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The steganography is prone to number of attacks such as geomatical, salt & pepper, gaussian, median filtering, attacks. To overcome these problems, the cryptography and error correction codes are comes in the pictures and hybrid with steganography algorithms. The cryptography algorithms add one layer of security on steganography algorithms and error correction codes improves the robustness of steganography algorithms. On the other side, the hybridization of the algorithms, increase memory complexity and increase computation time for data embedding. Thus, in this paper a review on multi-layer algorithms for video steganography is done. This paper comprehensively reviews the steganography, spatial and frequency domain techniques hybrid with cryptography and error correction techniques. In-depth analysis on published literatures revealed that the spatial domain techniques require shorter computation time for data embedding and provide higher data hiding capacity than frequency domain methods. Performance of such techniques was evaluated in terms of visual quality and robustness parameters. Present challenges and future trends towards the improvement of the multi-layer data security in video steganography are discussed to provide the taxonomy for further navigation.

The paper explores the human being metaphors in Ekegusii pop songs (EPS). Composers of EPS use human being metaphors to convey their message in different perspectives. It is possible for the meaning of the human being metaphors to elude the audience of EPS because language is both embodied and situated in a specific environment. Therefore, the meaning of the metaphors need to be objectively interpreted to reveal the message of the composers. The study purposively sampled Christopher Mosioma’s (Embarambamba) EPS amasomo (education) and the late Ontiri Bikundo’s obwanchani (love) based on the songs’ richness in metaphors. The Metaphor Identification Procedure Vrije Universiteit was used to identify 54 metaphors in the EPS by four coders (including the researchers). The concept of conceptual mapping, which is a fundamental tenet of the Conceptual Metaphor Theory, was employed to understand the source domains in terms of the target domains. The identified metaphors were classified into four conceptual domains of human being, animal, plant and object using the principle of the Great Chain of Being Metaphor. The paper then identified eight human being metaphors for the present study. The research found that human being metaphors are important ways of conceptualizing other human beings in society. In addition, metaphors are important tools of communication and should be explained using a cognitive semantics framework. The findings of the study will benefit the audience of the EPS, ethnographers and metaphor theorists to conceptualise EPS and culture.

Taxation research has received considerable attention from many scholars, practitioners and policymakers across the globe. Many scholars have also conducted research on taxation in the Malaysian context. However, papers that track the trends of such research are scanty in the existing literature. The aim of this study is to review the trend and frequencies of published literature on taxation in Malaysia based on the Scopus database using the search term “Malaysia and taxâ€. The design of the study is bibliometric analysis. As of 23rd September 2020, a total of 88 documents were retrieved and analysed using Excel, Hazing’s Publish or Perish and VOSviewer software. Based on the standard bibliometric indicators, this paper reports the research papers and source types, years and language of publications, subject area, most active institutions, most active sources’ titles, keywords, authorship, abstract, title analysis and citation analysis. Findings revealed that there is an increase in growth rate of literature on studies related to taxation in the Malaysian context from 1977 to 2020 published in the Scopos database. The publications reached an all-time peak in 2016 to 2017 but significantly dropped in 2018 and 2019 based on the data retrieved from the Scopus database. The findings further show that Universiti Teknologi MARA is the most influential institution with 18.18% of the total documents retrieved, followed by Universiti Utara Malaysia with 9.1% respectively. Additional findings of the study show that Advance Science Letters is the highest source title with 14.71% of the published documents. The finding also indicates that Adhikari, Derashid and Zhang (2006) are the most influential authors with 187 citations as at 23rd September 2020. The research is limited to the literatures published in Scopus database, other database were not covered in this study. Malaysian policymakers should provide more research grants to tax practitioners and academicians to increase the level of publications in this field.

Generally, Rent to Own (RTO) is a financial scheme offered by financial institutions to help those who cannot afford the 10% initial deposit and access to financial schemes. One value-based intermediation (VBI) initiative is the RTO Islamic financing product. The market segment of this product is for the new generation whereby they can own a house without paying any deposit on account of the fact that housing estates are increasingly expensive. This paper starts with the background concept of VBI, then it discusses on the modus operandi of RTO offered by financial institutions. This paper also discusses legal and Shariah aspects related to RTO. Adopting a qualitative method, the data were collected through semi-structured interviews with relevant parties involved with the RTO product. In addition, some preliminary information had been accessed through the financial institution’s website. This paper found that RTO has played important roles as one viable VBI initiative and it is approved as a Shariah compliant product

Hypercorrection has been described as a sociolinguistic phenomenon where linguistic overcompensation occurs from the over-application of a perceived rule of language usage prescription. This paper reports a study investigating hypercorrection among younger and older native speakers of Bidayuh Biatah when speaking English. The qualitative study data were collected from eight native speakers of Bidayuh Biatah: four younger participants aged 23 years old and four older participants aged 55 to 69 years old. Hypercorrection was analysed by categorising them into phonological, syntactical, and morphological hypercorrection within the environments in which they occurred. Results showed that participants used all three categories of hypercorrections, with phonological hypercorrection occurring the most, followed by morphological hypercorrection and syntactical hypercorrection. However, the younger participants demonstrated hypercorrection less frequently than the older ones. The tendency to hypercorrect phonologically suggests that younger and older participants prioritised sound correctness when speaking in English, which they considered a prestigious language. This sociolinguistic insight can inform pedagogical practices.

Currently, a significant challenge revolves around the release of harmful wastewater burdened with synthetic dyes from various industries such as textiles, paper, cosmetics, food and beverages, and pharmaceuticals. These synthetic dyes carry considerable risks to human health, organisms, and the environment. The environmentally friendly production of SnO2 nanoparticles (SnO2 NPs) is gaining recognition for its costeffectiveness and reduced environmental impact compared to traditional chemical and physical methods, which are both costly and hazardous. In this study, Pandan extract was utilized in the biosynthesis process due to its containing compatible phytochemicals that can act as capping and reducing agent to prepare SnO2 NPs. The degradation of methylene blue dyes through the photocatalytic process was observed to reach 79.8% within a span of 70 minutes. Additionally, the dependence on catalytic loading revealed that only a moderate amount of catalyst is necessary for effective photodegradation.

This study focuses on calculating the arc length of gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) to determine the tumour's perimeter using the least-squares method. The method involves developing a mathematical equation that corresponds to the tumour model to calculate the perimeter even under uneven conditions. Least squares is used to find the best-fit line or curve that minimizes the sum of squared differences between observed data points and predicted values, commonly used in regression analysis. For tumour perimeter calculation from ultrasound data, the study employs both the least squares method and the Gauss-Jordan elimination method. By determining that 1 mm on the graph paper corresponds to 1.2929 mm in actual size, the total arc length is calculated to be 9.5026 mm. Manual measurements, especially with complex shapes and small details, can be prone to errors. Therefore, PeriSolve, a graphical user interface (GUI) and professional simulator, is designed to simplify perimeter calculations for uneven surfaces, with a specific focus on using the least squares method.

