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Floating damage refers to the natural compensatory capabilities, the disappearance, or the invisibility of damage caused by harmful behavior or operations. Due to the characteristics of the seabed, the damages resulting from maritime transportation are fluid or floating, which creates a significant challenge for legal systems in protecting the marine environment. These challenges arise in three areas: the feasibility of assessing the damages, how to evaluate them, and finally, determining and issuing judgments regarding the damages incurred. This paper employs a descriptive-analytical method to address the concept of floating damage in the marine environment and to outline its characteristics. It concludes that the inefficiency of legal systems in protecting the marine environment is due to the lack of a specific victim in most marine environmental damages, the fluidity of the damages incurred, and ultimately the absence of clear criteria for assessing and compensating these damages. The paper suggests a strategic approach to compensating damages to the marine environment, the criteria should be the estimation and relative assessment of the damages, regardless of whether the damages are present, disappeared, or compensated naturally. Such estimations and assessments are carried out considering scientific, economic, and expert criteria. As a result, judicial decisions in this area focus on the feasibility of realization and continuity of the damage rather than its definitive or tangible realization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the manufacturing of a steel wall using gas metal arc welding (GMAW) process and to study its dimensional features, mechanical properties, and the microstructure. The selected parameters were the interpass dwell time, the welding speed, and the wire feeding speed. Based on the results, the average wall height and thickness decreases with increasing welding speed due to less weld deposition in the layer. A relationship between the wall thickness and height in terms of the welding speed and wire feeding speed was proposed. A longer interpass dwell time increased the wall height. The effective area percentage also increased with increasing welding speed. Tensile strength and elongation (%) were investigated based on the presence or absence of voids and microstructure. In high welding speed and long interpass dwell time, the microstructure included columnar grains with fine widmanstätten ferrite and intergranular pearlite. At low welding speed and short interpass dwell time, the microstructure consisted mostly of blocky ferrite and coarse pearlite. Both of these structures showed satisfactory strength and elongation. But in the other conditions, where the possibility of brittle phases in the heat-affected zone was higher, the strength and elongation decreased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper attempts to explain the relationship between the imperative paradigm and the system of tense, aspect, and modality in Kurdish. This study employs the theoretical framework proposed by Aikhenvald and Dixon (2017). Additionally, the data were collected by interviewing Kurdish informants. The results indicate that the imperative paradigm in Kurdish is based on three imperative constructions, and four imperative strategies are also used to convey directive meanings. The results also show that the imperative constructions have different syntactic behaviors in different temporal zones of the tense system. The imperative constructions mainly combine with verbs that have a positive dynamic aspectual feature; however, these constructions transform these verbs during the process of coercion and highlight only the preparatory phases of the verbs. Consequently, these constructions combine easily with ingressive verbal operators because they represent only the preparatory phases of the actions. However, the imperative constructions do not combine with imperfective operators as they highlight the middle phases of the events. Furthermore, the imperative constructions do not host perfective aspectual operators due to semantic incongruity between them. Finally, the results show that the imperative constructions and strategies lack a rich eventual semantic layer and appear mainly as expressive speech acts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examining various dimensions of teachers’ social capital is considered a new topic; as is the idea of the school as a small unit of society. This paper follows an approach to measuring social capital from the perspective of surveying the components of social capital among foreign language teachers. To this end, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) approach was adopted. It was assumed that teachers, to expand and consolidate their social capital, need to learn from the structure of professionalparticipatory development, and intellectual, research, and emotional support of each other in the context of schools. To collect data, a total of 143 foreign language teachers working in the Education department were selected. The tools were tested and confirmed in terms of validity (convergent and divergent) and reliability (Delwin-Goldstein & Cronbach's alpha). We used SmartPLS (V.4) and SPSS software to test the goodness of fit of the proposed structural model and the research hypotheses. Looking at the pattern output and path coefficients, it is estimated that participatory professional development and professional reflection have a direct role in building the social capital of language teachers, while expandable agency has a mediating role. Based on the results and in line with parallel studies, it is suggested that teachers' participation in developmental and collaborative activities (such as team training, joint research action, and visiting other classes and schools), along with an atmosphere of (knowledge, research and emotional) support should be included in the teacher training curriculum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The publication of laws and regulations has always been accepted by legal scholars as an essential stage in the the legislative process. In the legal system of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the Law on the Publication and Free Access to Information, passed in 2008, emphasizes the necessity of publication and prohibits the classification of documents that create rights and obligations, including regulations such as bylaws, circulars, and guidelines. However, there are still instances of classified and confidential regulations within the Iranian legal system. This issue, regarded as a deviation in terms of public law norms, can pose serious challenges to any legal system and lead to the infringement of citizens' rights. The present research, using a descriptive-analytical method, examines the mechanism for the "classification and confidentiality of documents," the criteria for "the necessity of publishing regulations," and the reasons for the existence of confidential regulations in the legal system of the Islamic Republic of Iran. It seeks to answer the question, what challenges confidential regulations pose to the Iranian legal system? The Paper ultimately aims to propose solutions using legal tools to address these challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Greenhouse gas emissions in 2021 have returned to pre-pandemic levels, and it is expected that emissions will increase by 4.9% this year. One of the reasons for this increase is cryptocurrency mining, which relies on electricity generated from burning fossil fuels and electronic waste. Its impact on the environment, as a shared heritage of humanity, undeniably undermines the human right to enjoy a healthy environment. On the one hand, the potential for international organized crime, due to the anonymity of cryptocurrency transactions, tightens the connection of this issue with other branches of international law. Although green cryptocurrencies, such as Bitgreen, can herald a different form of trade, halt paper currency printing, and prevent the cutting down of thousands of trees, there are structural and normative weaknesses in drafting a treaty to impose restrictions on cryptocurrency mining. Given the long road ahead to achieve the goals of such a treaty, it seems necessary to manage this slow and less tangible crisis by resorting to existing customs and principles of international environmental law, while hoping for the actions of states at the national level (such as the imposition of taxes on cryptocurrency mining by the U.S. government). At the same time, we must acknowledge this phenomenon and take steps toward regulating the extraction and use of cryptocurrencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Critics of bilateral foreign investment treaties argue that these agreements often pose a serious threat to the principles of sustainable development. The main purpose of this paper is to examine the compatibility of the system of bilateral investment treaties with the principles of sustainable development. Therefore, this research aims to evaluate the treaty system in light of the principles of international law as outlined in the 2002 Delhi Declaration on Sustainable Development. The resulting conclusion is based on the premise that bilateral investment treaties are never an obstacle to sustainable development. This is well reflected in the recent trends of treaties as elements of sustainable development have, albeit initially, been incorporated into such treaties. Undoubtedly, by adhering to considerations such as environmental, economic, and social assessments prior to the conclusion of agreements, establishing behavioral obligations for investors, and enhancing regional cooperation by replacing bilateral treaties with multilateral ones, sustainable development