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Introduction: The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between the selected factors of related skill and health physical fitness with the classic risk factors of cardiovascular disease of employees of the police command in North Khorasan. Methods and Materials: This research was conducted by correlation method with applied nature. The statistical population included 50 employees of the North Khorasan Police Force who were chosen randomly. Cooper's test was used to evaluate cardiovascular endurance, the sit-up test was used for muscular endurance, the Wells test was used for flexibility, and the 100-meter running test was used to measure speed. To evaluate the serum levels of Triglyceride (TG), High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL), Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL), and Total Cholesterol (TC), blood was drawn from the subjects, 48 hours after the performing physical fitness test, in 12 hours fasting condition. Descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) methods were used for data collection. Moreover, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to confirm the normality the data distribution and spearman correlation coefficient to determine the correlation between the research variables. Data analysis has been performed using SPSS software version 22. Results: The results of the research showed that there was inverse and significant relationship between cardiovascular endurance and TC (p= 0/024, r= -0/319); however, there was not any significant relationship between cardiovascular endurance and HDL, LDL and TG. Regarding the values of muscular endurance, the results of the test showed that the mentioned index has inverse and significant relationship with TC (p= 0/033, r= -0/302); however, there was not any significant relationship between muscular endurance and HDL, LDL and TG. There was not any significant relationship between flexibility and HDL, LDL, TC and TG. Finally, there was a direct and significant relationship between speed and TC and TG values (p= 0/018, r= 0/332), (p= 0/037, r= 0/296). However, there was not any significant relationship between speed and HDL and LDL. Discussion and Conclusion: Based on the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that people who have higher cardiovascular endurance and muscular endurance have a lower and more favorable TC level than people who have lower cardiovascular endurance and muscular endurance. Furthermore, the lower the speed record in people, the lower their TC and TG will be. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Since vitamin D has been shown to have an important function in the regulation of metabolic pathways, this study aimed to investigate the association between serum levels of vitamin D with a number of metabolic indicators in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was conducted on 122 patients with NAFLD referred to Sheikh Alreis Clinic in Tabriz, who were categorized into "vitamin D sufficient" (n=46) and "vitamin D deficient" (n=76) based on their serum vitamin D concentrations. NAFLD was diagnosed by upper abdomen ultrasonography, and the fasting serum concentrations of glucose (FBS), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) as well as Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) were measured as metabolic markers. Serum concentration of liver transaminase enzymes and liver steatosis severity were assessed as liver function criteria. Results: Serum concentrations of insulin (p=0.024), LDL-c (p<0.001), and HOMA-IR (p=0.011) were significantly higher in the NAFLD patients with vitamin D deficiency compared to the patients with sufficient vitamin D. Moreover, vitamin D deficient patients had higher NAFLD histologic severity (p=0.042) and serum concentrations of alanine aminoteransferase (ALT) compared to the NAFLD patients with vitamin D sufficiency (p=0.005). Vitamin D-deficient patients were at higher odds for having hypercholesterolemia (p=0.009) and high LDL-c (p=0.011) than ones with sufficient vitamin D status even when adjusted for confounders. Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency in the patients with NAFLD was found to be associated with higher odds of an unfavorable lipid profile and NAFLD histologic severity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) are one of the appropriate delivery systems which are attracted enormous interest for encapsulating bioactive componds in recent years. One of the important physicochemical properties of SLNs is particle size that is influenced by formulation and production process parameters. Inappropriate conditions of the nanaocarrier production process in the pre and main emulsion steps cause unsuitable paricle size as well as unstable emulsion and gel formation. Therefore, in this research production process of SLN was investigated and optimized by hot homogenization method and with two lipids of Compritol and Precirol separately. Hence, homogenization time in preparation of pre emulsion and amplitude and time of ultrasonication in final emulsion production was studied to obtained the smallest particle size. In pre emulsion step, the smallest particle size for Compritol SLN (619±4 nm) and Precirol SLN (373±3 nm) obtained in 180 second mixing by ultra-turax in 16000 (rpm). In final emulsion, 40% amplitude and 3 minutes caused to attained smallest particle size in Compritol SLN (397±5 nm) and Precirol SLN (259±2 nm). Then polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential and visual observation of nanocarriers with optimized particle size were examined. The results showed that Precirol SLN had higher zata potential (-12.3±0.6 mV) than Compritol SLN (-8.97±0.17mV) but PDI of two nanocarriers was not significantly different. Visual observation of both nanocarriers at the storage time showed no instability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Received: 09/07/22 Sent for Revision: 14/08/22 Received Revised Manuscript: 18/09/22 Accepted: 20/09/22 Background and Objectives: Diabetes is one of the most common metabolic disorders with adverse effects on the liver. It is important to study the factors that improve the liver function in diabetes. The present study aimed at evaluating the effects of apple-vinegar on the liver indices of diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 28 male Wistar rats with an average weight of 200g were divided into 4 groups including control, diabetic, and diabetic groups receiving 0.5% or 5% apple-vinegar. Solutions with a volume of 4 ml/kg were administered orally for six weeks. Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of 50mg/kg streptozotocin. Apple-vinegar was prepared by traditional method from Malus-domestica and used fresh. At the end of treatment, serum levels of cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), total protein, albumin and aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and bilirubin were measured. Liver tissue was studied by Hematoxylin-Eosin method. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post-test. Results: In the diabetic rats compared to the healthy rats, the levels of blood glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, AST, ALT, ALP, bilirubin serum, and fibrosis, cirrhosis, degeneration and inflammation of the liver tissue significantly increased (p<0.05), and the body weight, serum HDL, total protein, and albumin significantly decreased (p<0.05). Five or 0.5% apple-vinegar modulated these indices, and in most cases, stablished a significant difference with the diabetic group (p<0.05). Conclusion: Apple-vinegar modulated liver complications due to diabetes by regulating blood glucose and lipid profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidation of lipids in food is one of the most important factors in food degradation during processing, storage and distribution through adverse effects on aroma, color, nutritional value and also the production of toxic compounds. In this regard, this study was conducted to investigate the antioxidant effects of free grape pomace extract and nanoliposomes containing it on some oxidation parameters of soybean oil. In this study, 5 concentrations of nanoliposomes containing grape pomace extract (50, 100, 200, 500 and 1000 ppm), one level (200 ppm) of synthetic antioxidant (BHT) and one concentration (500 ppm) of free grape pomace extract were used and tests such as Acidity, peroxide, thiobarbituric acid index, conjugate diene, oxidative stability and refractive index of oils were stored in a laboratory oven at 63 ° C for 7 days. The results showed that with increasing the concentration of nanoliposomes containing antioxidants of grape pomace extract up to 500 ppm, the increase in acidity, thiobarbituric acid index, peroxide, conjugated diene and refractive index was less intense, but at higher concentrations of nanoliposomes used in this oil, Increased more. On the other hand, it was found that with increasing storage time, the amount of acidity, thiobarbituric acid, conjugated diene increased, but the amount of peroxide and refractive index of oils increased until the fifth day and then decreased. The results also showed that the highest oxidative stability of oils (7.6 h) was related to the sample containing 500 ppm nanoliposomes containing antioxidant extract of grape pomace. Finally, it can be said that the use of nanoliposomes containing grape pomace antioxidant extract is a good alternative to synthetic antioxidants on the market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Obesity and being overweight is one of the major public health challenges all around the