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Background and Aims: Anxiety is one of the most important issues in the dental environment for children. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of music on the level of anxiety and cooperation of children during dental treatment. Materials and Methods: In this study 58 children aged 6 to 8 years were randomly divided into two groups: the intervention group (music played) and the control group (no music played). Children's anxiety was assessed using the Venham Picture Test and Frankel Behavior Rating Scale, and their heart rate was also measured. Results: The results showed that in the intervention group, the level of anxiety based on the Venham Picture Test and Frankel Behavior Rating Scale was significantly lower. Additionally, the heart rate of children in this group was lower during the treatment (P<0.05). Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, the use of music as a non-pharmacological method can be beneficial in reducing anxiety and improving the cooperation of children in the dental environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Rhinoplasty is one of the most challenging cosmetic surgeries. The nature of surgery itself and hemodynamic instability in patients causes bleeding during surgery, which affects the quality of the surgical field of view, complications during and after surgery, and the outcome of surgery. Therefore, the purpose of this study is the effect of tranexamic acid drug on hemodynamic changes in patients undergoing septorhinoplasty surgery. Materials & Methods: This double-blind randomized clinical trial study was conducted on 51 patients aged 18 to 44 years with anesthesia class І, II who were candidates for septorhinoplasty surgery. The patients were randomly divided into two groups of tranexamic acid and control. Hemodynamic parameters at times; before induction, after induction, 1 minute after induction, 5 minutes after induction, 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes during the operation, entry into recovery and exit from recovery were measured. Data analysis was done using spss software version 21 and descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistical tests. Results: The average trend of systolic and diastolic blood pressure from the time before induction to outside of recovery in the control and tranramic acid groups showed a significant difference (P<0.001). In the times before and after induction, 5 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 60 minutes, 90 minutes, 120 minutes, a significant difference in the average heart rate between the two groups was observed (P<0.05). In the control group and the tranamic acid group, the mean trend of O2SAT from the time before induction to the time outside of recovery showed a significant difference (P<0.001). Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that the use of a dose of 250 mg of tranexamic acid had a decreasing trend in the average hemodynamic changes over time, and during these times, the decreasing changes in heart rate were significant. Therefore, it seems that tranexamic acid can be used in septorhinoplasty surgery to maintain hemodynamic stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Cataract is one of the most common diseases in the world and the most common cause of vision loss and blindness in the world. Stability of hemodynamic symptoms is one of the most important factors during cataract surgery. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of melatonin and tizanidine on hemodynamic parameters and anxiety in patients undergoing cataract surgery. Materials & Methods: This prospective clinical trial study was conducted on 90 patient's candidates for cataract surgery. Patients into three equal groups; Melatonin, tizanidine and placebo were divided. Hemodynamic parameters were recorded at baseline and every 5 minutes during surgery. After the operation was completed and the patients were transferred to the recovery room, postoperative anxiety in the recovery room and 24 hours after the operation (calling the patient) was checked by means of RASS tools. Results: There was no difference in the variables of age, sex, weight between the studied groups. Heart rate, diastolic and systolic blood pressure decreased over time in all three groups. Diastolic blood pressure in the 10th minute of surgery (late surgery) in the tizanidine group was significantly lower than the control group (P<0.05). Tukey's post hoc test showed that in the recovery room, the level of anxiety in people who received melatonin or tizanidine was significantly lower than the control group (P<0.05). There was no difference between the anxiety levels of the melatonin group and the tizanidine group (P=0.904). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that melatonin and tizanidine can reduce the anxiety of patients in the acute phase after surgery. Since tizanidine may lower blood pressure, melatonin prodrug seems to be a better option for reducing pain and anxiety in patients undergoing cataract surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aim: Delirium is a multifactorial phenomenon that can be influenced by demographic factors. The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the relationship between demographic and clinical components with the occurrence of delirium in patients hospitalized in the intensive care unit of hospitals affiliated to Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences. Maerial & Methods: The present study was conducted between June 2021 and August 2022 in Kurdistan province and on the number of 118 patients hospitalized in the intensive care unit who were selected by available sampling method. The evaluation of delirium between the hours of 4 and 8 in the afternoon was checked by the researcher. The patients were divided into two groups and both groups were evaluated for delirium with the CAM (ICU) tool. The data were analyzed with the help of STATA version 12 software. A significance level of P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Most of the patients participating in the study did not have delirium (56.78%). A significant relationship was observed between marital status, education level and the reason for hospitalization with delirium (p<0.05). Also, body temperature, blood pressure and heart rate had a statistically significant relationship with the occurrence of delirium (p<0.001). Conclusion: Because the core of delirium management protocols is based on prevention and diagnosis, evaluation and compilation of the accurate history of patients in the form of demographic components can play a significant role in the prevention and management of delirium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Controlling inflammatory factors after myocardial infarction (MI), due to the lack of sufficient myocardial blood flow, is one of the factors influencing the recovery of infarction patients. Therefore, it is very necessary to know the causes of MI as one of the main causes of death in worldwide. The disease affects nearly three million people global and kills more than one million people in the United States each year (1) and cardiovascular problems caused by MI are the most common cause of MI (2). Research has shown that adhesion molecules play an important role in the pathogenesis of MI. New markers of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM) and vascular adhesion molecule (VCAM) have high sensitivity and accuracy in predicting and identifying the risk of heart damage and play an important role in the Prevalence of heart problems (2). It seems that the reduction of inflammatory markers has a positive effect on improving the condition of MI patients (4). Also, finding appropriate training methods and different training intensities has been the focus of researchers in the field of exercise physiology in recent years. There are conflicting studies between endurance training and the expression of ICAM and VCAM genes (5, 6). Also considering that electrical stimulation (ES) is used as a new and effective modality in the treatment of ischemia (8). Therefore, it was used as another intervention in the present study. According to research, it is expected that ES is a rehabilitation method for people who participate in exercise training (10) and also patients with heart failure (HF) (11). However, in other studies, the positive effects of exercise and ES on various aspects of heart health in patients with MI have been noted. For that reason, the researchers of the present study intend to investigate the exercise rehabilitation response with electrical stimulation on serum ICAM and VCAM levels of rats with myocardial infarction. Methods: In this experimental study, 40 Wistar rats (8 weeks old with an average weight of 220 ± 30 g) were randomly divided into 4 infarction groups, infarctionexercise rehabilitation, infarction electrical stimulation and infarction-exercise rehabilitation-electrical stimulation groups were divided. Then, MI was induced using two subcutaneous injections of Isoproterenol (ISO) (150 mg/kg) with an interval of 24 hours in the infarcted groups. This substance is one of the common methods of inducing MI in animal models, especially rats (14). In this study, heart infarction was confirmed based on electrocardiographic changes (ST segment elevation) along with the increase of cardiac enzyme cTnI (344.01 pg/ml). The intervention groups underwent exercise rehabilitation (treadmill at a speed of 20 m/min for 1 hour) and ES (foot shock device for 0.5 mA and 20 minutes) for one session. Groups were anesthetized and killed immediately after the end of the training protocol with a combination of ketamine (75 mg/kg) and xylazine (10 mg/kg). Blood sampling was done directly from the right atrium of the rat. The serum levels of ICAM and VCAM were checked by ELISA method. After confirming the normal distribution of the data using the Shapiro-Wilk test, one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test were used to analyze the data at a significance level of P<0.05. Results: The results of the analysis of ICAM levels showed a statistically significant difference between MI and MI.ES groups (F=4.4 and P=0.021), MI.EX and MI.ES (F=5.9 and P=0.002). But this difference between MI with MI.EX (F=1.4 and P=0.762), MI with MI.EX.ES (F=1.17, P=0.838), MI.EX with MI.EX. ES (F=2.56, P=0.292) and MI.ES with MI.EX.ES (F=3.26, P=0.124) were not significant. The results of VCAM levels showed a statistically significant difference between MI and MI.ES groups (F=3.9 and P=0.040) and MI and MI.EX.ES groups (F=2.3 and P=0.038). But between the groups, MI with MI.EX (F=1.60 and P=0.659), MI.EX with MI.ES (F=2.4, P=0.343, MI.EX with MI.EX .ES (F=2.4, P=0.331) and MI.ES with MI.EX.ES (F=0.034, P=0.999), this difference was not significant. Conclusion: Deficiency in the function of cell adhesion molecules is one of the main causes of pathological progress in many diseases, including cardiovascular disorders. Therefore, investigating inflammatory pathways and cellular and molecular processes involved in it is very necessary. The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway consisting of the Vagus nerve and its transporter acetylcholine play an important role in regulating the inflammatory response. When the body is injured, the excitability of the Vagus nerve increases, which causes the release of acetylcholine from peripheral nerve endings. This process can inhibit the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, TNF-a, IL-6 and IL-17 and lead to the reduction of heart damage. Also, ES can change the function of inflammatory cells at the molecular level, thereby preventing the spread of inflammation by affecting the number of immune cells as a mediator. In general, it seems that according to the results of the present study, it is still not possible to determine with certainty the direction and direction of the effect of acute sports rehabilitation and foot shock electrical stimulation on adhesive molecules, and it needs more study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Considering that no study on the efficacy of dexmedetomidine during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) has been performed in Iran so far, we decided to evaluate the efficacy and effectiveness of dexmedetomidine and patient satisfaction in patients undergoing ERCP. Materials and Methods: A double-blind clinical trial was performed (2020) among 80 patients undergoing ERCP grade ASA I, and II who had no asthma, cardiovascular diseases, and no history of allergies to propofol and dexmedetomidine. The patients were randomly divided into two groups (fentanyl and propofol) and (fentanyl and dexmedetomidine). Their heart rate per minute, mean arterial pressure, respiration rate per minute, and blood oxygen saturation at intervals of 5 and 15 minutes after the start and end of the procedure, the level of patient cooperation, and endoscopies satisfaction were compared. Results: Mean age of the propofol group was 63/13±17/88 and the dexmedetomidine group was 16/99±58/55 (P=0.191). Mean heart rate and respiration rate per minute were not different significantly in any of the time intervals. Mean arterial pressure in the propofol group before, 5, and 15 minutes after the start and end of ERCP were higher than dexmedetomidine group (105/95±15/91, 123/75±25/54, 118/10±13/06 and 14/61±117/50, respectively). The percentage of oxygen saturation at 5 minutes and at the end of the procedure was higher in the propofol group (P=0.01 and P=0.03, respectively) Conclusion: Due to fewer side effects and more satisfaction of patients receiving propofol; this drug is preferred for these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The most common method of choice for orthopedic lower extremity surgery is intrathecal anesthesia. Despite