principles will become more prominent in investment treaties. However, this underscores the necessity for careful attention from treaty drafters and interpreters in thoroughly examining the application and incorporation of sustainable development principles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On March 10, 2020, the Iran-U.S. Claims Tribunal issued a partial ruling in Case No. A15 (II: A). This case was brought by Iran based on the alleged violations by the United States of principle A and paragraph 9 of the Algiers Accords regarding the restoration of Iran's financial position to what it was before November 14, 1979, and the arrangement for the transfer of "Iranian assets,". According to the Tribunal the issuance of a ruling in the said case required establishing Iran's ownership of the assets in question. Therefore, the Tribunal, by resorting to conflict of laws rules, chose U.S. law as applicable law for determining ownership. Accordingly, Iran's ownership of the claimed assets and the applicability of the U.S. obligations to them were conditional upon the delivery of those assets to Iran. The question arises whether the Tribunal adopted a correct approach regarding this matter. This paper seeks to address this question by employing a descriptive-analytical method and library resources, relevant case law, and dissenting opinions of the Tribunal's judges. A unified approach has not been adopted in this regard, however, considering the Tribunal's nature as an international tribunal and the Algiers Accords as a treaty, applying a state's domestic law to a dispute related to alleged violations of an international treaty is not a commendable approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The principle of military necessity is a cornerstones of the law of armed conflict, embedded in both codified and customary norms. In many cases, the limited rules that provide environmental protection in armed conflicts are overshadowed by this principle. However, supportive and compatible foundations can be drawn from other principles of humanitarian law, such as the principles of distinction and proportionality. On the other hand, the effects of methods and tools used in armed conflicts, justified by the principle of necessity, can persist for years in the environment of conflict areas and even neighboring territories. The primary mission of international humanitarian law is to protect victims of armed conflicts. Protecting humanity is not possible without considering the necessities of its natural environment. This paper assumes that the legitimacy and manner of invoking the aforementioned principle, specifically to justify environmental damages by perpetrators, deserve attention and examination as some believe that environmental considerations are not prioritized in situations of war and can be overlooked in light on account of military necessities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, transparency is considered as one of the elements for achieving good governance. The purpose of transparency is to ensure the public’s right to information, hold officials accountable, encourage public participation, address issues and structures, and prevent corruption. For this reason, the promotion of transparency in elections, which is one of the most common tools for gaining power in democratic systems, is justifiable. A transparent electoral system places actions and decisions in the public eye, helping electoral participants to bear responsibility for their decisions effectively. Thus, the transparency metric in elections can encompass both candidates as well as observers and administrators. In the General Policies on Elections, as an overarching document, the requirements for a transparent electoral system have been outlined. Based on this premise, this article aims to answer the question, to what extent does the legal framework of presidential elections ensure the General Policies of Elections in terms of transparency? The findings of the paper indicate that the laws relating to presidential elections have deficiencies that need to be remedied based on the General Policies on Elections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Renaissance era is a manifestation of contradictory and diverse thoughts. Philosophers, writers, artists, and politicians each represented a blend of classical and modern eras. In this transitional period, both the sovereignty of the Church and the sovereignty of the people were debated, alongside discussions of Christian theology and Greek philosophy. The thinkers of this era reflected this transition. Political philosophers from Machiavelli to Hobbes played a significant role in grounding the perspective on politics. While these philosophers were the pinnacle of political philosophy during this period, there were others recognized as the proverbial foothills of modern philosophy, whose insights enhance our understanding of the foundations of modern philosophy. Francisco Suárez was among those philosophers who stood at the intersection of Christian theology and Greek philosophy. His thoughts represent the transition of political thought from the celestial to the terrestrial. This paper aims to explore the concept of "law" in the political thought of this Spanish philosopher, as no research has been conducted on this topic in Persian so far. It seeks to answer the question of what definition of law exists in Suárez's thought and how this thinking has influenced the transition to popular sovereignty. The research method will be based on a contextual-textual approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the imposition of sanctions by the United States, Iran initiated proceedings against the United States at the International Court of Justice on July 16, 2018, in accordance with Article 21, paragraph 2 of the Treaty of Amity. The Court's proceedings at the jurisdictional stage led to a ruling on February 3, 2021, affirming the Court's jurisdiction. In the initial proceedings, the United States, as the respondent, raised several objections to the Court's jurisdiction, one of which was a so-called "third-state actions" objection. The main question of this paper is: how did the issue of third-state actions, as one of the respondent's jurisdictional objections, reflect in the jurisdictional judgment of the Court? This paper, using a descriptive analytical method, concludes that based on the Court’s interpretation what is significant in establishing jurisdiction to examine the violation of the Treaty of Amity—considered a bilateral treaty between the two parties—is the act of the United States imposing sanctions, rather than the manner of execution and the executor of that act, which could be the United States or any other state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, environmental protection is considered one of the most important international concerns. In this regard, numerous international efforts have been made, including the conclusion of various environmental treaties and the efforts of international and regional trade organizations such as NAFTA, the European Union, and even the World Trade Organization, to incorporate environmental protection regulations within trade regulations. Furthermore, the judicial practices of international bodies such as the International Court of Justice, international arbitration tribunals, and quasi-judicial international bodies like WTO panels, as well as competent domestic authorities, have played a significant role in environmental protection. The question is: to what extent has international judicial practice been effective in enhancing environmental protection? This research, utilizing descriptive-analytical methods, seeks to answer this question. The aim of this paper is to clarify the place and importance of environmental regulations in international trade relations. The emphasis of the article is on examining the rulings of international courts and quasi-judicial bodies, international arbitrations, and domestic authorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The International Criminal Court symbolizes the realization of a long-held human aspiration which was aimed at preventing the recurrence of the atrocities of the world wars through the prosecution and punishment of perpetrators of severe international crimes. One of the fundamental and enduring principles of international law—the requirement of the expressed will of the state in its commitment to an international obligation—has limited the global applicability of the Rome Statute. To partially address this issue, the question of prosecuting crimes committed by nationals of non-member states on the territory of member states has been raised. From the outset, the opposition of some states to the prosecution of nationals of non-member states has posed challenges to the effectiveness and functioning of the ICC. With Palestine's membership in the court and its complaint against Israeli officials, this challenge has intensified. This paper examines the legal status of Palestine's membership in the court and the possibility of prosecuting Israeli officials. It also evaluates the latest status of the case brought before the ICC and examines the potential counteractions of Israel and the intervention of the Security Council. Ultimately, the findings of the paper indicate that the court's jurisdiction over Israeli nationals is more consistent with the principles and objectives of the court's establishment, which are the enforcement of justice and the fight against impunity, and that the court has no prohibition against commencing proceedings in the said case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mode I fracture toughness (KIC) is one of the most important parameters in the fracture mechanics of brittle material. Several laboratory methods have been suggested to determine