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Background and Objectives Although there have been significant advances in the treatment of cardiovascular patients, but the side effects of treatment are the most critical challenges that cardiologists face today after surgery. Inflammation is one of the complications of using anesthetics and blood transfusions in patients. Therefore, in this study, the factors related to erythrocyte storage lesion and their effect on the molecular aspects of inflammation induced by blood transfusion and the use of anesthetics after heart surgery were investigated to reduce this problem. Materials and Methods Relevant literature was identified by a PubMed search (2001-2021); the search was limited to English-language papers containing the following terms and phrases, “Thoracic surgery”, “Inflammation”, “Anesthesia”, and “Blood Transfusion”. Results Factors related to the lysis of RBCs accumulate during the storage of blood products in the bags including Hb, Heme, and ammonia; can cause inflammation through distinct pathways in the post-surgical patients. Using different anesthetics can also trigger inflammatory responses. However, some of these anesthetics act as a double-edged sword and can induce inflammation or prevent it. Conclusions Identifying the factors that increase due to immune response stimulation and the pathways preventing inflammation can be an excellent therapeutic strategy to reduce inflammation after cardiac surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Many studies have shown that after ischemic stroke, survivors experience motor dysfunction, memory impairment, and cognitive problems. Exercise is an effective and widely used factor in rehabilitation strategy to improve cognitive recovery and motor control following ischemic conditions caused by stroke, which is effective by increasing signaling pathways related to neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, etc. Recognizing and examining these factors as a result of exercise can be a principled solution to prescribe the most efficient and effective training method for the faster recovery of people suffering from stroke. Stroke is a type of injury related to blood vessels in different levels of the brain. A clinical study of people who had a stroke showed that over several years after the stroke, people who had different types of exercise in their rehabilitation program showed good functional results in neurological rehabilitation, but in groups Without exercise, most people developed aggravated neurological disorders, with mortality in this group being much higher than in the other group. Lack of blood supply to nerve cells in the CNS causes neurological and cognitive disorders, in which all parts of the nerve cell such as the cell body, axons, axonal terminus, and dendritic cavity in the penumbra region Deprived of blood affects the healing processes of various therapies, often involving neurogenesis and angiogenesis, which regenerate damaged cells in neural circuits. The neuroplasticity process in the central nervous system is divided into two parts: structural and functional changes, which have the ability to adapt to learning processes, and cognitive memory following neurological damage, which are dynamic processes that a number of centers Different parts of the central nervous system will undergo numerous changes and interactions. However, by natural mechanisms, the body produces simultaneous changes after ischemic brain injury, but these changes are not sufficient to reverse and repair the damage. In normal conditions or in conditions of brain injuries, rehabilitation can be created as a dynamic process in the nervous system with the aim of adapting to different conditions. Recently, exercise has been considered an effective and practical factor to increase cognitive function and motor function in rehabilitation conditions that increase dendritic branching and axonal myelination through neuroplasticity processes such as increased neural activity and postsynaptic stimulation ability. These phenomena can occur after a stroke. Due to the importance of recognizing and examining the effective factors in the rehabilitation period after stroke, exercise in recent years has shown a very effective role in improving the physical and cognitive condition of these patients. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the effective mechanisms in the neurogenic and angiogenic process and also to inhibit apoptotic processes due to exercise as effective factors in improving motor function and cognitive ability after stroke. Methods: To conduct this study, search the Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science databases on the effect of various types of exercise on neuronal molecular and cellular changes in the post-ischemic stroke rehabilitation period from 2005 to 2021. Mainly in the title, abstract of articles, and keywords in the studied articles, the words, Ischemic stroke, Rehabilitation, Endurance training, cognitive training, Neuroplasticity, were searched. The inclusion criteria for the selected papers were to be published in Latin in international and prestigious journals, and in general to be about the effect of exercise on molecular cellular signaling in the post-stroke rehabilitation period. Finally, based on the standard principles and the title of the