the benefits of using spinal anesthesia, this method has complications such as headache in the acute postoperative period. Therefore, this study aims to compare Madin and Parmadin methods. The incidence of PDPH (Post-Dural-puncture headache) in patients undergoing orthopedic lower limb surgery was performed by spinal anesthesia. Materials and Methods: This double-blind clinical trial was performed on 60 orthopedic surgery patients referred to Pimayeh Hospital in Jahrom. Inclusion criteria included expressing consent to participate in the study, ASA class 1 and 2, no migraine and chronic headaches, no cardiovascular disease, no coagulation disease. Patients accidentally throwing coins into two groups 1) Medin And 2) paramedins were divided. Vital signs were recorded before and after spinal anesthesia at 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 90 minutes during surgery and in recovery. PDPH was collected in patients after surgery for 7 days and once a day by an uninformed person in the form of a questionnaire. After collecting data, the data were statistically analyzed using SPSS software version 21. To report descriptive statistics, qualitative variables were reported using frequency and percentage, and quantitative data were reported using mean and standard deviation. Analysis of variance with repeated measures and Chi-square test were used. P <0.05 will be considered as a significant level. Results: A total of 60 patients undergoing orthopedic surgery were evaluated by spinal anesthesia in the age range of 16 to 90 years (in two groups of 30). In pre-spinal anesthesia, immediately after spinal anesthesia, 5 minutes, 15 minutes and 30 minutes after spinal anesthesia, and in recovery, there was no significant difference between median and paramedic groups in mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure. (05/0> P). In the periods before spinal anesthesia, immediately after spinal anesthesia and 5 minutes after spinal anesthesia, there was a significant difference in mean heart rate between Medin and Paramedin groups (P <0.05). On the first and fourth days, the incidence of PDPH was higher in the paramedin group than in the medin group. But the results of statistical analysis showed that there was no significant difference between the two groups in the incidence of PDPH at different times (p <0.05). Conclusion: Although different benefits have been mentioned for each of Madin and Paramedin methods, but in relation to the incidence of headache, in this study, no significant difference was reported between Madin and Paramedin groups. Therefore, with more studies and more studies related to patient satisfaction, the best method can be used in choosing intrathecal anesthesia technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: One of the basic features of a successful anesthesia is reversible loss of consciousness with immobility, lack of awareness, not responding to painful stimulation and not remembering surgical interventions. The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing ketamine and dexmedetomidine in maintaining hemodynamic stability in laparoscopic head cystectomy surgery with general anesthesia. Materials & Methods: This study is a double-blind randomized clinical trial Study. 90 patients aged 18 to 44 (in three groups of 30) were evaluated during general anesthesia. Inclusion criteria included anesthesia class (ASA I, II) and consent to participate in the study. Patients were randomly divided into three groups: 1) control and 2) intervention with ketamine, intervention and 3) intervention with dexmedetomidine. Patients' hemodynamic symptoms (systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, blood oxygen saturation percentage and heart rate) were evaluated. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics (mean, percentage and standard deviation) and inferential statistical tests (MannWhitney and Kruskal-Wallis) using SPSS version 21 software. Result: The findings of the research showed that between the three groups of ketamine, dexmedetomidine and control in the times before induction, after induction, 5 minutes after, 15 minutes after, 30 minutes after, 60 minutes after, in recovery and outside of recovery, from There is a significant difference in mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure and mean arterial blood pressure (P<0.05). But there was no significant difference in heart rate between the three groups at these times (P<0.05). The average percentage of blood oxygen saturation in the ketamine group was lower than the dexmedetomidine and control groups (P<0.05). Conclusion: Based on the results of the present study, the use of dexmedetomidine in laparoscopic cholecystectomy surgery compared to ketamine causes hemodynamic stability in laparoscopic cholecystectomy surgery with general anesthesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Neural activation is associated with increasing energy requirements, and increasing peripheral Lactate (LA) concentration in response to severe exercise, enhances LA supply as an energy substrate to meet acute neurological needs. The acute speed and football exercises may affect cognitive function by increasing LA concentration and nervous activation. Increasing the neurocognitive performance of growing adolescent boy players an important role in their physical performance. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of speed and plyometric training activity on the concentrations of nerve proteins in blood circulation. Although speed interval and plyometric training in football players may lead to progressive fatigue and activate the central nervous system and subsequent cognitive disorders, it may also positively increase neurotrophines such as BDNF or IGF-1 and affect brain neutrophils and neurological function. According to this evidence, we assumed that BDNF, BNG and IGF-1 increase in response to a football training session, which may be associated with increasing neurological function of adolescents. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of an acute speed and plyometric football-based exercise on plasma concentrations of BDNF, BNG and IGF-1 neural proteins, which may play an important role in enhancing cognitive abilities. And the effect of speed and plyometric training activity on the concentrations of nerve proteins in blood circulation. Methods: The present study is a semi-experimental type with a pre-test and post-test design, which was conducted in two sessions, including an intervention and control session. After calling in Tehran's schools, 20 adolescents 14-15 years of age were selected and accessible as a sample, and randomly participated in 2 sessions of speed and plyometric exercises and control sessions. All subjects are familiar with how to perform speed exercises (RAST Test) during a familiarization period (two sessions). On the day of the main test, after 12 hours of fasting, the test was referred to the test site and the first blood sample (5 cc) was taken from the antiquiobital vein. After the standard breakfast of the subjects, we were wearing sportswear and after ten minutes of general warming up the speed training included six times a maximum of 35 meters with a 10-second recovery between each run. After the test was performed, the plyometric exercise was executed, including a pair jump and one -foot barriers, jump on barriers with 180 degrees rotation, zigzag jump and one foot forward, jump on obstacles with both legs and legs Single-tofoot jumping on the barriers of single -foot and throwing a medicine ball, on the sides, with 12 repetitions. The active rest between turn was considered two to three minutes (29). The subject's heart rate was performed during the controlled exercise (Polar heart rate monitor) and the exercise in the range of 80-90 % of the heart rate. The second blood sample was taken immediately after the training session was completed. All sampling steps for each subject were performed under the same conditions and the BDNF and NGF levels were measured through the USA-made Kit. The IGF-I levels were measured through the ELISA methods and IGF-I Kit. Cognitive neurological function was also measured through the Stroop test (ST) before and after the training session. In this study, the Polish paper version of ST was used. ST consisted of 71 words written with colored ink. The task of the participants was to name the font color regardless of the written word. For statistical analysis, the research data are first described using the mean and standard deviation, then the changes before and after all the variables of the two sessions were calculated and analyzed using the dependent stroop test. A significant level was considered to be P≤0.05 and SPSS 16 was used to perform statistical calculations. Results: The mean and standard deviation of the somatic specifications of the research subjects was as follow: Weight (59.7±3.2), Body mass index (21.4±1.3), Fat percentage (21.7±2.8), and Fat free mase (41.10±4.1) The results of the present study showed that BDNF data changes were significantly different in training and control session (t19=12/89, p<0/001). In the exercise session, the BDNF rate increased by approximately 2.5 times compared with control session. NGF data also showed significant differences in both sessions before and after acute speed and Plyometric training (t19=4.89, p<0/001). Regarding the plasma levels of IGF-1 also the results showed a quite significant difference in comparison of two sessions (t19 =2.89, p=0.019). The time of implementation of the stroop test at two sessions of training and control in the preceding and later times also showed significant differences that in the exercise session the test was significantly reduced than the control session (t19 =3.89, p=0/009). The test time in the exercise session decreased from 59.3s to 53.1s. There was no significant change in the control session at the time of stroop performance (58.6 s and 59.3 s). These findings show that acute speeds and plyometric exercise are useful for improving post exercise cognitive performance in adolescent. Skeletal muscle contraction during high-intensity exercise increases BDNF levels in the brain, and the speed and plyeometric exercise protocol is a more effective and preferred intervention to raise BDNF levels than traditional exercise mode, with moderate intensity. Acute speed and plyometric exercises increase human cognitive function. Improvement of cognitive function may be the synthesis or release of neurological proteins that are adjusted by high blood LA after exercise. Conclusion: In summary, the current findings suggest that acute plyometric and speed training enhances human cognitive performance. The improvement in cognitive performance may be from the synthesis or release of neuroprotective proteins modulated by high blood LA concentrations after exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Overweight and obesity is a serious and growing health problem, that is associated with the risk of disability and increased morbidity (1). In obese people, hypertriglyceridemia and insulin resistance lead to impaired fasting glucose, hypertension, inflammation, and accumulation of visceral adipose tissue (2). These factors contribute to adverse cardiovascular outcomes due in part to cardiac autonomic dysfunction (3-5). Thus, hypertension increases sympathetic balance and arterial stiffness, decreases heart rate variability, endothelial dysfunction, and ultimately increases the risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, and cardiovascular death (6). recently, whole-body vibration has been considered a potential alternative or adjunct to exercise (10). Evidence suggests that whole-body vibration is associated with decreased fat accumulation and fat reduction in rats (13). These results suggest the use of WBVT in the treatment of obesity. In fact, WBVT improves body composition, muscle strength and cardiovascular function in a variety of populations, including obese people (14). In general, physical activity may reduce cardiovascular risk factors and thus reduce mortality by improving the lipid profile and thus obesity (18). Therefore, there is a strong rationale for the importance of exercise in improvement programs of lifestyle to prevent or treat overweight and obesity. Whole body vibration training has been suggested as a useful protocol to increase metabolism (19). However, the effect of whole-body vibration training on cardiovascular risk factors in obese and overweight people is not well understood. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the effect of whole-body vibration training (WBVT) on blood pressure, heart rate and cardiovascular risk factors in overweight girls. Methods: In this semi-experimental study, 40 overweight girls were selected and randomly divided into experimental (whole-body vibration training) and control groups. Whole body vibration training was performed in 30 sessions every day. Biochemical variables were measured before and after training. Data were analyzed with covariance analysis (ANCOVA) at the P<0.05. Results: The results showed that WBVT significantly reduced fasting blood glucose (P=0.001), total cholesterol (P=0.006), low-density lipoprotein (P=0.000), heart rate (P=0.028), BMI (P=0.002), high-density lipoprotein (P=0.047) and waist-to-hip ratio (P=0.000) in overweight girls but had no significant effect on triglyceride (P=0.852) and blood pressure (P=0.189). Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that whole body vibration training significantly reduced fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, heart rate, BMI, high-density lipoprotein and waist-to-hip ratio in overweight girls but had no significant effect on triglycerides and Blood pressure. The findings of this study were consistent with the results of Previous research (16, 20, 21). WBVT increases glycemic control by improving insulin action and regulation of glucose. It seems that lowering blood glucose following whole body vibration training is associated with increasing muscle mass. In fact, these training increase the volume of lean muscle mass, and this increase in volume by increasing glucose storage in muscle and facilitating glucose metabolism (20). The mechanism of significant changes in blood pressure and heart rate following whole-body vibration training is still unclear. In some previous findings it has been reported that significant changes in systolic blood pressure have been achieved and a significant improvement in diastolic pressure is achieved when these training are combined with other forms of training (24). Increased local blood flow immediately after vibration training as well as neurophysiological changes following tonic reflection of vibration may increase elasticity and facilitate increased flexibility (30). The mechanism that reduces body fat percentage and fat profile by Whole body vibration is still unknown. However, there are potential contributing factors; whole-body vibration training increase the concentration of serum free fatty acids during the recovery period (33), in addition, activate the central sympathetic nervous system (34); The key role of this system is to stimulate lipolysis in white adipose tissue. There is relationship between the activity of the central sympathetic nervous system and fat oxidation, and hypofunction of this system is a risk factor for weight gain in humans (35). Also, the catabolic effect of vibration on adipose tissue can be explained by converting kinetic energy to thermal energy under friction forces (36). The present study had limitations such as lack of control over physical activity of research groups outside the study time, lack of control of genetic and congenital characteristics that affect obesity, lack of complete control of mental health conditions and lack of precise control of fatigue and sleep quality of the subjects was mentioned during the study. According to the results, it seems that WBVT can help reduce cardiovascular risk factors in overweight people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of death worldwide. Globally, 30% of deaths (approximately 17 million deaths per year) are attributable to cardiovascular diseases. In 2006 alone, the estimated total direct and indirect costs associated with the treatment of cardiovascular diseases exceeded 400 billion dollars. Currently, in Iran, insurance organizations only bear a limited part of cardiac rehabilitation costs, while taking into account the impact of these programs in secondary prevention and reducing the incidence of cardiovascular events and as a result reducing the treatment costs imposed on this Organizations will focus on covering cardiac rehabilitation programs both for the benefit of the patient and for the benefit of the insurance organizations. According to the mentioned studies and many other studies and the high and increasing prevalence of cardiovascular diseases in Iran, and on the other hand, the clinical advantages of cardiac rehabilitation in coronary artery transplant patients, including secondary prevention and preventing disease recurrence and improving the quality of life, are necessary and The importance of this research is clear. Cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of death all over the world, so the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of eight weeks of cardiac rehabilitation on the functional indices of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, resting heart rate, vo2max and MEt functional capacity in male patients 55 Coronary artery transplant surgery up to 70 years old. Methods: The research method is semi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design. The statistical population of this research consisted of 120 male coronary artery transplant patients aged 55 to 70 years who referred to the Sari Heart Center. The statistical sample included 40 people who lived in Sari city and underwent coronary artery transplant surgery for at least 2 months and at most 4 months. Then they were randomly and equally divided into 2 groups of 20 people, control and therapeutic intervention of cardio sports rehabilitation. In this research, in order to measure the resting heart rate HR H before the test of two control and cardio exercise rehabilitation groups, therefore the best time to determine the heart rate in the morning after waking up is one hour after breakfast and without intense physical activity in a state of rest. For 20 minutes, the subjects of the two groups sat on a chair and were measured. All the subjects were advised to sleep early the night before and avoid any kind of stress. The systolic and diastolic blood pressures of the two groups were measured before the test using a dial sphygmomanometer. The time of assessment was two hours after breakfast, and the subjects were advised to refrain from smoking, vigorous physical activity, and drinking for one hour before any use of cigarettes. Avoid coffee and caffeinated drinks and sit quietly for 20 minutes and wear comfortable clothes. 12 hours before the test, blood lipid profile was taken from the subjects of both the control and cardiac rehabilitation groups fasting. The sample required for the test was 10 cc from the brachial vein immediately without delay for the actual values after lying on the bed. 24 hours. Before the test, in consultation with a cardiologist, reduce the dose of heart and blood pressure medications such as Inderal and Atenolol. Also, asthmatic patients should carry a special spray and wear comfortable clothes and shoes for the test, and avoid caffeinated drinks and cigarettes 24 hours before. Cardio sports rehabilitation program consisted of 24 sessions 3 days a week for 2 months, which included 15 minutes of warm-up, 30 minutes of treadmill and 20 minutes of stationary bike, and 20 minutes of stationary bike and 15 minutes of cooling down. To investigate and compare pre-test and post-test variables between two groups, independent parametric t-test was used. Data analysis was done using spss software. The significance level was p<0.5. Results: The results showed that eight weeks of cardiac rehabilitation has an effect on the improvement of systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), improvement of heart rate and improvement of vo2max and MEt functional capacity in male patients aged 55 to 70 undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. Conclusion: The findings of the current research have shown the effect of a cardiac rehabilitation course on the improvement of hemodynamic indicators and functional capacity, considering the high prevalence of cardiovascular diseases in the country, and on the other hand, the high per capita consumption of drugs and their high costs, and the high importance of cardiac sports rehabilitation in improving The quality of life of heart patients, including coronary artery transplantation, is necessary and necessary to pay more attention to the category of cardiac rehabilitation and to build clinics and centers for it. The findings showed that cardio sports rehabilitation reduces the risk of coronary atherosclerosis by improving heart rate and as a result of heart attack and ischemic diseases. In order to control the risk factors of systolic and diastolic blood pressure in patients who have undergone coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG), it is suggested to periodically use cardiac rehabilitation programs for their treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Depression during pregnancy is one of the problems that may sometimes occur for some pregnant women. Many mothers also show the first signs of postpartum depression during their pregnancy. Feeling depressed is always difficult, and it can be a little harder during pregnancy because pregnant mothers are expected to have a happy life. Research shows that about 33% of women experience depression or anxiety disorder during pregnancy. While less than 20% of them seek treatment, and in most cases, treatment alone is not enough. The risk of depression in women during pregnancy is higher than ever. The estimated risk of depression during pregnancy is between 7% and 15% in developed countries and between 19% and 25% in weaker countries. Biological changes during pregnancy also have a direct effect on a person's mood and behavior. During pregnancy, the concentration of female sex hormones increases and changes the parts of the brain that are involved in mood settings. There is also a gradual increase in the concentration of the hormone cortisol, which is involved in the stress system, and high levels of this hormone have been found in people with depression. Depression is one of the most common mental health problems in the world. It is characterized by a depressed mood most hours of the day and almost every day, a marked decrease in interest or enjoyment of all activities, weight loss, or severe overweight without diet. Sleep or oversleeping almost every day, irritability or mental slowness of movement almost every day, feelings of worthlessness or extreme and disproportionate guilt, loss of concentration, recurring thoughts about death, and significant clinical impairment in social functioning and a job is specified. Due to the importance of the consequences of depression in pregnant women, such as depression affect mental health and quality of life, as well as the role of exercise and its relationship with mental health, it is important to research in this field. Therefore, due to limited trial studies, inconsistencies, and ambiguities in the effectiveness of interventions, limited research has been done on the effect of aerobic exercise in pregnant women with depression, so the purpose of this study is to answer the question of whether 8 weeks Does aerobic exercise affect serotonin and depression levels and quality of life in pregnant women with depression? Methods: In this study, 24 pregnant women with depression were randomly divided into two groups of exercise (n = 12) and control (n = 12). The aerobic exercise group performed moderate intensity aerobic exercise for 45 minutes for 12 weeks and three sessions per week. In addition to routine care, the intervention group participated in a 12-week aerobic program. Aerobic exercise for eight weeks (three sessions per week) included warming up, core exercise, and cooling down. Exercise for 15 minutes and included stretching and flexibility specific to the large muscle group in the upper and lower body. The main exercise consisted of continuous walking so that the person walked in a slow rhythm so that the foot was on the ground for a moment and the heart rate was maintained within 60% of the maximum heart rate. The intensity of training was 60% of the maximum heart rate in the initial sessions, which gradually decreased from the 27th week of pregnancy with the growth of the fetus to 45% of the maximum heart rate in the final sessions. In the first session, the exercises started from 10 minutes and in each session, one minute was added to the training time until the tenth session, which reached 20 minutes, and then remained constant at 20 minutes until the end (until the end of 36 training sessions). The control group performed its daily activities during this period. Serum serotonin levels were measured by ELISA, and levels of depression and quality of life were measured using a standard questionnaire before and after exercise. Data were analyzed using dependent t-test and independent t-test. Results: The results of the study of serotonin changes after the intervention showed that the level of serotonin in the experimental group in the post-workout period compared to the pre-workout period increased significantly (P <0.001). Also, changes in depression and quality of life showed that there was a significant increase in the experimental group in the post-workout period compared to the pre-workout period (P <0.05). There is a significant difference between the two groups (P = 0.02; P = 0.05; P = 0.04, respectively). Conclusion: Most studies on serotonin secretion and depression indicate that exercise increases and decrease depression and there is a significant relationship between increased serotonin and decreased depression. The results of the present study showed that the selected aerobic exercise caused a significant increase in plasma serotonin concentration. Also, increasing plasma-free serotonin is effective in reducing depression and the role of serotonin receptors and their increase due to exercise should not be overlooked. On the other hand, a significant decrease in depression was observed in the experimental group that the relationship between these two variables was also significant. In general, the findings of this study showed that aerobic exercise has been able to be effective as a therapeutic strategy in the treatment of depression and increase the quality of life of pregnant women with depression and with a certain volume and intensity and appropriate to the characteristics of subjects. Reduce the level of depression and bring their mood closer to normal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: The novel coronavirus disease 2019 or Covid-19 is an acute respiratory disease that is closely related to the Sars virus. Although all medical personnel is exposed to corona disease, emergency medical personnel are more exposed to this type of disease due to the special nature of their job. The uncertainty and low predictability of this disease not only threaten the physical health of people but also affects the mental health of emergency medical personnel in terms of emotions and cognition. Long-term negative emotions reduce people's immune function and destroy the