the mode I fracture toughness. However, many of these methods deal with the lengthy sample preparation procedure, premature failure of samples, and difficulties in obtaining the precise value of the fracture toughness property. In this paper, a recently proposed pseudo-compact tension method is used to evaluate mode I fracture toughness of a middle-grain granite benefiting the advantages of this method including; simplicity of the test, high level of test control, and high accuracy of the KIC value. For this purpose, granite samples in four different diameters and with six test repeats per diameter have been prepared and tested using the pseudo-compact tension method. For each sample, in addition to recording the load and displacement data, the acoustic events during the loading process were also recorded simultaneously by an acoustic emission equipment. First, the resulting fracture toughness value for each sample has been determined, then the size effect has been evaluated and analyzed. Finally, the results of the acoustic emission method, as the monitoring tool in the fracturing process of tested samples, have been analyzed. The qualitative evolution of acoustic emission parameters well illustrates the mechanical process occurring in the tested samples with well-matched coinciding with the mechanical transitions observed in samples during the loading process. Experimental results show that mode I fracture toughness is positively related to the specimen size and there is a noticeable size effect in KIC value up to a certain diameter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this paper is to investigate the sensitivity of the required capital to the dependence structure among non-life insurance claims in multivariate environments. Inthe beginning, dependency modeling was carried out in a real environment using the database related to monthly claims (without recycling) resulting from five types of non-life insurance in Iran Insurance Company, including engineering, liability, third party, automobile insurance, and fire insurance. METHODS: The data includes the severity of claims in each field and it was collected during the monthly period of 2011:03-2024:02. Then, the parameters of D-vine copula are estimated among the claims by five types of non-life insurance, and goodness of fit tests are performed to conclude the optimal copula. The multivariate distribution is simulated by a combination of univariate marginal distributions and bivariate copulas. Finally, the estimation of risk-taking capital using VaR and TVaR has been done on simulated total losses according to their weight, and a comparative study has been done using independent copula. FINDINGS: The results show that paying attention to the implicit dependence among losses significantly affects the total risk capital. This result is confirmed by the estimated capital requirement values. In fact, paying attention to the implicit dependence among insurance fields leads to a capital reduction of 1.5% for VaR and 3.9% for TVaR. CONCLUSION: The choice of non-life insurance risk dependency modeling is very important and paying attention to non-linear dependencies in the structure of various insurance branches can reveal the benefits of diversification to the insurance portfolio of companies leading to measuring the amount of benefits from diversification based on the correct selection of non-life insurance risk dependency models. This is an issue that needs to be considered in choosing the portfolio of insurance companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The minister of justice, like any other minister, must have clear, appropriate, and balanced duties, powers, and responsibilities. This article first provides an overview of the position, duties, powers, and general responsibilities of ministers, such as those established in article 137 of the constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, and the rules regarding their appointment, vote of confidence, resignation, dismissal, questioning, and impeachment as outlined in the Constitution. Thereafter, the specific status of the minister of justice is explained. It is clear that the minister of justice occupies a position similar to that of other ministers. However, in some respects, this position is exceptional. The essence of this situation arises from the Iranian constitution, which states that "the judiciary" is outside the domain of the minister of justice. The topic of this research is to studt to what extent the method established in article 160 of the constitution of 1979 as amended in 1989, and the Act on the Implementation of Part of Article 160 of the Constitution, adopted in 2015, effectively addresses various issues regarding the relationship between the judiciary and other branches of government and is suitable for the optimal management of the country's judicial system while fully ensuring judicial independence. This research, which utilized library sources and documents for data collection and employs legal and judicial reasoning for data analysis, has shown that some issues remain unresolved and require theoretical and legal solutions. This paper presents solutions, the most important of which are based on clarifying the concept of judicial independence in judicial proceedings and decisions and avoiding its extension to the administrative, financial, and executive matters of the judiciary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jürgen Habermas is one of the most prominent thinkers of the Frankfurt School, who has sought to reconstruct Marxism through a Hegelian interpretation and elevate the critical theory. Like Marx, he believed in the foundations of modernity and the rationalism stemming from it; however, he viewed modernity as an unfinished project. He argued that a new form of law and justice emerged within the capitalist mode of production, leading to the appearance of independent public sphere institutions. However, in late capitalism, government intervention in private matters and the dissolution of society within the state resulted in the decline of the public sphere, with public institutions taking on a consultative role. Therefore, a significant portion of Habermas's thoughts has been devoted to presenting the theory of "communicative action" to reconstruct the public sphere, as it is only within the public sphere that rationality is found and true democracy takes shape. Habermas offers a framework for a theory of legal democracy based on ethics, politics, and dialogue. His starting point in theories of law and democracy is a dialogue aimed at creating true legal and civic equality, which begins with a critique of two paradigms: bourgeois liberalism and social welfare. This paper, using a descriptiveanalytical method, seeks to demonstrate that Habermas's analysis in this area is influenced by Marx's materialistic views regarding the state, even though he attempts to free himself from this constraint and to present a perspective somewhat detached from public law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Having a disabled child significantly affects the psychological state of parents, causes individual and interpersonal problems in the family, especially in mothers, so they need therapeutic interventions. The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effectiveness of mindfulness training on mental health, marital satisfaction, and sleep quality of mothers with cochlear implanted child. Materials and Methods: This quasi-experimental study had a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population included all mothers who had cochlear implanted child in exceptional hearing schools of Tabriz City in spring 2024. Thirty individuals were selected using purposeful sampling method and randomly assigned into two intervention and control groups (15 individuals each group). The intervention group received 8 sessions of 90 minutes of mindfulness training and the control group did not receive any intervention during the research period. Data collection was done using Ryff's Mental Health Questionnaire (1989), Enrich's Marital Satisfaction (1998) and Pittsburgh's Sleep Quality (1989) Questionnaires. The data were analyzed using analysis of covariance. Results: The results showed that mindfulness training had a significant effect on increasing the average score of mental health (F=79.220, p<0.001), increasing the average score of marital satisfaction (F=30.833, p<0.001), and increasing the average sleep quality (F=37.756, p<0.001) of mothers with cochlear implanted child. Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that mind-fulness based intervention can improve mental health, marital satisfaction and sleep quality in mothers with cochlear implanted child. Therefore, it is recommended this approach be used to improving the mental health, marital satisfaction, and sleep quality of these mothers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Risk hedging strategies have been integral to the culture of various human societies throughout history. Up until the 14th century AD, risk coverage primarily took the form of trade unions, cooperatives, and mutual aid, with insurance not being recognized as independent transactions or contracts. The concept of insurance emerged in the early 14th century, driven by increased risks associated with economic growth and the complexities of daily life. This evolution led to the development of various insurance systems and models. The aim of this article is to analyze and compare the mutual and takaful insurance systems, both of which are based on the principle of risk sharing Basis. By identifying structural and functional differences, as well as their respective advantages and disadvantages, this study seeks to clarify the confusion surrounding the meanings and concepts of these models. METHODS: This research is of an applied nature and has been conducted using a descriptiveanalytical approach, employing library research and document analysis methods. FINDINGS: Mutual and takaful insurances are examples of insurance systems founded on the principle of risk sharing basis. The similarities among the concepts of mutuality, cooperation, and takaful have led some individuals to mistakenly believe that these two insurance systems are identical and even interchangeable. For instance, some people equate takaful insurance with mutual or cooperative insurance, arguing that the emergence of takaful is unnecessary; similarly, in various studies, mutual insurance is often regarded as equivalent to cooperative insurance. However, this research indicates that despite sharing common goals and some concepts, these models differ significantly in their operational structures and possess numerous distinct characteristics. These differences necessitate careful consideration when selecting an insurance system that aligns with the specific purposes, characteristics, and risk coverage requirements of a particular target audience. Therefore, in this research, we will first familiarize ourselves with the fundamentals and concepts of both the mutual and the takaful insurance systems. By outlining their structures, characteristics, and the operational mechanisms of these two risk-sharing models, we aim to compare and analyze them in order to clarify misconceptions that may arise from blending concepts and functions, and to identify the target audience for each model. CONCLUSION: Although there are similarities between the two insurance systems being compared, such as their goals, risk-sharing mechanisms, underwriting practices, capital profit and loss sharing, fairer premiums, transparent performance, and cost reduction, each system also has distinct differences, advantages, and disadvantages. These distinctions include restrictions on operations, types of investments, compliance with Sharia, types of coverage, and methods of risk mitigation. This indicates that despite the similarities in risk-sharing mechanisms, each insurance system caters to its own target audience. People choose the model that best suits their needs and risks based on the types of risks and the beliefs or specific advantages associated with each system. Therefore, the similarity of concepts should not lead to confusion regarding the meanings and applications of these two independent insurance systems, each of which has its own functions, structures, and characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Insurance companies have significant investment in financial instruments, and a major part of their assets are claims from policyholders and agents, investment in securities and bank deposits. Considering the need for transparency in disclosure of financial assets of insurance companies, the present study identifies the challenges and solutions of implementing the International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS) No. 9 in the insurance industry. METHODS: The research is of mixed quantitative and qualitative type. First, by studying the authentic texts, sample financial statements of foreign and domestic insurance companies, and their disclosure checklist, and by comparing them with the financial statements of domestic insurance companies during the years 1398 to 1402 (Persian Calendar), the difference and gap with the current practice in Iran was investigated and based on this, the questionnaire was designed. Questionnaire tool was used to identify challenges in the initial step and interview with experts in the field was used to provide relevant solutions. FINDINGS: All items related to challenges in the questionnaire were tested and confirmed using the results of one sample T test. Challenges of implementing IFRS 9 were identified in five areas: 1. Measurement and classification, 2. Identification of credit impairment losses, 3. Hedge accounting, 4. Disclosure requirements and 5. General challenges related to financial instruments were identified. Interviews were conducted to provide solutions based on the identified challenges, and finally, using theme analysis method, solutions for overcoming challenges in five areas were extracted from the interview texts. CONCLUSION: The successful implementation of IFRS 9 in the insurance industry requires unity and cohesion among all stakeholders, including professional societies, insurance companies, supervisory bodies, regulators, etc., so that the presented solutions are used to overcome the identified challenges and help to improve the quality of financial information and transparency in financial reporting of the insurance industry. In other words, the variety of provided solutions by the experts to overcome the identified challenges indicates that the implementation of IFRS 9 in the insurance industry requires the synergy created by the cooperation of different sciences and specialties since in the face of the challenges raised in different fields, the use of diverse and broad expertise will solve the problem. Also, the results of this research, in addition to raising knowledge in the insurance industry, can be used by authorities, supervising insurance companies, accounting standard setters, and the Securities and Exchange Organization of Iran for effective planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The insurance industry, as one of the important sectors in the global economy, has a role in addressing environmental challenges through initiatives such as green information technology. Green IT in insurance refers to the adoption of environmentally friendly practices and technologies in the insurance industry in order to reduce carbon footprints and contribute to sustainable efforts. The purpose of this research is to present the framework for the implementation of green information technology in insurance as a guideline for the successful implementation of green information technology and to determine the actions of insurance companies to implement green information technology and create a sustainable environment. METHODS: The research method is hybrid or combined (literature review, work in the field and final analysis). The qualitative method of this research is based on a systematic review. First, the basic framework of information technology implementation was obtained using content analysis of articles. Then, to present the final framework specific to the insurance industry, an interview was conducted with insurance industry experts. After that, the obtained framework was validated by the experts by sending a questionnaire and calculating the CVR coefficient of Lawshe. FINDINGS: The findings reveal the necessity of ecological sustainability as a reality. The result of this study contains 34 categories and 8 major dimensions, including implementation drivers, resources and organizational capabilities for green IT implementation, standards and criteria, strategy, green application (use), green scrapping and the consequences of green IT implementation. And it shows the responsible actions of insurance companies to reduce pollution and protect the environment. CONCLUSION: The results showed that the most common factor in the implementation of green information technology is the reduction of electricity consumption, the social responsibility of the company towards the environment, and the existence of organizational and government rules and regulations in insurance companies. The findings of this research have addressed the research problem by developing the implementation framework of green information technology in the insurance industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Financial technologies, as emerging global phenomena, have extended people’s financial relationships beyond the borders of countries and have placed a new financial ecosystem in front of contemporary people without the need for centralized infrastructure. Hence, profiting from these technologies and minimizing their risks requires more research. Therefore, the current research seeks to explain, identify, and evaluate the effective dimensions of decentralized insurance for businesses in the field of financial technology based on blockchain and artificial intelligence. METHODS: The approach of the current research is a mixed method. Within the qualitative stage, the Grounded Theory Method was utilized, and within the quantitative stage, the descriptive-correlation method was used. For analyzing the qualitative data obtained from the interviews, we used open, axial, and selective coding techniques. Qualitative findings were analyzed by MAXQDA software, and in conclusion, a conceptual model of decentralized insurance for businesses in the field of financial technology based on blockchain and artificial intelligence was extracted. In the quantitative stage, validation of the model was done using the structural equation modeling method with the partial least squares method using PLS software. FINDINGS: A total of 424 codes extracted from 14 semi-structured interviews with experts in the research field were converted into 47 concepts, and finally, 21 categories were identified. Quantitative findings also indicate the confirmation of all hypotheses of the proposed model. CONCLUSION: The results of the research show that one way to benefit from financial technologies and minimize their risks is to study the insurance industry. Based on this, the codification of laws and regulation of decentralized insurance and transformative technologies, the strategies development of research through new technologies such as blockchain and artificial intelligence will lead to the results of research and ultimately digital transformation in the insurance industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the present article is to provide a new and practical definition