The e-Mathscore innovation addresses the challenge of efficiently managing and monitoring Summative Assessment Test (UPS) and Continuous Assessment (PB) scores in mathematics education through data analysis technology. By leveraging the capabilities of Google Data Studio and Google Spreedsheet, e-Mathscore provides a systematic platform for lecturers, students, and parents to access and review assessment scores. Originating from the online Matriculation Program Semester Examination (PSPM) results checking system, e-Mathscore offers an intuitive solution for enhancing student self-awareness and improving teaching and learning (PdP) productivity for lecturers. With its user-friendly interface, e-Mathscore facilitates easy access for students and parents, thereby reducing paper usage and streamlining the assessment process. The innovation demonstrates significant potential for commercialization, as it addresses a critical need in the education sector and offers scalability for implementation across various subjects and matriculation colleges in Malaysia. Moreover, the system's ability to provide comprehensive insights into student performance, along with features like the PSPM target meter, further underscores its impact on educational outcomes. Overall, e-Mathscore represents a transformative solution poised to revolutionize mathematics education and improve learning experiences for students and educators alike.

Capacity is the legal right and empowerment of a legal person to individual responsibility. A legal person has the right to social, economic, and political duties and responsibilities in the society to sue and be sued in the law court. However, the issue of artificial persons has been gaining attention in recent times, especially its legal capacity. This paper examines the legal capacity of Artificial Intelligence from Islamic jurisprudential perspective. For instance, legal and juristic issues remain around the legal capacity of humanoids like Sophia Robot which was granted the first full citizenship in Saudi Arabia. Does that citizenship translate to full rights and responsibility like a normal human? The study uses a qualitative method to employ the doctrinal approach of analyzing Islamic jurisprudential opinions on the legal personality of an artificial person. Although there are Islamic thresholds on minors and other interdicted persons, however, the study explores the extent of interpolating classical Islamic rulings of the legal capacity of certain corporations, entities, and interdicted persons on the artificial intelligence robot. The study found that an artificial intelligence robot does not have the complete traits to be considered for natural legal capacity. However, AI has the trait of artificial personality that is justified in Islamic jurisprudence. The vicarious tortious liability can be interpolated on the artificial personality of AI to ensure the protection of the public interest. Therefore, this study lays the groundwork for further studies in understanding how Islamic law can address the rights, responsibilities, and ethical considerations surrounding the use of AI, thereby facilitating the development of comprehensive, and religiously sensitive regulatory frameworks.