balance of their normal defense mechanisms. So people may overreact to any illness, which can lead to destructive behaviors, worry, anger, and fear. According to the review of the sources, it can be stated that the occurrence of a sudden and life-threatening illness can create extraordinary pressure on the medical staff. Medical staff is particularly vulnerable to psychological and mental health problems such as aggression, anxiety, and depression, and their quality of life is affected. Depression, as one of the mental disorders, includes a wide range of emotional and mental states, from sadness and low self-esteem to emotional and physical disability. Anxiety is an unpleasant emotion that is usually described with words such as worry, anxiety, tension, and fear; Emotions that everyone experiences with different intensity. New studies have also shown that anxiety can increase or decrease the level of people's functions. Aggression is often a response to a person's expectations not being met or a response to behaviors that are considered unacceptable to the person. From a psychological point of view, aggression is defined as behavior aimed at hurting, annoying, or harming another person. The increase in psychological and physical problems observed in the life of medical workers leads to the configuration of a large volume of studies on how to increase the health level of this group of people. Measures should be taken to prevent and treat these cases. Among the treatments that can be used in this regard are the treatment focused on compassion and the treatment of acceptance and commitment. In acceptance and commitment therapy, the main goal is to create psychological flexibility. Acceptance and commitment therapy focuses less on reducing symptoms and more on increasing quality of life. On the other hand, some experts believe that the core of helping people is based on a sense of compassion. In compassion-based therapy, people learn not to avoid or suppress their painful feelings, so they can first recognize their experience and feel compassion for it. This plays a significant role in calming the mind and reducing stress and negative spontaneous thoughts. Additionally, self-compassion requires active and patient acceptance of difficult feelings. Due to being on the first line of dealing with this disease, emergency medical workers are more likely than others to be exposed to psychological disorders and extreme fluctuations in physical indicators. A cross-sectional study conducted on medical personnel in China during the outbreak of Covid- 19 has shown that among 512 personnel, about 164 had direct contact with an infected patient. Among them, the prevalence of anxiety was about 12.5%, of which 10.35% experienced mild anxiety, 1.36% experienced moderate anxiety, and about 0.78% experienced severe anxiety. The importance of conducting this research is because the more the number of psychological treatments including compassion-focused therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy increases, the more likely psychological indicators will decrease, including anxiety, stress, aggression, and the level of quality of life-related to their health. It is created and people can do their treatment tasks with more confidence. Methods: The current research was of a semi-experimental type with a pre-test, post-test, and follow-up plan with a control group, which was conducted on 60 medical emergency workers infected with Corona in Mashhad in the year 1400 and the form of three groups (two experimental groups and one control group) was done. The treatment groups were compassion-focused therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy. The list of symptoms of mental disorders and the quality of life questionnaire were used to collect information. The interventions of the two groups were implemented as a group in the Skyroom software, and no intervention was done for the control group. Both experimental groups were exposed to treatment for 8 sessions of 90 minutes, but the control group was placed on the waiting list. After the end of the treatment, the post-test was performed for all three groups, and after three months after the last group meeting, the follow-up was done. After scoring, the obtained data were analyzed using SPSS-26 statistical software. Results: Based on the results of this study, there was a significant difference between the three stages of pre-test, post-test, and follow-up related to psychological indicators and quality of life in the experimental groups of treatment focused on compassion, treatment of acceptance and commitment, and the control group (P<0.05 ). Conclusion: The results of the present study indicated that the treatment focused on compassion and the treatment of acceptance and commitment improve psychological indicators and quality of life. It is suggested that in future comparative studies, the effectiveness of two treatment approaches focused on compassion and acceptance and commitment therapy on physiological characteristics (heart rate and blood pressure) and other psychological outcomes of patients with corona should be studied. The findings of this research were about emergency medical workers in Mashhad, so the generalization of the findings with other samples and statistical societies should be done with caution. The self-reporting of the tools used and the purposeful sampling method are other limitations of this research that must be taken into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Induction of general anesthesia may cause hemodynamic instability. Remifentanil is often prescribed to suppress the hemodynamic response to anesthesia. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of remifentanil on hemodynamic response to induction of anesthesia with propofol fentanyl or propofol ketamine and laryngeal mask airway (LMA) insertion. Methods. This double-blind randomized clinical trial study was performed on 44 candidates for cataract surgery in Feyz Hospital, Isfahan, Iran from March to June 2020. Patients were randomly assigned into two groups using random allocation software. The first group received 1 mcg/kg fentanyl and the second group received 0.5 mg/kg ketamine. Also, both groups received 1 mg/kg propofol and 0.5 mcg/kg remifentanil intravenously. Hemodynamic parameters were measured and recorded at study times, and the results were analyzed statistically. Results. The mean age (P=0.199), weight (P=0.050), height (P=0.9), and frequency distribution of gender (0.763) and American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score (0.069) were not significantly different between the two groups. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) in fentanyl group were significantly lower than the ketamine group immediately before LMA insertion, as well as 1, 3, and 5 minutes after LMA insertion (P <0.050). In addition, the mean heart rate (HR) in the fentanyl group decreased significantly at different time (P<0.001), but no significant difference was observed in ketamine group (P=0.056). In addition, the mean HR did not differ significantly between the two groups in any of the follow-up times (P>0.050). Conclusion. Intravenous administration of remifentanil in induction of anesthesia with propofol-ketamine and propofol-fentanyl reduced changes in hemodynamic responses to LMA insertion. This hemodynamic stability was increased by adding remifentanil to the propofol-ketamine combination. Practical Implications. Remifentanil is associated with weakening of hemodynamic responses to LMA insertion in induction of anesthesia with propofol and ketamine or propofol and fentanyl; this effect can be associated with safety in cardiac patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Diabetes is a chronic progressive disease that has physical, metabolic, social and psychological challenges and increases the risk of concomitant mental health problems (1). Accelerated macrovascular complications in type 2 diabetes are due in part to increased metabolic side effects such as elevated cholesterol and LDL (4). In this regard, research has shown that there is a close relationship between fat percentage, body mass index and insulin concentration (5). Because the challenges of diabetes affect many aspects of patients' daily lives and their families, psychosocial assessment and treatment is a vital part of comprehensive diabetes care. The diabetic must accept that he or she may have diabetes-related complications; The patient should consider themselves an important member of the diabetes care team, not the person being cared for by the treatment team. Emotional stress can cause behavior change so that the other person does not follow their own diet, exercise, and treatment (6). For this reason, researchers have long used various methods to reduce the negative effects of diabetes, so that the effect of physical activity in the treatment of type 2 diabetes has long been known (7). Although a lot of research has been done in this field, but there is a big difference between the results of research (8). Regarding the treatment of mental problems of diabetic patients, considering that the use of sedatives and other drugs is always associated with many side effects, and today in the global medical system, more efforts are made to prevent and treat diseases without the use of drugs. It seems that participating in a regular and codified exercise program can play a major role in reducing the effects of diabetes, improving mental health and reducing the negative psychological effects of diabetes. Due to the conflicting results of research, researchers are trying to use different training methods to get the best results, so it seems necessary to design new protocols and study their impact on various factors. Also, considering that there is little research that in addition to examining the effect of aerobic exercise on metabolic side effects has examined the effect of these exercises on psychological factors in diabetic patients, the researcher seeks to answer the question of whether pyramidal aerobic exercise on cholesterol, HbA1c, LDL, affect anxiety and stress in type 2 diabetic patients? Methods: For the present quasi-experimental study, which was performed with a pre-test-post-test design, 30 patients with type 2 diabetes in Zabol city were selected by convenience sampling and randomly divided into two groups. The research method was that 24 hours before and 48 hours after the last training session from the beginning of the research, the research variables in the pre-test were measured using blood sampling and Beck Anxiety and Stress Questionnaires. The training protocol in the present study included 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week and each training session included 45-60 minutes of pyramidal aerobic training in 3 stages. The volume of each training interval based on the intensity of training and the ability of the subjects started from light intensity in the first interval and increased in each interval. Resistance was also calculated using the reserve heart rate of each individual using the caronene formula (20). In order to observe the principle of overload, the training time was started from 15 minutes and reached 35 minutes in the eighth week. To divide the time in each interval, the total training time was divided into 3 parts; In the first 1.2, light exercise was performed (50-35% of the reserve heart rate). In the second interval, the training, which included the remaining 2.3 of the training time, was performed with an intensity of 50-65% of the reserve heart rate. The rest time between each interval was 3 minutes. Finally, descriptive statistics (tables and graphs) and Shapiro-Wilk tests, paired t-test and independent t-test were used for statistical analysis of data. Results: The results showed that after 8 weeks of pyramidal aerobic training, cholesterol, LDL, HbA1c, depression, anxiety and stress in the experimental group were significantly reduced in the post-test compared to the pre-test. However, in the post-test control group, this value increased compared to the pre-test, but was not statistically significant. The results were compared with the control group to ensure that the decrease in research variables was due to the present research protocol. Control can be confidently reported that the changes were due to the training protocol. Concluson: Findings of this study showed that 8 weeks of aerobic exercise significantly reduced total cholesterol, HbA1C, LDL, anxiety, depression and stress in patients with type 2 diabetes. In the above explanation, it can be said that research has shown that muscle contraction has an insulin-like role and sends a large amount of glucose into the cell to be used for energy production. 