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One method for disposing of old, damaged, or misprinted Qur’an pages is to burn them. Recently, there have been cases of al-Quran mushaf disposal management that do not comply with the maqasid of al-Quran text disposal as stipulated in established guidelines. Furthermore, the number of damaged al-Quran manuscripts is growing, making the collection site increasingly limited in capacity. To save money and space, it was discovered that some institutions in charge of disposal have delegated this task to unauthorized parties, such as non-Muslim parties, which disposed of al-Quran text at paper mills. Therefore, this article discusses the perspectives and evaluations of religious scholars on the methods used by Malaysian institutions to dispose of al-Quran text. Document analysis and interviews with the State Muftis of Selangor, Kelantan and Terengganu were used to collect data. It was done through semi-structured interviews and descriptive analysis. According to findings, the Malaysian government has implemented several methods. One method used is to burn it to ashes, bury it, and then wash it into the sea. Many authorised institutions carry out disposal in accordance with the established guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During Trump’s administration, the United States has introduced a peace plan in the Middle East known as the “Deal of the Century” (DOTC). The DOTC was a plan to propose a “solution” for the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The plan has invited criticisms following Trump’s administration which recognized Jerusalem as the capital of Israel and moved the US embassy in Israel from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem. What was the content of the peace plan and how will it be implemented? Why such a decision has been taken by Trump? Will Joe Biden, who is now replacing Trump as the US President, continue with the DOTC plan? To answer these questions, this paper aims to examine the content of the deal and analyze its impacts on the Israeli-Palestinian peace process and stability in the Middle East region. To achieve this objective, critical content analysis has been made on the DOTC peace plan as well as existing reports and studies related to DOTC. Basically, the content of the DOTC peace plan gave more advantage to Israel, which indicates the US’ pro-Israel attitude. The deal will further complicate the peace process between Israel and Palestine because it only benefits one side. In addition, the DOTC also has the potential to cause a remapping process of the Middle East and invite the involvement of regional powers. This paper argues DOTC as a failed project because it was unable to attract the stakeholders to the negotiation. The deal is expected not to be continued by Biden who is likely to come up with his own peace plan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sheikh Sulaiman al-Rasuli was a well-known ulama (scholar) in education as well as an important political figure. This paper discusses the political activities of Sheikh Sulaiman al-Rasuli using a content analysis approach with historical methods. In addition, this paper also uses the creative minority theory developed by Toynbee that oppression always gives birth to a small group of creative minority. The findings in this study are that, Sheikh Sulaiman al-Rasuli as a politician, dealt with colonialism by taking a cooperative way which politically benefitted the Minangkabau community. During the Dutch colonial period, Sheikh Sulaiman al-Rasuli successfully established VIOS (Vereeniging Ittihadul Oelama Sumatra), the Tarbiah Islamiyah Association (PERTI), and stopped the Marriage Bill which was drafted by the Dutch colonialists from becoming law. During the Japanese occupation, Sheikh Sulaiman al-Rasuli formed the Minangkabau Islamic High Council (MITM), served as General Chair of the Assembly and successfully inspired youth to join the People’s Army. After independence, Sheikh Sulaiman al-Rasuli became chairman of the Constituent Assembly session in 1955 and was the highest advisor to the Tarbiyah Islamiyah Unity Party. He was also one of the founding figures of Lasykar Muslimin Indonesia (Lasymi), advisor to the Military Governor of Central Sumatra and Chairman of the MUSI Commission (All Indonesian Ulema Council) in Palembang in opposing communism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A teacher plays a vital role in shaping students’ character other than parents. The character of a teacher must be aligned with Islamic law in every aspect and portray Islam as a holistic way of life before educating students to become a comprehensive human being. This concept paper aims to study the characteristics that must be present within every Muslim teacher to become an excellent educator. Qualitative research method through content analysis research design was used. Data collected from books, articles in journals, proceedings, theses and dissertations were analyzed descriptively. The study discusses a teacher’s characteristics that were documented by Islamic scholars. Albeit lack of extensive study thus far, previous literature recorded that the effective characteristics of a Muslim teacher should be given attention. Based on