The paper discusses one variant Melanau (VM) in Sarawak, namely variants Melanau Oya (VM OA). The objective in this paper is to evaluate and reorganize aspects of phonology which has yet to get clarification on a number of studies on VM OA especially in determining the amount of phoneme inventory. Therefore, this study aimed to affect aspects of phonetics and phonology to describe how the phonological system VM OA with displays spread vowel, diphthong, consonant and see the presence of alternation in this OA VM. The approach used to achieve the objectives of this study is the structural approach. The results prove that the VM OA has 6 vowel phonemes, namely / i, u, e, o, ↔ a/, four diphthongs /-oj, -aw, -aj, -ej / and have 20 consonant phonemes which consist of seven explosive consonants/p, b, t, d, k, g, /, two africate consonants/t∑, dZ/, three fricative consonants/s, h/, four nasal consonants/m, n, /, a vibration consonant / r /, a lateral consonant / l / and two semi-vowel consonants / w, j /. This research hopes to find something missing, reveal the hidden and produce a breakthrough. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to discuss the involvement of Adam Malik in his capacity as Foreign Minister of Indonesia upon the establishment of the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) starting from 1967 to 1977. Adam Malik was one of the founding figures of Indonesia on the formation of the Association of the Southeast Asia or often referred to by ASEAN. The purpose of this paper is to assess the extent of the involvement of Adam Malik over the establishment of ASEAN, where this establishment as pillars of observers to five neighbouring countries-to be able to solve regional problems among Southeast Asia in order to establish peace in the region. This study uses qualitative methods with the use of primary sources and use of secondary sources. Adam Malik had an important role to influence the Indonesian Government to follow as well as in the establishment of ASEAN because of suspicions among President Soeharto was very high in the establishment of this assosiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is a common belief that Islam and pacifism are incompatible. Using a traditionalist approach to religious issues, this paper seeks to construct arguments for the opposite. It argues that Islam and pacifism can be harmonised and made compatible at three levels: international, national and individual. Based on the arguments put forth, the paper asserts that the issue of pacifism should not be restricted to issue of halal (permissible) i.e. upholding commandment of jihad versus absolute haram (forbidden) i.e. denial of jihad obligation. Instead, it is an issue where disagreement is permissible and the principle of ‘agreeing-to-disagree’ like many other religious issues can be upheld by all. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Muslim counselor in school is a professional guide who can help schools to reduce students' misbehavior and to implement Islamic values as a way of life. The Islamic approach is the approach implemented by the school counselor in dealing student's misbehavior. However, the practice of Islamic approach using by Muslim counselor at school in dealing with students' misbehavior has not been studied extensively. This paper is aimed to discuss and analyze the Islamic approach adopted by the Muslim counselor as an effort to deal the students' misbehavior in secondary schools in Klang District, Selangor. Data in this paper were collected through a quantitative survey research. By using purposive sampling, a total of 73 Muslim counselors from secondary schools in the Klang District were selected as respondents. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistical techniques. The study shows that Muslim counselor in schools has implemented the Islamic preventive approach through programs such as anti-smoking talks, HIV and AIDS talks, selfidentity courses, leadership courses, religious talks, and visiting program to rehabilitation center. This study also shows that Muslim counselor practicing Islamic preventive approach in dealing students' misbehavior such as guiding students to perform solat fardu five times a day, to respect human being and environment, to behave with persistence, to commit with a good or ma`ruf deed, and to select a good mass media. As a whole, the Islamic preventive approach by the Muslim counselor has given a huge implication especially to develop an Islamic counseling index in dealing students' misbehavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The field of anthropology has introduced the term polytheism which refers to belief and worship of more than one god or deity. Man from the beginning of his existence has interacted with nature, admiring some beings they considered special and possessing extraordinary powers. This situation encourages some people to believe in polytheism, which is to worship various gods or deities in addition to Allah SWT. Historical records show that polytheism existed long before the time of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh). The question is, how does the Quran describe polytheism? Therefore, this paper aims to discuss the description of polytheism in the Quran, especially about the history, form, factors and types of polytheism. This is a qualitative research applying the method of content analysis to the text of Quranic verses. The results of the study show that the Quran contains socio-historical data on polytheism of past generations, in addition to criticism and prohibition of any form of worshipping gods and deities other than Allah SWT. In conclusion, the Quran discusses not only Shariah, but also covers the field of anthropology and socio-cultural universals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies on poverty have found that monetary scarcity can affect cognitive functioning and decision-making abilities. This is because, individuals who are poor, who experience monetary scarcity, can be easily triggered by budgetary issues and increased cognitive load as a result of having to constantly think about financial issues that eventually affect their ability to make effective decisions. Behavioural studies have found how increased cognitive load impedes cognitive performance and often becomes a significant factor that affects decision-making abilities. However, it is still unclear how cognitive load as a result of scarcity hinders cognitive performance, and what neural processing systems are being affected. Although there are behavioural differences between scarce mind and the non-scarce, the differences in neurobiological processes remain unexplored. Understanding specific neural correlates associated with monetary scarcity will facilitate in identifying how scarcity can impede specific neurocognitive processes. One way to measure neurobiological activity is by using electroencephalography (EEG) event-related potentials (ERPs), which is capable of capturing intrinsic neuro-temporal activities. This paper highlights the importance of investigating the neurobiological basis of how poverty affects cognitive performance. Understanding behaviors related specific neural activities will help to facilitate in developing effective intervention programs that can be targeted to improve decision-making abilities for the poor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Suhaid language is spoken in Seberuang and Suhaid river basins, Western Kalimantan (Indonesia). This language exhibited its uniqueness with the C+h (consonant + glottal fricative) sound system, which is similar to the aspirated occlusive voice. This aspirated occlusive is derived from the deletion of /É™/ in the penultimate syllable position. Since in Suhaid, r is correspondence to /h/, the C+h form will formed after the deletion of schwa. This paper discusses the existence of the aspirated occlusive voice from the perspective of Optimality phonology. This study has consolidated that this theory is a practicable approach to explain the generation of two different output after the deletion of schwa. This study found that in a disyllabic input, this deletion of schwa has lead to a floating mora which later being attached to immediate vowel and formed a vowel lengthening. On the other hand, for the trisyllabic input, the floating mora will attach to the onset nearby and produce a geminate consonant. This consonant later will undergo the process of degemination, segmental coalescence and eventually appeares as a breathy voiced in the output. Based on analysis, the *GEM (NO GEMINATE) and *COMPLEX ONSET (no more than one segment may associate to any one syllabic constituent) constraints played crucial role in terms of constraint satisfaction and violation. All the candidates with geminate consonant will be ruled out as fatal violation since *GEM dominates the other contraints in the constraint hierarchy. *COMPLEX ONSET on the other hand is an additional constraint that play specific roles to generate dwisyllabic output (from trisyllabic input). This constraint (as well as other constraints) will eliminates all the /C+h/ candidates and the candidate with breathy voice which fully satisfies the given constraint is the optimal candidate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of national ethos as a medium for building a nation state is less debated among the scholars. Hence, this article will examine the perspective of building a nation-state from the national ethos point of view as a dimension that needs to be carefully studied in shaping the formation of a nation. National ethos refers to the character, attitude, ethics, personality and confidence in the matters that can describe the characteristics of the spirit which shared by members of society. With the existence of a national ethos in the individuals, it can reflect the sentiments of nationhood that centered on the national platform. Accordingly, this paper is specifically applies the definition of national ethos as a unique characteristics of the local community that binds one individual with another individual, and that binds the individuals to the state. These unique characteristics encompass four main dimensions namely values, feelings and spirits, beliefs and identities. The unique characteristics of the national ethos become the main medium in the building process of a multi-ethnic Malaysian nation. The community who often get the attention when debating on the process of nation-building are the youth groups. This is because they are the backbone of the nation in the future. The successful of developing the youth groups is the main benchmark for the success of a nation-state development in the future. This study found that the four main dimensions, namely values, feelings and spirits, beliefs and identities have formed a strong bond between individuals and other individuals, and between individuals and the country, especially among the youths being studied. Therefore, in realizing the building of the Malaysian nation-state, the national ethos has become a medium that needs to be nurtured in every individuals, especially the youth groups who are still searching for their identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Sabah, the megalithic heritage-based tourism products are less popular than natural-based tourism products. This paper aims to reveal a prospect of megalithic heritage-based archeotourism products found in Long Pasia. The existence of megalithic sites in Long Pasia is the heritage of the Lundayeh people. Yet the condition of these sites is derelict and requires serious attention from various parties for conservation and preservation purposes. Since 2005, several megalithic sites have been studied and documented by researchers and students of Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS) in collaboration with the National Heritage Department, Kuala Lumpur. The study was based on field survey methods, and site documentation on selected sites. The results of the study found that megalithic sites in Long Pasia have potential for archeotourism purposes. This study is important as a knowledge reference on the existence of megalithic heritage sites in Long Pasia, and a guide for the purpose of developing archeotourism in Long Pasia [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discussed the strategies in gathering mangrove molluscs of the prehistoric societies in Sabah by observing the gathering activity of mangrove molluscs among the Bajau people in Tuaran, Sabah. Participant observations and interviews that were conducted with the Bajau fishermen in Kampung Tambalang Laut Laya-Laya revealed that the strategies applied to gather molluscs in mangrove swamps are based on tides. Despite having one main species targeted, which is mud clams (Geloina expansa), other molluscan species coincidentally found are also gathered as supplements. Through comparison with the species of molluscs found in archaeological sites in Sabah, it can be interpreted that the strategies applied by the Bajau people in Tuaran to gather mangrove molluscs were possibly more or less applied by the prehistoric societies in Sabah. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Roof Crown of the mosque is a 3D ornament designed in various shapes and sizes. Roof Crown has its own unique characteristics that have a basic rectangle, pyramid-shaped, terraced, and have angle decoration. However, the uniqueness of the mosque's rooftop crown is now threatened and its numbers are dwindling due to the fact that some of the people who do not accept and say that this decoration is not in the mosque building due to reasons which do not adhere to Islamic teachings. Therefore, the main purpose of this paper is to be mapping the location of the roof crown of mosque and the typological classification of the crown design found on the crown roof of the mosque in Malacca. The research method used to achieve this objective is to use qualitative methods involving library and field studies as well as using typology of analysis. This study was conducted in all districts in the State of Malacca namely Jasin, Central Malacca and Alor Gajah. The research was carried out in 360 ° visual documentation using DJI Phantom 3 Standard Dron technology to get detailed roof crown design as well as Google Maps application to map the location of the mosque. The use of Adobe Illustrator also helped to create a visual illustration of a mosque's crowning crown in Malacca. The results of this study have found that 38 traditional mosques still have a rooftop crown in Malacca. The results of this study have identified several types of design typologies that have been featured in the design of a mosque roof crown in Malacca. The findings of this study are expected to keep the crown jewel of the mosque still in use in the mosque building as an art decoration that represents the identity of the local Muslim community, especially in Malacca. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In ensuring the agricultural sector remains competitive, the government has introduced fertilizer subsidy schemes to farmers. The objectives of this scheme are to help ease the burden of farmers as well as to optimize agricultural yields, especially for the paddy, rubber and oil palm sectors. However, there is still a leak in the distribution of fertilizer scheme which has caused the loss of millions of ringgit to the country. This is a commercial crime that needs to be eradicated immediately because it involves issues of integrity, corruption and breach of trust. Thus, this paper discusses the factors of malpractice and analyzes the relevant legal provisions on the issue of leakage of fertilizer subsidy scheme descriptively. The leakage problem needs to be addressed immediately in ensuring that fertilizer subsidy schemes can be delivered to farmers smoothly. The distribution of fertilizer schemes needs to be managed transparently in accordance with the law and give benefit to farmers in achieving more lucrative returns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ahmad Ibrahim was one of the key individuals who was responsible in developing the administrative legal system in Malaysia through judicial reform of the Sharia Court. Since colonial period, the Civil Court has been dominating the country’s legal system thus inhibiting the progress and contribution of Islamic law as well as limiting the jurisdiction of the Sharia Court. This article discusses the history of the Islamic law in Malaysia in the judicial administration context as well as analyses the achievement and development of the Sharia Court seen today as a result of the contributions and ideas conceived by Ahmad Ibrahim. This study uses the qualitative method by way of document analysis from books, journal articles, conference papers, newspaper excerpts and statutes such as the Federal Constitution, Acts, Enactments and related cases. The finding suggests that the modern and dynamic landscape of Malaysia Sharia Courts today is the result of Ahmad Ibrahim’s ideas and works through administrative, legal and educational approach which is organic and non-confrontational. This approach is indeed suitable and harmonious in the context of Malaysian multiracial and religious society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zurri waqf stands as an alternative for estate planning upon the death of one’s parents. Despite having current alternative such as will writing, faraid and hibah, zurri waqf is viable as instrument to distribute wealth to the loved ones. Data given by Jabatan Ketua Pengarah Tanah dan Galian (JKPTG) in 2019 shows a total of RM60 billion of unclaimed property had been recorded. Amongst of the causes are; absence of will writing and little knowledge of wealth management from the heirs. Thus, zurri waqf stand as one mechanism which can be practiced to assist the parentless child in surviving their lifes. Therefore, the objective of this study is to identify the zurri waqf instrument as an estate planning and to identify the zurri waqf management procedures in Malaysia. This study is a qualitative nature in the form of interview and content analysis. This paper benefits readers and researchers involved in gaining more knowledge about zurri waqf as a suitable instrument for the estate planning of Muslim property such as land cultivated as agriculture and involving the participation of beneficiaries in waqf assets development that can bring significant impact in the future. In addition, the zurri waqf management procedures need to be improved in order to encourage its implementation in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Happiness is a goal that is always sought by humans. Happiness is closely related to the human heart or soul, from peace, tranquility, or even satisfaction with oneself in life. This paper aims to reveal the concept of happiness in the perspective of Ibnul Qayyim Al-Jauziyyah. In this study, the authors used descriptive and analytical methods. After going through in-depth research, the author found three important conclusions. First, it relates to things that can affect the state of the heart and soul, and which are often sought by most people, namely 1) external happiness, in the form of wealth, power, fame. 2) physical or body, in the form of health and strength. 3) true happiness, namely useful 'ilm and the fruit from it is in the form of practice. Second, it relates to the sign of a person's happiness, namely 1) When he gets a favor, he will be grateful for the favor by using it in a way that is pleasing to Allah. 2) If he gets a disaster, he will always be patient. 3) When he commits a sin, he will immediately repent to Allah Subhanahu wa Ta'ala. Third, the key to getting these three things, namely the knowledge inherited by the Prophet sallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam and its practice. Faith, piety, cleanliness of heart, peace of heart and soul, are the fruits of 'ilm and also the practice of it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores locative constructions in Dangme, a language that belongs to the Kwa family of languages. The paper discusses the components of the basic locative construction in Dangme. It also examines the syntax and semantics of verbs of position and verbs of change of location that function in the basic locative constructions in Dangme. Data were drawn from mainly primary sources from 14 native speakers of Dangme. I demonstrate that postposition and locative nouns mainly express location in Dangme. There are a set of nouns that also function as indicators of location and direction to places. It is to be noted that in locative constructions, the postposition class and the adjunct of location indicate the location of entities in Dangme as in other languages. The postposition class can take the form of a word or a phrase. The phrase is made up of an NP and locative morphemes: mi ‘inside’, se ‘back’, nɔ/hiɔwe ‘top’, kpɛti ‘middle’, he ‘side’ nya ‘edge of, tue ‘edge’ and sisi ‘under’. The data also revealed that in Dangme, a locative morpheme or phrase can co-occur with a positional verb in a construction to express the position of an entity at a location.