for idioms and collocations, based on syntactic criteria, not merely semantic. One of the important criteria for distinguishing these two types of phrases (idioms and collocations) is the flexibility of their constituent elements. Idioms and collocations have not yet been studied within a syntactic approach. According to Construction Grammar, idioms were analyzed based on four syntactic tests: "passivization", "clefting", "dislocation" and "interrogation". Construction Grammar is a set of cognitive grammars that considers construction as a symbolic unit consisting of form and meaning poles. Two hundred idioms were analyzed. These idioms were collected from two main sources, namely The Colloquial Persian Dictionary (Abolhassan Najafi, 2008) and The Two -volume Dictionary of Kenayat-e Sokhan (Hassan Anvari, 2019). The four constructions of each idiom were judged syntactically by 15 people as research participants. The meanings of some of these constructions showed that the syntactic flexibility of all idioms is not the same. Some idioms were flexible to syntactic changes and therefore behaved similarly to collocations. The flexibility of idioms led to the introduction of a new definition of these types of phrases based on syntactic criteria. Thus, such phrases were considered a kind of collocation, not an idiom. In other words, those lexical phrases were called idioms which were inflexible to these syntactic constructions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the important capacities of women entrepreneurs in order to adapt in the face of adversities and problems to achieve success is resilience, with entrepreneurial competencies leading to its development. In addition, the entrepreneurial motivation as a driving force for more resilience to achieve the expected goals, explains the development of resilience of women entrepreneurs through entrepreneurial competencies. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to explain the impact of entrepreneurial competencies on the resilience of women entrepreneurs in Alborz Province through the mediation of entrepreneurial motivation. This research is applied in purpose and employed using a descriptive-correlational method. The data were collected from a sample of 192 women entrepreneurs of Alborz Province, using stratified random sampling and tested by structural equation modeling method with PLS software. The mediator relationships of the model were examined by the Sobel method. The main tool used to collect data is questionnaire. To investigate the validity of the research tool, convergent validity, divergent validity and construct validity were used. Cronbach's alpha coefficient and composite reliability were employed to evaluate its reliability. The findings of the research indicated that the entrepreneurial competencies of the research model, including conceptual competencies, business management, personal, opportunity and human relations have a direct and positive effect on the resilience of female entrepreneurs. In addition, through the mediating variable of entrepreneurial motivation, the mentioned entrepreneurial competencies has a positive, indirect effect on the resilience of female entrepreneurs in Alborz Province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This research investigated the political behaviors present within the Ministry of Education, aiming to identify the different types and their relative prevalence among employees. Methodology: The study employed a mixed-method approach to gain a comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon. In the first phase, semi-structured interviews were conducted with fifteen administrative staff members holding extensive experience (over 5 years) within the Ministry in Semnan city. Thematic analysis of these interviews provided a foundation for the development of a questionnaire. This questionnaire was then distributed randomly to a larger sample of 220 participants, encompassing both administrative staff and high school teachers within the Ministry of Education. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS2020 software to identify patterns and trends in the reported behaviors. Results: Seven categories of political behaviors emerged: image management (of others), organizational manipulation, preferential treatment, coalition building, undermining colleagues' competence, opportunistic behavior, and dominance displays. Image management was the most frequently observed behavior, while manipulation tactics were reported less frequently. Discussion: Interestingly, some participants in the study denied the existence of political behaviors within the Ministry. This suggests a potential blind spot or normalization of certain political tactics by some employees. The research also highlights the diverse range of political strategies employed within the organization. Further investigations are warranted to explore the motivations driving these behaviors and their potential impact on the Ministry's overall effectiveness and employee well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The discovery of original source materials in ancient texts is highly significant for scholars. Revisers often rely on secondary sources in addition to older and more authoritative text versions when correcting and annotating literary works. These secondary sources encompass a range of materials, including translations, summaries, contemporaneous texts, and works utilized by the original author. One such important secondary source is the Persian text "Kanz al-Ma'āref", which provides insights into the Barmakid dynasty. This work was written by Abd al-Jalil ibn Yaḥyā Yazdi and presented to Shāh Shudja' upon completion in central Iran in the 8th century. Two copies of Kanz al-Ma'āref, numbered 1342 and 1351, are housed in the National Library of France, while another copy is held in the Āref Ḥekmat Library in Medina though currently inaccessible. Beyond its historical significance in enhancing our understanding of the Barmakids, Kanz al-Ma'āref contains valuable textual passages that can be leveraged for analysis and correction of ancient verse and prose texts. The author incorporated various literary sources and quoted verses and phrases, making it a rich resource for scholars. This essay presented examples of such cases categorized into three groups: instances where the Kanz al-Ma'āref recording was more accurate than the corrected version; cases where one or more corrections of the original texts were accurate, while the Kanz al-Ma'āref recording was inaccurate; and situations where both the Kanz al-Ma'āref recording and the published correction(s) were correct, but the Kanz al-Ma'āref version was considered superior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Malik National Library houses a collection of nearly 4,850 lines of poetry under Access Code 6240. This manuscript is attributed to Mohammad Hossein Saqib in the library's records and is referred to as both "Kaliat Saqib" and "Diwan Saqib" in reference to Shahabuddin Saqib Dehlavi. However, it lacks a title and direct information regarding the poet's identity, aside from the poetic surname "Saqib". This study aimed to introduce the manuscript and its stylistic significance while addressing the question of which poet bearing the surname "Saqib" authored these verses. The article analyzed the bibliographic details of the manuscript using library and document research methods, highlighting its notable features. The findings indicated that the poetry reflected the poet's engagement with new themes, particularly Indian romantic stories. Additionally, the text included Turkish verses and referenced to Fath Ali Shah Qajar, as well as elements of Indian culture. An examination of the biographies of poets known as "Saqib", especially Mohammad Hossein Saqib and Saqib Dehlavi—both listed in the Malik National Library's records—suggested that attributing this work to Mohammad Hossein Saqib was unlikely. Instead, Shahabuddin Saqib Dehlavi might be the more plausible author until further evidence would emerge. The manuscript comprised a preface, sonnets, quatrains, masnavis, odes, humorous pieces, and compositions of stanzas. Key themes included romantic tales, anecdotes, didactic and moral topics, descriptions, debates, and praise of the Imams. The variety of poetic forms and the originality of the subject matter, particularly in the fictional masnavis, warranted significant attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mojir al-Din Baylaqani (d. 586 AH) is a renowned poet of the 6th century and a prominent figure of the Arranian school in Persian poetry. He is renowned for his deceptively simple yet fluent verses compared to his contemporaries. The only existing edition of his Divan (collected works) was prepared by Mohammad Abadi Bavail as a doctoral dissertation in 1974 under the supervision of Mehdi Mohaghegh, Mazaher Mosaffa, and Ahmad Mahdavi Damghani and was subsequently published in Tabriz in 1979. While this pioneering edition holds historical value, subsequent reviews have revealed its deficiencies. The recent discovery of new manuscript sources that were unavailable to the previous editor presents an opportunity for a revised, more comprehensive edition. This study, undertaken through a critical re-editing of Mojir al-Din's Divan based on over 30 manuscript copies and employing a descriptive-analytical methodology using library resources, aimed to highlight the shortcomings of the existing edition. The significance of poets from Arran Region in the Persian literary canon, coupled with the necessity of a deeper scholarly engagement with Mojir al-Din's poems, underscored the importance of this research. The overall conclusion pointed to the inadequacies of the previous edition and the pressing need for its re-editing. According to the findings, the primary deficiencies