articles, the title of the present study was done with 65 articles Results: In this review, we discussed recent studies on the cellular and molecular mechanisms of exercise-induced neuroplasticity and Neuroprotective after stroke, analyzed the type of exercise rehabilitation. Studies from 2005 to 2021 have shown that exercise, depending on the type, can inhibit nerve cell-degrading factors and rehabilitate them, as well as the formation of new neurons in the penumbra region with cellular and molecular changes specific to neurogenesis. In general, among the various training methods, high-intensity interval training had more advantages, which was also very important considering the time to start training after a stroke. Finally, it was found that the types of exercise in post-stroke rehabilitation will vary greatly based on the type of exercise that should be used based on the type and amount of stroke, in order to determine the exact effects of different types of exercise, more research is needed in the future. Conclusion: It seems that one of the effective strategies in designing exercises for rehabilitation and recovery disorders caused by stroke is to use incremental methods in duration and intensity levels that start with very low-intensity exercises and increase the intensity of exercises over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: The aim of this study was to present a conceptual model of spiritual well-being in prevention of substance abuse in adolescent. Materials and Methods: The present study was done with a qualitative metasynthesis with systematic review of the studies present in the foreign and Iranian journals about spiritual well-being and the role of them in prevention of substance abuse in adolescents. The population of this study consisted of noninterventional archive studies that were done during 1986 -2016 in Oxford Journal, Science Direct, Wiley Online Library, Taylor&Francis, ProQuest, Springer, Iranmedex, Irandoc, SID and Magiran. Keywords were including of spiritual well-being, spirituality, prevention of substance abuse and adolescents. Ethical Considerations: This study with ethics code 8797/1129 has been approved by Farabi Campus of University of Tehran. Findings: After reviewing and evaluating the quality of the research, eventually 73 papers and theses included 8 Persian articles, 65 English papers including 11 theses and 54 articles were found and dissertations and finally conceptual model based on fisher (1998) theory's, wree presented. On this ground, subcategory of spiritual well-being was consisted of three theme of relationship with others, relationship with self and relationship with God. Each of them consisted of two subtheme of psychological health (interpersonal and intimate) and psychological well-being(interpersonal and intimate). Conclusion: The results showed that spiritual well-being influenced on multiple dimensions of adolescent psychological health and well-being and prevention of adolescent substance abuse from this way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: The genus of Lactococcus lactis belonging to the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) group, is a gram positive, faculative anaerobic, non-spore forming and non-motile bacterium. The aims of this paper are to introduce Lactic acid bacteria especially non-pathogenic, non-invasive and safe Lactococcus lactis, to study the previous studies and to investigate the advantages, limitations, promotion methods and future prospects of oral vaccine based on this bacterium as a promising strategy for vaccine production and prevention of some infectious diseases. Materials and Methods: In this review article, 62 articles related to Lactococcus lactis and its application in producing oral vaccines were collected via data bases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus since 1981-2020. Findings: Lactococcus lactis, as a safe microorganism (GRAS) widely used in the food industry. Live recombinant Lactococcus lactis as a "biologic drug" is orally administered as one of the live vaccines expressing viral and bacterial antigens. Conclusion: Recombinant Lactococcus-based vector can be suitable substitutes for live attenuated vaccines and can be considered as a safe and food-grade host for producing the desired products of human consumption over other systems. It also has a high potential for vaccine delivery, especially through mucosal methods to prevent or treat certain diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Transfusion of platelet has become one of the main treatments for thrombocytopenic patients to reduce the severity and frequency of bleeding consequences. Failure to attain the desired level of platelets in a patient following platelet transfusion is defined as platelet refractoriness. The purpose of present paper is to review and study the mechanisms involved in the formation of platelet refractory. Materials and Methods This article reviews the effective factors present in platelet recipients and donors, and considers the characteristics of platelet products that may have impacts on platelet refractoriness. The search is conducted through scientific databases including Science Direct, PubMed, Medline, SI, Scopus, and Ma iran by the keywords “Platelet Refractory”, “Alloantibody”, “HLA”, “Platelet Transfusion” and their Persian equivalents. Finally