Islamic scholars such as Imam al-Ghazali, Imam al-Nawawi, Imam al-Ajurri, Imam al-Mawardi and Imam al-Nahlawi, the characteristics of a Muslim teacher can be summarized into six main elements which are: stable faith, good character, skillful in teaching, constantly giving advice, possessing psychological knowledge, knowledgeable and practicing the knowledge. Educational organizations, especially every Muslim teacher must give the characteristics its due attention and take proper action so that as to increase the quality of teachers in Malaysia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extremism is a long-standing issue. When this ideology is linked to religion, it not only revolves around the implications of violence but also becomes the basis for the formation of heretical and deviant teachings from the flow of Sunah Waljamaah members. To eradicate it, the approach should be collective and require the cooperation of all parties. The basic concept of it should be true, authentic and convincing. It must come from a complete, systematic and consistent source and academic structure so that criticism and reflection on this ideology is seen to be organized, fair and easy to understand. Among the great figures of Islam who have evaluated and written systematically about this ideology is Yusuf al-Qaradawi, a Muslim scholar born in Egypt who resides in Doha, Qatar. He was one of the most influential Islamic scholars during his lifetime. He is also known as a simple but firm thinker. His views on simplicity have been widely commented, quoted and dissected by other Islamic scholars around the world. But despite this modesty, he is also known as a firm person who has a hard and consistent view on the ideology of extremism and religious extremism. Therefore, this paper will examine and discuss his views, criticisms and reflections on the ideology of extremism and religious extremism. This article is part of the findings of a study on Islam and extremism in Malaysia that uses a qualitative and quantitative approach as a data collection method. Content analysis which mostly involved materials from his writings was used in addition to semi-structured interviews which were used to get the views of religious figures, activists and local authorities related to this matter. Analysis of the results of the study found that Yusuf al-Qaradawi has covered this in many of his writings, either reflecting specifically on this ideology or mentioning the implications of this ideology through his writings in matters of life in general. His views are also central to most of the writings of other Islamic figures when writing and talking about extremism and religious extremism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Syariah compliance is the essence of any Islamic finance transactions and Islamic wealth management instrument whereby this aspect must be clearly reflected in the relevant legal documentation. This is in line with the recommendation to write contracts as suggested in the Qur’an, although the recommendations are in debt contracts, but they are used in the context of Islamic financing and wealth management to avoid future conflicts or disputes. However, it is observed that not all the legal practitioners and industry players are well versed with the drafting and intricacies pertaining to Islamic Syariah financing and wealth management contracts. Due to major defects in the contractual documents which are supposed to be binding aqad between parties, the transactions may be rendered invalid in the eye of law and unenforceable. Further, the legal documentation should not only address the Syariah compliance but also tackle issues relating to conflict of laws and enforceability under other applicable civil legislations. This issue needs to be addressed to ensure that this aspect of wealth management can be developed further in the Islamic financial sector. Hence, this paper discusses the main elements to constitute valid and enforceable Islamic financing and Islamic wealth management contracts. Besides, this paper also examines the approaches adopted by the Malaysian courts in dealing with defective and void Syariah contracts. At the end of this paper, some suggestions are made to provide remedies for rectification of the defective Islamic finance and wealth management contracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, prison is not merely a place for offenders to serve sentencing. Rather it becomes an institution that carry a responsibility to rehabilitate, assist and educate the offenders to be a well-disciplined and responsible person when they return back to the society. In the Malaysian context, the rehabilitation process for the criminal offenders is one of the main agendas of the government in the efforts to reduce the crimes rate. The government through the Transformation Plan has emphasized the importance of improving the rehabilitation program not only inside the prison, but also implement various rehabilitation program outside the prison with the aim to prepare the offenders with life after they were released from the prison. This paper engages qualitative method. It refers to the documents relating to Rehabilitation Module, as well as conducts interview with the experts. It focuses on rehabilitation