Sabah 2020 State Legislative Assembly (DUN) General Election (GE) was held following the declaration of the dissolution of the Sabah State Legislative Assembly by the Yang Dipertua Negeri Sabah at the request of the Chief Minister of Sabah, Datuk Seri Shafie Apdal. He acted in this way because of the endless political game in Sabah by the opposition party in the state which managed to gather a number of Sabah state assemblymen with a simple majority to shift support to the former Chief Minister, Tan Sri Datuk Seri Musa Aman to be appointed as the new Chief Minister. Although the former Chief Minister brought the case of the dissolution of the Sabah State Legislative Assembly to court but in the end the GE of Sabah State Legislative Assembly was still held. This Sabah State Legislative Assembly GE is seen as a test to see the influence of WARISAN-PKR and the Perikatan Nasional (PN) in the situation of the Covic-19 epidemic. The purpose of writing this article to analyze the political influence of ethnic parties based on the Sabah 2020 GE. Based on the analysis of Sabah 2020 GE results data and analysis of secondary sources such as journal articles and conference papers, the findings show that voters support political parties in the GE of Sabah State Legislative Assembly is based on sentiment leadership partisan ethnic namely UMNO (BN) and PN (BERSATU) led by Malays support in the majority ethnic Sabah Malays and Brunei Malay by UMNO and BERSATU leadership and Rungus-Kadazan-Dusun-Murut by STAR and PBS Kadazan-Dusun ethnic leadership while WARISANPKR support in the majority ethnic Bajau by WARISAN Bajau leader and Chinese in urban by Chinese ethnic leaders from DAP and PKR allied with WARISAN. The implication from the writing of this article is that ethnic-based party politics continues to gain the trust of voters as voters are more confident and trust their own ethnic leaders to fight for their destiny in the long run. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mainstream rise of "bundle" clothing consumption in Malaysia mirrors the global trend of thrift shopping. Theories about this phenomenon range from the birth of recessionistas, to environmental conservation and identity construction. In this paper, I examine the trend of "selam bundle", or diving into clothingbundles in thrift shops, where people deliberately purchase material goods to communicate their fashion tastes to the public. Bourdieu's concepts of habitus and field are also used to elucidate this phenomenon. I theorise that the act of thrift shopping, or "selam bundle" here is not caused entirely due to a lack of funds based on social class, as individuals from various levels of income participate in this activity. Instead, I view "selam bundle" as an act of increasing one's "street cred" or social capital, where the more unique the find, the more "street cred" one achieves. This is also an activity that is common among the hipster subculture. Observations about thrift shopping or "selam bundle" were made using a mixed-method approach, combining visits to thrift stores, watching YouTube videos of thrift bloggers, reading their blogs, obtaining newspaper interviews and feature stories about thrift shoppers and thrift shops, and obtaining data from social media, as well as data from a large-scale survey titled Platform Integrasi:Pendekatan 'Top-Down' dan 'Bottom-Up' Dalam Mendepani Cabaran Kesepaduan Sosial (Integration Platforms: 'Top-Down' and 'Bottom-Up' Approaches to Facing Challenges in Social Cohesion). As this is a shopping act that transcends the usual social categories of social class, I theorise that "selam bundle" can be seen as a potential platform of social integration, driven by the grassroots or everyday-defined approach to constructing identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The refugee's narrative in Malaysia is unforeseen because most of them live in vulnerability without essential necessities such as shelters, foods, financial issues, difficulties in getting medical treatment and children living sans formal education. The instability of the refugee life has attracted the attention of many actors notably NGOs, to provide humanitarian assistance. Therefore, this paper sheds light on identifying the role of NGOs in alleviating refugee suffering and concurrently to explore how their participation contributes to community integration. This study is a case study that adopted a qualitative approach through a semi-structured interview with four MyCARE's officers and participant observation. The selection of organization has been made based on the active participation of refugees in Malaysia since its establishment. The findings show that forms of humanitarian assistance are subsistence assistance, food packs, health care, education, counselling, self-reliance and qurban have greatly reduced the burden of refugees. The NGOs involvement, activities, foreign partnerships, recipient, distribution across the globe, charitable, government support through this humanitarian activities have found elements of religious, ethnic, ethnic, gender, age and power to share in unity and integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of the world economy created its own footprint as a result of the phenomenon. 1/3 of that economic space is owned by the informal economy also referred to as the Local Economy or System D. The increasingly sophisticated and world-class phenomenon takes the place of the economic space left by the formal economy. The manipulation of the vast resources, the dynamic practices that take place in the legal and illegal dimensions, provide a guarantee of employment shadowed by survival. This paper traces the phenomenon occurring on the Sebatik Islands of Malaysia and Indonesia. The research approach is qualitative based on the interviews of key informants. The results suggest that this phenomenon occurs due to the fact that economic space and opportunities can be exploited for the sake of sustainability in meeting economic demands, especially marginalized groups at the border that ultimately establish a local integration of kinship relations beyond ethnicity, identity and ethnic boundaries itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Management of the South China Sea disputes must consider the "hedging" behavior of the claimant and non-claimant countries. This behavior is characterized by an insistence on not aligning with any of the competing powers, through intentionally contradictory actions to offset multiple risks, or through a continuous effort to maintain a fallback position. Indeed, in the face of China's increasingly assertive actions and U.S. Indo-Pacific strategy, nearly all the states in the region have avoided "balancing" (fully aligning with the U.S. to check China) and none of them have adopted "bandwagoning" (fully aligning with China for economic reasons but at the expense of autonomy and other national interests). Instead the Southeast Asian states have insisted on hedging. This paper argues that this proclivity to hedge is a result of both structural and domestic factors. Structurally, the high uncertainties surrounding China's intentions, U.S. commitment, and future U.S.-China ties have compelled the smaller states to avoid putting all their eggs in either power's basket. Domestically, for their political legitimation, the ruling elites in the states hedge to offset multiple risks and pursue mixed policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses weak hadith and its requirement for the use of rule determination of Islamic law according to Shāfiʿī school. This current study objectively provides the insights for Muslims in Malaysia relating to the methods of weak hadith’s application by Shāfiʿī school. Therefore, Malay tradition could be signified on whether it is abided or not to the rule of the school. Document research method is solely used in this study by referring to the previous works, theses and related journals. The findings reported in this paper highlighted that Shāfiʿī school does not apply weak hadith in establishing the rule of Islamic law, except as a precaution to avoid makruh conducts. Thus, if the hadith is supported by way of mutābaʿāt and shawāhid, ijmak, qiyas, and the practice of the companions of the prophet, it can be used as an argument in the rule establishment. Pertaining to faḍā’il al-ʿamal issue, it has been initiated that Shāfiʿī school has not only use weak hadith in stating reward and sin, it also used in establishing the rule of istiḥbāb. Hence, weak hadith could not specify the certain guide of an ibadah. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parliamentary debate is one of the spoken genres involving key political actors that indirectly highlight social relations through the elements of language used. As such, the analysis of modality in speech clauses is one of the preliminary study that can highlight the role of social actors and their audiences through language. This paper aims to identify and describe aspects of the meaning of modalities used by members of the Government and Opposition in the Parliamentary debate as a way of constructing social relations with their discourse audience. The parliamentary debate selected for the purpose of this analysis is the Budget 2019 debate, the first budget debate after the 14th General Election (2018) and after the transition of power in the New Malaysia era. The analysis used qualitative method, adopting Fairclough's (1992 & 1995) critical discourse analysis approach. The results of the study, revealed thirteen (13) modalities utilized by both the members of Parliament and Opposition. The findings show that informative modality and command modality are utilized by both parties. The use of informative modality is higher frequency, which is 777 times compared to the command modality of only 282 times. Opposition discourse is seen to dominate the use of informative modality with a frequency of 419 times through the meaning of will, ability, knowledge, and refusal more than Government discourse. Government discourse is seen to be more dominant in the use of command modality for the purpose of demand with a frequency of 147 times through the use of the word modality must and should be dominant than the Opposition. It is clear that the use of the word modality by the Opposition discourse is more informative to its audience, while the Government discourse is more in control of its audience. Thus, it can be described that the form of social relations built between the Opposition discourse is more relaxed, and for Government discourse is more formal and serious with the public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of pronouns differs across languages. The most striking difference between English and Malay lies in the second-person pronoun. There are several options in Malay for the translation of the English second-person pronoun which refers exclusively to the addressee, i.e. 'definite you'. The selection of the appropriate option is dependent mainly on socio-cultural factors. There is also another type of you which refers to people in general and not to the second person in particular, known as 'indefinite you'. Two main English-Malay dictionaries provide contradicting Malay equivalents for indefinite you. A review of the literature failed to yeild any studies or academic discussions on the equivalent of indefinite you and its suitable translation in Malay. Adopting the parallel text analysis method, this paper investigates how the Malay language, as used by Malay society, encodes the functions fulfilled by indefinite you. The findings show that the functions fulfilled by indefinite you in general are not encoded in Malay using any of its second-person pronoun variants such as anda, engkau, awak and kamu. Instead, there are two other methods: (a) the use of words denoting people in general such as orang (people), seseorang (one), siapa-siapa (anyone) and sesiapa (anyone); and (b) the use of the inclusive first-person plural kita. The study discusses the reasons behind the Malay choice of kita as an indefinite personal pronoun from both the linguistic and cultural prespectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Divorce refers to the legal dissolution of a marriage between husband and wife which often bears negative connotations in view of the implications of the act itself and the emotions of the individuals involved. Generally, divorce is an issue that can be discussed explicitly or openly. However, not everyone feels comfortable talking about it directly and, thus, subtle language is used to express it. This paper describes the concept of divorce that exists within the Sarawak Malay community (MMS) by examining the use of euphemistic expressions in the domain of marital relations. A fieldwork was conducted at Kampung Buntal and Kampung Santubong, Sarawak involving interviews with two male informants and two female informants aged 40 and above. Interview questions revolved around the use of language in the topics of divorce. The data was further analyzed using the framework of Image Schemas, Conceptual Metaphors, and Metonymy within the Idealized Cognitive Models (ICMs) by Lakoff (1987). Findings reveal the use of divorce euphemisms such as sik ada jodoh gik (no longer a fated match), sik ada seratan (no longer destined), jodoh setakat tok jak (fate has run its course), seratan setakat tok jak (destiny has run its course), dah putus hubungan (have broken off the relationship), and dah bepisah (have separated) within the community. An analysis from a cognitive semantic point of view allows for a more systematic description of the MMS' way of thinking, for example, through the image schema of Containment, Path and Source-Path-Goals, conceptual metaphors of DIVORCE IS A LOSS, MARRIAGE IS A JOURNEY and DIVORCE IS THE END OF A JOURNEY, DIVORCE IS A BROKEN RELATIONSHIP, and the metonymy BROKEN BOND SYMBOLIZES THE DIVORCE BETWEEN HUSBAND AND WIFE, as well as SEPARATION SYMBOLIZES DIVORCE. This study also explains the relationship between euphemistic meanings and the MMS' experience and knowledge about divorce, which is based on the Malay culture and their belief in God's provision in human life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to examine the conveyable and unconveyable factors of proper names' cultural meaning from Chinese into Malay language. This research involves 90 proper names, which are collected manually from Xiyouji, and the translated text, Hikayat Jelajah ke Barat. This study utilises a number of theories which have been identified eclectically, that is the theories of proper names by Wang Li (1947) and Li Rui (2014); the categorization of cultural meaning of proper names based on definition of Buddhism encyclopedia Zhongguo Fojiao Baike Quanshu (2001), Taoism dictionary Zhonghua Daojiao Dacidian (1995), and Li Rui's definition (2014); the accuracy of meaning based on theory of Larson (1984) and Newmark (1988). The findings show that the conveyable cultural meaning factors are the existence of cultural elements in the sociolinguistic network of Chinese-Malay language due to interaction between cultures, the application of suitable translation techniques, and the cultural meaning that is understandable through the context. The unconveyable cultural meaning factors are the non-existence of cultural meaning in the sociolinguistic network of Chinese-Malay language, and the differences in cultural meaning between the time calculation system of lunar calendar and Malay time concept. Indeed, exploring the whole cultural meaning of proper names and the application of correct translation theories are vital to ensure the proper names' cultural meaning are conveyed into the target text. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The happiness of a teacher depends on some factors in the workplace including income and other benefits. This research paper examines the relationship between income inequality and happiness among college teachers. The study also aims to identify distinct clusters based on net income and happiness levels and explore their economic implications. The analysis involved secondary data from a current published study which were gathered through an adapted questionnaire from literature involving 101 college teachers. The gathered data were computed through statistical measures, regression analysis, and the K-means clustering method to make descriptions and draw conclusions. The results showed that, on average, faculty members are "happy" and with income relatively “low” based on Philippine standards. The regression analysis revealed that income and happiness are directly related but not significant association. Plus, the K-means clustering findings highlight the interconnections of income and happiness, with variations across clusters. Based on the significant Silhouette score of 0.631, the optimal number of clusters via K-means is 3. The three clusters represent the low, medium, and high levels of teachers' income and happiness. Cluster 1 represents few faculty with economically and emotionally well-off individuals, Cluster 2 depicts dominant faculty with lower income with high levels of happiness, and Cluster 3 faces challenges with lower income and happiness. Conclusively, income does not always influence the happiness of a college teacher. Hence, the research article strongly suggests that to improve the well-being of college teachers which is vital in quality teaching, the school heads must focus on professional development opportunities and incentives that compensate their efforts.

