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This paper examines the role of entrepreneurship in energy engineering education, emphasizing the importance of incorporating entrepreneurial skills into the curriculum. Given the global challenges associated with sustainable energy, entrepreneurship is identified as a crucial driver for developing innovative technologies in the energy sector. The paper addresses the obstacles and challenges of integrating entrepreneurship into energy engineering education programs and highlights the need for curriculum reform, enhanced industry collaboration, and the utilization of appropriate resources to foster entrepreneurship. Additionally, the paper underscores the importance of balancing technical and entrepreneurial content within energy engineering courses, and the necessity of providing suitable incentives and opportunities for students to engage in entrepreneurial activities. The societal demand for sustainable energy solutions and the pressing global challenges underscore the need for energy engineering students to develop entrepreneurial skills. This development is presented as a vital strategy for driving economic growth and fostering innovation in the energy industry. In conclusion, the paper argues that the integration of entrepreneurship into energy engineering education is essential for preparing students to contribute effectively to the energy sector's evolution and to address the urgent need for sustainable and innovative energy solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This paper aims to comprehensively review the conceptualizations of "business resilience" in the context of entrepreneurship and gather different perspectives on the topic. The goal is to provide conceptual clarity and enhance theoretical and practical outcomes in entrepreneurship research. Method: This research is a descriptive study carried out using the qualitative metaanalysis (QMA) method. The purpose of this method is to qualitatively summarize a set of researches in terms of concepts, methods, results, context, etc. This method especially is used when the central issue has been investigated from various perspectives. By searching for research published between 2000 to 2020, containing “resilience” in the title, approximately 10,500 records were found. Filtering the document and journal titles with certain words led to 1260 records. At this stage, a group of papers was selected for further analysis by reviewing titles and abstracts. After detailed examination, 85 studies were selected for qualitative analysis and coding. Thereafter, subsequent steps for conducting a qualitative meta-analysis research including the appraisal of primary studies, preparing data, data analysis and credibility checks are followed. Results: The final results of the analysis are provided in three main parts. At first, the definitions of resilience were categorized into six groups. Then, similar concepts to resilience were classified into four groups based on crisis occurrence time. Finally, a network of related concepts to business resilience was developed. This network has eight parts. According to this conceptual network, resilience is assumed to have three main definitions in general. Some define “resilient business” as “a business that has survived after the disaster”, some assume it to be “a business that has recovered to the same performance level in comparison to the pre-disaster state”, and others describe it as “a business that has improved its performance to a higher level”. Also, resilience has been explained at four levels: “regional economic resilience”, “social resilience”, “business resilience”, and “resilience of the entrepreneur”. Moreover, resilience has been studied by three main approaches, namely “engineering”, “ecological” and “adaptive”. Considering the required duration to evaluate resilience, some believe that resilience could be evaluated at any “point” in time, while others declare that it is necessary to consider a “duration” of time for evaluation. Conclusion: The literature on business resilience is rich at the individual and business levels but lacks research at macro levels. Integrating ecological and adaptive approaches with the engineering approach would contribute significantly to the field. It is suggested to categorize concepts into "active-passive" and "absorptive-adaptive" dualities and avoid the use of numerous overlapping terms and definitions found in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the role of entrepreneurship in energy engineering education, emphasizing the importance of incorporating entrepreneurial skills into the curriculum. Given the global challenges associated with sustainable energy, entrepreneurship is identified as a crucial driver for developing innovative technologies in the energy sector. The paper addresses the obstacles and challenges of integrating entrepreneurship into energy engineering education programs and highlights the need for curriculum reform, enhanced industry collaboration, and the utilization of appropriate resources to foster entrepreneurship. Additionally, the paper underscores the importance of balancing technical and entrepreneurial content within energy engineering courses, and the necessity of providing suitable incentives and opportunities for students to engage in entrepreneurial activities. The societal demand for sustainable energy solutions and the pressing global challenges underscore the need for energy engineering students to develop entrepreneurial skills. This development is presented as a vital strategy for driving economic growth and fostering innovation in the energy industry. In conclusion, the paper argues that the integration of entrepreneurship into energy engineering education is essential for preparing students to contribute effectively to the energy sector’s evolution and to address the urgent need for sustainable and innovative energy solutions

Objective: The concept of "Lean start-up" is intriguing but vague in its implementation. To the best of our knowledge, measuring the level of leanness of a start-up is not possible yet. However, there are some models for lean assessment in mature companies. This research aims to determine the criteria and design a framework for conforming to lean start-up criteria. The goal is to create a valuable guide for evaluating the degree of leanness of start-up businesses and pave the way for their leanness. Method: This research follows an applied and analytical approach conducted in two phases. We developed a framework for lean start-up conformance in the first phase through five steps. Initially, papers on "lean measurement" and "lean start-up" were searched and reviewed, resulting in 187 unique criteria. In the next step, the Content Validity Ratio (CVR) reduced the number of criteria to 52. Subsequently, the CREAM method (acronym for "Clear," "Relevant," "Economic," "Adequate," and "Monitorable") was used to assess the quality of the remaining criteria. Only 38 criteria could pass the CREAM requirement and were qualified for remaining as final criteria. Hierarchical cluster analysis, conducted using MATLAB software, categorized the remaining criteria into 7 dimensions. Finally, the group best-worst method (G-BWM) was used to weight the criteria and dimensions. These steps were conducted through 35 rounds of expert opinion collection through 4 questionnaires and yielded in a lean start-up conformance framework. In the second phase, the created framework was applied to 35 start-up businesses in Fars Science and Technology Park, and the output data was analyzed using the one-sample t-test in SPSS software. Finding: This research developed a framework of 7 dimensions and 38 criteria to measure the degree of leanness in start-up businesses. The framework dimensions, namely "customer analysis," "quality of product manufacturing," "improvement of production system," "management and personnel," "Muda," "internal processes," and "market analysis," have been assigned respective weights of 0.256, 0.149, 0.149, 0.089, 0.076, 0.120, and 0.188. Also, applying the framework to the start-up businesses of Fars Science and Technology Park revealed the extent of their leanness and uncovered the gap to the ideal state of leanness. The average score of leanness in the investigated businesses was found to be 80 percent. Results: The designed framework is a useful guide for measuring and enhancing the degree of leanness in start-up businesses. Notably, the "customer analysis" dimension emerged with the highest weight among the dimensions, while "identifying customer needs" exhibited the highest weight among the criteria in the framework. Applying the framework highlighted the need for start-up businesses in Fars Science and Technology Park to focus on enhancing "internal processes," "Muda," and "market analysis." Future research endeavors could explore extensions of the framework using Fuzzy or gray logic or customize it according to the lifecycle of start-ups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims at examining entrepreneurship in both service and manufacturing firms. To fulfill this goal, SAMAN bank, as the third private bank in Iran, and Iranian auto part manufacturing firms were chosen as the representatives of service and manufacturing firms. First, some entrepreneurial attributes and their effectual factors were educed from the relevant literature to be measured for SAMAN bank employees to perceive whether they impart these attributes or not. Second, some of the Iranian auto part manufacturing entrepreneurs who have the ownership of the respective firms were selected to procure a better recognition of manufacturing environments and the significant variables impress entrepreneurship in this milieu. Then a comprehensive model is presented for the process of starting entrepreneurial activities in these firms. Finally, the comparison is made between these two segments and their similarities and differences are posed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Women play a crucial role in promoting entrepreneurial activities and enhancing the economic status of society. The entry of women into the business space can be motivated by necessity or opportunity. Necessity women's entrepreneurship, considered unproductive, contrasts with opportunity women's entrepreneurship, which is known as productive entrepreneurship. Businesses led by opportunity female entrepreneurs tend to have a longer and more stable life cycle compared to those led by necessity entrepreneurs. This is due to the former's high entrepreneurial capabilities and access to various human, social, and financial capitals, enabling them to reach the stage of established entrepreneurship. Consequently, they make substantial contributions to economic growth and development. On the other hand, necessity entrepreneurs, facing lower entrepreneurial capabilities and limited access to various forms of capital, often