of the prior edition included the erroneous attribution of other poets' works to Mojir al-Din, omission of some of his poems, inconsistencies in the transcription of certain poems, misreadings, incorrect selections, and inadequate or inaccurate annotations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the biographies of two mystics from the first section (Junayd of Baghdad and Bayazid Bastami) and two mystics from the second section (Abu al-Hasan Kharaqani and Abu Sa'id Abu'l-Khayr) of the book Tazkirat al-Awliya are examined from a modal perspective. First, modality is analyzed in two categories: indicative and non-indicative. The total frequency of non-indicative moods in all four sections shows no significant difference. This difference can be analyzed in terms of the prose style of Sufism and the intentions of the speaker and author. In the next section, among the non-indicative moods, the frequencies of imperative, interrogative, and conditional moods are examined and compared. From this perspective, there are significant differences between the two mystics in the first section and the two mystics in the second section. Additionally, the two mystics in the first section show complete similarity in their use of different moods, while the two mystics in the second section, besides differing from the first section, also differ from each other, which can be analyzed from discourse and stylistic perspectives. From the viewpoint of power discourse, Abu Sa'id's section most prominently displays the power of the mystic, followed by the sections of Abu al-Hasan, Junayd, and Bayazid. From a stylistic perspective, the differences in modality and other examined elements indicate a distinct style between the first and second sections of the "Tazkirat", supporting the hypothesis that the second section might be a later addition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Idealism for urban living necessitates the establishment of infrastructure and a platform that considers all stakeholders, including managers, planners, and citizens, regardless of their social and economic backgrounds, social class, gender, etc. This concept is encapsulated in the notion of the right to the city. However, implementing this concept can pose challenges in smaller cities with more unfavorable conditions. Hence, this research aims to introduce a model for actualizing the right to the city based on the Analytical Network Process (ANP) in the rural cities of western Mazandaran. The current study is categorized as applied research. The statistical population for this study comprised urban experts (chosen through the Delphi technique with a sample size of 25). Alongside on -site observations, information was gathered utilizing the fundamental maps of the country's mapping organization and studies focusing on the three cities of Baldeh, Kejur, and Pol (Kham -shahrs in the western part of Mazandaran province). The Analytical Network Process (ANP) method was employed to process and analyze the data, leading to the extraction of a balanced supermatrix using the Super Decision software. Following various steps, the final priorities of indicators and options for realizing the right to the city were determined. The results of the network analysis (ANP) of the dimensions of realizing the right to the city in the western cities of Mazandaran province indicate that the physical -biological dimension holds the highest weight and importance (0.1970). It is trailed by the economic dimension (0.1725) and the social and cultural dimensions (with a final weight of 0.0847). Among the criteria for realizing the right to the city in the western cities of Mazandaran province, the right to self-determination carries the most significance with a weight of 0.1461, followed by environmental rights (0.0943) and the right to a sustainable city economy (0.0840). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entrepreneurship, a burgeoning force in today's economy, plays a pivotal role in rural development by fostering progress, poverty alleviation, and job creation. However, rural areas often grapple with a scarcity of financial capital essential for business initiation or expansion. To address this, governments have introduced micro-rural credits as self-employment loans to stimulate rural employment and entrepreneurship. This study aims to evaluate the impact of government micro-credits on rural entrepreneurship development in Radkan. Adopting an applied, developmental, and descriptive - analytical approach, data was collected through documentary, library, and field research. The study population comprised 27 entrepreneurs, with a sample of 244 individuals from 13 Radkan villages selected using the Cochran formula with a 0.06 error level. Their opinions on research indicators related to the topic were assessed. Findings reveal that micro-government credits have had a negligible impact on rural entrepreneurship in the study area. Most sample entrepreneurs supplemented bank loans with personal funds. Furthermore, insufficient loan amounts, limited credit accessibility, absent insurance support, lengthy loan processing times, and unfavorable repayment terms resulted in low satisfaction levels among entrepreneurs (average 2.32) and rural residents (average 1.91). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

River morphology holds significant importance in the fields of geomorphology and river management and engineering. The marginal sections of rivers have consistently undergone changes in their riverbeds due to various social and economic factors. The Dare Ourt River, located in the Ardabil province, represents a permanent river that has experienced frequent floods and alterations in its channel morphology in recent periods. In this study, the Dare Ourt river was thoroughly analyzed using the Rosegen model at levels one and two. To conduct this study effectively, detaied data such as 1:2000 river topographic maps, hydrometric data, and boundary conditions from the Ardabil Regional Water Authority were collected and utilized. Furthermore, the HEC-RAS hydrodynamic model was employed to extract the primary indices of the Rosegen model with greater accuracy. The outcomes revealed that the majority of the river sections exhibit a C6c type, characterized by an alluvial substrate. Additionally, other dominant types observed within the four examined ranges include B6c, E6b, F6, and D. Field visits also confirmed a transition in the river type from C to F within range 4, which presents challenges for the reconstruction and restoration of the river in type F. As a recommendation, it is advised to implement restrictions to prevent the river from transitioning into type F. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When empires and great nations decline, there are many interrelated reasons involved in. Empires are considered to be powerful entities in the world, and via historical surveys, one can identify several important empires that have existed in different eras. Geopolitical knowledge and its constituent concepts (power, politics, and space) are closely associated with empires and can be explored from this perspective. The aim of this research is to conduct a geopolitical investigation of the collapse of empires. The research deal with the geopolitical factors contributing to the collapse of empires such as Persia, Rome, Byzantium, Ottoman, Britain, Russia, Spain, and Arab countries, using a descriptive -analytical method and field research. The statistical population consists of 50 specialists and experts in the field of geopolitical studies. The Dimtel method has been utilized to test the conceptual model of the research. The findings demonstrate that variables such as the incompetence and capriciousness of rulers, the collapse of the domestic economy, the extravagance and corruption of the governing class, oppression and slavery, and internal rebellions have a high level of interaction and a strong systemic connection with other variables. In other words, when a country faces these challenges in terms of its leadership and governance, it becomes unable to effectively address other problems caused by these factors, leading to a crisis and the eventual collapse of the empire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The city development strategy(CDS) is a novel initiative that is currently being implemented in numerous cities worldwide, including several in Iran. Its primary objectives are to enhance the quality of life, combat poverty, promote sustainable development, and foster effective urban management through a participatory approach. The purpose of this study is to examine and compare the perceptions of residents and municipal administrators regarding various aspects of the urban development plan. This study is characterized as descriptive - analytical. The statistical population comprises managers, employees of urban management, and citizens in Yasouj city. The sample size was estimated to be 384 for citizens and 30 for managers using Cochran's method. One -sample t -test, independent t -test, one -way analysis of variance(ANOVA) and multivariate linear regression were used to analyze sample data. The findings of the study reveal that while municipal administrators are generally content with the current state of these dimensions, residents believe that these elements of the urban development plan are not satisfactory. The descriptive statistics and the t -test demonstrate that the overall mean of the urban development plan dimensions is 1.88 from the people's perspective and 2.98 from the viewpoint of urban administrators. Furthermore, the level of satisfaction with the research's dimensions significantly differs between the two groups. The linear regression analysis indicates that, according to the people's perspective, the dimensions of bankability and the ability