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Objective: Stuttering is not just a speech disorder. It can cause negative feelings and emotions in a person especially in children. Therefore, we need a standard tool to identify, study and measure these negative effects and then try to eliminate or reduce them. Considering the increased clinical and research needs for a valid and reliable tool to assess the negative effect of stuttering in Iran, this study aims to design and validate a questionnaire (parents form) for assessment of social/emotional /behavioral disorders in preschool children with stuttering Materials & Methods: This is a methodological study that was conducted in three steps in spring and summer of 2018 in Isfahan, Iran. Participants included 60 parents of preschool children with stuttering aged 3 to 5 years and 11 months (36 boys and 24 girls), who had referred to speech therapy clinics in Isfahan. In the first stage, 10 parents received in-depth and open-ended interviews to collect information about social, emotional and behavioral disorders in children with stuttering. Afterwards, based on these information and the opinions of experts in psychology and speech therapy, the main constructs of the questionnaire were identified: "uncompromising/ hyperactive behavior", "social skills", "communication skills", "aggression", "fear", and "separation anxiety". In the second stage, in order to determine the face validity, 10 experts were interviewed face to face. In order to determine the content validity, 15 other experts were asked to examine each item according. Content validity was determined by calculating the content validity ratio (CVR), content validity index (CVI), and total content validity (Lawshe method). Confirmatory factor analysis was used to examine the construct validity. In the last step, the internal consistency was determined by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient, and the relaibility was determined by test-retest method and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) Results: The initial version consisted of 61 items and 6 subscales. According to the experts, by merging items with overlapping concepts, the number of items were reduced to 40. In the face validity assessment stage, items were examined based on difficulty, relevance, and ambiguity. The phrases were read several times, and the opinions of experts were applied. Then, it was reviewed by two experts in Persian literature and finally was approved. The CVR and CVI vaues were obtained 0.76 and 0.90, respectively. For its internal consistency, the Cronbach's alpha coefficient was obtained 0.89 and ICC was more than 0.7 and significant (P

Introduction: Working memory is one of the components of speech production and its deficiency can cause speech and language disorders. Several studies have suggested that children who stutter compared to normal children show some deficiencies in working memory. The aim of the present study was to investigation of the effectiveness of phonological working memory intervention on decreasing of severity of stuttering in preschool children. Materials and Methods: This study with single subject design targeted four children (5-6 years) who stutter. These children participated in a non-word repetition intervention, was scheduled in 18 sessions, over a total of six weeks and with a single subject research design (AB model). In order to analyze the data of the study, visual analysis of charts and quantitative analysis based on Cohen’s d effect Size were used. Results: Data analysis showed all participants recorded a statistically significant change, as a decline in percentage of syllables stuttered, following the intervention. Conclusion: The results from this study suggest that an intervention of phonological working memory eventuated in decreases of severity of stuttering in children participated in this study; conseqently, these results provide the preliminary evidence that supports the usage of a psycholinguistic approach for treatment the stuttering in children who stutter.

Abstract Introduction: results of researches on acoustic and motor aspects of speech of persons who stutter have shown that the perceptually fluent speech of stutterers differs from the speech of nonstutterers. One of these encoding and processing aspects of speech that measured in different studies is vowel formant transition features. Because variations in formant structure along the temporal and frequency domains reflect articulatory dynamics especially of the tongue, in study of motor speech ability of persons who stutter, this feature can be used. The purpose of this study is to compare the formant transition duration in fluent speech of those who stutter and those who do not. Materials and methods: In this descriptive-analytic study, 20 PWS and 20 normal counterparts, were asked to read 9 speech samples that insert in a carrier phrase. The responses were recorded and the duration were measured in milisecond by Praat software. Results: The results of the study showed that the average of formant transiotion duration in PWS was lower than that of normal subjects however this difference did not reach statistical significance. Conclusion: according to the result of this study motor speech processing in PWS is different with normal subject and the speed of articulator movement in PWS is faster than PWNS. Key words: stuttering, second formant transition, Praat software