struggle to progress to the established entrepreneurship stage and make comparatively less contribution to the economy. The present study aims to identify the factors influencing the transition of necessity female nascent entrepreneurs to established entrepreneurship. This research is applied in terms of its purpose and exploratory in nature. The statistical population of the research consists of 15 necessity female nascent entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship specialists from Poldakhter city, Lorestan province, who were selected purposefully. Data were collected using a semi-structured interview method, and theme analysis was applied for data analysis. The research findings revealed that financial support, appropriate laws and tax systems, access to empowering centers, technical and commercial infrastructure, formal and informal education, social capital, business management competencies, social status, market freedom, traits, and psychological capital are influential in the transition of necessity female nascent entrepreneurs to established entrepreneursh. ‌Keywords Women, Entrepreneurship, Necessity, Opportunistic, Productive‌ ‌IntroductionResearchers have identified two different types of motivation for starting a new business among women entrepreneurs, which include necessity and opportunity entrepreneurial motivation (Sendra-Pons et al., 2022). Entrepreneurship with necessity motivation refers to the push motivations that arise from unemployment, family pressure, dismissal, being unemployable (due to an unfavorable background), and people's dissatisfaction with their current situation, leading them to engage in entrepreneurial activities. On the other hand, entrepreneurship with opportunity motivation involves pull motivations arising from the discovery of opportunities, the need for independence, innovation, and the desire to improve prosperity and wealth, prompting people to start new businesses (Zwan et al., 2016). Necessity entrepreneurship is considered unproductive, while opportunity entrepreneurship is known as productive entrepreneurship (Fu et al., 2020).The findings of the GEM (2021) indicate that businesses led by opportunity nascent entrepreneurs have a longer and more stable life cycle than those led by necessity entrepreneurs. This is due to their high entrepreneurial capabilities and access to various human, social, and financial capitals, enabling them to reach the stage of established entrepreneurship, thereby contributing significantly to economic growth and development. However, necessity entrepreneurs, facing lower entrepreneurial capabilities and lacking access to various forms of capital, are often hindered from reaching the established entrepreneurship stage and make a comparatively smaller contribution to the economy (Zwan et al., 2016).The transition of necessity female nascent entrepreneurs to established entrepreneurship is crucial for the economic prosperity of societies. From the researchers' perspective, it is essential to focus on necessity female nascent entrepreneurs because they constitute one of the fastest-growing entrepreneurial populations capable of contributing to wealth generation in the economy. Therefore, policies should be developed to ensure that the necessary platform is provided for these entrepreneurs, and they receive sufficient support and assistance to acquire the knowledge, skills, and resources needed to achieve established entrepreneurship (Martinez-Rodriguez et al., 2020).According to the GEM report (2021), concerning the ratio of opportunity nascent entrepreneurship to necessity entrepreneurship, it can be said that the level of productive entrepreneurial activities in Iran is not in good condition compared to other developed countries. Additionally, the rate of necessity nascent entrepreneurship is high in developing countries, emphasizing the need to identify the factors that cause the transition of necessity nascent entrepreneurs to productive and established entrepreneurship. MethodologyThe current research is applied in terms of purpose and exploratory in terms of method. The statistical population of this research includes entrepreneurship experts and necessity female nascent entrepreneurs in Poldakhtar city, Lorestan province, who have reached the stage of established entrepreneurship. In this research, the purposeful sampling method was used to determine the sample size. A semi-structured interview was employed as a data collection tool. Theoretical saturation was achieved through thirteen interviews, and two additional interviews were conducted for further certainty. Regarding the validity and reliability of the research instrument, content validity and the intra-subject agreement method of two coders were employed. To evaluate the internal and external validity of the research findings, Guba and Lincoln's four criteria (1995: 235), including credibility, dependability, confirmability, and transferability, were applied. For data analysis, the theme analysis method with the approach of Braun and Clarke (2006: 81) was utilized. FindingsThe findings of this research, obtained through qualitative data analysis and semi-structured interviews, are presented in the form of 27 sub-themes and 10 main themes, explaining the transition of necessity female nascent entrepreneurs in Lorestan province to established entrepreneurship. Regarding the derivation of the main themes, it should be mentioned that the main theme of financial support was extracted from the sub-themes of venture capital and government financial assistance. The main theme of appropriate laws and the tax system has been obtained from the sub-themes of solving administrative bureaucracies and addressing tax system problems. Access to empowering centers is the main theme derived from the sub-themes of access to parks and incubator centers, as well as skill-oriented centers. The main theme of technical and commercial infrastructure has been extracted from the sub-themes of support facilities and professional services. The main theme of formal and informal education is obtained from the sub-themes of holding workshops and seminars and teaching the principles of entrepreneurship. Social capital is the main theme obtained from the sub-themes of network relations and trust. Furthermore, the main theme of business management competencies is derived from the sub-themes of opportunity exploitation, strategy formulation, marketing research, sales management, and implementation. The main theme of social status is obtained from the sub-themes of financial ability, family background, and education level. Finally, the main theme of market freedom is extracted from the sub-themes of ease of business entry into the market and antitrust laws, and the main theme of characteristics and psychological capital is derived from the sub-themes of uncertainty tolerance, desire for achievement, self-efficacy, resilience, and hope. ResultWith the attention and focus of necessity female nascent entrepreneurs in Lorestan province and the government on the main variables discovered in this research, favorable results will be achieved. Consequences such as access to financial resources, administrative simplifications, and a reduction in the tax burden, as well as the utilization of services related to improving skills and business growth, can be expected. Additionally, other positive outcomes include acquiring operational knowledge, obtaining support from the perspective of resources and information, the ability to identify and solve problems and challenges in the business environment, improved social status, better management, and the implementation of appropriate decisions for the stabilization and development of the business. The realization of these consequences for necessity female nascent entrepreneurs will likely lead to their transition to established entrepreneurship, thereby having positive effects on economic growth and development. ReferencesAbazi-Alili, H. & Jusaj, Y. (2022). Women entrepreneurship development in Kosovo: Challenges and opportunities. Entrenova-Enterprise Research Innovation, 8(1), 212-224.Adom, K. & Asare-Yeboa, I. T. (2016). An evaluation of human capital theory and female entrepreneurship in sub-Sahara Africa: Some evidence from Ghana. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 8(4), 402-423.Al-Ghamri, N. (2016). Challenges facing businesswomen and their negative impact on the performance of small businesses in the province of Jeddah in Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Business and Management, 11(9), 96-116.Ali, H. Y., Khan, M. K. & Asrar-ul-Haq, M. (2019). Factors affecting the performance of women entrepreneurs in SMEs: a case study of Punjab, Pakistan. 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Knowledge-based professional businesses, in addition to having a large and growing share in the economy in terms of high value creation, also promote the export capability of the Iranian economy. The paper examines the entrepreneurship model based on the knowledge of the Iranian automotive industry using Grounded theory (GT) and in-depth interview method. This study interviewed 18 experts and thinkers, the Automobile Manufacturers Association, and knowledge-based companies supplying parts, and collected data from December 1399 to July 1400. The results indicate that despite the high capacity of value creation in knowledge-based businesses in the automotive industry, this economic capacity, entrepreneurial potential and training of manpower in the technology industry of supplying auto parts to the Iranian economy has not yet been considered. Although the right environment for entrepreneurs is one of the important factors to take advantage of opportunities in new companies so understanding the relationship between supportive policies and the stimulus of knowledge accumulation on the one hand and microeconomic stimuli at the individual and corporate levels on the other hand that encourage the use of knowledge through markets. In other words, regulation in this sector is facing many gaps and the opportunity to internationalize businesses in this market has always been lost. Satisfaction with the limited and monopoly market is one of the threats facing this industry. Uncertainty, asymmetry and high transaction costs, which are inherent characteristics of knowledge and technology, are other problems. So, this in itself can make a difference in evaluating and measuring the expected value of new ideas. The policy proposal for this study is the government's focus on regulation, deregulation, and any facilitation that leads to entrepreneurial growth and knowledge-based growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the environment of most businesses is facing increasing competition, entrepreneurial marketing as a new concept has attracted the attention of decision makers of companies and organizations. Despite the importance of entrepreneurial marketing in the