programmes outside prison that have been employed against the Syariah criminal offenders by the Malaysian Prison Department. The paper is significant as it highlights the experience of the Prison Department in developing and implementing rehabilitation module for the offenders outside the prison. The finding of the paper suggests that the development of the rehabilitation module for the Syariah Offender who are serving sentencing outside the prison are just and balance, which covers various aspect ranging from physical, mental, attitude, akhlak and spiritual. However, the implementation of rehabilitation programmes outside prison for Syariah offenders may need to be reviewed on its relevance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the discussions on the application of Maqasid as-Syariah (Hifz al-’Aql) in transforming and developing better human capital have been regarded as an important issue towards the society. For Malaysians, it is not a secluded issue anymore. As proactive steps, a positive action should be taken in blending the application of Maqasid as-Syariah (Hifz al-’Aql) with the National Education Philosophy, as it is a major framework in the formation of holistic and competitive human capital globally. The main objective of this paper’s study is to examine the concept of the Maqasid as-Syariah (Hifz al-’Aql), the scope of the National Education Philosophy, as well as the application of these concepts and scope in the educational system in Malaysia. The conceptual and qualitative methodologies of study shall be used in conducting a study on this paper. It will also cover comprehensive studies on these two main thrusts to identify the extent of the harmonization process in empowering and enhancing the future generation. It will also review the level of the application and influence towards the National Education Philosophy and the impact of education reforms based on the Islamic principles in Malaysia. In conclusion, it can be asserted that the concept of the Maqasid as-Syariah (Hifz al-’Aql) has become among the main and important pulses in shaping, empowering and enhancing the development of the educational system in Malaysia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lack of financial capital is the main problem faced by the smallholder palm oil farmers (Pekebun Kecil Sawit Persendirian, PKSP) in order to increase the productivity of palm oil. Although there are six Islamic banking institutions that provide micro credit for the farmers, this product however does not get a good response from the farmers especially among the PKSP. In order to dismantle the factors of the PKSP having less interest to take up the micro credit from Islamic banking institutions, this paper employed Al-Ghazali's concept of intention to achieve two research objectives. In regards to the first objective, this research analyses the effects of behaviour towards Islamic micro credit, obstacle factor, and the benefit of perception on the intention to use Islamic micro credit. In regards to the second objective, this research analyses the effects of obstacle factor and the benefit of perception on the behaviour towards Islamic micro credit. This research was conducted at the district of Hilir Perak, Malaysia involving 362 PKSP to understand this phenomenon. The research data were obtained from a questionnaire which was analysed using structural equation modelling (SEM). It was found that the obstacle factor and behaviour towards Islamic micro credit influence the intention to use Islamic micro credit, while the benefit of perception was found to be insignificant in influencing the intention. This paper also found that the behaviour towards Islamic micro credit is developed and influenced by the benefit of perception. It can be concluded that the PKSP are less interested to take up the Islamic micro credit for agricultural purpose because the features of micro credit product offered by the Islamic banking institutions are less attractive and not competitive. In this case, this paper recommended the Islamic banking institutions to improvise their micro credit product offerings and develop strategic relationship with other industrial players to reduce business risk and eventually offer a competitive micro credit product in the market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The anthropomorphism remains one of the most contested topics in current Sunni theological discourse between Ash’arites and the Salafis. The polemic is mainly based on how one should interpret anthropomorphic expressions found in certain religious texts. This paper aims at explicating al-Ghazālī’s method in dealing with the ambiguous hadiths on divine attributes (the ṣifāt hadiths) by examining his thought in various of his printed works. Library research with analytic methodology has been applied. The study finds that al-Ghazālī actively used ta’wīl (metaphorical interpretation) to appropriate the understanding of hadith message according to the principle of divine unity (tawḥīd) and transcendence (tanzīh). This attitude is a perpetuation of his moderate position toward absolute truth derived from both revelation and reason. Therefore, it is seen that al-Ghazālī’s advocation of ta’wīl is always accompanied by his criticism against Mu’tazilite’s rationalism and Hanbalite’s literalism. Despite his acceptance of ta’wīl, al-Ghazālī stipulates that the interpretation method should be used with moderation. It is not for everyone but is only for elite of religious scholars who has sharp mind and high level of spirituality that enables them to comprehend the prophetic message accurately. In contrast to popular opinion, al-Ghazālī maintains his positive reception of ta‘wil in his last theological work namely Iljām al-‘Awām ‘an‘ Ilm al-Kalām. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Earthquakes are often viewed as negative phenomena as they threaten human beings and other life on earth. Although researchers scientifically explained this phenomenon, people still relate it to God’s role. Discussions from physical or scientific studies, as well as metaphysical and theological views, are essential to gain a deeper understanding. Geology examines earthquakes scientifically, including the causes, effects, and earthquake-prone places, while religion perceives it is caused by the power of God (Supreme Being) that determines everything. The purpose of this study is to emphasize the comparative analysis of earthquakes from both Islamic and Christian perspectives using a qualitative method concerning the Quran, tafsir al-Quran, Bible, biblical exegesis, and secondary literature relevant to both religions and geology. Although earthquakes are broadly studied in both faiths, researchers are less interested in doing in-depth comparative analysis of many features. This paper is a comparative study and reveals the similarities and differences of earthquakes in seven areas: earthquakes in the scriptures, religious views, historical earthquakes, current earthquakes, future earthquakes, religious coping, and earthquake geological facts in scriptures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Religious conflict is a controversial subject in a multicultural country. This issue happens regularly in Malaysia especially in a country which recognized Islam as its official religion. There are many ways dealing with religious conflict in Islam. One of them is co-existence approach (fiqh al-ta'ayusy). The objective of this paper is to explain the co-existence approach (fiqh al-ta'ayusy) as a way to promote harmony and to cope with religious conflicts. The study is based on previous literatures and it has been adapted to suit Malaysia's religious conflict. Findings showed that the co-existence approach in Islam is divided into three namely inter religious dialogue, preaching of Islam and acceptance of other religions. Besides that, this approach must maintain the dignity of Islam and at the same time treating non-Muslims with respect and universal values. The acceptance of other religions however, must not include the religious pillars such as faith and worship. This is crucial in order to ensure the harmony of interaction without eliminating Islam like what has been propagated by the pluralists. Thus, this paper will explain on the Islamic approaches of interacting and communicating with non-Muslims. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The field of anthropology has introduced the term polytheism which refers to belief and worship of more than one god or deity. Man from the beginning of his existence has interacted with nature, admiring some beings they considered special and possessing extraordinary powers. This situation encourages some people to believe in polytheism, which is to worship various gods or deities in addition to Allah SWT. Historical records show that polytheism existed long before the time of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh). The question is, how does the Quran describe polytheism? Therefore, this paper aims to discuss the description of polytheism in the Quran, especially about the history, form, factors and types of polytheism. This is a qualitative research applying the method of content analysis to the text of Quranic verses. The results of the study show that the Quran contains socio-historical data on polytheism of past generations, in addition to criticism and prohibition of any form of worshipping gods and deities other than Allah SWT. In conclusion, the Quran discusses not only Shariah, but also covers the field of anthropology and socio-cultural universals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teenager is a phase in life that needs more attention. Adolescent psychological instability can cause many conflicts and confusion if not managed properly. In a process of self-development, adolescents will face a variety of challenges that may affect their motivation. Therefore, a comprehensive and systematic injection of religious motivation is essential. Using holistic content analysis and observation methods, this paper attempts to analyze the motivational approaches used and its applications in the module of Motivasi Alihan Pelajar (MAP). Based on the analysis, all eleven slots contained in the module used a religious motivation approach consisting of the first step; cognitive and emotional management and second; continuous action. This study concludes, interventions for adolescent self-development through these two religious motivational approaches are found to be more comprehensive and appropriate