to live comfortably hold the highest and lowest significance, with coefficients of 0.413 and 0.167, respectively. However, from the perspective of city managers, the dimensions of livability and good governance are the most and least significant, with coefficients of 0.373 and 0.112, respectively. Ultimately, the findings of this study can assist urban managers in making more informed decisions and delivering services that better align with the needs of the community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By employing urban growth and development modeling, it is feasible to delineate a developmental trajectory that aligns with the specific circumstances of a city, considering environmental factors, natural elements, and population dynamics. The aim of this research is to propose an urban development model for Shushtar, which can serve as a valuable tool for analyzing the intricate processes of urban transformations. To accomplish this objective, two datasets were utilized: urban land use maps (including educational spaces, healthcare facilities, residential areas, etc.) and Landsat satellite imagery for key land uses such as rivers, barren lands, and forests, spanning three time periods: 1991, 2004, and 2014. These datasets were processed using GIS and MATLAB software. Existing urban land use maps were digitized and subsequently updated using Landsat satellite imagery. Subsequently, influential parameters in urban development were introduced as inputs to the Adaptive Neuro -Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) algorithm. After training the model for the years 1991 and 2004, the predicted results of urban development using the algorithm were compared with the actual situation in 2014, demonstrating a high accuracy of 93.7%. The land use change map, resulting from the change detection process, can be generated based on multi-temporal remote sensing images and their integration with urban land use maps, enabling an analysis of the associated consequences. The use of intelligent algorithms in this research has facilitated modeling with a high level of accuracy. The obtained results are deemed acceptable, and this development has also been predicted for the upcoming years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recovery of assets derived from corruption crimes plays a decisive role in preventing corruption offenses. However, traditional or direct asset recovery, which is based on formal cooperation between states, has become practically unsuccessful due to the rapid transfer of corrupt criminal assets from one country to others and the complexity of accessing criminals when they flee. This situation has shifted the focus of judicial, law enforcement, and intelligence agencies towards informal asset recovery, which is based on principles of speed, efficiency, and reliability. Alongside informal recovery, indirect recovery is also considered a new strategy in the field of asset recovery. The main question of this research is what capacities and barriers exist in international law regarding the identification of new strategies for the recovery of assets derived from corruption crimes for the Islamic Republic of Iran. The findings of this research indicate that, firstly, given the rapid transfer of corrupt criminal assets from one jurisdiction to another, the new international legal system has focused on informal mechanisms for recovering assets derived from corruption crimes, such as STAR, IML, etc. Currently, Iran is only a member of one of these mechanisms, and the legal status of this type of cooperation with these frameworks remains undefined. Secondly, attention to the indirect recovery of assets should occur alongside direct recovery, and in this context, some formal mechanisms for asset recovery, such as confiscation without a criminal conviction or administrative confiscation accepted in the Merida Convention, have not been recognized in Iran's legal system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, social responsibility has been a missing link in international investment and trade agreements. Understanding the nature and basis of this responsibility, as well as the challenges it faces, are critical issues that need to be addressed. Research findings indicate that the soft language of agreements, fears of the economic consequences of invoking this condition, the potential for government abuse, litigation costs, and the predominance of a commercial approach in courts hamper the implemention of social responsibility in international trade agreements. It seems that providing a conducive environment for the free presence of civil society representatives, considering social responsibility within the framework of the principle of fair treatment, and invoking general legal principles such as the principle of good faith and implementing effective incentive policies could lead to the establishment of this condition in trade agreements. Ultimately, based on the experiences examined in trade agreements, it appears that Iranian policymakers should promote social responsibility and legally solidify soft law rules in investment laws, regulations, and treaties, while also making the implementation of this responsibility contingent upon the preservation of vital interests. This way, justifiable actions can lead to lower costs for the country regarding non-fulfillment of obligations to foreign investors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a result of human activities in recent decades, the state of the earth's environment has faced irreparable damage. This issue has compelled governments to formulate and implement various environmental laws and regulations across all dimensions. The aim of this article is to examine the foundations of states obligating to adhere to international environmental rules and regulations, with an emphasis on the unilateralism of certain states regarding their withdrawal from environmental treaties. The results indicate that the Paris Agreement focuses primarily on developing countries, while the highest levels of environmental pollution are generated by developed countries. The breach of commitment by some countries, such as the United States, China, and Russia, and their withdrawal from and disregard for this treaty clearly demonstrate that these countries have not fulfilled their commitments adequately. Consequently, addressing these existing challenges in the world requires the cooperation of all governments, the private sector, and civil society to prioritize risk reduction, as well as fairness and justice in decision-making and investment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of employment security forms the foundation of labor relations in the United States. The question is: what does the concept of employment security for workers entail, and how is it reflected in the United States? The strategies for ensuring employment security in America could serve as an ideal model for delineating job security for workers in Iran. Employment security and job security are two distinct but related concepts. Employment security means that a worker can easily find re-employment based on their abilities, regardless of the type of employment relationship. In contrast, job security relies on government support for the continuity of a worker's employment. Legal protections for workers in the United States are provided through the right to collective bargaining and individual employment protections. The nature of labor relations in the United States is based on the flexibility and freedom of the parties to terminate the employment contract. In this country, the issue of employment security is prioritized over job security. Employment policies, at will, as a complement to employment security, assume that labor relations in America are contractual, leading to greater flexibility and the mobility of workers across various economic sectors instead of job stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the acceptance of private banks as issuers of securities in the stock market, the capital and money markets have interacted through listed banks. In public law, we aim to maintain social order and stability; thus, examining the banking system's emphasis on preserving systemic stability versus the capital market's focus on transparency and protecting shareholders' rights is of great importance. In this research, banks are considered a distinct entity, as they have a direct relationship with the formation of trust in society. It seems more appropriate for the regulatory authority to expect full transparency from banks according to regulations, but to be more cautious regarding the public disclosure of information that could undermine public trust and put systemic stability at risk. Additionally, similar to the European Union, which accepts delays in the disclosure of banking information in its market abuse regulations, we can establish regulations in this area. In practice, this tension has also existed in the Iranian capital market in recent years, and we have witnessed complaints against the managers of such banks who faced penalties due to the failure to disclose information in a timely manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the era of technological explosion and complexity of social relations in organizations, educational systems have the highest number of social interactions and require the development of social capital, especially in their management department. Developed and competent managers with social capital index standards are more successful in fulfilling their role. Therefore, the current research aims to investigate the structural role of social capital in the professional development model of managers using thematic analysis, interviews and document studies as data collection tools, with a statistical population of elementary school managers