success of small companies, few studies have examined its components in the hotel industry as one of the important elements of the tourism sector. Therfore, this research aimed to design an entrepreneurial marketing model, focusing on the hotel sector in Razavi Khorasan province. The required information was collected through semistructured interviews from 10 people, including academic experts, entrepreneurship and marketing specialists, and hotel suppliers who were selected based on targeted sampling. The method of this research was qualitative and based on theme analysis in six stages. MAXQDA2020 software was used for data coding and analysis. After analyzing the text of the interviews, eight main themes in entrepreneurial marketing in the hotel industry including risk management, innovation, advertising management, opportunism, entrepreneurship, having a market strategy, market knowledge and customer orientation were extracted along with 27 subthemes. The results of Friedman's test showed that these identified main themes do not have the same importance. According to Friedman's average rating, the themes of marketing (average rating: 6.15), customer orientation (average rating: 4.75), and marketing strategy (average rating: 4.70) are more important. Suggestions were made for the coordinated and interactive integration of the identified components in the marketing of the hotel industry in order to improve performance and attract more customers [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, all over the world, the export development of entrepreneurial small and medium enterprises (SMEs) plays an important role in economic growth and development, as well as creating employment and innovation, especially in less developed countries. Therefore, the purpose of the present research was to futures studies of export development of entrepreneurial SMEs of food industry units in Kermanshah province's industrial estates company. For this purpose, a mixed approach (qualitative-quantitative) was used using the fuzzy Delphi method. The study population (statistics) of this research included all experts in the field of this research. In this research, the purposeful snowball sampling method was used to select the participants. The data collection tools in the qualitative phase included in-depth and semi-structured interviews; group discussions; field notes taking; and document review, and in the quantitative phase included researcher-made questionnaires. The data were analyzed in the qualitative section using the content analysis technique and in the quantitative section using the fuzzy method. Based on the findings, the strategies, in order of priority, include Investigation of consumer’s behaviour in target markets (0.963), market research (0.952), strengthen of marketing advertisements (0.940), investment attraction (0.940), infrastructure development (0.940), appropriate support and incentives (0.930), updating technology (0.928), increasing the level of awareness (0.918), obtaining permits and concluding international agreements (0.918), good governance (0.906) and control and supervision (0.893). In a summary, export development requires sufficient knowledge of consumer’s behaviour and export markets. It is suggested to review the policies at the macro level and increasing the level of awareness and necessary skills in the field of export through holding training workshops at the micro level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to investigate job opportunities for graduates of mathematics, statistics and computer science. By introducing skill courses related to these fields, suggestions are made to improve the employment status of graduates. These proposals provide the opportunity for students to increase their preparation for entering the labor market by acquiring some technical and specialized skills appropriate to their field. These skills can be a valuable advantage for graduates in the labor market. Moreover, learning such skills can pave the way for nurturing their creativity and entrepreneurial opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the research was to analysis the influential factors in technological and innovative entrepreneurship in the fishing industry. The studied population in the content analysis section was consist of proficient panel and for ISM section consisted of experts in which a sample of 30 individuals was selected by a combination of purposive and snowball sampling methods. Using the content analysis technique, the effective components were identified and categorized which 55 codes were extracted and categorized into 10 influential components. The results of ISM indicated that the influential factors in technological and innovative entrepreneurship were classified into four levels. At the bottom level (level 4) the support component was placed, which was the most basic and important component and acts as the foundation stone of the model. In the third level, environmental and management components, in the second level, the components of biological, economic, market and the supply of financial and human resources, and in the upper level (level 1), which had the least influence on other components, the factors educational and research, technical and professional and international were placed. The results of the MICMAC analysis also indicated that the managerial and support factors with the highest level of influence and low dependence were placed in the driver area. Technical, professional and international factors with a high degree of dependence were placed in the dependent area and other factors were placed in the linkage area. The model presented in this study can serve as a guide and roadmap for policymakers and key decision-makers in the fishing system to achieve sustainable ecosystem entrepreneurship development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: A startup is any company that works to grow, commercialize, and create entirely new goods, services, or mechanisms, driven by intellectual property or new technology. Startups have a significant impact on economic development. In addition, by creating jobs and wealth through innovation and technological activities, they have made important changes in the social, economic and even political context of countries. In the current era, startups or start-up companies play a significant role in entrepreneurship. These companies have played a prominent role in the development of the knowledge-based economy and are the source of many social developments. Innovation by start-up companies is one of the ways to increase competitive advantages and is considered one of the most important strategic approaches of companies to achieve long-term success. Startups have become the driving engine of the economies of developing countries, but many of them cannot continue their activities in the long term. Twenty percent of startups are out of competition in the first year and more than half of them in the first five years. In this regard, the aim of this research is to discover the factors affecting the success of startups. Method: This research has been done with a qualitative approach using the phenomenological method. Fourteen managers of successful startups in the two provinces of Qazvin and Zanjan were selected by using criterion-based purposive sampling (being active and profitable) and data were collected using semi-structured interviews. Data analysis was done with the Colaizzi’s seven-step method. First, the text of the interviews was carefully read several times. Then the meaningful statements were identified. In the next stage, the meaning of these statements was formulated and organized in the form of organizing themes (thematic clusters). Then these clusters were described and then, the description of the underlying structure of the phenomenon under study was formulated. Finally, the analysis process was completed by validating the findings by receiving the feedback from the participants. Results: After the data analysis, factors affecting the success of successful startups were extracted in the form of 8 organizing themes and 26 basic sub-themes. The main themes are: "systems thinking", "active foresight", "creativity and innovation", "organizational learning", "team building", "financing", "business skills", and "market-orientation". The category of system thinking includes the three basic themes of adaptability, planned growth, and interfunctional coordination. The category of active foresight consists of the four basic themes of goal-setting, selfefficacy and hard work, experience and interest in work, and risk-taking. The category of creativity and innovation includes the three basic themes of creative ideation, the use of new technologies, and the design and production of applied products. The category of organizational learning consists of the three basic themes: acceptance of change, continuous learning and knowledge sharing. The category of team building includes the three basic themes of specialization, teamwork, and responsibility and accountability. The category of financing consists of two the basic themes of attracting capital and generating income. The category of business skills includes the three basic themes of problem solving, decision making, and advertising and information. And finally, the category of market-orientation consists of the five basic themes of choosing the target market and creating differentiation, customer orientation, publicity, product development and diversification, and providing service and support. Conclusion: Although having a creative idea is necessary to launch a startup and it is the main challenge of many founders to start a new investment, but it alone cannot guarantee its success. On the other hand, identifying and exploiting the opportunity also plays a prominent role in the success of startups, but the use of new technologies has improved the ability to generate ideas. Formulating a suitable growth strategy, foresight, having an expert team, financial strength, marketing and learning capabilities are other key success factors of startups. It should be noted that the systemic thinking is a necessary condition and a turning point in designing the structure and patterns of startup activities to adapt to technological changes and customer needs, and to connect them with each other. With this thinking, startups can intelligently make find the necessary preparations to face the upcoming opportunities and threats wisely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Entrepreneurship is a crucial engine for economic growth, job creation, and innovation. However, limited access to financial resources remains a significant barrier for aspiring entrepreneurs. This study builds on the established link between financial development and entrepreneurship by exploring the crucial role of institutional quality in this relationship. We posit that a robust and well-functioning financial system