum range was 2-2.5 mg/L. It could be concluded by increasing of dissolved oxygen up to of 3 mg/L, sludge settleability significant decreased.

Background. In order to evaluate teaching programs in different educational units and achieve a higher quality education, reviewing learners view points is of special importance. This study evaluates medical students satisfaction of different educational aspects including professors performance, medical equipment, educational methods, number and variety of patients, physical environment and welfare facilities in 4 educational locations (hospital ward, emergency ward, hospital outpatient department and non-hospital outpatient department). Methods. The study is a descriptive survey in which the data was collected by a single questionnaire including 29 questions which was completed by 400 medical students in the year 2000. Results. Statistical analysis revealed that the highest satisfaction rate was of professors’ performance, educational methods and, number and variety of patients in non- hospital outpatient centers while these centers carried the lowest satisfaction rate of medical equipments and students welfare facilities. The lowest students satisfaction rate was in hospital wards and of professors performance, educational methods and variety of patients whereas in this location the students had moderate satisfaction of physical environment, medical equipment and other facilities. Emergency wards had good medical equipment and physical environment but were moderate in professors performance and educational methods. Conclusion. This study showed that non hospital outpatient department produced the highest satisfaction rate in teaching programs. Therefore, it is recommended to increase the role of these centers in clinical medical education and improve medical equipment, physical environment and students welfare facilities in these centers.