world. The prevalence of being overweight has been increasing over the past decade and it is estimated that more than 2 million people are overweight now. Obesity is associated with an increased risk of some chronic diseases like diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancers. Several different approaches like exercise training have already been introduced to combat obesity and overweight. According to previous studies, comprehensive approaches including training exercises, dietary supplements, and medications could provide the best outcome. Metabolic resistance training has been shown as a promising approach to weight loss with higher efficacy compared with other types of exercise training. Moreover, such effects have also been reported for Chlorogenic Acid (CGA). In the current study, we aimed to compare the simultaneous effects of 8 weeks of MRT and CGA on weight loss and lipid profile of overweight women. Methods: We performed an open-label randomized clinical trial on 40 women with overweight. Study participants were women with body mass index (BMI) between 25 to 28 who were physically active over the past 6 months before the study. We used a balanced block randomization method for case assignment. The study participants were randomly assigned to either the intervention group or a control group. The intervention given to the study participants was a combination of MRT and CGA supplements. Each MRT training session was 45 minutes including 10 minutes of warm-up, 30 minutes of MRT, and 5 minutes of cool-down. They also received CGA supplements as a form of green coffee extract (400 mg per day). We collected data on age, weight, height, BMI, medical history, and volume of physical activity for each participant. Data on lipid profiles including HDL, LDL, total cholesterol, and triglyceride were also collected for each participant at baseline using blood samples. Study participants were asked not to have vigorous exercise two in the last two days leading to blood sampling. Blood sampling was performed from the participant’s right-hand vein at 8 AM and all study participants were fasting in the last 12 hours. The same procedures were also repeated after 8 weeks of intervention. We provided and mean and standard deviation for each continuous variable. The mean comparison between intervention and control groups was performed using an independent t-test. Withing group variability of lipid profile was investigated using paired t-test. We also used a multiple linear regression model to assess the effect of CGA+MRT intervention on the lipid profile of overweight women adjusted for possible confounders. All statistical analysis was performed using Stata 17.0 software and P-values <0.05 were considered significant. Results: We compared baseline characteristics and observed no statistically significant difference between the intervention and control groups regarding age, weight, and BMI. Lipid profile at baseline was also compared between these groups and there was no statistically significant difference (P >0.05). The average BMI change in the control group was 0.4 kg/m2, while it was 0.7 kg/m2 in the intervention group. We also observed a significant decrease in HDL, TC, and TG in the intervention group over the study period (P <0.05). However, no significant change was observed in the control groups regarding the investigated outcomes (P >0.05). The linear regression model showed that after adjustment for the potential confounders the average BMI reduction in the control group was 0.6 kg/m2 higher in the intervention group than the control group and the observed association was statistically significant (P <0.05). We also observed that MRT and CGA intervention has led to more reduction in HDL level on average (Regression coefficient= -8.9, 95% CI= -10.9, -7.0). The effect of the intervention on TG and TC was also statistically significant and the intervention significantly reduced the level of TG and TC in comparison to the control group (P <0.05). Conclusion: The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of eight weeks of metabolic resistance training and CGA supplement extracted from coffee beans on the body weight and lipid profile of overweight women. We showed that MRT and CGA supplementation could lead reduce body weight and body mass index in the intervention group. The observed difference compared to the control group was also statistically significant. We also observed a significant effect of the intervention on the level of HDL, TG, and TC. According to our data level of HDL, TG, and TC in the intervention group reduced over the study period and the observed difference was statistically significant compared to the control group. We showed that simultaneous CGA and MRT could reduce body weight and body mass index in overweight women. Such findings were supported by many previous researches. Haghighi et al. showed in a study that participating in eight weeks of aerobic exercise and consuming green tea supplements significantly reduced body weight and body mass index. These findings were similarly repeated in the study of Kanha et al. and they showed that consuming CGA for eight weeks leads to weight loss in mice with a high-fat diet and also improves lipolysis pathways. In a systematic review study by Gerji et al., it was shown that the consumption of CGA supplements and coffee extract can lead to weight loss in overweight and obese people. According to previous studies, participating in MRT courses could effectively increase energy consumption and consequently increase fat burning which leads to weight loss. We also observed that MRT and CGA modified the lipid profile of overweight women. According to our findings, women in the intervention group had a lower level of HDL, TG, and TC after 8 weeks of MRT training and CGA supplementation. Their results were consistent with previous studies. Ghasemi et al, in line with the findings of the present study, showed that participating in metabolic resistance exercises with CGA supplementation leads to positive regulation of the lipid profile of overweight people. Animal studies also showed that MRT training and CGA supplementation could significantly reduce the level of TG, TC, and HDL in rats. Several mechanisms including the effect of CGA on LDL receptors and inhibition of mass absorption were introduced to justify these findings. According to our findings, MRT and CGA supplementation could lead to weight loss and reduced BMI in overweight women with a significant positive change in their lipid profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Recently, a myokine called irisin has been discovered that affects glucose, obesity, metabolism and glucose homeostasis by browning white adipose tissue. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 4 weeks of ginger supplementation on irisin, insulin resistance index and lipid profile of obese women following acentocentric and concentric activity. Materials and Methods: Forty girls with body mass index above 30 kg / m2, age 24.86 2 2.87 years, height 159.66 4 4.20 cm and weight 87.42 61 4.61 kg participated in the study. After measuring the maximum oxygen consumption of the subjects Were randomly divided into five groups of supplements and medications. The training protocol consisted of two sessions of acute eccentric and concentric activity. The supplement group consumed 2 g of ginger powder daily for 4 weeks. Blood samples were collected before and immediately after each activity. Data were analyzed using dependent t-test and one-way analysis of variance. Ethical considerations: This study was registered with IRCT201104246178N1 code in Iran Clinical Trial System and all participants received written consent to participate in the study. findings: According to the results of the statistical test on irisin, it was found that the amount of irisin, insulin of this hormone between two types of eccentric and concentric activities of all groups increased significantly and the amount of glucose decreased significantly (P<0.05).It was also found that changes in insulin resistance index between the two types of exercise in all groups had a slight and non-significant increase (P> 0.05). TG and LDL levels decreased significantly (P <0.05) and the results also showed that changes in Tcol levels between the two types of exercise groups decreased significantly (P> 0.05) and complementary groups had a significant decrease (P <0.05). Conclusion: Based on the results, it is suggested that long-term consumption of ginger along with regular exercise can be an effective treatment for lowering glucose and favorable changes in irisin, insulin resistance and lipid profile in obese women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Doxorubicin leads to lipid profile disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of hydroalcoholic extract of ginger (Zingiber officinale) on the lipid profile of male rats after receiving doxorubicin. Material and Methods: In this experimental study, 63 adult male rats were divided into 7 groups of 9: control group, sham group: received distilled water. Experimental group 1 received 20 mg / kg/ bw doxorubicin intraperitoneally, experimental groups 2 and 3 received 300 mg / kg/ bw and 600 mg / kg/ bw of hydroalcoholic extract of ginger orally for 2 months, respectively. Experimental groups 5 and 4 received doxorubicin and hydroalcoholic extract of ginger (20 mg / kg/ bw + 300 mg / kg/ bw) and (20 mg / kg/ bw + 600 mg / kg/ bw), respectively for 2 months. After the end of the experimental period, blood samples were collected and serum levels of lipid profiles were measured. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 19 and the groups were compared by ANOVA and Tukey test. Results: Serum levels of triglyceride, total cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol were significantly increased in the doxorubicin group compared to the control group. Serum HDL cholesterol levels in the doxorubicin group showed a significant decrease compared to the control group. Serum levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol in the groups (20 mg / kg/ bw + 300 mg / kg/ bw) and (20 mg / kg/ bw + 600 mg / kg/ bw) showed a significant decrease compared to the doxorubicin group (P <0.05). Conclusion: Ginger hydroalcoholic extract probably improved its lipid profile after receiving doxorubicin due to its antioxidant properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: An increasing number of elderly individuals are now undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. Elderly patients, compared with patients of a younger age group, present for surgery with a greater burden of risk factors and reduced functional levels. Short‐term outcomes are hence poorer in them. But symptom relief occurs in most survivors and is accompanied by excellent rates of long‐term survival and a good quality of life. Therefore, an individualised risk–benefit profile must be carefully constructed by clinicians, taking into account several different factors and not just age alone. This review summarises the current concepts of coronary artery bypass surgery from the perspective of the very old. This, unfortunately, is not an easy question to answer. Risk–benefit profiles are individualised, and each elderly patient must be assessed on his or her own merit. There are no universally accepted standards for selection or rejection of patients for surgery. An elderly person with few background illnesses and a good expected quality and length of life would probably stand to benefit from CABG. On the other hand, an octogenarian with several comorbidities and an expected suboptimal quality of life after surgery would probably be best managed conservatively. The greatest risk, however, is in the critically ill elderly patient for whom the CABG operation may be the best of several high‐risk options. Due to the effect of cardiac rehabilitation in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases and accidents on the one hand and the high direct and indirect treatment costs imposed on insurance organizations due to drug and surgical interventions on the other hand is covered. Giving a cardiac rehabilitation program due to its high clinical benefits, including reducing blood pressure risk factors and blood lipid profile and increasing the functional capacity of vascular transplant patients, reducing per capita drug use, reducing mortality and increasing life expectancy for the benefit of patients and society It is also in the interest of insurance companies. Therefore, the researcher seeks to answer the question of whether eight weeks of cardiac rehabilitation affect hemodynamic parameters and blood lipid profile in male patients 55 to 70 years of age with CABG coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Methods: For the present quasi-experimental study, which was performed with a pre-test-post-test design, among male patients with an age range of 55 to 70 years, coronary artery bypass graft referring to Sari Heart Center (120 people), 40 people were selected as volunteers and Were randomly divided into control and experimental groups. The research variables were measured 24 hours before and 48 hours after the exercises. Also, the experimental group performed rehabilitation exercises for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week and each session for 45-60 minutes. Research variables were assessed using a heart rate monitor, hand barometer and blood sampling. Finally, descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and Shapirovilk and independent t-tests were used using SPSS software at a significance level of p <0.05 for statistical analysis of data. Results: Before comparing the results of the two groups, the data were analyzed using Shapiro-Wilk test to determine the normal distribution, which showed that the data distribution is normal. Also, according to the assumption of equality of variances based on Levin test, the first row of t-test table was used, which showed that 8 weeks of cardiac rehabilitation has a significant effect on hemodynamic parameters and blood lipid profile of coronary artery bypass graft surgery patients. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that eight weeks of cardiovascular rehabilitation has an effect on hemodynamic parameters and blood lipid profile in men 55 to 70 years old by bypass surgery. Coronary artery surgery for the elderly is now safer than ever before, owing to modern surgical techniques and pharmacological breakthroughs. Despite magnified perioperative and postoperative dangers, symptom relief occurs in most patients. Long‐term survival and quality of life are also preserved or enhanced in the majority. Clinicians must understand the normal physiological changes associated with ageing in order to construct a risk–benefit analysis that is specifically tailored to each patient. This analysis should take into account a patient's life expectancy and quality of life both before and after a procedure, and not just age alone. Discrepancies between chronological age and biological age must be dealt with. Further, the physician is expected to anticipate end‐of‐life issues and the potential need for rehabilitation or nursing home placement in the early postoperative period. Most important among all is that these issues must be discussed with the patients and their families. Hence, it is up to the patient and the clinician to explore the potential benefits of an improved quality of living with the attendant risks of the procedure versus alternative treatment. Advanced age alone should not be a deterrent for coronary artery bypass surgery if it has been determined that these benefits outweigh the potential risk. In this study, the findings showed that due to the high prevalence of cardiovascular disease in the country and the high per capita consumption of drugs and its high costs and the high importance of cardiovascular rehabilitation in reducing cardiovascular risk factors and secondary prevention and reduction Re-stroke in heart patients, including coronary artery bypass grafting, more attention to the issue of cardiac rehabilitation and the establishment of clinics and centers in this regard is necessary. It is hoped that using the results of this study, a clear view on the importance of the impact of these programs on officials and experts to pay more attention to these programs. However, lack of access to all members of society, lack of control over hereditary and psychological characteristics and lack of control over the economic and social conditions of the subjects are some of the limitations of the present study that may affect the results of the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Curcumin (diferuloylmethane), a polyphenol extracted from Curcuma longa, has been well known for its functional properties. In this study, nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) and solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) were used to encapsulate curcumin, overcoming its limitations in food application, such as instability, poor bioavailability and poor aqueous solubility. Nanocarriers were produced by a combination of high shear homogenization and ultrasonication methods. Effect of lipids ratio, type of nanocarriers and curcumin loading on some physicochemical properties of the nanocarriers were studied. Considering both bulky structure of curcumin and increase dviscosity of dispersed phase in the presence of the active ingredient, incorporatingthe curcumin into the nanocarriers led to a significant increase in particle size and PDI. Statistical analysis showed that lipid ratio, nano-carrier type (SLN and NLC) and curcumin loading had a significant effect on particle size (p <0.05). Based on DSC results, curcumin was well encapsulated by nanocarriers without interactions with other ingredients. Generally, the concentration of 0.05%glycerol distarate and 0.25%curcumin were optimal conditions for NLC nanocarrier production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of aerobic exercise and the consumption of kefir dough on anthropometric indices, plasma lipid profile and blood pressure in overweight non-athletic women. Methods & Materials This quasi-experimental study was performed on 32 non-athletic women with overweight in Arak, Iran (mean age= 33.94±8.58 years, mean height= 1.59±0.05 cm, mean weight= 70.15±6.88 kg, and body mass index= 27.35±1.50 kg/m2) who were voluntarily selected and randomly divided into four groups of 8 (control, exercise, exercise + supplement, and supplement). The control group had a normal diet without exercise; the supplement group received 100 ml kefir dough three meals a day for 8 weeks; the exercise group performed aerobic exercise for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week, each for 50 minutes. The exercise + supplement group received both aerobic exercise and kefir dough. Blood and anthropometric variables were measured at the beginning and at the end of the intervention. Paired t-test was used to examine the within-group variations and one-way ANOVA to examine the between-group variations. All statistical tests were performed at the significant level of P<0.05. Ethical Considerations This study has obtained its ethical approval from the Research Ethics Committee of Qom University (Code: IR.QOM.REC.1398.01). Results The combination of kefir