33 Muscle contraction increases membrane permeability to glucose, possibly due to an increase in the number of glucose transporters in the membrane. Exercise (Glut4) increases plasma in trained muscles, which improves Glut4 levels of insulin on glucose metabolism (28). In the above explanation, it can be said that physical activity in women increases the level of progesterone and this increase reduces psychological symptoms such as anxiety. In general, physical activity seems to improve mood symptoms, including anxiety, by the mechanism of action on cerebral endorphins (34). Physical activity increases the efficiency of the mind, the feeling of freshness and health, and provides a good mental attitude to life, provides mental health. Women are more affected by the psychological factors of physical activity than men and their sense of well-being increases more than men (35). Research has shown that anxiety and stress are caused by a lack of self-confidence in people. As Farad's social interactions increase in team sports, their self-esteem improves and self-confidence increases. On the other hand, team sports reduce stress and anxiety. Although self-confidence was not examined in the present study, it may be one of the mechanisms related to the findings of the present study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In arthroplasty, spinal anesthesia was preferred to general anesthesia for a variety of reasons due to the use of cement. The side effects of cement on the cardiovascular system of patients, which can be catastrophic, it's necessary to find appropriate treatment methods to reduce side effects of cement. Materials and Methods: In this clinical trial, 90 patients were arthroplasty candidates divided into three groups. The first group 25 mg intravenous promethazine, the second 10 mg intravenous ephedrine and the control group the equivalent volume of distilled intravenous water 10 minutes before cement injection received. Hemodynamic symptoms of patients entering the operating room, after spinal, immediately before injection. The drug was recorded after injection, five and ten minutes after cement injection. Data analysis by descriptive and inferential levels. Results: Promethazine and ephedrine and control groups in systolic blood pressure at the time after drug injection and five and ten minutes after cement and diastolic blood pressure at 10 minutes after cement were significant(p<0.05). There was a significant difference between the study groups in heart rate at five minutes after cementing (p=0.041) and also in terms of O2 SAT at time of arrival (p=0.001). Conclusion: According to the results of the study, in patients with arthroplasty by injection of cement due to hemodynamic changes, the use of ephedrine and promethazine can affect the hemodynamic stability of patients and help stabilize systolic blood pressure (ephedrine) and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate (promethazine) to minimize the complications of these surgeries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: An increasing number of elderly individuals are now undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. Elderly patients, compared with patients of a younger age group, present for surgery with a greater burden of risk factors and reduced functional levels. Short‐term outcomes are hence poorer in them. But symptom relief occurs in most survivors and is accompanied by excellent rates of long‐term survival and a good quality of life. Therefore, an individualised risk–benefit profile must be carefully constructed by clinicians, taking into account several different factors and not just age alone. This review summarises the current concepts of coronary artery bypass surgery from the perspective of the very old. This, unfortunately, is not an easy question to answer. Risk–benefit profiles are individualised, and each elderly patient must be assessed on his or her own merit. There are no universally accepted standards for selection or rejection of patients for surgery. An elderly person with few background illnesses and a good expected quality and length of life would probably stand to benefit from CABG. On the other hand, an octogenarian with several comorbidities and an expected suboptimal quality of life after surgery would probably be best managed conservatively. The greatest risk, however, is in the critically ill elderly patient for whom the CABG operation may be the best of several high‐risk options. Due to the effect of cardiac rehabilitation in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases and accidents on the one hand and the high direct and indirect treatment costs imposed on insurance organizations due to drug and surgical interventions on the other hand is covered. Giving a cardiac rehabilitation program due to its high clinical benefits, including reducing blood pressure risk factors and blood lipid profile and increasing the functional capacity of vascular transplant patients, reducing per capita drug use, reducing mortality and increasing life expectancy for the benefit of patients and society It is also in the interest of insurance companies. Therefore, the researcher seeks to answer the question of whether eight weeks of cardiac rehabilitation affect hemodynamic parameters and blood lipid profile in male patients 55 to 70 years of age with CABG coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Methods: For the present quasi-experimental study, which was performed with a pre-test-post-test design, among male patients with an age range of 55 to 70 years, coronary artery bypass graft referring to Sari Heart Center (120 people), 40 people were selected as volunteers and Were randomly divided into control and experimental groups. The research variables were measured 24 hours before and 48 hours after the exercises. Also, the experimental group performed rehabilitation exercises for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week and each session for 45-60 minutes. Research variables were assessed using a heart rate monitor, hand barometer and blood sampling. Finally, descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and Shapirovilk and independent t-tests were used using SPSS software at a significance level of p <0.05 for statistical analysis of data. Results: Before comparing the results of the two groups, the data were analyzed using Shapiro-Wilk test to determine the normal distribution, which showed that the data distribution is normal. Also, according to the assumption of equality of variances based on Levin test, the first row of t-test table was used, which showed that 8 weeks of cardiac rehabilitation has a significant effect on hemodynamic parameters and blood lipid profile of coronary artery bypass graft surgery patients. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that eight weeks of cardiovascular rehabilitation has an effect on hemodynamic parameters and blood lipid profile in men 55 to 70 years old by bypass surgery. Coronary artery surgery for the elderly is now safer than ever before, owing to modern surgical techniques and pharmacological breakthroughs. Despite magnified perioperative and postoperative dangers, symptom relief occurs in most patients. Long‐term survival and quality of life are also preserved or enhanced in the majority. Clinicians must understand the normal physiological changes associated with ageing in order to construct a risk–benefit analysis that is specifically tailored to each patient. This analysis should take into account a patient's life expectancy and quality of life both before and after a procedure, and not just age alone. Discrepancies between chronological age and biological age must be dealt with. Further, the physician is expected to anticipate end‐of‐life issues and the potential need for rehabilitation or nursing home placement in the early postoperative period. Most important among all is that these issues must be discussed with the patients and their families. Hence, it is up to the patient and the clinician to explore the potential benefits of an improved quality of living with the attendant risks of the procedure versus alternative treatment. Advanced age alone should not be a deterrent for coronary artery bypass surgery if it has been determined that these benefits outweigh the potential risk. In this study, the findings showed that due to the high prevalence of cardiovascular disease in the country and the high per capita consumption of drugs and its high costs and the high importance of cardiovascular rehabilitation in reducing cardiovascular risk factors and secondary prevention and reduction Re-stroke in heart patients, including coronary artery bypass grafting, more attention to the issue of cardiac rehabilitation and the establishment of clinics and centers in this regard is necessary. It is hoped that using the results of this study, a clear view on the importance of the impact of these programs on officials and experts to pay more attention to these programs. However, lack of access to all members of society, lack of control over hereditary and psychological characteristics and lack of control over the economic and social conditions of the subjects are some of the limitations of the present study that may affect the results of the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conceptual metaphor is one of the most important topics on cognitive linguistics. This approach, believes that the metaphor is a cognitive phenomenon and what appears in the language is just an aspect of this cognitive phenomenon. In this research, we aim to analysis joyness and fear of eight teenage novels from two Iranian novelists (a man and a woman) and two Spanish novelists (a man and a woman) – two fictions from each writer – and compared conceptual metaphors on areas of destination for joyness and fear, in teenage literature in Persian and Spanish. We choose these feelings among the fundamental concepts of feeling (Sadness, joyness, fear, anger, love and shame). We used library method for this research. For this purpose, conceptual metaphors of joyness and fear were extracted from the eight selected novels and their conceptual name-mapping and also origins were identified. On the next level, we compared these conceptual name-mappings and were identified their points of sharing and differences. In this regard, some of the concepts of the origin area such as color, physiological and behavioral effects, light and darkness were described with details. The other main goal of this research is to investigating the impact of author's gender on the quantity and quality of using metaphors of joyness and fear. The analysis of chosen corpus in Persian is shown that the most frequency of conceptual metaphors is related to “The Joyness is plant”, “The Joyness is light”, “The Joyness is The motion toward higher place or level”. Moreover, in the fear cognitive domain the data is shown that the most frequency is related to “the fear is motionless”, “the fear is fluid”, “the fear is building”. In addition, in Spanish the research is shown that The most frequency is dedicated to “the joyness is light”, “the joyness is direction, “the joyness is color”, the joyness is laughing”, “the joyness is singing”. Moreover, in Spanish “the fear is sweat”, “the fear is heart beat”, “The fear is the color face changing. So the similarities between Persian and Spanish conceptual metaphors is shown that these concepts are universal among languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Smoking affects heart function, lung function and vitamin D levels, and decrease in serum levels of vitamin D, heart rate variability (HRV) and drop in pulmonary function cause cardiovascular disease. So, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of one course of intense interval training on serum levels of vitamin D, HRV and lung function in male smokers. Materials and Methods: In this quasi-experimental study 20 sedentary male voluntarily participated. They were randomly divided into experimental (n=10) and control (n=10) groups. The experimental group participated in an intense interval training program for six weeks and control group did no exercise training. HRV and pulmonary function were assessed by spirometry device and serum levels of vitamin D 48 hours before the first session and 48 hours after the end of last session training. Collected data were analyzed by paired t-test and Multivariate analysis of covariance for within group and between group comparisons, respectively. Results: The results showed a significant increase in HRV values and pulmonary function and low frequency waves to high frequency waves in the training group compared to the pretest and also compared to the control group (p<0.05). But no significant difference was observed in serum levels of vitamin D both in within group and between group comparisons (p<0.05). Conclusion: It can be concluded that six weeks of intense interval training, improves function of the autonomic nervous system and pulmonary function in male smokers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: The sedentary lifestyle in individuals with metabolic syndrome is a main threatening risk for their health. This study aimed to investigate the effects of aerobic exercise with 65% of maximal oxygen consumption on heart rate variability and vascular nitric oxide levels in middle-aged males with metabolic syndrome. Materials and Methods: In total, 30 middle-aged men with metabolic syndrome were randomly divided into control and aerobic training groups. At the pretest and posttest, the values ​​of metabolic risk indices, heart rate variability, and nitric oxide were measured in both groups. The aerobic training group performed aerobic exercise for eight weeks at 65% of maximal oxygen consumption. The data were analyzed using the independent and paired t-tests. Results: According to the results, after comparing the values obtained from the posttest and pretest, there was a significant difference between the training and control groups regarding the fasting blood glucose, triglyceride, metabolic Z score, Standard deviation of NN intervals (SDNN), Square root of the mean squared differences of successive NN intervals (rMSSD), very-low-frequency (VLF), High frequency (HF), and vascular nitric oxide levels. Total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein levels were significantly different in the aerobic training group, compared to those of the control group and LF as well as LF/HF at the pretest (P=0.01). However, despite slight changes in high lipoprotein and blood pressure levels, there was no significant difference in the aerobic training group, compared to the control group and pre-test. Conclusion: Regular moderate-intensity aerobic exercise can be used as an appropriate exercise protocol to improve cardiovascular function for males with metabolic syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heart sound signal processing consists of different