Abstract Bachground and aim: Subjective Scales are the tools for investigation of a disorder in view of the person who has the disorder. Subjective stuttering scale (SSS) investigate stuttering in three views such as severity, avoidance and locus of control in a unique protocol that can show the need to assessment of extra aspects of stuttering. The aim of the present research was Investigation of reliability and validity of the Farsi version of Subjective Stuttering Scale Questionaire. Method and Materials With the implementation of a pilot study and semi-structured interviews with17 adult who has stuttering formal validity and internal consistency of the scale (Subjective stuttering scale: SSS) was investigated. Then 20 adult who has stuttering complete modified questionnaire with (PSI: perception of stuttering inventory), (locus of control behavior scale: LCB) and calculating the percentage of stuttered speech samples recorded in order to assess the concurrent validity. The findings were analyzed bydescribtive statics, Cronbach's alpha and pearson correlation. Findings the results based on the Cronbach's alpha (α=0/92) showed that are valid. There is a significant correlation between SS% and the first question of SSS (α=0.01, r= 0.67) and also there is a significant correlation between avoidance sub-test of SSS and avoidance subtest of PSI(α= 0.05, r=0.75)but there was not a significant correlation between the locus of control sub-test of SSS and LBC scale (α= 0.15). This version of SSS has properconstruct validity. Conclusion The present research showed that the Farsi version of SSS is a reliable and valid tool for assessment of stuttering in severity, avoidance and locus of control in view of the person who have stuttering. Key words: stuttering, assessment, self assessment, locus of control, avoidance.subjective stuttering scale.

مقدمه: سنجش شدت لکنت یک جنبه مهم و اساسی در انجام هر گونه اقدام پیرامون لکنت است. یکی از ابزارهای مهم و معتبر در سنجش شدت لکنت 4SSI می‌باشد. این ابزار امروزه به عنوان سنجش بخشی از لکنت در مقالات و همچنین ارزیابی نتایج درمان استفاده می‌شود. با توجه به این که ارزیابی نتایج درمان، یکی از بخش‌های مهم درمان مبتنی بر شواهد است و با در نظر گرفتن این موضوع که وجود و کاربرد این ابزارها در کشور ما بسیار محدود می‌باشند، بر آن شدیم که در این مطالعه به بررسی پایایی این ابزار معتبر و شناخته شده در زمینه سنجش لکنت بپردازیم. مواد و روش‌ها: این مطالعه از نوع توصیفی- تحلیلی و مقطعی می‌باشد. بعد از ترجمه چند مرحله‌ای آزمون مطابق با پروتکل IQOLA و بررسی روایی آن، پایایی ابزار بر روی 35 فرد بزرگسال مبتلا به لکنت با استفاده از 5 آزمونگر باتجربه مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. یافته‌ها: پایایی‌ها در این مطالعه با استفاده از روش‌های آماریICC ، One-way repeated measures ANOVA و Cronbach¢s alpha مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. پایایی آزمون در حالت میان آزمونگر با استفاده از روش‌های Cronbach¢s alphaو ICC برای هر پارامتر، 98/0- 93/0 و پایایی درون آزمونگر با استفاده از روش‌های آماری ICC و one- way repeated measures ANOVA برای هر پارامتر، 98/0- 85/0 گزارش گردید. نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به پایایی بسیار بالای به دست آمده در این مطالعه، می‌توان نتیجه گرفت که نسخه فارسی آزمون 4SSI برای ارزیابی شدت لکنت در نمونه‌های فارسی زبان مناسب و بسیار کارامد است. کلید واژه‌ها: نسخه فارسی ابزار سنجش شدت لکنت، ویرایش چهارم (4SSI)، پایایی، بررسی بین‌المللی کیفیت زندگی (IQOLA)، درمان مبتنی بر شواهد

Introduction: To apply a comprehensive evidence-based approach to stuttering, there is a need for an instrument examining the totality of this disorder. Yaruss and Quesal (2006) published the “Overall Assessment of the Speaker’s Experience of Stuttering” (OASES) questionnaire to achieve this aim. OASES-A can be used for documenting multiple treatment outcomes of individuals with stuttering who are older than 18 years. The aim of this study was to determine the validity and reliability of Farsi version of OASES-A questionnaire. Materials and Methods: Face validity, internal consistency and reliability of OASES-A were evaluated thorough conducting a pilot study in which a semi-structural interview arranged for 10 people who stutter (PWS). 50 PWS were then asked to complete modified OASES-A and S-24 scale to determine concurrent validity. Finally, in order to determine test-retest reliability of Farsi version of OASES-A questionnaire, 5 stuttering people completed the form 2 times within a 7-to-10-day interval. Results: Cronbach's alpha coefficient, which was calculated for entire 4 parts of the Farsi version of OASES, was 82 to 97, implying that the Farsi version of OASES-A questionnaire had a good concurrent validity, internal consistency and reliability. Finally it was shown that all the items of the questionnaire have an appropriate validity and reliability. Conclusion: Results of the present study indicate that the validity and reliability of Farsi version of OASES are compatible with the original English version. Keywords: OASES-A, Stuttering, Validity, Reliability, Outcome measurement, Adulthood stuttering