to their psychological needs. Therefore, this approach should be applied to facilitate holistic adolescent self-development processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding religions from the perspective of genealogical approach is one of the main contributions by some Muslim scholars such as H.O.K Rahmat. As a broad discipline, comparative study of religions employs many approaches predominantly developed by Western scholars such as Friedrich Max Müller, one of the prominent founders of the field in the West. In the context of Malaysia, the field of comparative study of religion is still growing but some writings and books have had significant impact in terms of mapping earliest works on comparative study of religion as in the work of Muhammad Fauzi bin Haji Awang entitled World Religions (1964), published by Aman Press, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, as well as the work of Dr. H.O.K. Rahmat S.H. entitled From Adam To Muhammad (1976), by the same publisher. This paper therefore aims to highlight H.O.K. Rahmat and his contributions in the field of comparative study of religion through his book ‘From Adam To Muhammad as well as the importance of his writing in the early exploration of the field. This study is developed by using a qualitative approach based on literature study. Interviews were also conducted with two scholars of comparative religion in order to gain their views about the author and his book. It also traces the development of comparative study of religion in Malaysia and exposes the benefits and effects of this book in fostering religious understanding and building harmony among multiracial and multi-religious societies in Malaysia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses societal perceptions of the cross-social relationships in Malaysia and makes them dynamic in the context of managing and shaping social differences in Malaysian society. The foundations of nation-building in Malaysia are based on integration in which their ethnic identities are maintained and preserved in the Federal Constitution. However, there is an outsider's perception of harmony in Malaysia which is often negative. This is because they are influenced by the talk conflict in social media as if tomorrow will repeat the bloody tragedy of May 13, 1969. However, the Institute for Ethnic Studies (KITA) has clearly stated that Malaysia today is in the 'era of Social Cohesion', where the behavior of Malaysians was at the 'everyday-defined' level namely, 'they talk conflict, they walk cohesion' and this is a healthy psychosocial activity. In this regard, a study has been conducted regarding the cross-social relationships at work. This study focuses on societal's perceptions of the level of cross-social relationships at work in the context of relationships at the personal, community, and institutional levels. The research method used was a survey conducted on 554 business communities of traders and hawkers who have direct relationships to cross-social ethnic relationships. Overall, this study found that cross-social relationships at the personal, community, and institutional levels are positive and significant. This cross-ethnic practice at the grassroots level is a significant factor in the formation and strengthening the social cohesion in Malaysia as well as a assurance of the country's continued stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses two integration curriculum models applied in the the curriculum of Islamic Education. One of the models is the interdisciplinary Robin Forgarty's Integrated Curriculum Model which explains the concept of integrated curricula. Another model used in this paper is the Selangor State Integrative and Holistic Education Model. The integration concept and its relation to other knowledge discipline introduced by Forgarty is carried out by matching a subject with another subject based on their similarities in the concepts, skills, values, themes and topics. In this research, we used content analysis to gather detailed information on the topic at hand. The main finding illustrated that the meaningful teaching and learning practice among teachers and students is the major focus of the model. The students' cognitive, affective and psychomotor skills must (should?) be emphasized by teachers. At the same time, important skills such as metacognitive, study skills and problem solving skills should be reinforced given the diversity in knowledge discipline. The paradigm of these models reflects that the teacher's synergy is needed to develop cooperation in assimilating one's discipline in the process of curriculum integration at school. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainability in zakat accounting which is often debated in Malaysia involves three issues. First, the method of zakat accounting is income toward the benefits in kind. Second, a business earning profit but working capital is negative. Third, cost of crops and cost of living for commercial agriculture. This paper aims to identify and analyse sustainable zakat accounting practiced by zakat institutions and the opinions of zakat scholars on sustainable zakat accounting in Malaysia. Qualitative data were obtained from document analysis and semi-structured interviews. Informants consist of zakat scholars and zakat practitioners. The data obtained is analyzed through deductive and inductive content analysis. The analysis result showed that sustainable zakat accounting is practiced by the zakat institution in Malaysia. First, a wealth expansion is compulsory for zakat. Second, assessment of compulsory wealth for zakat based on net wealth; and third, the role of intent in determining the compulsory wealth of zakat. Sustainable zakat accounting is based on the views of zakat scholars in Malaysia. It is argued that there is a consensus that the fundamentals used to develop zakat accounting are rigid rats. Therefore, sustainable zakat accounting will continue to be used according to current needs and local conditions.Kelestarian dalam perakaunan zakat yang sering dibahaskan di Malaysia melibatkan tiga isu. Pertama, kaedah perakaunan zakat pendapatan terhadap manfaat berupa barangan. Kedua, perniagaan yang memperolehi keuntungan tetapi modal kerja adalah negatif. Ketiga, kos tanaman dan kos sara hidup untuk pertanian komersial. Kertas ini bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti dan menganalisis perakaunan zakat lestari yang diamalkan oleh institusi zakat serta pendapat para cendekiawan zakat terhadap perakaunan zakat lestari di Malaysia. Data kualitatif diperolehi daripada analisis dokumen dan temu bual separa struktur. Informan terdiri daripada cendekiawan zakat dan pengamal zakat. Data yang diperolehi dianalisis melalui analisis kandungan secara deduktif dan induktif. Dapatan analisis mempamerkan bahawa perakaunan zakat lestari diamalkan oleh institusi zakat di Malaysia. Pertama, peluasan kekayaan yang diwajibkan zakat. Kedua, penilaian kekayaan wajib zakat berdasarkan kekayaan bersih; dan ketiga, peranan niat dalam menentukan kekayaan wajib zakat. Perakaunan zakat lestari adalah berdasarkan pandangan cendekiawan zakat di Malaysia. Dihujahkan terdapat kesepakatan bahawa asas yang digunakan untuk membangunkan perakaunan zakat adalah tikat rigid. Oleh itu, perakaunan zakat lestari akan terus digunakan bersesuai dengan keperluan semasa dan keadaan setempat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term of"religious pluralism" in Malay Languange often creates controversy among thinkers and politicians. Some say it is a translation of religious plurality which the meaning as religious diversity. While some say it is a translation of the term religious pluralism that leads to recognise of the unity of religious truth. Understanding the diversity of religion and unity of religious truth religious creates confusion to the Muslim community in particular related to the position of Islam that has real truth. This paper aims to discuss the basic guidelines in finding the limitation between recognition of religious diversity or recognition of the unity of religious truth. The preliminary findings found that there are four fundamental questions that can be used to be the basis for differentiate the thoughts that lead to religious divergence or recognition of the unity of religious truth ie their views on the cause of religion, the role and position of other religions, readiness of living harmoniously and most importantly the views on need of preaching to other religions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liberal thinking is a stream of thought that fights for the right of freedom of speech and the right of freedom of religion. This thinking is seen as a threat to religious harmony due to the interpretations made concerning religious matter depending on the rationale and contextual perspectives. This paper focuses on the epistemological debate on liberal thought and its relationship with the Muslim schools of thought leaders in Malaysia.. Using the qualitative methods, this study also includes the method of interviewing sixteen informants among national leaders, community leaders and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to view the reality of this thinking in the Malaysian context. The informants have been sampled by using purposive sampling strategies to gain clear and direct informations. The result of this study shows that liberal thinking is a knowledge that has a long history of science. It is influenced by a variety of historical and state conditions including the influence of aristocracy, industrialization and religion. Liberal thought is also a basic of secular civilization that stems from Western scholars who opposed the attitudes and ideologies of the Christian religion's leaders. It is clear that liberal thinking is a Western's mold and its effect can be seen in the way of life and culture of Western society today. The concern is, the finding shows that this thinking has infiltrated the minds of some Malaysians especially among Muslim leaders. This method of thinking needs to be dealt holistically as this liberal thinking may affect the way of Muslims' thinking from different backgrounds. The implication may appear in various forms of movements claiming that they carry Islamic symbols while their principles are extreme in nature and completely contrary to the true principles of Islamic teaching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The progress of civilization depends on its mastery in the field of education. The development of Islamic