phases. After applying necessary preprocessing and segmenting heart sound cycles, some distinctive features of heart sound are extracted. Since the appropriate operation of the classifier has a high impact on the performance of the system, in this study we propose a proper classification algorithm. One of the commonly used methods to build accurate classifiers is to use a group of classifiers and make decision based on the outputs of these classifiers. By far, the performance of the ensemble methods has been investigated in different fields of classification problems by researchers. However, in the field of heart valve diagnosis there are almost no studies investigating these methods. In this study, we train several linear classifiers and the final decision is made according to the outputs of them based on the majority voting algorithm. The training samples of each classifier are chosen randomly with replacement from the whole training set. The proposed method is implemented for 5 datasets and also compared with 3 other methods using different criteria including sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic odds ratio, precision and error. Results show that the proposed method has higher accuracy and faster prediction time. The noise label problem and the robustness of the proposed method against this noise are also investigated. Statistical tests show that the proposed method significantly outperforms other methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Ethanol is a toxic and widely used substance worldwide, which, in high doses, causes severe damage to the body, especially the liver, and causes inflammation. In the meantime, the heart rate variability decreases. On the other hand, nicotine, the most widely used substance in the world, affects the inflammatory process. This study aimed to determine the role of nicotine on linear and nonlinear indices of dynamic changes in heart rate in rats receiving high doses of ethanol. Methods and Materials: In this experiment, 6 groups of 6 male Wistar rats were used, which included control, ethanol, and nicotine receptors in doses of 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 mg/kg with ethanol. Nicotine groups received 99% ethanol (6mg/kg) by gavage after 30 minutes, and finally, 6 hours later, the animals were anesthetized, an electrocardiogram was recorded to assess HRV indices, and after taking blood from the heart, pro-inflammatory cytokines were measured. Results: In this study, nicotine decreased MHR and SD1 indices. In the SampEn index, high-dose nicotine increased entropy compared to the ethanol group alone. Finally, there was a significant increase in the nonlinear DFA index between the ethanol groups compared to the control group. However, nicotine could not return to the control group values. In the case of IL-6, nicotine at lower doses was able to cause a significant reduction compared to the ethanol group. However, there were no significant differences in SDNN RMSSD, SD2, SD1\SD2, and TNFα indices. Conclusion: According to the results, acute nicotine in low doses can improve the inflammatory process and HRV indices, especially entropy and short-term variability in acute ethanol poisoning, by affecting pro-inflammatory factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Heart rate variability used as a non-invasive method to investigate the effect of aerobics exercise on the cardiac autonomic system. The aim of this study was the nonlinear analysis of the effect of aerobic exercise in the water on the cardiac autonomic system in academic youngchr('39')s males. Materials and Methods: A total of 28 young men were purposefully selected and randomly assigned to two groups of control and aerobic exercise in water. In the pre-test period and after the training intervention, all parameters of heart rate variability were measured by examining heart rate sequences, In the pre-test period and after the training intervention, all parameters of heart rate variability were measured by examining heart rate sequences, and then the standard deviation of the recorded sequences was interpreted by using the Poincare plot method. Independent t-test and paired t-test were used to compare the differences in the research stages. Results: Regular participation in aerobic exercise in water caused a significant (45.1±9.2 vs. 34.1±12.3) and standard deviation of time intervals of heart rate sequences compared to their adjacent sequence compared to the control group (P=0.03). The longitudinal standard deviation of time intervals of heart rate sequences compared to the pre-test (P = 0.04) had a significant increase (79.5±12.5 vs. 56.9±15.8 After transferring the absolute results to normal, the normal state of the standard deviation of time intervals of heart rate sequences compared to its adjacent sequence compared to the control group (P=0.03) had a significant increase (44.7±12.05 vs. 36.5±13.52). Also, the normal state of the longitudinal standard deviation of time intervals of heart rate sequences compared to the pre-test (P=0.02) increased significantly (76.4±15.29 vs. 61.3±9.32). Conclusion: Performing aerobic exercise in an aqueous environment can be used as a useful training method to improve the responsiveness of the cardiac autonomic system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pre-op anxiety has adverse effects on the patient's anesthesia and treatment. Currently, electrical interventions are widely used as non-invasive methods to control pre-op anxiety and may have advantages as compared with medical therapies. This study aimed to determine the effect of transcranial alternating current stimulation on anxiety and hemodynamic response of patients undergoing surgery. Materials and Methods: This study enrolled 50 patients undergoing surgery with anesthesia class (Ι). Before surgery, the experimental group received a transcranial alternating current stimulation for 20 min. The control group underwent a sham electrical stimulation. The post-test was done 2 hr after the intervention and before surgery. The independent t-test, Chi-square and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests were used to compare groups. The data were analyzed by SPSS v.16. Results: There were no significant differences in demographic variables between the groups. Patients’ anxiety level was not significantly different before the intervention between the groups. However, anxiety level of the experimental group was less than that of the control group after the intervention (P= 0.005). The pre-op systolic blood pressure and heart rate were less in the experimental group as compared with the control group (respectively P<0.001, P=0.001). A positive and significant correlation was observed between two variables of anxiety level and the pre-op need for information (P=0.00). Conclusion: The results of the present study indicated that transcranial alternating current stimulation is effective on reducing pre-op anxiety and stability of hemodynamic response of patients. Furthermore, training patients and furnishing them with information before surgery can reduce their anxiety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Hookah consumption is an underlying decline in lung function. However, data are limited on the physiological effects in young trained and untrained men. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of chronic hookah consumption on aerobic capacity (VO2max), resting and submaximal heart rate in men who are trained and untrained. Materials and Methods: Forty-nine young men (18-34 years) were assigned into the following groups: a. trained-hookah (n = 11), b. untrained-hookah (n = 14), c. trained (n = 12) and d. untrained (n = 12). The trained men had done at least three sessions (1-hour for each) of aerobic training a week during the past three years, while the untrained men had continued a sedentary lifestyle. Hookah smokers had smoked at least three times a week during the period. The VO2max, resting and submaximal heart rate indices were measured in all subjects. Results: One-way analysis of variance showed that VO2max was significantly higher in trained group than the other groups, although no significant difference was observed in the other groups. Resting and submaximal heart rate were remarkably lower in the trained groups than in the untrained groups, but no significant difference was noted in the other groups. Conclusion: The results of the present study indicated that hookah smoking has a negative effect on aerobic capacity in men who are trained; however, it seems that the effect of aerobic training is higher than the effect of hookah on resting and submaximal heart rate indices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM), an increasing health problem worldwide, is associated with severe cardiovascular complications. Then, the aim of this study was to investigate effect of 12 weeks of aquatic aerobic exercises on myocardial structure and function in diabetic female patients with heart failure. Methods: In this semi experimental research, 36 diabetic women with heart failure in age range of 45 to 65 years old referring to shahid Madani medical center in Tabriz voluntarily participated in this study and assigned to one of two groups: control(n=16) and experimental (n=16) group. Aquatic exercises were carried out three sessions a week for 12 weeks, each session lasting 60 minutes with intensity of 5-8 in RPE Borg classification. Patients in control group continued their normal daily living activities. Blood sampling was gathered 48 h before and after training protocol to measure diabetic indexes such as Fasting blood sugar (FBS), serum Insulin, Insulin resistance, HbA1c and diastolic function such as E Velocity (EV), A Velocity (AV), Deceleration Time (DT), E to A ratio (EA), systolic function consisted on Ejection Fraction (EF), Left Ventricular Mass (LVM), Rest Heart Rate (RHR), Systolic pressure (SP) and Diastolic pressure (DP). The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS-18, T independent test at the significant level α<0.05. Results: The results showed that after intervention, LVM (p=0/000), EV (p=0/034), EF (p=0/002) levels were significantly increased and FBS (p=0/006), HbA1c (p=0/012), AV (p=0/002), SP (p=0/042) and RHR (p=0/035) were decreased in Aquatic exercise group. But in DT, EA and DP Levels these differences weren’t significant between two groups (p>0/05). Conclusion: The results showed that aquatic exercises, resistance and aerobic exercises, as a safe and effective exercise Method, could be helpful in improving myocardial structure and function in type 2diabetic females with heart failures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of two types of intense and exhausting periodic exercise on cardiac electrophysiological changes in non-athlete men. Methods: This quasi-experimental study and the statistical population of this study included non-athlete people with age range 33.93±8.58 years. Of these, 16 were selected through available sampling. Subjects performed the Bruce protocol in a 20-m distance in the intense intermittent group (4 sessions of 30 s activity with maximum intensity and 2 minutes of inactive rest). Wavelength P, QRS, T, as well as R to R frequency, QT segment, P-R and ST segment variations were measured for P and QRS wave height intensities. All variables in this study were taken at rest, immediately after exercise and in recovery period (two hours after exercise). Data was analyzed by SPSS software using ANOVA and LSD tests. Results: There was no significant difference in QT, P-R, QRS and P values between the two training groups. Conclusion: The present study showed that vigorous training such as fatigue training can cause changes in cardiac structural activity. It is recommended to avoid the most intense and exhausting exercises for people who are not ready to adapt to heart rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Despite the positive effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT), these training cause oxidative stress due to high intensity. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 6 weeks of HIIT training by using Nano-Curcumin supplement on total antioxidant capacity and Malondialdehyde level in overweight girls. Materials and Methods: The present study was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design. Accordingly 48 overweight girl students with average age (21.78 ± 0.94 years) and BMI (28.12 ± 2.1 Kg/m2) entered were randomly and equal divided into four groups: training group (n=12), training-supplement (n=12), supplement (n=12) and control group (n=12). Supplemental groups consumed an 80 mg capsule daily of Nano-Curcumin. Training groups, three sessions per week for 6 weeks performed HIIT exercises with 85 to 95% of maximum heart rate. Before and after training and consumption the supplementation, Blood samples were obtained to measure Malondialdehyde indices and total antioxidant capacity. Results: In the present study, there was a significant decrease in Malondialdehyde levels (P = 0.009) and a significant increase in total antioxidant capacity (P = 0.01) in the training-supplement group while levels of Malondialdehyde increased significantly (P = 0.004) in the training group. Conclusion: It seems, HIIT training causes oxidative stress in overweight people, concomitant use of the supplement may possibly improve the total antioxidant capacity in overweight people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiovascular diseases are the major cause of death in industrialized countries. Recent attempts in computational modeling of the human heart in normal and diseased conditions made it possible to find a way to predict the behavior and test the cures virtually with less harm for the human body. Ventricular hypertrophy that occurs in response to blood pressure and volume overload in ventricles can change its property and function and finally lead to heart failure. In this research, concentric left ventricular hypertrophy of the human heart was modeled in silico. The left ventricle (LV) model was implemented into the commercial nonlinear finite elements (FE) software ABAQUS/STANDARD through the user-defined subroutine UMAT based on continuum mechanics. We tried to determine the fibers distribution with more accuracy and considered the fibers and sheets dispersion in the anisotropic hyperelastic growing model. When the ventricular pressure and the resultant wall stress increased, the sheet growth multiplier started to increase from the endocardium to the epicardium and the ventricular wall became thicker. Residual stresses were observed in the model after unloading. Sheet growth multiplier changes versus stress showed that sheet growth multiplier increased dramatically near the maximum pressure while the stress remained almost constant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN) is a common diabetes complication. Damage of the autonomic nerves distributed in the heart and blood vessels in patients with diabetes may result in CAN and increase their risk of death. Therefore, CAN prevention is of considerable important for these patients. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of moderate aerobic exercise on heart rate variability (HRV) in type 2 diabetic neuropathy patients. Methods: In this quasi-experimental clinical trial study, 23 men with diabetic neuropathy were randomly placed at two groups: aerobic training (n=11) and control (n=12). Aerobic training was accomplished for 12 weeks (3 sessions per week, intensity 50%-80% of the reserved heart rate, duration of each session 25-45 min). Heart rate variability of patients was recorded for 20 min at rest and in the supine position before and after 12 weeks of aerobic training. Results: In aerobic training group, time domain parameters contains SDNN and rMSSD were significantly increased after exercise compared to pre test values. Also in frequency domain parameters, HF was significantly increased and LF/HF ratio was significantly decreased. But in LF parameter was not observed any significantly different. In the control group was not significantly change in time domain and frequency domain parameters. Analysis of inter -group differences showed that changes in all time domain and frequency-domain parameters values (except for the LF Power parameter) in the exercise groups were significantly different from those in the control group. Conclusion: It seems that moderate intensity aerobic training improved the function of the cardiac autonomic system and hence, improved cardiac rhythm and eventually increased HRV in diabetic neuropathy patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Measuring the vital signs of human body, such as oxygen saturation, blood pressure, and heart rate is the greatest and basic stage of the diagnosis of various diseases, especially cardiovascular diseases. Various methods have been developed to measure these signs. In general, these methods are divided into invasive and non-invasive categories. Due to less damages of noninvasive methods, more attention has been paid to them in recent decades. Using mobile phone is one of the most important non-invasive approaches because of being common and accessible among people. In this article, after studying Photoplethysmographic methods and expressing theories related to this method, imaging photoplethysmography (IPPG) is used to measure heart rate. Regarding two proposed algorithms based on furies transfer and peak detection, implementation of these algorithms was done, using a camera and LED of smart phone on 20 people. Next, the heart was calculated. Finally, a comparison was made between the two methods, the results of which show that peak detection method has less error than furies transfer method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: exercise induces considerable physiological change in the immune system. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a single session high intense interval exercise (HIIE) in hypoxic and normoxic conditions on serum concentration of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) in active men. Methods: The present study was semi experimental research Ten trained students volunteer in shahid Beheshti University participated in this study. General and clinical information was collected via questionnaire before exercise began. In addition some of body composition indexes of subjects were measured one day before exercise protocol. After determining maximum heart rate of subjects during HIIE which was consisted of three series, each series consisting of three one-minute repetitions with intensity of 80 to 85 percent of maximum heart rate and 2 minute rest between series in both hypoxic and normoxic conditions performed one week apart. Before, immediately after, and 1 h after exercise blood samples were taken from subjects. To measure IL-6 and IL-10 Elisa method was used. Results: Finding showed that despite a significant increase in serum levels IL-6 due to HIIE between the two conditions did not differ significantly (p = 0.078). But with increased serum levels of IL-10 in HIIE there was significant difference between the two conditions (p = 0.003). Conclusion: The short-term exercise under hypoxic conditions with the appropriate intensity could modify the immune system response and increased levels of IL-10. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Trauma is among the injuries associated with a high prevalence of pain and little treatment for it. Pain can change vital signs and especially cause tachycardia due to sympathetic activity. This can distort our assessment of the patient’s shock; therefore, the present study evaluates the effect of prescribing analgesics on vital signs and hydration in trauma patients with extremity or pelvic fractures. Methods: 325 trauma patients over the age of 16 with extremity or pelvic fractures and GCS score of 14 or 15 were evaluated regarding changes in vital signs and receiving crystalloid in 2 groups of with and without analgesic administration. Results: 325 patients were divided into 2 groups of with (263 patients) and without (62 patients) analgesic administration. 80.9% of the patients received analgesics. In the group receiving analgesics, on average heart rate decreased from 103 to 95 (p < 0.001). However, it did not affect blood pressure and the respiratory status of the 2 groups receiving analgesics or not showed a significant difference. The group receiving analgesics received more crystalloids. Conclusion: Pain management in trauma leads to improvement in tachycardia and probably our better understanding of presence or absence of shock in the patient. Therefore, it is recommended to move the evaluation and treatment of acute trauma pain from the secondary survey in trauma to the D phase of the primary survey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Type, intensity and duration of exercise, determining the effect of exercise on hematological indexes. The aim of this study was surveying the effects of exercise intensity on platelet and hematologic parameters in girls’ college futsal players. Materials and Methods: Eleven female futsal player of Jahrom University who had futsal training at least for six months, voluntarily participated in this Semi-experimental study. Subjects, runs on the track and field piste for 30 min at 65% maximal heart rate in first week and at 80% maximal Heart rate in second week. Blood was drawn immediately before and after each exercise session. Results: The results showed that blood platelets, hematocrit and the mean corpuscular volume was significantly increased (p>0.05) after moderate-intensity exercise. Also, blood platelets and the mean corpuscular volume increased significantly (p>0.05) and the hemoglobin and the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration values was significantly reduced (p >0.05) after high intensity exercise. There was significant difference in hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin and the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration values between moderate and high-intensity exercise (p >0.05). Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, acute exercise with different intensity can have a significant effect on some blood parameters in female futsal academic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite advances in clinical and laboratory techniques, including stimulating ovulation and transferring embryo, success rate of pregnancy remains is about 30%. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of intra uterine G-CSF on implantation and clinical pregnancy rate in patients with implantation failure in IVF. Methods: This study was a randomized clinical trial on patients undergoing in vitro fertilization within an age range of 45-18 years and a history of failure in implantation for two or more times. A total of 34 patients receiving G-CSF in the intervention group and 38 patients in the control group were enrolled. Results: Mean age of the participants was 34.1 years with a standard deviation of 6.4 years. The average number of years of fertility was 10 years with a standard deviation of 5.2 years. The average number of embryos implanted in the intervention group was 2.88 with a standard deviation of 0.33. The figures for the control group were 2.97 and 0.37, respectively. The two groups did not differ significantly. With respect to the potential clinical and laboratory fertility outcomes, including existing gestational sac with observed heart rate and positive serum βHCG, no statistically significant difference was observed between the two groups. Conclusion: It seems that the effect of G-CSF on improving fertility outcomes in patients with implantation failure does not exist and more related studies are recommended in this regard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Increased levels of homocysteine (HCY) is known as a novel cardiovascular biomarker that the rising its concentration leads to increased cardiovascular disease. Due importance of physical activity in the prevention of cardiovascular disease, this study was aimed to evaluate the effect of regular exercise on serum levels of homocysteine and lipid profile in obese female. Methods: In a quasi-experimental study, 40 obese female were selected from among volunteers and randomly divided into experimental (n=20) and control (n=20) group. Experimental group is performed 8 weeks (3 sessions per week) aerobic exercise with 75-65 percent of maximum heart rate. HCY and lipid profile levels in the fasting state before and after the protocol was observed in both groups. Analysis of data at the level of 5% alpha error and was conducted using SPSS version 18. Results: 8 weeks aerobic exercise, significantly decreased in all parameters (weight, body mass index, body fat percentage and waist-to-hip ratio, LDL-c, TG, TC and homocysteine levels) (p≤0.05). HDL cholesterol was increase post exercise, but there was no significant difference in compared with within and between group (p>0.05). Conclusion: Regular physical activity is possible reduces plasma levels of cardiovascular risk factors in obese females, this reduced can be effective in preventing cardiovascular disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Menopause is associated with increased risk for cardiovascular diseases, weight gain, and a progressive reduction in insulin sensitivity in women. It has been postulated that this is due to diminished estradiol secretion. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of combination exercise training on body mass index, body fat percentage, heart rate, and levels of serum cortisol and estradiol in overweight and obese postmenopausal women with blood glucose disorder. Materials and Methodgy: This semi-experimental study had a pretest-posttest design. Twenty-two untrained, sedentary, and apparently healthy postmenopausal women with the mean age of 55.7±4.82 years, mean fasting blood sugar level of 108±7.8 mg/dl, and impaired fasting blood glucose (FBS: 100-126 mg/dl) were entered into this eight-week randomized, controlled study. The participants were assigned to intervention (n=12) and control (n=10) groups. The intervention group performed combination resistance-aerobic exercise training three days a week, while the control group performed no formal exercise. Pre- and post-intervention, body mass index, body fat percentage, heart rate, and serum cortisol and estradiol levels were measured. Analysis of covariance was used to analyze the hypothesis. Results: Body mass index, body fat percentage, resting systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate significantly reduced after training (P=0.001). Serum estradiol significantly elevated (13.21±2.95 vs 16.94±3.24 pg/ml; P=0.002) and serum cortisol significantly diminished (186.4±59.36 vs 135.19±22.4 nmol/l; P=0.001). Conclusion: Combination resistance-aerobic exercise probably results in reduced body mass index, body fat percentage, heart rate variable, and serum cortisol; whereas it increased serum estradiol among overweight and obese postmenopausal women with impaired fasting blood glucose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: High blood pressure increases various cardiovascular events about 2 to 3 times in a person. The purpose of this study is to recognize the effect of a course of pilates exercise on hypertension, nitric oxide, and resting heart rate in the eldrlymen with hypertension. Materials and Methods: Subjects of this quasi-experimental research included 30 elderly men with hypertension grade one(in the range of systolic-diastolic 140/90 to 159/99mm Hg) who participated voluntarily and accessibly in the study and were divided