out of about 130 related articles, 97 articles were used for the review. Results Generally, platelet refractoriness occurs in two ways including immunologic and nonimmunologic. The immunologic way is due to alloimmunization against alloantigens as a result of contact with human leukocyte antigens (HLA), Human Platelet Antigens (HPA). Non immunologic conditions such as fever, spleen enlargement and use of certain medications are responsible to 80% of platelet refractory incidence. Conclusions Identification of different features and mechanisms in platelet refractoriness including immunologic and non-immunologic factors have an important role in control, prevention and management of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim Human Serum Albumin (HSA) is one of the most abundant proteins in the blood vascular system which regulates the transportation of many chemical compounds and molecules. The purpose of this study is to review the studies about the effects of three groups of pesticides (Insecticides, herbicides and fungicides) on the molecular structure of HSA protein. Methods & Materials This systematic review covers 35 studies of biophysical studies of the effect of pesticides on HSA protein. These papers were searched in PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science databases and using Google Scholar search engine among those published from 1980 to 2019. Ethical Considerations In this study, all ethical principles were considered. Results Given the close relationship between biological activities of HSA and its secondary structure, the most of the reviewed articles analyzed the secondary structures of the HSA using various biophysical methods such as Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Circular Dichroism (CD) and computational analysis. In general, HSA-pesticides interactions can cause a reduction in α-helix structure and an increase in other secondary structures including β-sheet, β-anti, and random coils. In the most reports, it has been proven that the pesticides interact with HSA through hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonding. These interactions take place in the IIA subdomain (Site 1) of HSA. The binding constants of these interactions were in the range of 10 3 to 10 6 M-1. Conclusion The changes around the single important tryptophan residue of HSA (Trp-214) induce conformational deformity in the IIA subdomain of this protein which causes the loss of its native structure and leads to a decrease in free HSA concentrations which subsequently interrupt the transport of the essential compounds like drugs and hormones in the blood vascular system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Liver cancer is the fifth most common cancer worldwide. Currently, because of increased risk factors and life expectancy, the prevalence of this cancer has increased. Therefore, health care systems should focus more on liver cancer. Evaluation of efficacy and side effects of therapeutic methods can identify potential problems in such patients and provide a good basis for patient care plans. This is an effective step to increase patient satisfaction and subsequently increase treatment success. This review study aimed to evaluate the side effects and efficacy of treatment modalities in patients with liver cancer. Materials and Methods: This study was based on the method presented by Cronin and colleagues (2008), which has five stages. The articles in the timeframe of 2018-2012 were searched. 20 paper have been selected and studied which are more relevant to the topic, and each of them has at least two keywords. Results: The treatment modalities for liver cancer are classified into two groups: surgical (hepatic resection, liver transplantation), and nonsurgical (microwave, radiofrequency, trans arterial chemoembolization, ethanol injection, and chemotherapy). Their complications are divided into physical and psychological sections. The more invasive these methods (surgical) or the more systemic side effect they have (chemotherapy), the greater the physical and psychological complications will be. This study shows that the incidence of adverse events in chemotherapy and hepatic resection was higher than the other treatments, while microwave and radiofrequency had fewer side effects. Adverse effects are the determinants of survival, health-related quality of life, and efficacy of therapeutic modalities. This study shows that the efficacy of microwave and radiofrequency therapies were more than the other therapeutic modalities. Conclusion: Treatment modalities in liver cancer are classified into two groups, surgical and non-surgical. Their consequences are categorized as physical and psychological. By assessing the complications of treatments the survival rate and quality of life in patients with liver cancer are determined. Although in many situations because of patient's conditions and the stages of the disease, it is not possible to choose treatments with low side effects, increasing the awareness of the benefits and potential side effects of each treatment, can help in planning for prevention and appropriate action. Also, increasing the patients’ knowledge about the side effects of the therapeutic methods will lead to the patients’ informed involvement in the treatment process, which will have a significant positive effect on reducing anxiety and