Abstract Introduction: Some researcher suggest that stuttering is a temporal disruption of the simultaneous and successive programming of muscular movements required to produce a speech sound and they say speech motor in stutterers associated with reduced timing variable rather than non stutterers such as reaction time. Reaction time is a standard criterion that can show nature of differences of phonation between stutterers and non-stutterers. The aim of this study is determination and comparison of reaction time of phonation in stutterers and non-stutterers . materials and Methods: this was descriptive- analytic study and selected 22 stutterers and 22 no stutterers from 10-30 years old and request them when heard stimulation as quickly as possible in response then recorded both of stimulation and answers by Praat software and measured interval between them. Result: result of this study show mean of reaction time in stutterers is more than no stutterers and this difference is more significant in 20-30 years old. But differences in two group of age do not significant. Conclusion: to consider, there is problem in voice onset in stutterers so this problem can be result from slower VRT could result problem such as struggle, avoiding and anticipatory behaviors, disorder in neuro-motor factors, timing force that stutterers feel in this task that this problem specially in adult stutteres are more than children because they have more experience in stuttering. Keyword: stuttering, reaction time, fluent speech, Praat software

مقدمه: بررسي استراتژي و روش‌هاي درماني جايگزين در درمان لكنت با توجه به ويژگي‌هاي اين اختلال و طولاني بودن زمان درماني و احتمال بازگشت آن، از اهميت زيادي برخوردار است. طب سوزني به عنوان يك روش درماني در درمان لکنت، معرفي شده است. هدف از انجام این پژوهش، تعيين نتايج مداخله طب سوزني ليزري و مقايسه آن با گفتار‌درماني بر درمان افراد مبتلا به لكنت بود. مواد و روش‌ها: این مطالعه تحلیلی و به شیوه مورد- شاهدی بر روی 20 فرد دارای لکنت و 20 فرد فاقد لکنت انجام شدگرفت. در اين پژوهش همراه با گفتاردرماني، طب سوزني ليزری بر روي 10 نفر از افراد مبتلا به لكنت كه از كودكي دچار لكنت بودند، استفاده شد. سپس نتايج با يافته‌هاي حاصل از درمان 10 نفر افراد مبتلا به لکنت كه فقط تحت گفتاردرماني و لیزر‌درمانی دارونما قرار داشتند، مقايسه شد. تمام نمونه‌ها 12 هفته پس از پايان مداخله پی‌گیری شدند. داده‌ها با استفاده از آزمون‌های تحلیل واریانس یک طرفه مکرر و آزمون t مستقل و نرم‌افزار 18SPSS مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفتند. یافته‌ها: همراه بودن گفتاردرماني با طب سوزني ليزري باعث افزايش تأثير‌گذاري درمان شده است و ثبات و باقي ماندن درمان نيز افزايش مي‌يابد و احتمال برگشت لكنت پس از درمان نيز كاهش مي‌يابد. سرعت گفتار و درصد کلمات لكنت شده قبل و پس از درمان در هر دو گروه الف و ب كاهش نشان داد، اما پي‌گيري درمان پس از 12 هفته نشان داد كه در گروه طب سوزني ليزري، نتايج ثبات درماني بيشتري داشت و تفاوت ميان دو گروه معني‌دار است. نتیجه گیری: نتایج نشان داد که استفاده از طب سوزنی لیزری یا لیزر درمانی همراه با گفتار درمانی تأثیرات زیادی بر درمان لکنت داشته و از عود یا بازگشت لکنت پس از پایان درمان که یک مسأله بسیار شایع است، نیز تا حد زیادی جلوگیری می‌کند. کلید واژه‌ها: لكنت، طب سوزني، ليزر، درمان، نتيجه

Introduction: The etiology of stuttering, which is estimated to have an incidence rate of 1%, and existent differences between stutterers and non-stutterers continues to be interesting and intriguing phenomena. The aim of the present study was to investigate EEG patterns in stutterers and non-stutterers resident in Isfahan. Materials and Methods: 31 stutterers and 31 non-stutterers participated in a case-control, double-blinded clinical trial study. Subjects were matched for age, sex, and education. None of subjects had cluttering, mental retardation, hearing loss, motor disorders, brain damage or history of medication use. EEG was performed in the same condition for all subjects and the results were statistically analyzed through independent t and exact fisher tests using SPSS version10. Results: The results of the present research showed that there were significant differences between two study groups (stutterers and non-stutterers) on the basis of frequency and amplitude. However, pathologic (epileptiform) waves did not significantly differ as these two groups were compared. Conclusion: The observed differences between stutterers and non-stutterers indicate brain functions differences which may affect processing, control, execution of speech. Key words: Stuttering, EEG, Brain functions