dough supplementation and aerobic exercise significantly reduced the mean blood pressure (P=0.003) and BMI (P=0.03) but had no significant effect on total cholesterol (P=0.27), triglycerides (P=0.61), high-density lipoprotein (P=0.16), low-density lipoprotein (P=0.30) and waist-to-hip ratio (P=0.24). Conclusion Overweight women can benefit from the aerobic exercise combined with kefir dough supplementation to reduce their blood pressure and BMI. Further studies are recommended to determine the effect of aerobic exercise and kefir supplementation on serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, low- and high-density lipoproteins, and waist-to-hip ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is a type of accumulation of fat in the liver cells. Moreover, portulaca oleracea has hypolipidemic properties. Accordingly, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of a combination of training and portulaca oleracea supplementation on plasma lipid profile and liver ultrasound in obese women with nonalcoholic fatty liver. Methods & Materials The study population consisted of 40 to 60-year-old obese women with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. In total, 40 obese women with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease were randomly selected and divided into 4 groups. The study groups included training (n=10), training + supplementation (n=10), placebo (n=10) and supplementation (n=10). Before and after the intervention, sonography of the liver and blood tests were performed. The Paired Samples t-test and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were used to analyze the obtained data. The significance level was set at P<0.05. Ethical Considerations This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Islamic Azad University, Rasht Branch, Iran (code: IR. IAU.RASHT.REC. 1397. 034). Moreover, it was registered at the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT) (code: IRCT201903090429871). Results The obtained data suggested that 12 weeks of portulaca oleracea supplementation and combination training significantly decreased the plasma concentrations of cholesterol (P=0.001), triglyceride (P=0.00), LDL (P=0.00), and significantly increased serum HDL levels (P=0.00) in the exercise + supplement, supplement, and exercise groups (P<0.05). Liver ultrasound data also improved in the exercise + supplement (P=0.02), and exercise (P=0.00) groups. Conclusion Portulaca oleracea supplementation with combination exercises could be effective in reducing plasma lipids and improving liver ultrasound in obese women with nonalcoholic fatty liver. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim Among the plants with multiple healing properties and a long and common history of use in Iranian traditional medicine, is dog-rose plant with the scientific name of “Rosa canina” that belongs to the Rosaceae family. This study aimed to review the effectiveness of Rosa canina in treatment of different body organs and tissues and emphasizes its therapeutic mechanism. Methods & Materials This is a review study. About 176 papers published from 2010 to 2018 were extracted from PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Google Scholar, Ovid, MagIran, and SID databases using related keywords and entered into study. Ethical Considerations Ethical issues (including plagiarism, misconduct, data fabrication, falsification, double publication or submission, redundancy) have been completely observed by the authors. Results Different studies had indicated the importance of Rosa canina as a medicinal plant protecting liver, lowering glucose and lipid levels, and having antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The highest flavonoid activity in the Rosaceae family is related to Rosa canina. The use of herbal extracts in the treatment of common diseases, such as diabetes, fatty liver, urinary tract and Alzheimer's, has been recommended. Conclusion High qualitative and quantitative diversity of effective ingredients, ease of access, absence of adverse effects of consumption and endemic nature of Rosa canina plant make it necessary to use it for the control and treatment of common human diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Regarding the controversy about the effects of atorvastatin on blood glucose control and diabetes, we evaluated the effects of atorvastatin on blood glucose and insulin resistance in the present study. Materials and Methods: 88 type two diabetic patients (T2DP), were treated with anti-diabetes oral agents were enrolled in a double blind randomized clinical trial, placebo control. Then they were randomly classified into two 44 cases groups. The intervention group took atorvastatin 40 mg daily and control group took placebo for three months and fasting blood glucose (FBS), insulin resistance, HbA1c and lipid profile were measured and compared at the beginning and the end of the study. Data were analyzed using student t-test and paired t-test. Ethical Considerations: This study with research ethics code IR.ARAKMU.REC.90.108.10 has been approved by research ethics committee at Arak University of Medical Sciences. Findings: After three months, insulin, insulin resistance and HbA1c decreased significantly in the intervention group than control group, while FBS nonsignificantly decreased. Total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol (Low density Lipoprotein) were also decreased. Conclusion: It seems atorvastatin is effective to decrease FBS and insulin resistance in diabetic patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Aerobic exercise and taking chlorella supplementation to control oxidative stress markers and paraoxonase-1 (PON1) levels in diabetic patients is of great importance. So, the aim of the present research was to investigate the effect of eight-week aerobic exercise on paraoxonase-1 and lipid hydroperoxide plasma levels in diabetic Wistar rats treated with chlorella algae. Material and Methods: The present study was an experimental research. 50 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups of 10: control, diabetic, diabetic with taking supplement (colorella), diabetic with training, and combined diabetic (training+ supplement) groups. Training and taking supplement continued for 8 weeks after diabetes induction; at the end of the 8th week, the levels of paraoxonase-1 and lipid hydroperoxide were measured. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test. Results: The results showed that there were significant differences between the groups in terms of paraoxonase1(p=0.001). Comparison between the groups of chlorella and training (p=0.001) and the combined and chlorella (p=0.001) as well as the exercise and combined (p=0.007) showed a significant difference. Also, there were significant differences between the groups in terms of lipid hydroperoxide (p=0.001). So that there was a significant difference between the training and chlorella (p=0.005) and combined groups (p=0.001) and the combined and exercise groups (p=0.029). So that in the combined group, paraoxonase -1 was further increased. Conclusion: Eight weeks of aerobic training along with taking chlorella can remarkably reduce lipid hydroperoxide and increase paraoxonase-1 in rats with diabetes; However, their separate protocls can be also useful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diabetes is the most common endocrine disorder that leads to hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. Royal jelly is as a bee-collected natural product has diverse biological properties and that is rich in natural antioxidants. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of royal jelly on serum glucose and lipids profile in streptozotocin induced type 1 diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 40male Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups(8 in each): control, diabetic rats, Glibenclamide, and two groups of royal jelly- treated diabetic. Diabetes was induced in the rats by injection of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg b.w) intraperitoneally. The royal jelly was gavaged at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg after streptozotocin injection for30 days. At the end of this period, levels of glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL and HDL in serum were measured. Results: Royal jelly and Glibenclamide significantly decreased the levels of glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL in diabetic rats (p<0.01). In addition, significant increase (p<0.01) in HDL level was observed in royal jelly-treating rats in comparison to the diabetic rats. Conclusion: The results indicated that royal jelly may be used effectively in controlling and attenuating the complications of diabetes. The hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of royal jelly may be due to the presence of antioxidants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Paraoxonase-1 (PON1) is one of the most important enzymes for removal of the free radicals, and the main protective factor for lipoproteins against oxidative agents. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of eight weeks' rope training on paraoxonase-1 enzyme, insulin resistance and lipid profiles in inactive overweight and obese girls. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted in Iranian Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University of Tabriz, from November 2016 to January 2017. In this study, 20 healthy overweight and obese in-active girls (20-25 Yr) volunteered and randomly assigned into exercise (n=10) and control (n=10) groups. Exercise protocol was rope training was 8 week for 4 day per week in 45 minute per day. Some anthropometric indexes of subjects were measured before and after exercise. A fasting blood sample was collected as pre-test and post-test, followed by 48 hours of physical inactivity to measure serum levels of PON1 enzyme, Insulin, lipid profiles and other blood variables. Analysis of the data was performed by paired and independent samples t-tests by using the SPSS software, version 20 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA). The criterion of statistical significance was set as P<0.05. Results: The paired samples t-test results showed that after exercise intervention, in exercise group, the values of all variables (except low-density lipoprotein) were significantly changed. Also, to compare with control group, the values of PON1 enzyme (P=0.024) and maximum oxygen consumption (P=0.006) significantly increased and insulin resistance index (P=0.028), triglyceride (P=0.046) and body fat percent (P=0.001) were significantly decreased (P<0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that performing rope training for 8 weeks induced positive changes in paraoxonase-1 enzyme, insulin resistance index, maximum oxygen consumption and some lipid and anthropometric indices in overweight and obese young girls. Therefore, according to these results, rope training, as an aerobic activity it can be useful for all people especially in overweight and obese to control blood fats, body composition and prevent diseases due to obesity such as cardiovascular disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: Diabetes is chronic disease which induces increase in lipid profile. The aim of the present study was to review the effect of moderate intensity endurance training and lipid lowering genistein in diabetic rats. Methods: 48 diabetic rats selected and divided in 6 groups of 8 rats: 1) first week control 2) last week control, 3) moderate intensity endurance training 4) genistein consumption 5) moderate intensity endurance training with genistein and 6) sham. For investigating the effects of diabetes induction, 16 health rats divided in 2 groups of first week control and last week control. During 8 weeks rats of groups 3 and 5 ran on treadmill 3 sessions per week and 60 minutes per week with speed of 10-17 meter per minute and groups 4 and 5 consumed 30 mg/kg genistein daily. For statistical analysis of data used one way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests (P≤0.05). Results: Induction of diabetes decrease HDL and increase TG, Cho, LDL and VLDL of rats significantly (P≤0.05), endurance training, genistein consumption and endurance training with genistein have significant effect on increase of HDL and decrease of TG, Cho, LDL and VLDL of diabetic rats (P≤0.05). Also endurance training with genistein rather than genistein consumption has more effect on reduction of LDL and increase of HDL (P≤0.05). Conclusion: Moderate intensity endurance training and lipid lowering genistein have interactional effects in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Okra plant has different properties and some studies reported that this plant can lower the complications of diabetes. Herein, we studied the effects of okra powder on histomorphometry and histochemitry of the thyroid gland, lipid profile, as well as T3 and T4 hormones in HDF/STZ diabetic Wistar rats. Materials and methods: In this experimental study twenty-five adult male Wistar rats (200-250 g) were divided into five groups of control group, healthy rats without any treatment (G1), control group receiving 200 mg/kg of okra daily for four weeks (G2), diabetic rats without any treatment (G3), diabetic rats receiving 200 mg/kg of metformin daily for four weeks (G4), and diabetic rats receiving 200 mg/kg of okra daily for four weeks (G5). For inducing diabetes, the rats were fed high-fat diet (HFD) for four weeks. Then, streptozotocin (35 mg/kg) was injected intravenously. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were taken for measurement of triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), as well as T3, and T4 hormones levels. The animals were euthanized and the thyroid glands were removed and fixed in 10% buffered formalin. 5-6 μ slices were made from paraffin section and stained by H&E and aldehyde fuchsin. Results: Compared to the control group, the number and size of large follicles of the thyroid gland decreased significantly in the diabetic group, while the number of small follicles increased significantly (P<0.05). There were significant reductions in concentrations of T3 and T4, whereas triglyceride and LDL-c levels elevated in the diabetic group (P<0.05). These changes were improved using metformin and okra compared to the diabetic group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Okra powder can be effective in preventing, managing, and attenuating the complications of diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Soy products consumption may have favorable effects on cardiovascular diseases risk factors. These effects may be associated with the polymorphism in Apo E gene. Objective: To examine the effects of consumption of soy flour enriched bread on plasma lipids and its association with ApoE genotype in overweight and obese women. Materials and Methods: In this randomized cross-sectional clinical trial, 30 overweight and obese women received a mild weight loss diet and then, randomly assigned to a regular diet and a soy bread diet, each for 6 weeks and a washout period for 20-d. In the soy bread diet group, 120 gr of soy flour enriched bread was replaced by equal amount of usual bread intake. Results: No significant effect of soy bread on lipid profile was observed when comparing the two groups (P <0.05). Evaluation of the effects of the two ApoE groups E2 (&epsilon 2/ &epsilon2) and E3 (&epsilon3/ &epsilon3 or &epsilon2/ &epsilon3) showed a significant effect of soy bread on TG in E2 group, compared to E3 group (P=0.02). Conclusion: Soy bread consumption has favorable effects on serum TG of overweight and obese women with &epsilon2 allele. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The most common endocrine disorder associated with altered cellular metabolism is Diabetes mellitus (DM). Lamium album, also called white dead nettle, is shown to have antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and free radical scavenging properties as well as improving fat metabolism. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of hydroalcoholic extract of lamium album on serum level of glucose and lipid profile in sterptozotocin induced diabetic rats with known anti diabetic effects of utricadioica. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, thirty two male wistar rats were randomly assigned into four groups; normal control, diabetic control, diabetic receiving Urtica (100 mg/kg daily, diabetic receiving dlamium (100 mg/kg/daily) for 28 days. Serum glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and LDL/HDL ratio were measured. Data were analyzed by SPSS-16 and one way ANOVA followed by Tukey multiple comparison test. p < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: Hydroalchoholic extracts of Urticadioica and Lamium album caused significant decrease (p < 0.05) in serum level of glucose in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Compared to diabetic control group, both plant extracts significantly decreased serum cholesterol, LDL and LDL/HDL ratio and on the opposite direction remarkably increased serum HDL (p < 0.05). However, serum TG in the diabetic rats treated with Urticadioica was lower than diabetic rats exposed to Lamium album extract (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Administration of Urticadioica and Lamium album extracts to diabetic rats by their antihyperglycemic and antilipidemic properties might be effective in the prevention or management of diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine glucose، lipids and the number of hypoglycemia episodes in the patients with type2 diabetes previously treated with metformin while fasting during the month of Ramadan. Subjects and Methods: A month before Ramadan، 30 patients with type-2 diabetes eligible for inclusion who were under treatment with metformin with or without a combination of glutazone and acarbose entered the study. An individual questionnaire was completed and patients were advised to note their experience of any hypoglycemic episodes during Ramadan fasting. Blood samples were collected، 4 days before and after Ramadan for measurement of blood glucose (FBS)، glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C)، lipoprotein، fructosamine، low-density cholesterol (LDL)، high-density(HDL) lipoprotein، and the triglycerides serum concentrations. Similarly weight، BMI، blood pressure، and diastolic and systolic blood pressure were determined. Results: Out of a total of 30 subjects of the study group، 9 (30%) people were men and 21 (70%) women. Except for 1person، 29 people fasted the whole month. The average age was 52.6+8.2 yr (ranged 37-65yr). The average weight before and after Ramadan were 68.2+10 Kg and 67.6+10.2 Kg (P =0.04). Changes of BMI، FBS، HbA1C، total cholesterol، fructosamine، triglycerides، LDL cholesterol، HDL cholesterol and the average diastolic and systolic blood pressure were not significant. Non-severe hypoglycemia was reported in 3cases. Conclusion: Ramadan fasting does not have a significant effect on the lipid and glycemic control in the patients treated with metformin. Severe hypoglycemia during fasting was not seen but it should be considered as a complication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Today, obesity is one of the major health