randomly into two experimental peer (15 people) and control (15 people) groups. Weight, height and BMI of subjects were 75±80, 170±175 and 25-26, respectively. The experimental group did selected exercise of Pilates for eight weeks (three one-hour sessions per week). Desired variables of the subjects of both groups were evaluated 24 hours before the start of exercise and 24 hours after the last session. Data analysis was conducted using dependent and independent t-test by SPSS16 statistical software at the significant level of p≤0.05. Results: The research results showed that the eight-week pilates exercise gave rise to reduction in blood pressure(p≤0.05) as well as resting heart rate (p≤0.05) and to increase in nitric oxide of elderly men with hypertension (p≤0.05). Conclusion: The eight-week pilates exercise reduced blood pressure and resting heart rate and increased the production of nitric oxide in elderly men. So, it seems that the regular physical exercise can be effective as a preventive factor in the outbreak of cardiovascular diseases of the elderly men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Urtica dioica is a herbal medicine used for the treatment of diabetes. This study aimed to investigate the effects of Urtica dioica on cardiovascular function and fasting blood sugar in patients with type II diabetes. Materials and Methodgy: In this quasi-experimental study, 20 males with type II diabetes who met the inclusion criteria were selected and randomly divided into two groups (n=10) of Urtica dioica and control. In pre- and post-test, fasting blood sugar, blood pressure, resting heart rate, and maximal oxygen consumption were measured. To analyze the measured indices, t-test was run (P<0.05) Results: A significant decrease were observed in body weight, fasting blood sugar, diastolic blood pressure, and resting heart rate, while a significant increase was noted in maximal oxygen consumption in Urtica dioica group (P<0.05). In addition, significant differences were observed in fasting blood sugar, diastolic blood pressure, resting heart rate, and maximal oxygen consumption between the Urtica dioica and control groups (P<0.05). Conclusion: According to the findings of the present study, use of Urtica dioica herbal tea is an effective way to control blood glucose and improve cardiovascular function in patients with type II diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we study the statistical approaches to diagnose the heart by using the heart rate of individuals. First we review some well known methods and then we consider two new approaches. We analyse the extended self-similarity (ESS) and recursive model in the beat-to-beat fluctuations in the heart rates of healthy subjects as well as those with congestive heart failure. These concepts provide two novel techniques for distinguishing the two classes of subjects

Background and Objective: Laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation can be achieved through both direct and video laryngoscopy. As video laryngoscopy complications still remain unknown among the elderly, this study was emerged to grasp the idea on the complications of two aforementioned methods among the elderly. Materials and Methods: In this clinical trial study, 60 patients over 65 years who had been scheduled for elective surgery were allocated to video or Macintosh laryngoscopy groups. Duration of laryngoscopy, tracheal tube insertion time, number of intubation attempts, heart rate, systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressure prior to the induction of anesthesia were recorded for all patients one minute after the intubation and the results were compared. Results: Average heart rate, diastolic blood pressure and arterial pressure before intubation were not significantly different in two groups. However, the mean systolic blood pressure between the two groups was significantly different (p=0.02). The mean difference in systolic (p=0.005) and diastolic (p=0.015) blood pressure, before and after the intubation was significantly higher in video laryngoscope group compared with Macintosh laryngoscope group. No significant difference was observed between two groups in terms of the heart rate and mean of arterial pressure before and after the intubation. Conclusion: The results illuminate that variations in hemodynamic status in patients over 65 years old in the video laryngoscope group exceeds Macintosh laryngoscope group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background &Objective: Laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation increase not only blood pressure and heart rate but also Bispectral Index (BIS) of the patients. In this study, hemodynamic and BIS changes were surveyed after tracheal intubation and during general anesthesia followed by mexiletine prescription. Materials & Methods: In this study, 50 patients aged between 20 and 60 who were candidates for orthopedic surgery of the upper limbs were surveyed. They were divided in two groups randomly. Two hours before induction of anesthesia, case and control groups received mexiletine 200 mg as capsule and oral placebo, respectively. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures, heart rate, and BIS of both groups were compared before induction and intubation; 1,3 and 10 minutes after intubation; and immediately, 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes after surgical incision. Results: There was not any significant difference in systolic and diastolic pressures of the two groups. The heart rate was lower in mexiletine group compared to control group, 30 minutes after surgical incision and immediately after extubation (P<0.05). BIS was significantly more in mexiletine group compared to control group (p<0/05). Conclusion: It was revealed that the hemodynamic changes after laryngoscopy and during general anesthesia were significantly lower in mexiletine group compared to the control group. It's suggested that the prescription of this drug leads to the increase of BIS after intubation and during general anesthesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the prevalent disorders in child psychiatry with the potential of damage to mental talent evolution process and socio-emotional skills. This study aimed to examine the effect of an aerobic running program on ADHD among the primary school girls. Materials and Methods: In this clinical trial study, 120 female students with ADHD were purposefully selected from the primary schools in Kashan during 2011-12. The child symptom inventory-DSM-IV version (CSI-4) was completed by the students' teachers and parents and then 30 students with the severe ADHD were divided into the control and experimental groups using the randomized block method. The experimental group performed a 12-week interval running program, 3 times per week, with a maximum heart rate of 60- 85%. Data were analyzed using covariance analysis. Results: Results showed that a 12-week interval running program had beneficial effects on ADHD in the experimental compared to the control group (P<0.001). Conclusion: It seems that an aerobic training as a non-invasive and non-drug alternative has a positive effect on the alleviation of ADHD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In patients with permanent atrial fibrillation (AF) rate irregularity can cause symptoms and impair the pumping function of the heart. Ventricular pacing at a rate close to the mean spontaneous ventricular rate can result in a more stable ventricular rate. Specific algorithms for automatic Ventricular Rate Stabilization (VRS) were designed and implemented in commercially available pacemakers. To assess this dynamic rate control we designed the RARE-PEARL study: prospective, randomized, cross-over, double-blinded. Methods: Patients with permanent AF, symptomatic episodes of brady-tachycardia, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) >40%, NYHA class I/II/III, were eligible for enrolment. Each patient (n = 67) was implanted with a single-chamber VVIR pacemaker (models C20 or T20, Vitatron BV, The Netherlands) equipped with the VRS algorithm. At the end of a four week stabilization period, patients were randomized to VRS algorithm ON or OFF (2 months) and then crossed-over for the second phase (2 months). Primary endpoint was patient's preference. Results: Sixty six patients ended the study: 19 (29%) had no preference; 15 (23%) preferred algorithm OFF, 32 (48%) algorithm ON (p<0.0001, algorithm ON vs OFF). In 58% of patients the algorithm ON caused an increase of ventricular pacing percentage > 10%. The ventricular pacing percentage was 82±10% with algorithm ON vs 59±26% with algorithm OFF (p<0.0001). Symptoms did not differ significantly. Conclusions: The VRS algorithm significantly increases the ventricular pacing percentage in patients with permanent AF. This pacing function is preferred by the majority of patients implanted with a single-chamber VVIR pacemaker. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Individuals who listen to certain types of music, based on the personality features, experience different emotional states and physiological responses. The research investigated the effects of music on cardiovascular responses in essential hypertensive patients based on Brain/Behavior Systems and comparing the obtained data with healthy individuals. Materials and Methods: 113 Essential hypertensive men and 98 healthy men completed Carve- White BIS/BAS scale; based on the final scores 50 patients (25 BIS and 25 BAS) and 50 healthy men (25 BIS and 25 BAS) were selected. First, the blood pressure and heart rate were recorded before stimuli induction; then, the participants experienced slow rhythm music. After that, 15 minutes relaxation and a cognitive task were done, finally, the participants experienced fast rhythm music. The blood pressure and heart rate were recorded after presenting of two types of music. Results: BAS patients achieved lower scores in systolic blood pressure and heart rate after presenting slow rhythm music in comparison with BIS patients. Also healthy BAS individuals achieved lower scores in systolic blood pressure and heart rate after presenting music with slow rhythm compare with healthy BIS individuals. And there was no significant score in systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate after presenting fast rhythm music. Conclusions: The BIS individuals experience negative emotions more than BAS individuals. Therefore, the role of induced mood states is important in relation to physical health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cardiac rehabilitation improves functional capacity in cardiac patients after coronary artery bypass. The aim of this study was to compare the eight weeks of interval training with continuous training on stress test physiological variables in patient with cardiac diseases after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery . Methods: In this clinical trial study, 30 patient with cardiac diseases in Tehran Heart Center (Iran) having had CABG surgery were randomly divided into two groups, high-intensity interval and continuous moderate-intensity training (program common). The program of interval group was included 4 repeats × 4 minutes at 90-95% peak of heart rate (HR) and continuous group, 60-80 minute at 70-85% peak HR, three sessions per week for 8 weeks. Functional capacity (VO2 peak), distance traveled, time to exhaustion and maximum heart rate (HRmax) were assessed during the Bruce exercise stress test before and after the training program. The collected data were analyzed using the one-way analysis of variances (ANOVA) and post hoc Fisher's least significant difference (LSD) tests. Findings: Functional capacity was increased significantly following the both of training programs with no significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.05). The increases in traveled distance, time to exhaustion, and HRmax after interval program were more in interval program group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: It seems that both high-intensity interval and moderate-intensity continuous training improve functional capacity in cardiac patient with cardiac diseases after coronary artery bypass sugery. However, interval training was more beneficial than continuous training in some parameters such as traveled distance, time to exhaustion, and HRmax during exercise stress test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Ventricular dyssynchrony is frequently encountered in heart failure patients, especially in those with wide QRS intervals. Some surveys have shown that Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy (CRT) could be a promising technique with benefits. Objective: Comparison of left ventricular function before and after CRT implantation in heart failure patients. Materials and methods: In a cross-sectional survey, 65 consecutive heart failure patients, who were candidates for cardiac resynchronization were enrolled and evaluated for Left Ventricular End Systolic Volume (LVESV), Left Ventricular End Diastolic Volume (LVEDV) and Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF) before CRT. Echocardiographic evaluations were done 3-6 months after CRT. The response to CRT was defined as the decrease of LVESV ≥ 15%. Results: The study group included 27 women (41.5%) and 38 men (58.5%), with a mean (± SD) age of 62 ±12 years. Totally, 46 (70.8%) responded to CRT and 19 (29.2%) were nonresponsive, so that the mean LVEF (%) significantly increased and LVESV and LVEDV decreased significantly after CRT in responsive ones (P=0.0001, P=0.001 and p=0.0001, respectively). Conclusion: The present survey showed the improvement of echocardiographic finding in heart failure patients with wide QRS after CRT. Conflict of interest: non declared [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]