alone may not be sufficient to foster entrepreneurship in the absence of strong institutions. Extensive research has documented the positive impact of financial development on entrepreneurship. Increased access to financial resources through developed financial institutions and markets empowers individuals to pursue entrepreneurial ventures (Dutta & Meierrieks, 2021; Ajide & Ojeyinka, 2022). However, the effectiveness of financial development can be contingent on the prevailing institutional environment (Beck et al., 2002). Strong institutions, characterized by good governance, rule of law, and property rights enforcement, create a conducive environment for entrepreneurial activity by reducing uncertainty and mitigating risks. Method: This study employs a two-pronged approach to analyze the relationship between financial development, institutional quality, and entrepreneurship in MENA countries. First, a system GMM model is estimated to examine the direct effects of financial development (FD) and institutional quality (GQ) on entrepreneurship (EN), measured by the Early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity (TEA) rate. ENit = βi + β1ENit−1 + β2FDit + β3GGIit + β4Xit + εit (1) Where i and t represent country and year, respectively. Xit is a vector of control variables including GDP per capita, GDP growth rate, government size, trade openness, business startup costs, foreign direct investment, and tax burden. Second, a panel threshold model is employed to investigate the conditional effect of institutional quality on the relationship between financial development and entrepreneurship. This model allows us to identify whether the impact of financial development on entrepreneurship differs depending on the level of institutional quality (good vs. poor). E NTit = β ∗ Xit + { β1 ∗ (FDit ∗ GQit) if GQij = 1 β2 ∗ (FDit ∗ GQit) if GQij = 2 } + τt + θt + εit (2 Here, δ is an indicator function that takes a value of 1 when institutional quality is good and 0 otherwise. The institutional quality data is constructed from six sub-indicators extracted from the World Governance Indicators (WGI) dataset: control of corruption, rule of law, quality of regulations, government effectiveness, voice and accountability, and political stability. Findings: The empirical results confirm the hypothesized relationships. Financial development, measured by various indicators, has a positive and statistically significant impact on entrepreneurship in MENA countries. This finding aligns with existing literature (Dutta & Meierrieks, 2021; Ajide & Ojeyinka, 2022). Importantly, the study reveals a critical role for institutional quality. The positive effect of financial development on entrepreneurship is amplified in countries with strong institutions, particularly those characterized by good governance. Conversely, the impact of financial development is weaker, and statistically insignificant, in countries with weak institutional environments. These findings highlight the conditional nature of the relationship between financial development and entrepreneurship. Discussion and Policy Implications This study offers valuable insights for policymakers in developing economies, particularly those in the MENA region. The results underscore the importance of a two-pronged approach for fostering a thriving entrepreneurial ecosystem. First, promoting financial development through initiatives that enhance access to finance, deepen financial markets, and improve the efficiency of the financial sector is crucial. This could involve supporting the development of a diverse range of financial institutions, including venture capital firms, microfinance institutions, and angel investor networks. Second, the study emphasizes the critical role of institutional reforms in maximizing the positive impact of financial development on entrepreneurship. Policymakers should prioritize measures to strengthen governance, combat corruption, uphold the rule of law, and streamline regulations. Additionally, fostering political stability and promoting democratic practices can create a more predictable and secure environment for entrepreneurs. Limitations and Future Research This study offers valuable insights, but it also has limitations that pave the way for future research. Here, δ is an indicator function that takes a value of 1 when institutional quality is good and 0 otherwise. The institutional quality data is constructed from six sub-indicators extracted from the World Governance Indicators (WGI) dataset: control of corruption, rule of law, quality of regulations, government effectiveness, voice and accountability, and political stability. Findings: The empirical results confirm the hypothesized relationships. Financial development, measured by various indicators, has a positive and statistically significant impact on entrepreneurship in MENA countries. This finding aligns with existing literature (Dutta & Meierrieks, 2021; Ajide & Ojeyinka, 2022). Importantly, the study reveals a critical role for institutional quality. The positive effect of financial development on entrepreneurship is amplified in countries with strong institutions, particularly those characterized by good governance. Conversely, the impact of financial development is weaker, and statistically insignificant, in countries with weak institutional environments. These findings highlight the conditional nature of the relationship between financial development and entrepreneurship. Discussion and Policy Implications This study offers valuable insights for policymakers in developing economies, particularly those in the MENA region. The results underscore the importance of a two-pronged approach for fostering a thriving entrepreneurial ecosystem. First, promoting financial development through initiatives that enhance access to finance, deepen financial markets, and improve the efficiency of the financial sector is crucial. This could involve supporting the development of a diverse range of financial institutions, including venture capital firms, microfinance institutions, and angel investor networks. Second, the study emphasizes the critical role of institutional reforms in maximizing the positive impact of financial development on entrepreneurship. Policymakers should prioritize measures to strengthen governance, combat corruption, uphold the rule of law, and streamline regulations. Additionally, fostering political stability and promoting democratic practices can create a more predictable and secure environment for entrepreneurs. Limitations and Future Research This study offers valuable insights, but it also has limitations that pave the way for future research. and foster entrepreneurship in MENA countries, particularly in light of institutional constraints. The Entrepreneurship Ecosystem: Explore the broader entrepreneurial ecosystem beyond financial development and institutional quality. This could include investigating the role of social capital, cultural attitudes towards entrepreneurship, and educational systems in fostering entrepreneurial activity. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study sheds light on the crucial interplay between financial development, institutional quality, and entrepreneurship in the MENA region. The findings underscore the necessity of a comprehensive approach that simultaneously promotes financial development and strengthens institutional frameworks. By implementing these recommendations, policymakers can create an environment that fosters a vibrant entrepreneurial ecosystem, leading to sustainable economic development and prosperity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, one of the most important components of the development and survival of the organization is adaptability and resistance to unpredictable conditions and the turbulent environment of today's world. bring Considering the importance of this issue, the present research was conducted to identify the effective factors for strengthening the resilience of entrepreneurship. In terms of practical purpose, in terms of nature, and descriptive survey method, this research is in the category of mixed research with qualitative and quantitative approaches. The statistical population of the research is the experts, 30 of whom were selected based on the principle of theoretical adequacy and using the purposeful sampling method. In the qualitative part of the research, the data collection tool is a semi-structured interview, the validity and reliability of which was confirmed using the CVR coefficient and intra-coder and inter-coder tests. Also, the data collection tool in the quantitative section is a fuzzy Delphi questionnaire, whose validity and reliability were confirmed using content validity and retesting. In this research, the coding method and Atlas.ti software were used in the qualitative part, and the Delphi fuzzy method was used in the quantitative part. The results of the research include the identification of effective factors for strengthening entrepreneurial resilience, and finally 15 types of effective factors for strengthening entrepreneurial resilience were identified, among them, entrepreneurial enthusiasm, growth mindset, ease of the recovery and revival process, and the ability to deal with adversity. In the organization, they were identified as the most important factors affecting the strengthening of entrepreneurial resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The questions that are raised are: What is the status of the factors affecting the entrepreneur's green village in terms of importance and current situation? What are the most important factors affecting the entrepreneur's green village?. The research is applied in terms of purpose and single-section in terms of time, data collection is survey and descriptive and analytical by means of observation and questionnaire and data analysis method. 