The progress of civilization depends on its mastery in the field of education. The development of Islamic civilization during the time of ‘Abbasid proved their dominance in the field of science and education. After the fall of Islamic civilization until the end of the colonial period, Muslims were backward and lagging behind in all fields, including education. But there was an attempt to regain the glory of Islamic civilization known as the reformation movement. This movement began in the era of British colonial which ruled over Egypt until the end of the days of colonialism and is still continuing to this day. But the reformation efforts and propagations are still far from reality. This study looks at the reformation specific to education by comparing the educational reforms in period of colonialism and post-colonialism. Therefore, the researcher selected al-Hadi to represent the colonialism era and al-Faruqi as the figure from post-colonialism. Both these figures promoted ideas in educational reforms and also then through the establishment of educational institutions. This paper compares the educational reforms al-Hadi and al-Faruqi in four aspects, i.e., the weakness of Islamic education, the acceptance of Western education, the integration of education and the establishment of educational institutions. This paper is a qualitative study using the method of literature review. The results showed that from colonial times until the present day, there are still weaknesses and deficiencies in the system of Islamic education. Thus, al-Faruqi education reform not only improves the weakness of al-Hadi education reformation, but also complemented the shortcomings of the reformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Related party transaction or RPT is a transaction that could either be harmful or beneficial to the company and minority shareholders. RPT can be considered as an efficient tool for the company or abused by the controlling shareholders. Therefore, one of the key factors to address this transaction is through disclosure. This study applied a content analysis method using materials that were largely library-based including primary and secondary data. The former was gathered from relevant theories to explain the application of the legal theories. Meanwhile, the latter was derived from published materials, such as textbooks, journal articles and online databases. In order to assess these materials, a combination of descriptive, critical and comparative data analysis approaches was employed in this study. This paper aims to understand the underlying applicable legal theories on RPT by analysing and comparing the disclosure framework in Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand that adopt the ASEAN Disclosure Standards (“ADSâ€). This paper finds that there is a disparity in the disclosure standard among these states despite having ADS in place. This problem calls for a clearer ex-ante approval process in ADS and to consider the model from the European Union’s Shareholders Amending Directive 2017/828 to improve the disclosure framework in each jurisdiction. In conclusion, ADS indicated the requisite for the conflicted parties to declare and obtain approval from the minority shareholders however with unclear procedure and minimal threshold.