civilization during the time of ‘Abbasid proved their dominance in the field of science and education. After the fall of Islamic civilization until the end of the colonial period, Muslims were backward and lagging behind in all fields, including education. But there was an attempt to regain the glory of Islamic civilization known as the reformation movement. This movement began in the era of British colonial which ruled over Egypt until the end of the days of colonialism and is still continuing to this day. But the reformation efforts and propagations are still far from reality. This study looks at the reformation specific to education by comparing the educational reforms in period of colonialism and post-colonialism. Therefore, the researcher selected al-Hadi to represent the colonialism era and al-Faruqi as the figure from post-colonialism. Both these figures promoted ideas in educational reforms and also then through the establishment of educational institutions. This paper compares the educational reforms al-Hadi and al-Faruqi in four aspects, i.e., the weakness of Islamic education, the acceptance of Western education, the integration of education and the establishment of educational institutions. This paper is a qualitative study using the method of literature review. The results showed that from colonial times until the present day, there are still weaknesses and deficiencies in the system of Islamic education. Thus, al-Faruqi education reform not only improves the weakness of al-Hadi education reformation, but also complemented the shortcomings of the reformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disputes over Islamic law are generally decided by judgment in the Sharia court. However, for issues related to muamalat and Islamic banking disputes, the jurisdiction of judging is determined by the civil courts. Moreover, conflict arises when the fatwa which has long been gazette as the supreme law could not play its authority in court because its authority is determined upon decision by the Sharia Advisory Council of Bank Negara Malaysia and Security Commission. This article aims to discuss the position of fatwa and decision of the Sharia Advisory Council to be recognized as authority in court in discussing muamalat cases. Hence, document analysis method is used in clarifying the position of fatwa authorization and the Sharia Advisory Council as well as reports of court cases in judging the muamalat issues. The study found that even the fatwa has long been gazette nevertheless it is not recognized as the main authority when it comes to judging the muamalat cases. The paper also clarifies the position of Sharia Advisory Council of Bank Negara Malaysia and Security Commission as the recognized legal body that becomes the ultimate reference for any dispute of muamalat cases in court. Civil courts are more empowered in judging cases related to muamalat and Islamic banking as compared to the gazette fatwa at the state level. This article argues that legislative need to be further improved for a more effective role of fatwa and decisions of the Sharia Advisory Council in judging the muamalat cases. Moreover, more opportunity for jurisdiction should be given to the Sharia court in dealing with muamalat issues such as takaful and Islamic banking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Syarikat Takaful Malaysia Berhad has ever introduced Takaful Wakaf Plan in 2002 and it has been adopted until 2009. During the period of its implementation, especially from 2002 to 2004 showed a favorable response from participants. However, in 2009 the plan was withdrawn from the market and its application comes to an end afterwards. Hence, this paper aims to search the previous literatures that relating to the concept and application of the endowment takaful at the Syarikat Takaful Malaysia Berhad. Literature analysis is made to find out the causative factor why this plan has been withdrawn from the market. This is a qualitative study through library research. Outcome of literature review found that there are a number of factors why the plan has been withdrawn such as problem in mudarabah system and problem in underwriting. However, this Takaful Endowment Plan is necessary to bring back to the current market by integrating endowment in takaful policy by using different model of what has been implemented by Syarikat Takaful Malaysia Berhad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malaysia has been working hard to establish the Quranic culture in education system. This effort has been proven by the introduction of a program that highlights the knowledge of the Quran as the basis for teaching and learning. The program is named as program of j-QAF and introduced in national primary schools throughout Malaysia. This program was implemented in 2005 in the hope of building a civilized society and global anchored on knowledge al-Quran. The objective of this paper is to assess the effectiveness of the j-QAF program in achieving its main objective of implementation in Malaysia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problem of breach of contract in debt financing is seen increasing day by day in line with rapid development of the Islamic financial system in Malaysia. The bank actually has taken the