in Alborz province and a targeted sample of twelve people. The results of the research indicate the existence of the following components: individual competencies, interpersonal competencies, personality and motivational competencies, creative competencies, social competencies, and managerial competencies, which, in the field of social and managerial competencies, witness the greatest role of social capital, especially in the communication dimension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social capital, as a valuable type of intangible capital, has many individual and organizational benefits, while its development requires various prerequisites. Therefore, in recent years, many studies have been conducted on this topic. In order to gain a more comprehensive knowledge in this regard, the present research has reviewed and classified the requirements and results of developing social capital. This applied research was conducted using a qualitative approach and meta-synthesis method. The data sources include related articles published in Iranian scientific databases in the selected period of time. These articles were selected based on the criteria of entering the meta-synthesis process, and the obtained data were analyzed by thematic analysis method. The identified requirements of developing social capital were classified as constructive beliefs and attitudes, effective interpersonal interactions, facilitative leadership, culture and ethics, and human capital management. In addition, its main results are: productivity and performance, excellence of human capital, attitudinal and behavioral outcomes, development of professional and organizational ethics, development of intangible capital, organizational capabilities, facilitation of knowledge management, innovation and entrepreneurship. Aggregating and integrating the findings of numerous research studies about social capital in the present research can achieve a relatively comprehensive understanding of its requirements and outcomes, and it can serve as a guide for the management of this valuable capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article was conducted with the aim of implementing sociological analysis of the social capital of football players and its impact on professional ethics. This study is applied-developmental in terms of purpose and survey-based cross-sectional in terms of data collection method. The community of participants of the qualitative part includes 35 prominent players of the country's premier league, who were selected using theoretical sampling. The sample size of the quantitative part was estimated by the effect size and power test method to be 155 people, and the sampling was done by the cluster-random method. A semi-structured interview and a researcher-made questionnaire were used to collect data. Data analysis was done, in the qualitative part, with the grounded theory method in Maxqda software, and in the quantitative part, with the importance-performance analysis method in SPSS software. The research findings indicated that empowering players, creating a culture in the club, monitoring the holding of official matches, and the Premier League are the causal factors that affect the social capital of football players. Social capital, by influencing professional ethics, ultimately leads to the growth and success of football in the country. Based on the analysis of the importance of performance, the constructs of "monitoring the holding of matches," "players' mental concerns," and "material problems and issues" are in the "weakness" area, and the distance between these constructs is significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

External social capital of support Organizations is a degree of potential resources resulting from the external communication of their managers and employees with the external environment. The purpose of this article is to design a framework for the development of external social capital of support organizations based on corporate social responsibility. The current research is "basic theory" in terms of practical purpose, qualitative nature, and implementation path. The data collection technique is "interview." Fifteen experts were selected using "criterion-based sampling." The findings indicate that by subtly monitoring social, moral, political, economic, legal and technological intervening factors and planning to change the background conditions affecting the central phenomenon, structural transformation strategies in public relations, promotion of foresight literature, attention to strategic planning, change in governance policies, corporate branding, organizational networking, and e-government promotion can be effective in the development of social-external capital of support organizations. The consequence of such an action will be the survival of companies and factories, and the empowerment of people covered by supporting organizations. Therefore, the paradigm model of the current research can serve as a desirable model for the sustainable development of external social capital of support organizations and the creation of social welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The implementation of self-regulated learning plays a role in reducing students' anxiety and increasing the level of deeper information processing in them. Among the applications of education based on self-regulation is its role in increasing students' self-efficacy, which has received less attention from researchers so far. There is a research gap regarding the effectiveness of integrated education based on self-regulation on students' self-efficacy. Aims: This research was conducted with the aim of comparing the efficacy of the integrated and face-to-face education program based on self-regulation on the self-efficacy of sixth grade elementary School female students. Methods: The method of the current research was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of the research included all sixth grade elementary School female students of Qaenat city in the academic year of 2022-2023. 54 students were selected from among the students of the statistical community using convenience sampling method, And they were randomly assigned in two experimental groups (18 people in the integrated training group based on self-regulation, 18 people in the face-to-face training group based on self-regulation) and a control group (18 people). The data collection tool in this research was the self-efficacy questionnaire (Sherer et al., 1982). Integrated training sessions (researcher-made) were held in 8 weeks for the first experimental group, and face-to-face training group sessions were held in 7 weeks for the second experimental group. Analysis of the research data was done using covariance analysis method and using SPSS-24 software. Results: The results showed that there is a significant difference between the effectiveness of two methods of integrated and face-to-face education based on self-regulation on students' self-efficacy, And integrated training is more effective than face-to-face training in increasing self-efficacy (P< 0.01). In addition, the average of both integrated and face-to-face education groups was more effective on students' self-efficacy than the control group (P< 0.01). Conclusion: According to the findings of the present research on the greater effectiveness of integrated education based on self-regulation on the self-efficacy of elementary school students, The use of this educational method is suggested to educational psychologists, school counselors and all officials in the field of education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Research has demonstrated a positive correlation between higher social skills and improved performance in social interactions among students. Recently, mindfulness interventions, encompassing elements such as self-discipline and present moment awareness, have garnered attention for their potential to enhance mental processes, sensitivity, openness, and receptivity. Conversely, play therapy, characterized by enjoyable physical and mental activities, has been linked to increased social skills and creativity. However, there exists a research gap regarding play therapy based on mindfulness to enhance self-respect in the studied society. Aims: This study aims to compare the effectiveness of mindfulness-based and game-based education on the social skills and creativity of primary school students in Garmsar City. Methods: This research employed a semi-experimental design involving pre-tests, post-tests, and a one-month follow-up. The statistical population comprised all primary school students in Garmsar City (7620 individuals) during the academic year 2022-2021. Participants were divided into three groups of 15 individuals each through purposeful sampling based on specified criteria. Matson's social skill questionnaire (1983) (TTCI) and Torrance's creativity questionnaire were utilized. Two experimental groups underwent an 8-session play therapy protocol (Johnson and Parson, 2023) and a mindfulness protocol (Siegal et al., 2002), respectively. Hypothesis testing employed a Multivariate Analysis of Variance test conducted using SPSS22 statistical software. Results: The findings indicated a significant difference between the post-test results of the experimental and control groups in students' social skills and creativity after controlling for pre-test effects. This suggests that both mindfulness and play therapy interventions led to improvements in social skills and creativity among students (p< 0.001). Conclusion: This study concludes that mindfulness and play therapy can positively influence students' social skills and creativity. Future research is recommended to utilize larger samples and diverse research groups for further exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]