The formulation of the National Policy on Industrial Revolution 4.0 (IR4.0) and Internet of things signals the Malaysian government readiness to come up with the necessary policy framework for the digitalised era. It has been said that universities’ curriculum structure and instructional design must also be revisited to ready the graduate to face the onslaught of technological revolution. Through content analysis of relevant literature, this paper analyses the myriad ways in which legal education has been impacted by IR4.0 both in terms of the ‘body of knowledge’ as well as the ‘skill sets’ required for law students to survive in the era of automatous systems. The paper is structured to first explain the concept of IR4.0 and how some national countries leverage the digital technology to improve their economy or facilitate social transformation. The paper proceeds with a discussion of how autonomous system, artificial intelligence and data analytics can enhance the instructional design of teaching and researching law. In terms of the body of knowledge, most of the legal principles drawn for the brick and mortar environment are no longer relevant in the IR4.0 era. The paper reveals that the traditional method that focuses on the training of law graduates to think like a lawyer by understanding the reasoning in the judgement of cases or the preparation of conveyancing and court documents are no longer relevant in the IR4.0 era as these activities could easily be undertaken by bots. Instead, law students should be imparted with a multiplicity of human skills that could not be performed by autonomous systems such as those involving conscience, high level thinking, and emotion such as mediation, negotiation, counselling, court prosecution, advocacy, witness examination, plea mitigation as well as social skills, resource management skills, technical skills and most importantly system skills.