problems of human society. This study aimed to investigate the effect of 8 weeks Pilates on cortisol and lipid profile in obese women. Materials & Methods: This quasi-experimental study was done on 20 non-athletes 40±5year old obese women with BMI higher than 30kg in 2013 in Najaf Abad Isfahan. Samples were divided into Pilates (n=10) and control group (n=10). Pilates Group were performed Pilates exercises 3 times per week for 8 weeks, each session 60 min, while control group just were followed. Lipids, including HDL, LDL, triglycerides before and 48h after 8 weeks were measured. Data were analyzed by SPSS 19 and independent and correlational-T test. Findings: 8 week Pilates significantly reduced weight (p=0.02), BMI (p=0.01), cholesterol (p=0.01), LDL (p=0.001) and a significant increase in cortisol in obese women in the exercise group compared with the control group. Conclusion: Pilates, decreases weight and body mass index, cholesterol and LDL and increases cortisol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Paraoxonase-1 is an important factor in preventing lipid oxidation and formation of oxidized low-density lipoprotein. There are conflicting reports on the impact of physical activity on serum level of Paraoxonase-1. This study was done to determine the effect of four weeks of endurance training on serum level of Paraoxonase-1 and lipid profile in non-athlete obese men. Method: In this clinical trial study, sixteen obese healthy non-athletic men randomly divided into intervention and control groups. Subjects in interventional group were practiced endurance running periodic for four weeks, three sessions a week with 65-80% of maximum heart rate. Blood samples collected 48 hours perior the first and 48 hours following the final training. Serum level of Paraoxonase-1 and lipid profile including cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein were measured by ELISA method. Results: At the end of the training, the serum level of of paraoxonase -1 increased 15.57% (P<0.05) in interventional group and non-significantly reduced in control group (19.25%). The serum level of serum Paraoxonase-1 in interventional group significantly increased compared to controls (P<0.05). The serum level of low-density lipoprotein in interventional group significantly reduced in comparision with controls (P<0.05). Conclusion: 4 weeks of endurance training increased serum level of paraoxonase -1 and decreased lowdensity lipoprotein in non-athlete obese men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Fluctuation in the homeostasis system is one of the main causes of heart attacks. There are contradectry reports regarding the effect of regular exercise, particularly resistance training on hemostasis indeces. This study was done to determine the effect of 8 weeks of resistance training on hemostasis indeces and lipid profile in adult men. Methods: In this clinical trail study, 16 adult men were randomly divided into interventional and control groups. Subjects in interventional group participated in a resistance training program including a period 3 days a week for 8 weeks session. Body mass index, level of fibrinogen, protrombin time (PT), partial thromboplastin time (PTT), platelet count, D-dimer fibrinolytic factor, Cholesterol, Triglyceride, HDL and LDL were measured for each subject. Results: After 8 weeks of resistance training, the level of fibrinogen, PT, PTT and platelets count were significantly reduced and D-dimer fibrinolytic factor increased in interventional group in compared to controls (P<0.05). Serum level of Cholesterol, Triglyceride, HDL and LDL had no significant change in interventional group in comparsion with the controls. Conclusion: Resistance training reduces hemostasis indeces in adult men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: Cardiovascular diseases are considered as one of threats to human health, especially, in patients with mental retardation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of twelve-week regular aerobic exercises on serum levels of lipid profile, aerobic power and body composition indices in non- athletics women with mental retardation. Methods: In this clinical trial study, twenty-two women with mental retardation by age mean 23.38±0.50 yr, height 161±4.6cm, weight 61.15±6.73kg, BMI 25.68±4.19kg/m² and IQ 50 to 75 percent were selected by convenience sampling and were randomly divided into two identical groups, experimental group (10 people) and control groups (12 people). Homogenized groups were participated into the aerobic training for 12 weeks, with 60-80 percent of heart rate reserve maximum (%HRR max). Variables in two groups were compared in two processes before and after the training period. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA in SPSS software. Results: The average differences were significantly in WHR, body fat percent, TG, Cholesterol, HDL-C and Vo2max in two groups (P<0.05). The average of WHR, body fat, HDL-C showed a significant difference in between groups (P<0.05). Conclusion: According to these results, aerobic exercise can lead to the changes in lipoproteins metabolism and can reduce cardiovascular disease in women with mental retardation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Objective: The prominent growth in the statistics of the patients with Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and the danger of its complication states a necessity to focus on finding new ways to control it. The present study then was performed to survey the effect of L-Arginin supplementation on the metabolism of sugar and lipid profiles in patients with diabetes type 2. Materials & Methods: In a randomized double-blind clinical trial, 75 patients with diabetes type 2 were divided into three groups randomly: 1. 3 gr L-Arginin per day, 2. 6 gr L-Arginin per day and 3. The placebo group. Height, weight, waist, High Density Lipoprotein (HDL), Triglycerides (TG), Low Density ipoprotein (LDL), and the total cholesterol were measured before and after three months of intervention. Results: no significant change was made in any of the lipid parameters in the intervention group. However, the two means of cholesterol and LDL decreased from169.12±34.83 mg/dl to 142.08±32.13mg/dl(P-Value<0.001) and from 96.80±35.46mg/dl to 86.64±32.65(P-Value=0.001), respectively though The changes in TG and HDL were not significant. Conclusion: Daily consumption of six gram L-Arginin during three months improves the lipid profiles in patients with Diabetes type2. Nevertheless, the dosage of three gram in a day of this supplement has no effect on the blood lipids status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Diabetes is known as a common risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Another issue is people's belief about therapeutic effects of opium on the metabolic ill conditions. This conception has led to the rising prevalence of opium consumption, which demands further studies in different regions. Objective: The aim of this study was determination of the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors between diabetic patients in Kerman and study of opium's impression on these factors as a common social habit in this region. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study we enrolled 248 diabetic patients (203(81%) female and 45 (19%) male, age 54.37 ± 9.75 years old) in Kerman. A questionnaire completed after direct interview, physical examination and laboratory assessment. The data were analyzed by SPSS soft word. Results: Mean duration of disease was 8.78 ± 7.48 years. Overall, 38.7% of the patients had arterial hypertension and 75.6% were in uncontrolled DM state, as glycosilated hemoglobin more than 7%. As revealed, 47.6% of the patients had cholesterol greater than 200, 69.3% triglyceride higher than 150, 57.8% with LDL-C greater than 100 and 43.7% were with low level of HDL-C. The prevalence of opium consumption in patients was 20.4%. The hypercholesterolemia was significantly less frequent in opium users; in contrast, high systolic blood pressure was more frequent among them. No significant difference was observed in the other type of serum lipids or statement of diabetes control) Conclusion: Cardiovascular risk factors were frequent among patients in Kerman. Thus, preventive policies should be adopted to control it. On the other hand, opium consumption did not show any considerable effect on cardiovascular risk factors. Conflict of interest: non declared [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoliposomes are colloidal structures composed of a bilayer membrane. In aqueous solutions, hydrophobic phospholipid groups are directed inward sphere, while hydrophilic groups are directed towards the outer sphere. The result of such orientation is formation of two layers composed of lipid molecules. Now-a- day, there have been many efforts to utilize these nano- structures as carriers for drug delivery, gene delivery and modeling of cell membranes in animal and human studies. The ability of encapsulating a large amount of drugs, minimizing unwanted side effects, high efficiency and low toxicity are some of the proper of nano liposomes. For example, the encapsulation of anticancer drugs in such nano-structures have been widely studied. The results showed that using nano- liposomes, delivery to target cells is improved and drug efficacy is increased. The structures of nano-liposomes, the various methods used for preparation and their use as drug delivery carriers are briefly reviewed in this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Considering the high prevalence of diabetes and developing cardiovascular diseases through dyslipidemia and