depression in affected patients, and promote the quality of medical and nursing care, and can reduce the financial burden of the community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim Among the plants with multiple healing properties and a long and common history of use in Iranian traditional medicine, is dog-rose plant with the scientific name of “Rosa canina” that belongs to the Rosaceae family. This study aimed to review the effectiveness of Rosa canina in treatment of different body organs and tissues and emphasizes its therapeutic mechanism. Methods & Materials This is a review study. About 176 papers published from 2010 to 2018 were extracted from PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Google Scholar, Ovid, MagIran, and SID databases using related keywords and entered into study. Ethical Considerations Ethical issues (including plagiarism, misconduct, data fabrication, falsification, double publication or submission, redundancy) have been completely observed by the authors. Results Different studies had indicated the importance of Rosa canina as a medicinal plant protecting liver, lowering glucose and lipid levels, and having antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The highest flavonoid activity in the Rosaceae family is related to Rosa canina. The use of herbal extracts in the treatment of common diseases, such as diabetes, fatty liver, urinary tract and Alzheimer's, has been recommended. Conclusion High qualitative and quantitative diversity of effective ingredients, ease of access, absence of adverse effects of consumption and endemic nature of Rosa canina plant make it necessary to use it for the control and treatment of common human diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Various studies on prevalence of celiac disease in patients with irritable bowel syndrome in Iran is available that Chiefly, the prevalence of this disease and its association with several factors have been investigated. In order to gain a better perspective of Iran and spread across the heterogeneity, all studies included in the systematic review, the findings were analyzed and used a meta-analysis. Materials and Methods: All articles published in Iranian journals and international research project, related papers presented at the Congress, and the Student thesis, in this study used standard and sensitive keyword. All the articles published in this field in the country, where inclusion criteria for assess quality control using random effect, and the meta-analysis were entered. Results: In 7 studies, minimum and maximum prevalence of celiac disease in patients with irritable bowel syndrome, 2/59 % and 13/5 % was calculated, and total prevalence of this disease based on fix effect model 6/26 %, with the heterogeneity index equals Q =13/74 (t2=52/05 and P=56) and reliability 99% (x2= l6/8) was estimated and because of the high heterogeneity based on random effect model, total and final prevalence of the celiac disease in IBS patients 7/59%, with the heterogeneity index equals Q=2/05 (t2=0 and I2=19) and confidence 95% (Cl =8/07-7/23) were counted. Also by using method of meta-regression, main factors causing heterogeneity, variable location, time, and gender of patients were identified. (p<0/01). Conclusion: Considering that the prevalence of celiac disease in patients with irritable bowel syndrome in the country is high, with knowledge and research-centered measures, total level of health in the country should be raised and daily, in the direction to the horizon landscape of civil and global health charter progressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Fecal incontinence is defined as the involuntary loss of fecal material. Fecal incontinence is a particularly embarrassing and distressing condition with significant medical, social and economic implications. The purpose of this article is to review the relevant the role of pelvic floor muscle dysfunction in fecal incontinence. Materials and Methods: We performed a literature search in PubMed, Scopus, Elsevier, Ovid, CINAHL, Science Direct, ProQuest, Google Scholar, Thompson, EMBASE and Medline databases for the period of 1985-2013. The following keywords were used: puborectalis muscle, anal incontinence, fecal incontinence, pelvic floor muscles, biofeedback, pelvic floor exercise, electrical stimulation. Results: Out of 56 papers, 23 met the criteria for this study. We divided these studies into three categories: 1) the role of pelvic floor muscles in the maintenance of anal continence; 2) the role of pelvic floor muscle dysfunction in fecal incontinence; and 3) the role of pelvic floor muscle retraining in management of fecal incontinence. Conclusion: The results indicate there is adequate evidence to support the role of the pelvic floor muscles in the maintenance of anal continence and any damage or dysfunction to these muscles can affect proper disposal and may lead to incontinence. Prevention of incontinence should attempt at preserving the pelvic floor musculature, particularly in patients with impaired defecatory maneuver, which may play a pathophysiological role in the process. The pelvic floor muscles should be considered a goal of treatment in incontinence and improvement in their function should be included as a key outcome in the evaluation of treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]