5 settlements were selected as samples and sampling was done by stratified random method with proportional assignment. Sampling was done at the village level based on population classes and at the household level with Cochran's formula and community variance, and a total of 332 completed questionnaires were obtained. The importance of all factors affecting the green village of the entrepreneur has been evaluated in an important level while the status quo of these factors is much lower than their importance, these factors include: in the economic dimension: special protection of public and private sector of organic products production, creating sustainable small businesses and commercialization of green ideas through facilitating the reception and registration of brand and in social dimension: providing skills and entrepreneurship education.in general, the importance of all factors affecting the green village of the entrepreneur has been evaluated in an important level while the status quo of these factors is much lower than their importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of entrepreneurship and self-employment in rural areas requires cooperation and the creation of platforms that can create a favorable and supportive ecosystem for the development of entrepreneurship and the success of entrepreneurs. On this basis; The present applied research, which has a mixed nature (quantitative-qualitative) was carried out with a descriptive-analytical method; There is an attempt to diagnose the current situation of entrepreneurship development in the rural areas of Tuysarkan, Hamadan province. The data was collected in the theoretical part using documentary studies and in the practical part based on field survey using interview and questionnaire tools. The statistical community of the research includes development officials, local managers and experts, and scientific experts in the region, who use a targeted method and snowball method in both qualitative and quantitative sections; At first, 19 people were identified as a Delphi group and subjected to semi-structured interviews, and then, the findings of the interviews were given to 35 other members of these groups for confirmation and generalization in the form of a questionnaire. became. Analyzing the interviews in the qualitative part in order to reach the causal, interventional and background factors that shape the current state of the entrepreneurial ecosystem and the strategies adopted by economic actors and the economic and social results formed at the regional level by using database technique and in a small part by using the path analysis test, it was concluded that on this basis; The results showed that 72 challenges and obstacles in the form of the main components of weakness in management, policy-making and development planning (the most effective component); the inappropriateness of the business environment; Weakness in providing needed infrastructure, services and facilities; Weaknesses of marketing, sales and technical and practical obstacles; social and cultural barriers; educational and promotional restrictions; Weakness of financial resources; Weakness in the mental and behavioral beliefs of the villagers and includes two main dimensions of weaknesses and inadequacies related to environmental factors and individual and personality factors affecting self-employment and entrepreneurship; They are effective as inhibiting factors in the direction of entrepreneurship development and the success of entrepreneurs in the study area. In this regard, intervention and background factors; Adopted strategies and the results of the identified causal factors on the entrepreneurship ecosystem of the studied area were also identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering that women as half of the population in different societies, have a prominent role in the development of economic activities, therefore, it is necessary to provide mechanisms to improve their role in the development of entrepreneurship and business. The review of the research literature regarding the sustainability of women's businesses and the factors affecting it shows the fact that, firstly, coherent studies have not been conducted regarding the identification of the factors affecting the sustainability of women's businesses at the international level in general, at the national and local levels in particular, and secondly, the sustainability of women's businesses in Different regions are affected by different factors and the results of one region or sector cannot be generalized to the sustainability of women's businesses in other regions. Therefore, to analyze and conceptualize the sustainability model of women's businesses in Behbahan County, the present research seeks to identify the causal, contextual and intervening factors affecting the sustainability of women's businesses in Behbahan County. Also, the researchers seek to investigate the views and experiences of women business owners in Behbahan County, while identifying strategies and solutions to promote the sustainability of women's businesses in this region, and also identify and analyze the consequences of the development of women's sustainable businesses. Hence, the purpose of this study was to conceptualize the components of the women's businesses sustainability model in Behbahan County. In the present research, the qualitative paradigm and grounded theory method were used. For this purpose, the list of business women was received from various centers such as the governorate, technical and professional centers, Jihad Agriculture Organization and Industry, Mining and Trade Organization in Behbahan County. Using the snowball method, in-depth individual interviews were conducted with 21 businesswoman in Behbahan County, which finally resulted in theoretical saturation as a sufficient sampling point. Data analysis was performed using open, axial and selective coding processess. In the current research, the criteria of believability, reliability, confirmability and transferability were used to confirm the findings. The results showed that factors such as market knowledge, family conditions, personal and personality traits, economic factors, education, supportive policies and environmental turbulence are influential in the sustainability of women's businesses in Behbahan County. Based on the results of this study, providing business education to women, adopting government support policies and creating a culture to support women's businesses were the strategies for developing the sustainability of women's businesses in Behbahan County. Findings indicated that reducing injuries and social problems, empowering women and increasing social welfare are the consequences of the sustainability of women's businesses in Behbahan County. Based on the results of the current research, the main components of the sustainability model of women's businesses were categorized into causal conditions, contextual factors, intervening factors, phenomena, strategies and consequences. Therefore, the results of the current research have appropriate theoretical and practical implications in the field of sustainability of women's businesses. In terms of the theoretical implications of this research, it filled the existing study gap regarding the dimensions of the sustainability model of women's businesses, and researchers in future studies can use this model as a robust framework for analyzing sustainability in women's businesses. In terms of practical implications, government and educational policymakers can take advantage of the results of this research in order to develop programs and solutions for stabilizing women's businesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was conducted in order to formulate a paradigm model of entrepreneurship development in the field of renewable energies with a futures studies approach. The approach governing the current research was qualitative and the grounded theory method was used. Data was collected by using environmental scanning and targeted and theoretical sampling methods. Subsequently, theoretical saturation was achieved through semistructured interviews with 12 experts. Then, with open, axial and selective coding, the entrepreneurship development model in the field of renewable energies was developed. In this research, two types of data angle and analysis angle were used to increase the validity of research findings. According to the results of the research, the development of entrepreneurship in the field of renewable energy includes a wide range of actions, which were compiled based on the method of causal layered analysis, in four levels, myth-metaphor, worldview-discourse, social systems and litany level. Also, the potentials of the region, the views of the community members as background conditions, as well as political-legal conditions in the field of renewable energy, financial factors, technological factors and technical knowledge also affect the above four layers as intervening conditions. Finally, the most important benefits of entrepreneurship development in the field of renewable energy, ensuring human health and the environment, creating employment and new businesses, social welfare and energy security, and its most important cost, the high initial cost, were shown. In futuristic strategies based on causal layered analysis, the main emphasis is on mental patterns that influence how to understand and respond to the surrounding world. After this stage, changes in policies and laws should be made and structures should be changed based on that. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Islamic Azad Universities, as one of the higher education centers in Iran, with human and financial resources, as well as creating idea-oriented opportunities, have not been able to meet expectations in the field of academic entrepreneurship and creating job opportunities. Therefore, the formation of environmental and organizational platforms for academic entrepreneurship is a necessity. In this regard, the present research has analyzed the capability-oriented academic entrepreneurship in Islamic Azad Universities of Golestan province. In this research, in order to obtain a conceptual model of the impact of academic entrepreneurship components, the qualitative method of grounded yheory was used, and the main basis of data collection in this method was conducting 15 semi-structured interviews with knowledgeable professors at Islamic Azad University. The selection of samples was done by snowball method. After conducting the interviews and collecting information, the codes obtained in different sections were analyzed and after three stages of open, central and selective coding, the final model was obtained from all the categories. The results of the model showed that in the relevant category of upgrading the infrastructure in the university, developing the systemic perspective of university entrepreneurship, establishing entrepreneurial opportunities, optimal distribution of financial resources for doing business and establishing the research and commercialization process in the university; In the causal category, structural, innovative, supportive and environmental factors, as well as in the intervening category of policy, the university's dependence on financial resources and access to the international market were included. So that the results of academic entrepreneurship based on ability in the four sectors of directing investment flows in productive and entrepreneurial businesses, developing growth and knowledge-based centers, entrepreneurial networking, and economic development and prosperity are analyzed and was evaluated. According to the categories and variables obtained from the research, paying attention to each of them leads to the realization of the final goal of academic entrepreneurship based on ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are variuos services and facilities provided to knowledge-based companies through Science and Technology Parks and incubators in order to