Malaysia continuously negotiates, signs and ratifies international treaties to foster closer relationship with its counterparts. The Federal Constitution of Malaysia provides no direct provision in granting treaty-making capacity to a specific person(s) or institution(s). However, it may be deduced from the available provisions that such power is exercisbale by the executive arm of the Federal Government. By definition, the executive includes the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, which is elected among the Malay Rulers by the Conference of Rulers. This paper reassesses the roles and functions of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and the Rulers in the making of international treaties. The study is carried out using library based research method that assesses the provisions of the Federal Constitution, local case(s) and international conventions, in particular the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 1969. The paper will delve into the available legal documents to explain the functions of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and the Rulers under the Federal Constitution and accordingly reassess the legal position of the the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and the Rulers in the making of international treaties. The finding of this paper will show that, in practice, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and the Rulers hve no the executive power to conclude and sign international treaties. Nonetheless, the Federal Constitution does confer certain limited powers on the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and the Rulers that may indirectly influence the making of international treaties. These roles are normally consultative in nature.

Following the upsurge and development in the globalized and emerging economies, commercial misunderstanding and disputes transcending national borders may also be on the rise. Such disputes can hamper the economic activities and operation within those emerging economies, in particular those activities related to the foreign direct investment. National legal mechanism may not be attractive to international investors. Instead, international commercial arbitration (ICA) could be a preferred choice by foreign investors through which contractual disputes can be resolved via independent forum because it helps to foster market efficiency, facilitate foreign direct investment and protect the interest of foreign investors. To offer insights on this issue theoretically and empirically, this paper presents a logic-based and empirically based conceptual discussion to investigate the influence of ICA on FDI, in particular its application in the context of Algeria and the importance of domestic courts’ execution of arbitral awards. The paper finds that ICA is indispensable to contractual conflict resolution and can consequently assists FDI inflows into the country that entrenches it. Algeria may increase FDI inflows by strengthening the legal framework for arbitration through the enhancement of national laws relating to ICA and guaranteeing their effective execution and enforcement by local judicial system.

Rapid change in business environment poses threat to business survival. It is crucial to examine the core of business sustainability. This paper proposes changeless factors in response to today’s business environment. Specifically, it addresses (1) the people factor (2) the purpose factor and (3) the principle factor as the pillars through which an organization finds its stability in the sea of business change. This paper demonstrates the unchanged factors to ensure business sustainability and to achieve long term objectives. After mapping the conceptual model, the paper devotes particular attention to conceptualizing the changeless cores of business. This research contributes practical insights for managers to further understand the cores of business sustainability. Specifically, it will assist managers to have clear goals in making decisions and managing change to enhance competitiveness in the business environment.

Kertas ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji kesan keterangkuman kewangan terhadap pertumbuhan firma dalam kalangan firma kecil, sederhana dan besar (275 buah firma) di negara Malaysia dan Indonesia dengan menggunakan teknik penganggaran regresi ambang keratan rentas. Tahap keterangkuman kewangan diukur berdasarkan agihan perkhidmatan kewangan merentasi firma iaitu akses kepada kredit. Keputusan kajian mendapati wujud kesan tidak monotonik dalam hubungan antara keterangkuman kewangan dan pertumbuhan firma, yang mana kesan keterangkuman kewangan terhadap pertumbuhan firma hanya signifikan dan positif di bawah tahap ambang. Implikasi dasar daripada kajian ini mencadangkan pemilik firma dan institusi kewangan perlu mengekang pengagihan akses kepada kredit supaya berada dalam lingkungan nilai optimum atau tahap ambang untuk menjamin pertumbuhan firma. Abstract This paper aims to investigate the effects of financial inclusion on the firms’ growth from selected small, medium and large firms (275 firms) in Malaysia and Indonesia countries using a cross section threshold estimation technique. The levels of financial inclusion across firms were measured based on the distribution of financial services across the selected firms (access to credit). This paper reveals that there is a non-monotonic effect in the financial inclusion-firm’s growth nexus in which the impact of financial inclusion on firm growth is significantly positive below a certain threshold point. The main finding suggest that the firms’ owners and banking institutions should restrict the distribution of credit access within the optimum value or threshold level in promoting the growth of the firms. Keywords: Financial inclusion; firm growth; threshold estimation.