inflammation in type 2 diabetic patients, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of oligofructose-enriched inulin on serum lipid concentrations and inflammation in women with type 2 diabetes. Materials and Methods: In this clinical trial, 52 women with type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned to one of two groups. Experimental group (n=27) received 10g/day oligofructose-enriched inulin and control group (n=25) received 10g/day maltodextrin (placebo) for 8 weeks. Dietary intakes, anthropometric indicies, hs-CRP and serum lipids levels were measured at the baseline and at the end of the study. Data were analyzed using SPSS software (verision11.5). Paired, independent t-test and ANCOVA were used to compare comparison of quantitative variables. Results: At the end of study, significant decrease was observed in total cholesterol levels mean (28.00 mg/dL, 14.10%), LDL-c (22.00 mg/dL, 21.70%), TC/HDL-c ratio (0.73, 20.70%) and LDL-c/HDL-c ratio (0.55, 27.50%) in oligofructose-enriched inulin compared with the maltodextrin group (p=0.03). Changes in concentrations of triglycerides, hsCRP and high-density lipoprotein were not significant in oligofructose-enriched inulin compared to maltodextrin group. Conclusions: Oligofructose-enriched inulin supplementation with improving in inflammtion and lipid profile help in management of type 2 diabetes and its complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of this study was to assess the association of serum adiponectin and a set of traditional cardiovascular risk factors with carotid artery intimal-medial thickness (CIMT) and coronary artery calcium score (CACS), as markers of subclinical atherosclerosis in subjects with early type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: Carotid artery intima- media thickness (measured by B-mode ultrsonography), coronary artery calcium score (determined by high resolution computed tomography), serum adiponectin, Fasting blood sugar, serum lipids, body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and mean arterial pressure were measured in 123 asymptomatic newly diagnosed cases of type 2 diabetes mellituss and 152 age and sex matched healthy control subjects. Results: Serum adiponectin and lipids were significantly lower in those with type 2 diabetes mellitus (P<0.01). Left, right and mean carotid artery intima- media thickness, coronary artery calcium score, fasting blood sugar, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and mean arterial pressure were significantly higher among diabetic patients compared to healthy controls (P<0.05). Mean carotid artery intima- media thickness was positively and independently related to age (P<0.001) and triglyceride (P=0.01) in diabetic group. Coronary artery calcium score was associated positively with age (P=0.004) and inversely with high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (P=0.002) among diabetics. Conclusion: Although adiponectin was lower in diabetics compared to controls, it had no significant association with carotid artery intima- media thickness and coronary artery calcium score as markers of subclinical atherosclerosis. In patients with type 2 diabetes in addition to age, serum triglyceride levels are correlated with carotid artery intima- media thickness, while HDL cholesterol is inversely correlated with coronary artery calcium score [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Subclinical hypothyroidism is the compensatory stage before overt hypothyroidism. In overt hypothyroidism, risk of ischemic heart disease increases due to elevation of lipoprotein (a) as atherogenic agent, but evidence for subclinical hypothyroidism is one of the controversial issues in researches. According to the atherogenic lipoprotein (a) and other serum lipids, this study is conducted to compare the serum lipoprotein (a) and other serum lipids in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism and euthyroidism. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive - analytic study, 90 persons (60 with subclinical hypothyroidism and 30 euthyroid state) are participated and these referred to Imam Reza and Taleghani Hospitals which are located in Kermanshah. The sampling method is selected with available sampling methods. After differentiating data by age, sex and underlying disease (liver, kidney, drugs), then they were subjected to determination lipoprotein (a) and other serum lipids profile tests. Results: In both cases and controls, 16/7% were men and 83/3% were women. Based on results, there is no significant difference between serum lipoprotein (a), triglycerides, cholesterol, HDL and LDL in both statistical groups (p>0.05). Also there is no association between lipoprotein (a) and other serum lipids (p>0.05). Conclusion: Serum levels of lipoprotein (a) and other serum lipids in young patients with normal weight with subclinical hypothyroidism is not increase, thus it can be concluded early treatment is not necessary for them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) have been investigated as carrier systems for many applications. SLNs consist of pure solid lipids, while NLCs are made of a solid matrix that entraps liquid lipid nano-compartments. These systems revealed several advantages compared to other colloidal carrier systems. They provide a controlled drug release and an increase in chemical stability of the incorporated drugs. Moreover, they are safe carriers which can be produced easily in a large scale. This paper reviews the commonly used materials, production techniques, characterization, and physical stability of these systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a leading cause of death worldwide and hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia are major risk factors for the disease. Considering the role of hyperlipidemia as the underlying cause of cardiovascular mortalities and morbidities, and the limited and conflicting results of studies on CETP gene polymorphisms in Iran, we aimed to study -971 G/A polymorphism of cholesterol ester transfer protein gene in patients with primary hyperlipidemia. Methods: In this case-control study performed in Hamadan University of Medical Sciences (from May 2010 to April 2011), we recruited 200 patients with primary hyperlipidemia (total cholesterol >250 mg/dl and/or triglyceride >200 mg/dl) as the cases and 200 healthy individuals with normal cholesterol and triglyceride as the control group. Gene segments were replicated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and -971 G/A polymorphism genotypes were identified by RFLP technique. Subsequently, plasma CETP activity was measured enzymeatically by a kit in a fluorescence spectrometer. Results: The allele and genotype frequencies were not significantly different (P>0.05) between the two groups (in the control group: AA 24%, GA 47% and GG 28.5% and in the case group: AA 18%, GA 51% and GG 31%). In the case group, homozygous individuals with A alleles (AA genotype) had greater cholesterol and HDL-c concentrations than those with other alleles (GG and GA). In both cases and controls, individuals with AA genotype had lower CETP concentrations. Conclusion: We conclude that -971 G/A polymorphism in CETP gene promoter can affect lipid profile and alter CETP activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diabetes is considered as a major metabolic disease with high rates of mortality. This study was performed to assess the effects of low and high energy dense vs diets on anthropometric measures, glycemic index, and lipid profiles of type 2 diabetic women. Methods: In a randomized controlled parallel design clinical trial, a total of 60 diabetic women [age: 30-60 years; body mass index (BMI) > 25 kg/m2] participated. After matching for age, BMI, and menopausal status, subjects were randomly assigned to consume either a low energy dense [charbohydrate: 65% and fat: 25% of total energy], high energy dense (charbohydrate: 55% and fat: 35%), or normal-energy-dense diets (charbohydrate: 60% and fat: 30%) for 8 weeks. Compliance was assessed through a 3-day dietary record during the intervention. Anthropometric measures, plasma glucose and serum insulin, and lipid profiles were evaluated on fasting state at baseline and at the end of the intervention. Findings: Difference in dietary energy density did not result in different changes in weight and BMI between groups. Mean change in weight and BMI were almost -3 kg and 1-1.5 kg/m2 for all groups. Consumption of high energy dense diet resulted in significantly lower serum triglyceride levels compared to low and normal energy dense diets (-41.16 vs. 2.56 and 14.64 mg/dL, P = 0.01). Within-group differences revealed significant effect of low energy dense diet on serum low density lipoprotein and total cholesterol levels (-13.25 mg/dL, P = 0.004 and -17.68 mg/dL, P = 0.003 respectively). No overall significant differences in fasting plasma glucose and serum insulin levels were observed between the 3 groups. Conclusion: Consumption of a high energy dense diet might reduce elevated serum triglyceride levels among Iranian women with type 2 diabes. However, adherence to a diet rich in fruits and vegetables might improve serum low density lipoprotein and total-cholesterol levels of these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Preeclampsia is a medical condition in pregnancy that is determined by hypertension and proteinuria. Among many predisposing factors in pathophysiology of preeclampsia, the role of lipid peroxides is recently emphasized. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of preeclampsia with maternal plasma and umbilical cord lipid concentration. Materials and methods: A case-control study was done on pregnant women referring to Babol Yahyanejad Hospital, during 2008-2009. Case group included 31 term preeclamptic pregnant women and for control group 31 term normal pregnant women were recruited. All women were 20-30 years of age and were gravida 1 or 2. Total TG, cholesterol, HDL and LDL for plasma and umbilical cord were measured by enzymatic and calorimetric methods. Results: No significant differences were found between women with preeclampsia and normal subjects according to the mean level of triglyceride (291.1 ± 102.8 VS 309.4 ± 114.4), cholesterol (226.3 ± 48.8 VS 234.9 ± 40.6), LDL (119 ± 38.3 VS 123 ± 33.1), HDL (50.1 ± 10.6 VS 51.5 ± 8.1) and VLDL (59.2 ± 20.8 VS 61.5 ± 22.6). Level of lipids in umbilical cord showed abnormal triglyceride level in only one case in the control group. Moreover, the mean level of umbilical cord triglyceride (56.3 ± 32 VS 50.1 ± 54), umbilical cord cholesterol (70.9 ± 22.8 VS 64.4 ± 20.8), umbilical cord LDL (30.9 ± 12.7 VS 26.1 ± 10), umbilical cord HDL (28.7 ± 10.7 VS 30.7 ± 8.6) and umbilical cord VLDL (11.6 ± 6.8 VS 9.9 ± 10.7) were not significantly different between preeclampsia and normal groups (P>0.05). Conclusion: Results showed that there was no association between lipid concentration of mothers and umbilical cord lipids with preeclampsia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is commonly associated with abnormalities in plasma lipoprotein levels, especially a significantly low level of high density lipoprotein (HDL). Most treatments for RA, particularly biological drugs, decrease atherogenic index. Improvement in lipoprotein profile has been found to be associated with decrease in inflammation in RA patients. This study was designed to survey the relationship between lipid profile and RA activity index. Methods: This cross-sectional study included a total of 200 randomly selected RA patients. After blood sampling, plasma levels of triglyceride (TG), cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL), HDL were measured. The correlations between these indices and disease activity index were then evaluated using disease activity score calculator (DAS28). The collected data was statistically analyzed by SPSS18. Pierson and Spearman correlation coefficients were applied for data analysis. Multiple regression test and factorial model were used to control bias.. Findings: Examination of the relation between LDL levels and RA criteria revealed a direct significant association of 0.13. A significant association of 0.17 was also found between pain intensity (based on visual analogue scale) and LDL levels. Moreover, LDL and tender joints were significantly associated (0.16). There were no statistically significant associations between LDL, joint swelling and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). HDL levels did not show significant relations with ESR, pain intensity and tender joints (P > 0.05). However, there was a significant reverse association between HDL levels and joint swelling (0.16). Conclusion: This study showed that lipid profile and RA were significantly related in many aspects. This finding was in accordance with the results of other similar studies. Therefore, it seems advisable to check the lipid profile of patients with chronic inflammatory diseases, especially RA, on a regular basis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: In pathogenesis of beta major thalassemia, tissue damage is occurring due to oxidative stress. The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of vitamin E supplementation on serum Paraoxonase, SOD, GPX enzyme activity and lipid profiles in beta major thalassemia patients. Materials and Methods: In this clinical tiral study, Sixty (25 males, 35 females) beta major thalassemia patients with age⩾18 years who had criterias to enter the study, were selected randomely in two groups. The patients in interventional group, vitamin E at a dose of 400 mg/day were given for three months, with no supplementations in control group. The enzyme activities of paraoxonase, SOD, GPX and lipid profiles (LDL-c, HDL-c, triglyceride, total Antixidant Capacity) were measured prior and after 3 months in both case and control groups. Data analyzed by using paired t-test. Results: Significant increases in serum levels of vitamin E, Paraoxonase activity, HDL cholesterol (P<0.001), BMI (P⩽0.001) and a significant reduction in GPX activity (P<0.05) were observed in cases compared to controls. Conclusion: The vitamin E supplementation may be useful in reducing oxidative stress and lipid profiles in beta major thalassemic patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a common endocrine disorder with lipid disturbances, is associated with increase in the risk of cardiovascular disease and central obesity. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the postparandial lipid level with waist-to-hip ratio and insulin in women with PCOS in comparison with a control group. Materials and methods: This case-control study was conducted at Fatemat Zahra Infertility Center in Babol on 20 women with PCOS and 20 healthy women as controls who were matched according to age and had a body mass index between 20 to 23 kg/m². Waist-to-hip ratio, insulin, glucose tolerance test, the levels of fasting and postparandial triglyceride, cholestrol and HDL-cholestrol were all measured and compared between the two groups. Results: In comparison with the control group, women with PCOS had higher levels of postparandial triglyceride (203.6±121.5 mg/dl VS 117.7±41.5 mg/dl, P=0.018), postparandial cholestrol (210.1±36.9 mg/dl VS 169.9±29 mg/dl, P=0.001), FBS (91.6±11.7 mg/dl VS 81.8±14.2 mg/dl, P=0.023), insulin (131.7±25.2 IU/dl VS 75.2±18 IU/dl, P=0.033) and waist-to-hip ratio (0.87±0.06 VS 0.74±0.14, P=0.001). The levels of fasting triglyceride (158.1±68.9 mg/dl VS 118±35.9 mg/dl, P=0.029) and cholesterol (189.9±32.6 mg/dl VS 154±25 mg/dl, P=0.000) in PCOS women were higher than that of the control group. There was no relationship between the level of lipids with insulin level and waist-to-hip ratio. Conclusion: The levels of insulin, fasting and postparandial triglyceride and cholesterol in women with PCOS were higher than the healthy group. It seems that waist-to-hip ratio and insulin level had no effect on this relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Soluble Intercellular adhesion molecule sICAM-1 has been identified as an biomarker of cardiovascular diseases and atherosclerosis. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of 12 weeks endurance training on soluble intercellular adhesion molecules -1 (sICAM -1) (cardiovascular inflammation factor) and lipid profiles on elderly men. Methods: Among elderly men who volunteered to participate in this study, 24 persons were chosen randomly as the samples and were divided into two groups: control group (n=12) and experimental group (n=12).Training schedule was performed in 12 weeks, 3 sessions a week, using determined time and intensity (between 50 - 75 % HR max).Blood sampling was conducted after 14 hours of fasting and 24 hours after the last session of training, both in a similar condition. The commercial kit of Diaclone, made in France, was used for biochemical analysis and evaluation of sICAM-1 values. The laboratory kits of Pars Azmoon Company i.e. Hyperion model of Elisa Reader instrument was used for evaluation of lipid profile values. Resulting data were analyzed using SPSS15 software and Kolmogrov-Smirnov, both t-dependent and t-independent at a meaningful level (α ≤ 0.05). Findings: The results of this study revealed that 12 weeks of endurance training has a significant reduction in sICAM-1 values (P≤0.05) which is a new biomarker for the prediction of cardiovascular accidents, however, no significant reduction (P≥0.05) observed in lipid profile values of elderly men(TC, TG, LDL-C, and HDL-C). Conclusion: By noticing significant reduction in inflammatory biomarker of sICAM-1, contrary to the lack of significant reduction in lipid profile caused by endurance training, perhaps sICAM-1 biomarker can be introduced as a more sensitive and accurate marker for the prediction of cardiovascular diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Due to controversies in different studies about the effects of dark chocolate consumption on cardiovascular risk factors, this study aimed to review the current evidence on chocolate consumption and cardiovascular risk factors. Methods: By the use of dark chocolate, dark chocolate and cardiovascular disease, and dark chocolate and atherosclerosis, as keywords, we searched in PubMed through 1990 till 2008. Just clinical trials on apparently healthy people or those suffering from lipid disorders were included. Findings: In most studies, consumption of chocolates with plant sterols induced a reduction in serum total cholesterol and LDL in hypercholesterolemic individuals. Positive effects of dark chocolate on reduction of platelet aggregation has been reported in some investigations while others found neutral effects of white and dark chocolate on platelet aggregation. The effect of dark chocolate intake on insulin sensitivity and reduction of insulin resistance are mentioned in some but not all studies. Dark chocolate consumption significantly reduced blood pressure. A reduction in biomarkers of oxidative stress like 8-isoprostane and MDA has also been rpeported in some trials. Conclusion: Most of the clinical trials indicated favorable effects of dark chocolate and cocoa consumption on cardiovascular risk factors. More research is needed to identify the related mechanisms of action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]