support and contribute to the development and maturity of these companies. The main purpose of this study was to explore, identify and analyze the advantages of knowledge-based companies established in Science and Technology Park from the viewpoints of the managers and officials of the parks and companies. The research method was qualitative with multiple case study. The data was collected through interviews with 17 managers of Science and Technology Park, incubators and managers of knowledge-based companies established in incubator of Fars Science and Technology Park. Data analysis was conducted using MAXQDA2020 through data coding. Based on the results, having various facilities and services (consulting, training, using specialized work spaces, financial facilities, etc.), security and physical protection, credits, interaction and synergy, as well as employment and entrepreneurship were the major advantages that knowledge-based companies benefit due to their physical location in the Science and Technology Park. Comparison of the opinions of two groups of park managers and companies indicated that the factors such as loans, training and interaction and synergy were more important from the opinion of the park managers, but according to the knowledge based companies` managers, social credit, training and loans had a higher priority, respectively. Identifying the factors which are more important for companies can lead to more accurate planning of park managers and more satisfaction of company members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The entrepreneurial ecosystem is the interaction of the factors for the development of entrepreneurship, which has been the focus of policymakers and development planners in recent years. The purpose of this research is to identify and evaluate the factors affecting the development of the entrepreneurial ecosystem in Iran's stone industry. This research was conducted using the exploratory mixed method in two phases: qualitative (for identifying factors) and quantitative (for evaluating and screening factors by experts). In the first phase, semi-structured interviews and in the second phase, a questionnaire were used to collect information. The analysis of interviews in the qualitative part of the research was carried out by content analysis method and led to the identification of 60 factors. To screen the factors, the fuzzy Delphi method was conducted in three rounds, and finally 38 factors were identified as the most important factors affecting the development of the entrepreneurial ecosystem in Iran's stone industry. The results of this research show that factors such as using the social capacities, legitimacy and acceptability of entrepreneurs, legal, financial and technical supports, communication networks of entrepreneurs, developing international cooperation, developing the infrastructure, and identifying and exploiting entrepreneurial opportunities, can be effective on the development of the entrepreneurial ecosystem in the Iranian stone industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Nowadays, according to the variety of businesses for entrepreneurial nurses, they can have a tangible role in delivering safe, high -quality, patient -centered, accessible, and economical care through their creative activities. The current study is a review study of entrepreneurial studies to review and summarize data in the field of entrepreneurship in nursing. Methods: In the current review study, articles in English relating to the aim of the study were searched and evaluated by using keywords related to “nurse” and “entrepreneurship” from 2000 to 2021 in various databases including Web of Science, PubMed, Factiva, EMBASE, Scopus and google scholar search engine. The search strategy was written based on Mesh terms and syntaxes specific to each database. Inclusion criteria were relating to the subject and having an accessible full text. The rest of the articles were excluded. Two researchers searched independently. After extracting articles, duplicates were excluded. Then an expert reviewed and categorized included studies. Results: Entrepreneurial nurses need personal, interpersonal, commercial, and strategic skills. They can work as social, business, and inter -organizational entrepreneurs. However; entrepreneurial nurses have been constantly facing numerous personal, sociocultural, academic, organizational, etc. obstacles. Therefore, there must be internal and external stimuli in order to motivate them to overcome these obstacles. Conclusion: Nurses have multiple needs in order to play they’re entrepreneurial role. Thus, it’s necessary to attempt to identify the obstacles and needs of entrepreneurial nurses and solve them to provide the necessary backgrounds for their creative activities so that they can meet the health needs of individuals and societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to evaluate the effective components in the space organization of the entrepreneurial city; A case study of Ilam city has been done. The method of this research is applied according to the purpose and analytical-descriptive based on its nature. The research data was analyzed using SEM structural equation modeling and SPSS software and LISREL structural equations. The tests used in this study were confirmatory factor analysis and path analysis. The method of data collection is field and library and a researcher-made questionnaire consisting of 60 items with 5 options in the form of Likert scale has been used to collect information. The statistical population of the study was 20000 entrepreneurs in Ilam city. Based on the sample rule of structural equations, 250 questionnaires were distributed among the statistical sample. The results show that the independent and hidden components of urban natural environment, socio-cultural environment of the city, urban infrastructure, quality of education and training centers related to entrepreneurship, information and communication technology related to entrepreneurship, administrative organization on the hidden component of space organization The city of Ilam has had a significant impact and there is a significant relationship between these independent and dependent variables. Also, there was no significant effect between the components of the economic environment of the city and the laws, regulations and policies of entrepreneurship and the hidden component of the situation of the Ilam Space Organization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourism is one of the most dynamic economic activities of the present era, which plays an important role in sustainable development. Cultural tourism is one of the types of tourism that covers a wide range of tourists that deserves a great attention due to its important role in preserving the culture and history of different communities. Identifying opportunities and windows of entrepreneurial opportunity in the field of cultural tourism can empower start-ups and companies to develop the industry, create many jobs and businesses, and reduce the unemployment rate to some extent. Also, addressing the issue of entrepreneurship, especially in the field of cultural tourism, can open a window of opportunity to unemployed youth, indicating the importance of addressing this issue. Accordingly, the present study is an attempt to identify the factors affecting the creation of cultural tourism entrepreneurship opportunities in Iran. The research method is mixed exploratory (qualitative and quantitative). The statistical population of the research is experts. In the quantitative section, the statistical population includes experts in tourism offices and entrepreneurship area. The research instrument is a semi-structured interview and a researcher-made questionnaire. The research reliability is investigated and the reliability of the questionnaire is confirmed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The statistical method in the quantitative stage is a confirmatory factor analysis in PLS software, a single-sample T-test, and Friedman in SPSS software. The research findings show that financial factors with average rank of 3.62, infrastructure (3.44), cultural (3.29), economic (3.12), marketing (2.72), educational (2.46), legal-administrative (2.37), and social (2.18) factors are effective in creating cultural tourism opportunities. Therefore, if tourism opportunities are available as an entrepreneurial and employment source, the development and settlement of the country's provinces will be created. Material assistance to entrepreneurial people, allocating sufficient credit and budget to research projects, private sector investment incentive plans, and financial assistance to the development of accommodation, hospitality, and infrastructure development, including policy recommendations in the financial field. Creating opportunities for cultural tourism can be. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a world where businesses are moving towards personal relationships and building trust, personal branding has become more and more a priority. Therefore, the purpose of the research is to present a personal branding model in the development of small and medium enterprises. The research method is mixed (qualitative and quantitative). In the first stage of the research (qualitative part), the grounded theory method was used, and in the second stage (quantitative part), a questionnaire survey was used. The target population in the qualitative section includes all experts and academic experts in the field of brand management, business management and entrepreneurship and entrepreneurs from two scientific and executive fields in Iran (sample size 30 persons) and in the quantitative section managers and entrepreneurs of small and medium enterprises and graduate students from business management (sample size 384 persons). The information extracted from the interviews was analyzed in a multi-step coding method. The findings were compiled in the framework of the paradigm model. These include causal conditions (motivational patterns, increasing demand, changes in the business market, personality characteristics and professional and specialized performance), mediating conditions (types of legal infrastructure, competitive environment of the domestic market and favorable international conditions), contextual conditions (individual and management competence, and the existence of required infrastructure including networking and social and cultural factors), strategies (types of trustbuilding strategies, creating differentiation, brand analysis and evaluation strategies) and consequences (business development, social acceptance, increasing incomes and money circulation). The results of the quantitative part of the research showed that the path coefficient for all the components of the research and the defined paths between the variables and constructs of the model are positive and significant and the model has a good