This paper aims to examine the effect of macroeconomic condition on microcredit coverage in Malaysia. The Microcredit Organizations (MO) was established to complement the mainstream financial institutions but challenges remain with microcredit performances associated with microcredit coverage. The paper accordingly investigates the effects of macroeconomic condition on microcredit coverage in the Malaysian context. To achieve the objective, the static panel data technique is adopted, which comprises 13 states and three Federal Territories in the country, spanning 2011 to 2015. The findings reveal the resiliency of MO towards macroeconomic conditions in Malaysia. The increase in the inflation rate and agriculture GDP (LNAGDP) share shows significant negative and positive effects (non-resilient) on microcredit coverage. The main findings will assist in addressing the newly identified macroeconomic condition to improve on micro credit performance. Policy implications emanating from the study are expected to be relevant to the government, MOs and borrowers. The government accordingly can make important contributions to borrowers by maintaining macroeconomic stability (inflation and LNAGDP share) through appropriate policies in order to achieve good microcredit coverage. MOs may revisit the existing quality regulation (MOs risk weighing loan disbursement) based on the macroeconomic condition which, in turn, can be used in outreaching more microcredit borrowers. Finally, this study may also help to elucidate specific understanding of the government and MO objectives in outreaching microcredit borrowers. Keywords: microcredit coverage, macroeconomic condition, microcredit organisation, Malaysia

In the past few years, there has been an increasing concern over the discrepancy of standards of the corporate governance amongst the developed and the developing countries since they affect their competitive advantages economically. In 2017, Saudi Arabia and Malaysia have amended their codes on corporate governance, in order to promote ethical behaviour, transparency, accountability and investor stewardship. In this paper, the researchers analyse the important features of these new codes of Saudi Arabia and Malaysia. They use a comparative approach to identify the advantages and limitations and also to determine areas for improvement. This paper finds that several transformations were already taking place in both jurisdictions. However, there are many areas that require continuous development, especially those related to the independence of the board, gender diversity problems, and impartiality in the decisionmaking process. The researchers suggest that many recommendations regarding the manner in which the two countries can address the loopholes and thereafter, improve their corporate governance codes in order to be on a par with international standards.

It is fundamental that the content of the advertisement must be free from any disputable errors. Otherwise; the owner of the advertisement shall be liable for customers’ claims in regard to its content. Obviously, advertisements, be it traditional or online are exposed to legal repercussion should it fails to comply with the terms as per advertised. This paper discusses the legal implications of such advertisement from a contract law perspective focusing on an electronic advertisement containing price errors. It refers to the area of mistake in contract law and highlights the common law and equitable approaches in dealing with this issue. In addition, it focuses on the Malaysian legal provisions pertaining to mistake in contract law and also the issues of unfair contract terms. This paper adopts content analysis method where the materials used were largely library-based consisting of primary and secondary data. The primary data was gathered from case-law to explain how the legal principles are applied. English cases are the major references considering their high volume of cases on contractual issues. The secondary data was based on published materials, such as textbooks, journal articles, online databases and the Internet. For analysis, this paper applied a combination method of data analysis, namely, descriptive, critical and comparative approaches. The judges’ statements in each case were examined carefully; highlighted loopholes, followed by rational justifications. The findings have established that notwithstanding the common law principle which recognises mistake as a vitiating factor in contract, the application of mistake as a defence in an advertisement containing price error demonstrates divergent approaches by the courts. In addition, a review on the Malaysian legal framework pertaining to this issue reveals that due protection needs to be enhanced in order to warrant justice shall be served to a customer who has an unequal bargain.

The constitution confers on the legislative arm of government impeachment power and prescribes when and how it should be exercised. Disputes arising from the exercise of this power are submitted to the courts for adjudication in line with their inherent powers. The issue of compliance with these constitutional requirements is a cause for concern as most of the impeachment proceedings conducted so far in Nigeria had been challenged in court for noncompliance. The question is, could this role played by the Nigerian courts ensure compliance? The objective of this paper is, therefore, to determine whether the courts could ensure compliance with the constitutional requirement for impeachment. In order to achieve the objective of this paper, doctrinal methodology is used whereby relevant materials were analyzed and conclusion made. The result showed that the role played by the courts cannot ensure compliance with the constitutional requirements because the courts only intervene after the conclusion of the exercise due to disrespect to court orders from the legislature. This is largely due to lack of specific role conferred on the courts in impeachment proceedings. It is, therefore, recommended that the constitution be amended to vest on the Supreme Court the specific role of ensuring that all the constitutional requirements for impeachment have been duly complied with before a public officer is removed.

This paper contributes significantly through suggestions to overcome the problem created by the disastrous US drone strikes in Pakistan. This paper evaluates incidences of the United States’ combat drone strikes in Pakistan and the damage caused to innocent people. It seeks to determine possible violations of international laws and the extent to which these strikes diminish the sovereignty of Pakistan. After the incident of 9/11, the use of combat drones in armed conflicts among states, non-state actors, disruptive groups and organisations has increased and expanded. Combat drones are controlled by operators who depend for their primary sources of information on cameras and sensors to determine their targets. Drone strikes lack identification processes causing many innocent people to be killed or injured. Drone strikes launched in non-conflict areas also increase the concerns about illegitimate interference in a state’s territorial sovereignty and violations of international laws. It covers the following questions. What are the basic principles about the use of force? What kinds of damages are caused by US drone strikes in Pakistan that violate basic human rights principles? What are the concerns of international organisations about drone strikes in Pakistan? Summarily, it covers the United States unlawful drone strikes in Pakistan and damages caused to humanity. The paper uses doctrinal qualitative analysis to situate the research within the ethical, legal and social parameters of the related statutes of international law. The research methodology adopted is evaluative, interpretive and analytical. The paper consists of 8 segments: (1) drones and the United States armed forces, (2) some basic international law principles about the use of force, (3) possible human rights violations, (4) US drone strikes diminish the sovereignty of Pakistan, (5) demands for transparency, (6) the damages caused to humanity by the drone strikes, (7) concerns of international organisations about illegitimate drone strikes causing extra judicial killings and (8) some recommendations to regulate the use of combat drones. It demonstrates that international law does not regulate the use of combat drones in armed conflict and no considerable effort has been made to bring the use of combat drones under the rule of law. Furthermore, US drone strikes in Pakistan’s territory have been done without consensus, resulting in the violation of Pakistan’s sovereignty and the killing of innocent people.

Online news portals such as Malaysiakini, Malaysia Today and many others have been instrumental in providing alternative news and information to the Malaysian public. These portals are currently treated differently from print media as they need not procure a licence or permit before publishing online content. Conversely, print media proprietors are mandated by the Printing Presses and Publications Act 1984 to hold valid printing licences and publication permits before offering their services. Further, the presence of the no censorship guarantee of the Internet appears to render online news portals and other online publications to be free from legislative control. This is undesirable as there appears to be two different sets of regulatory frameworks for traditional media and new media. Hence, this paper will trace the historical development of online news portals in Malaysia, analyse the existing regulatory regime which govern print media and new media, and examine the potential application of these laws to regulate online news portals. By adopting a qualitative approach, the study employed a combination of doctrinal and comparative analysis. A doctrinal analysis was adapted to explore the current regulatory framework in order to address the legal predicament faced by online news portals. Further, the study applied a comparative analysis method by examining current practices and experience in the United Kingdom (UK). For this reason, the study scrutinised relevant statutory provisions and other secondary sources comprising textbooks, academic journals, seminar papers, and other pertinent materials found in newspapers and/or reputable websites. In conclusion, it is submitted that the same set of laws and regulations should be applied to govern print media and online news portals here, similar to the practice adopted by the Independent Press Standards Organisation (IPSO) in the UK.