Introduction: Learning phonological awareness skills plays a very important role in the course of speech and language development and throughout academic education in that these skills help children express their mental concepts more precisely. The aim of the present research was to determine levels of phonological awareness competency among educable children with Down’s syndrome whose mental age ranged between 7 and 12 years and were resident of Isfahan, Iran. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive-analytic study, all Isfahanian children with Down’s syndrome were individually assessed by a phonological awareness test and their scores on different subtests of this test were recorded on a separate sheet exclusively designed for this purpose. Data were statistically analyzed via t-test using SPSS software version 16. Results: Although a superior performance was found in girls, there was no significant difference between boys and girls as far as phonological awareness skills were concerned. In both genders, the highest average score of phonological awareness competency across 12 areas, which were covered by the above-mentioned test, pertained to phonemic synthesis and the lowest average score of such competency was observed in the awareness of middle phoneme. Ranked from simplest to most complex, the following order of competency in phonological skills was observed for both male and female subjects: recognition of the first phoneme, recognition of the last phoneme, awareness of the last phoneme, rhyme detection, alliteration and omission of the first and the middle phoneme. Conclusion: Study results showed that, as a group, phonological awareness skills of girls were superior to those of boys but there were not statistically significant differences between them regarding these skills. This superiority can probably be explained by faster speech and language development in girls and their relatively more advanced use of speech and language skills as it is the case in normal population. Keywords: Down’s syndrome, Phonological awareness, Children

Introduction: Substantial delays in spoken language acquisition have been documented for children with severe to profound hearing loss. Accordingly, areas of linguistic research in this population have shifted from measuring vocabulary size to studies designed to understand word learning processes including semantic development. The purpose of this study was to determine the differences between students with hearing loss and their normal peers on the grounds of synonym comprehension. Materials and Methods: 78 fifth graders who were all resident in Isfahan participated in this descriptive-analytic cross-sectional study. Of this number, fifty-two students had normal hearing ability and remaining twenty-four ones had hearing loss attending special education classes. The data of interest were gathered via two paper-based tests in which synonyms of each word should be written once in the context of a sentence and once out of such context by each subject. Results: Hearing-loss and normal-hearing groups significantly differed from each other in both tests (P < 0.05). All students in both groups had significantly higher ability in understanding synonyms when words were embedded in the context of a sentence than on the occasions in which target words represented out of the context (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Due to differences between hearing and hearing-loss students, it seems that the semantic category of synonym words is affected by hearing impairment as are other language areas. In addition, the different performance of subjects in two tests implies that synonyms extracted from the context are more difficult than synonyms embedded in a semantic context. Keywords: Hearing Impairment, Semantics, Synonyms, Students, Understanding

مقدمه: اختلال رشدي خواندن نوعي از نقص در خواندن و نوشتن است كه در آن فرد مبتلا داراي هوش طبيعي است و از مشكلات آموزشي و يا عاطفي رنج نمی برد با وجود عوارض رواني و پيامدهاي ناشي از عدم توانايي كافي در خواندن و نوشتن در زندگي فردي و اجتماعي مبتلايان، علت شناسي‌های آن به طور كامل مشخص نيست و روش تشخيص ي بيولوژيك براي آن پيدا نشده است. هدف از اين مطالعه مقايسه ميانگين دامنه وديرش موج P100 در دو گروه ديس لكسيك و غير ديس لكسيك و دو حالت مختلف محرك بينايي و استفاده از VEP جهت تشخيص ديس‌لكسيا بوده است . مواد و روش‌ها: پژوهش حاضر يك مطالعه تحليلی - مقطعی بود که 20 كودك ديس لكسيك و 20 كودك غير ديس لكسيك از پايه‌های دوم تا پنجم دبستان شهر اصفهان را مورد بررسي قرار داد كه به صورت تصادفي انتخاب شده بودند. تمام افراد در دو حالت مختلف تمايز محرك يبيناي تحت آزمون VEP قرار گرفتند. افراد ديس لكسيك به وسيله آزمون سياهه خواندن مورد شناسايي قرار گرفته بودند . يافته‌ها: كاهش تمايز سبب افزايش معنی‌دار ديرش موج P100 در تمام افراد شد يول ، مقايسه بين گروه معنی‌دار نبود. اما كاهش تمايز سبب كاهش ناچيز دامنه موج P100 در افراد غير ديس لكسيك و افزايش دامنه در افراد ديس لكسيك شد. تفاوت‌های بين فردي و بين گروهي دامنه موج P100 معنی‌دار نبود . نتيجه‌گيري: با توجه به آن كه تغيير تمايز محرك بينايي در آزمون VEP سبب تفاوت معني دار بين گروه‌ها نشد، روش مناسبی براي تشخيص ديس لكسيا نمي‌باشد. همچنين به دليل آن كه افراد ديس لكسيك در تمام شرايط برگزاري آزمون، عملكردي مشابه يا بهتر از غير ديس لكسيك‌ها داشتند، نظريه نقص مگنوسلولار در ديس لكسيك‌ها تأييد نمی‌شود. كليد واژه‌ها: ديس لكسيا، VEP ،مگنوسلولار