fit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study seeks to answer the fundamental question of how an entrepreneurial business uses marketing as a tool for development in a situation where there is no market for it yet or when it is in various stages of growth. To take. The research approach is qualitative and is exploratory in terms of nature and applied in terms of purpose. In this research, phenomenological research strategy has been used and the data collection tool has been indepth interview. The statistical population of this study is Iranian entrepreneurs active in the field of electronic startups until the end of September 1400 and purposive sampling method has been used. A total of 8 in-depth phenomenological interviews were conducted and data collected. Finally, 51 categories have been identified and categorized in the form of 5 main themes. According to the results of the present study, the set of activities that entrepreneurs perform in each stage of their business life in the face of the market will be different. The above differences can be seen in how market opportunities are discovered, marketing goals, available resources, target market selection and marketing mix composition. The result is that entrepreneurs in the face of the market and even earlier when deciding on their product or service to introduce to the market according to their knowledge, assets and abilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The life and atmosphere of rural society is full of work and employment, but the majority of people seeking work in cities are this group. Ecotourism can again gather these people in the village environment. This research was also conducted with the aim of designing a model for ecotourism with emphasis on entrepreneurship and sustainable rural employment with two approaches in the cultural heritage and tourism organization of Ardabil province. The statistical population studied in the qualitative phase were the managers and senior experts of the cultural heritage and tourism organization, and in the quantitative phase, the employees of the cultural heritage and tourism organization. In order to determine the sample size in the qualitative stage, the snowball sampling method was used and 20people were selected, and in the quantitative stage, 208 questionnaires were examined. The data collection tool in the qualitative phase was an in-depth interview with experts using the Delphi method in three rounds, and in the quantitative phase, the researcher-made questionnaire resulting from the qualitative phase was used. Based on the results of the research, 40 indicators identified for the model were classified in 7 dimensions.The research results showed that respectively; Having tourism potentials (with a standard coefficient of 1), social and cultural factors (0.941), educational and promotion factors (0.864), economic growth (0.810), policy making (0.650), ecotourism infrastructure and facilities (0.505) and finally having natural potentials (0.458) are respectively the most important factors in the formation of the ecotourism model with an emphasis on entrepreneurship and sustainable rural employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Women need empowerment with an entrepreneurial approach to achieve success in economic Activities.This descriptive-correlational research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of rural women's entrepreneurial abilities on their empowerment level. The statistical population was rural women, housewives and heads of households in Kermanshah Province (N=221,358). Sample members (n=354) were selected by multi-stage random sampling method. The research tool was a questionnaire with three parts including individual characteristics, the degree of empowerment with three dimensions of economic, social, and leadership, and entrepreneurial capabilities with four dimensions of independence, innovation, risk-taking and transactional acting. Validity and reliability of the instrument were confirmed by convergent validity, Cronbach's alpha coefficient and composite reliability. Based on the results, rural women were moderately capable in both economic and social dimensions and they had the desired ability in the leadership dimension. In terms of entrepreneurial ability, they were very weak in the innovation dimension, almost weak in the transactional dimension, and average in the independence and risk-taking dimensions. Entrepreneurial capabilities have had a significant positive effect on empowerment. Based on the results, extension programs should be developed to expand entrepreneurial activities for rural women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to empirically assess Schumpeter's view that access to credit is vital for entrepreneurial activities. Credit allocation refers to the allocation of bank credits by the monetary authorities to non-financial economic activities. To measure the scope and penetration of entrepreneurship, two common indicators are used: The New Business Entry Density (ED) of the World Bank (WB) and Total Early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity (TEA) of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM). Our sample for the first case includes 66 countries over the period 2006 to 2016, and for the second case, 54 countries during the period 2001 to 2016. The results rejects the hypothesis of the impacts of credit allocation on entrepreneurship in the case of former indicators, but do not reject it in the case of the latter indicators. Furthermore, the sensitivity of the results to the choice of entrepreneurship measure indicates that further inquiries as well as alternative indicators are required to address the Schumpeterian hypothesis.

Entrepreneurship can have an impact on the economic growth through innovation, invention, and competition. Entrepreneurship gives space to new ideas in the process of production to open the door for technology, product, and service. Entrepreneurship provides a condition for efficient economy, economic productivity, and technological advancement. This study investigates the impact of entrepreneurship on the economic growth. Accordingly, the global entrepreneurship index was employed to measure it. Other variables such as economic growth, GDP, the interaction of global entrepreneurship index and three sub-indexes of tendency, capability, and entrepreneurship motivation in the GDP of central Asia countries from 2017 to 2019 were analyzed as well. The econometrics model was suggested through PANTEL data approach via OLS method. So far as the main assumption is concerned, the findings showed a significantly positive impact of entrepreneurship on economic growth; however, the potentiality of entrepreneurship did not show a significant relationship with the economic growth. The results indicated a more comprehensive approach towards productive entrepreneurship for achieving economic development in the related countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, rural youth are fewer tendencies to settle in rural areas and engage in agricultural activities, while the future of agricultural development in any country depends on rural youth. Considering the importance of the employment of rural youth in agriculture, this qualitative research was conducted with the aim of Analysis of reasons for the decrease tendency of rural youth to agricultural occupation. The population of the study included the rural youth in Cheleh District of Gilan-e-Gharb Township. The main data collection tool was in-depth interviews with rural youth who were studied through purposive sampling and snowball method. Analysis of data collected by content analysis method using MAX-QDA12 software led to the identification of 32 concepts related to the most important reasons for the decrease tendency of rural youth to agricultural occupation, which in the form of 5 main categories including 1) high risk for agricultural occupation, 2) low income and difficulty of agricultural profession, 3) negative attitude towards the village, 4) lack of health and welfare facilities in the village and 5) lack of enough credit in the agricultural sector. The findings of this study indicate the fact that rural youth prefer non-agricultural occupations to agriculture, which may be due to the high profitability and convenience of those occupations. Therefore, the need seems to help with coherent and appropriate planning to increase utility in rural areas, which can create a sense of belonging, participation, capital, entrepreneurship development, vitality to the village and the rural environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to rate the entrepreneurship components in agricultural tourism with an interpretive structural modeling approach. In this qualitative research, Grounded Theory Method was used to identify the components, and interpretive structural modeling approach was used to rate them. In this regard, deep interviews were conducted with experts in the field of tourism and agriculture. The interviewees were selected using purposive sampling method and snowball technique. The criterion of sampling adequacy was the data theoretical saturation which obtained in the twentieth interview. After conducting the interviews, the components were extracted based on the Grounded Theory within three stages of open coding, axial coding and selective coding. Accordingly, "climatic and environmental attractions, diversity of cultivation patterns and experience and attitudes of tourists" as causal conditions, "rural planning and migration system" as intervening conditions and "capacity building and government support" as context conditions were identified. Strategies include "advertising and branding, management and planning, training and empowerment, and optimization of tourism patterns" and the consequences include "entrepreneurship development and job creation and economic growth and welfare". Also, using interpretive structural modeling, it was determined that advertising and branding, diversity of cultivation patterns and climatic and environmental attractions were at the fourth level, education and empowerment at the third level, tourism models selectivity at the second level and management and planning, capacity building and government support and experience and attitude of tourists came first. Therefore, it is suggested to encourage the private sector to invest in tourism-related infrastructure through advertising and proper awareness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, the development of the agricultural sector is not possible without relying on efficient information and applying new technologies, and using information technology to develop and update information and tools related to entrepreneurial activities in this sector leads to job creation and value creation. Therefore, the present study aimed to identify the components of entrepreneurship development in the agricultural sector based on information technology. This study is of qualitative type (content analysis and Delphi). To prepare the data, first, by reviewing the theoretical foundations and previous studies through the content analysis method, the components of entrepreneurship development in the agricultural sector based on information technology were identified, and through the Delphi method, these components were approved and prioritized. In the content analysis method, subjective methods were used to analyze the data, and in the Delphi method, descriptive statistics such as counting, and percentages were used to analyze the data of questionnaires and interviews. In the content analysis method, 27 indicators were extracted as factors for entrepreneurship development in the agricultural sector and reached the Delphi stage. In three rounds of Delphi, 13 indicators were added to the indicators and out of 40 indicators, only 8 indicators were not agreed upon by the experts. The results showed that the factors affecting the development of information and communication technology consist of 9 components (Legal factors and targeted policy, technical and technological factors, educational-extension factors, managerial and cultural factors) and 32 indicators that play a fundamental role in business development and has entrepreneurial work in the agricultural sector. It also paves the way for the development of more entrepreneurship in the agricultural sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lending microloans for employment creation and prosperity of production is an appropriate way to empower the poor, generate income, reduce poverty and improve food security. Nevertheless, the evidence shows that part of these microloans is faced with moral hazards and spent on non-productive affairs. This study aimed to investigate the spending of business microloans granted by local microcredit funds in the county of Qaleh Ganj in Kerman province and to identify the most important factors affecting their efficient usage. The statistical population consisted of 21,000 rural members of the microcredit funds set up in Qaleh Ganj County. The sample size was calculated using the G*Power software (n = 203) and the sampling was carried out by multistage sampling. The results showed that 46.8% of the members used their production loans in a non-productive way and took it out of the business, 44.3% of the respondents used their loans to maintain their previous business and 8.9% of them used their loans to create new jobs. Logistic regression analysis showed that the variables, namely "times of supervision", "number of group members", "dissatisfaction with high monthly installments", "perceived behavioral control", "perception of job performance", "perceived career advancement prospects" and "level of education" have explained between 46 and 61 percent of the individual membership in both groups of the dependent variable "using business microloans for business development". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The purpose of this article is to identify the components of enrollment and graduates of higher education management in the higher education governance system in Iran. Methods: The method of the present study is mixed (qualitative and quantitative). The statistical population of the research in the qualitative section were the managers of the Department of Educational Sciences, professors and experts of higher education and in the quantitative section, the managers of the Department of Educational Sciences and the professors of the Department of Educational Sciences of Iranian public universities. In the qualitative part, 18 people with targeted method and in the quantitative part, 155 people using Krejcie and Morgan table (1970) were chosen. Data collection tools in qualitative part, in-depth and unstructured interviews and in quantitative part, researchermade questionnaire with reliability coefficient, / 92. To analyze the data in the qualitative part, the data were used using the microscopic method (micro analysis) during three stages of open, axial and selective coding with the help of MAXQDA2020 software and in the quantitative part with the help of SPSS and Smart PLS software. Results: The research findings indicate that this model in the form of 27 main categories and 95 variables including policy of recruitment and employment of graduates and multidimensional design of the recruitment system as the core or main category of the model; Causal variables (organizational factors, extra-organizational factors, readiness to absorb and apply, intrapersonal competencies, personal competencies and entrepreneurial competencies); Background variables (responsibility, context, upstream documents); Intervening conditions (organizational culture of recruitment, organizational justice of recruitment); Strategic categories (institutionalization of graduates' entrepreneurial capabilities management system, design of talent management process of multiple entrepreneurial behaviors and design of resource allocation system) and finally consequential categories (job creation, value creation and multiple competitive advantage, quality assurance in higher education system) were included. Conclusion: Given that the university is the center of gravity of entrepreneurship and the activities of specialized students and graduates, and they can formulate policies for attracting and influencing graduates better than anyone, neglecting their recruitment and influence will motivate students and graduates. Be. Therefore, it deserves more investment in attracting graduates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction : Students enter the labor market in a relatively short period of time and play an important role in the development of the country. The aim of this study was to determine the entrepreneurial spirit of students as a case study in the Faculty of Health of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences in 2020. Methods : This cross -sectional and descriptive study was carried out in the year 2020. The study population was 248 students of the Faculty of Health of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences. The sampling method in this study was random -stratified and the tool used in this study was a questionnaire that measured the entrepreneurial spirit of students with 50 items. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics and other independent t -test and ANOVA to determine the relationship between variables. The software used to analyze the data was SPSS 22. Result: The mean score of students' entrepreneurial spirit was average (27.34 ± 183.41). The success dimension (39.04 ± 6.42) had the highest score and the risk dimension (33.62 ± 7.04) had the lowest score. The mean score of entrepreneurial spirit was significantly different from employment status (p = 0.004, t = 2.88).While there was no significant difference with the variables of age, sex, degree and field of study (p> 0.05). Conclusion: This research can help managers, policy makers and planners in strengthening and promoting the level of entrepreneurship of students by using entrepreneurship development programs and trainings. In this regard, improving the spirit of risk -taking is an effective factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entrepreneurship is the process of identifying, evaluating and exploiting new business opportunities, and identifying these opportunities is based on an intuitive approach. The purpose of this study was to analyze the factors affecting organizational entrepreneurial intuition that has been done on a case by case basis in Bank Melli Iran. This research was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of implementation method, which was done with a mixed exploratory approach. In the qualitative stage, the research team consisted of 30 academic and organizational experts who were selected by judgment and snowball method. In the quantitative stage of the statistical population, all managers and heads of branches of Bank Melli were 3476 people. The sample size according to Krejcie and Morgan table was 346 people and simple random sampling method was used. The Delphi method was used to identify the factors and the structural equation modeling method with Smart PLS3 software was used to analyze the relationships of the variables. The results showed that the factors affecting the intuition of organizational entrepreneurs include 42 components in seven dimensions (intuitive cognitive style, risk-taking, intuitive expertise, intuitive insight, opportunity recognition, ambiguity tolerance, intuitive judgment). The results also showed intuitive cognitive style (0.387), risk taking (0.406), intuitive expertise (0.410), intuitive insight (0.395), opportunity recognition (0.322), ambiguity tolerance (0.341). And intuitive judgment (0.359) had a positive and significant effect on organizational entrepreneurship intuitions in Bank Melli Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given that agriculture is the second economic resource of Iran; therefore, the development of agribusinesses can increase productivity, value creation, and social welfare in society. Considering that identifying opportunities is one of the important stages of the entrepreneurship development process, the present study was conducted with the aim of identifying and categorizing opportunities for starting agribusinesses in Masjed-Soleiman County. This qualitative research was performed using the Delphi technique. The members of the Delphi panel included 20 agricultural experts and entrepreneurs in Masjed-Soleiman County, who were purposefully selected using the snowball technique. Data analysis was performed using content analysis methods, continuous comparison and also, calculation of frequency distribution tables, agreement percentage and Kendall coefficient in the form of SPSS software version 27. After three rounds, 30 opportunities to start agribusinesses were identified in MasjedSoleiman County. After rewiring the nature and origin, the opportunities identified in the four categories of "opportunities in the field of agriculture and horticulture", "opportunities in the field of animal and aquatic sciences", "opportunities for design and packaging of agricultural products" and "opportunities for production and processing of agricultural products" Were classified. The results of the ranking showed that "cultivation of medicinal plants", "fish farming in the margins of Masjed-Soleiman dams in cages", "packaging of livestock products such as curd and other similar products" and "processing of medicinal plants" are the most important opportunities for starting agricultural businesses in The city was Masjed Soleiman County. Policymakers, managers and job seekers in the agricultural sector can use the results of this study as a guide for starting and developing entrepreneurial agricultural businesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]