appropriate measures to overcome this problem. However, question arise related to the basis of valuation of a breach of contract and are there other methods of compensation to help Islamic financial institutions deal with this breach. Thus, this paper reviews previous studies as to issues related to the breach of contract. Analysis of the literature is conducted to evaluate the concept of breach of contract and to identify its solutions according to the Islamic point of view. This is a qualitative study with approach of library research. Result of literature review found that problem of breach of contract often occurs in the case of violations of right and condition. Part of the problem of breach of contract may also be overcome through the use of several methods and contractual supports. Therefore, a study to form a method and mechanism of solution of breach of contract based on Islamic principles should be developed. This is in order to the practice of financial system and Islamic banking will be more transparent and harmonized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on connection between 'will' and responsibility. This issue is very closely related to free will and human choice, which is widely discussed by Western academics. This discussion also occurred between Muktazilah and al-Asha'irah. The purpose of this paper is to understand the concept of will from all schools of theology and then to determine how far it can be linked to human responsibility. This research is a library research with referring previous and current readings. The methods used are inductive and deductive to understand the concept of will and to describe the meaning of will as responsible or not responsible. Result of this study is to highlight a number of concepts related to will. Some of them should be put under accountability such as when it is at a level of choice, at a stage of desire that already has a permanent will, having intention, a strong desire, will exists together with intellect and will of determination. Likewise, some of them do not have responsibility such as in a conduct of just having the possibility to choose, initiation of desire, no intention, inclination and inspiration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ulum al-Qur'an is one of the earliest knowledge known among Muslims. It comprises of various essences of important sciences which help to improve the comprehension of verses in al-Qur'an. Among those sciences are pertaining to Nasikh Mansukh, Asbab Nuzul, Nuzul al-Qur'an, Makki and Madani verses and others. However recently, there is a tendency among the Liberal Muslims to use Hermeneutic for Quranic Interpretation and criticizing Ulum al-Qur'an. Hermeneutic is a science of interpreting the Bible which contains rules and law to complement interpretation. Therefore, it is the aim of this paper to discuss those criticisms which promote al-Qur'an as a mere product of culture but not as the pure words of God. This study applies the contents analysis on several of the Muslim Liberal works related to the Quranic Interpretation and Ulum al-Qur'an. The indings of this study show that those works have negative impact that can undermine the credibility of the knowledge of Quranic exegesis as well as to lower down the Islamic knowledges as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various types of misconduct involving young people in school are truancy, smoking, theft, gangsterism and bullying to list a few. Those negative symptoms are likely to be the cause or causes of a person to involve in negative activities in future. The risked teens currently raised from a variety of perspectives are often labeled as a loose family ties, drop in the current study, the influence of peers and negative behaviors that contribute to social threat. So the objective of this paper is done to clarify the concept of youth at risk and identify the characteristics of youth at risk. This is a qualitative method of writing based on these studies and previous research through documents, journals and books related to the discussion on youth at risk. Literature is the principal methods in this paper are analyzed using inductive and deductive arguments of the Quran and Hadis to reach a firm conclusion in identifying the characteristics of youth at risk. The literature found that the characteristics of the dominant risk in adolescents at risk are those from the group who have a dysfunctional family, has a background of low socioeconomic status (SES) and does not have the support of individual and environmental factors that act as protective as a parent, family member, community member, school and religion are central in determining patterns of mind and behavior of adolescents to avoid harm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Generally, there is significant change in the Brunei education assessment system as the School Based Assessment for Learning (SBAfL) is introduced including for the subject of Islamic Education. This study is to exlpore whether the SBAfL has influenced the teaching styles among Islamic education teachers. This phenomenology study used qualitative approach which involved seven participants which was selected based purposive sampling method. The data were collected through i) deep interviews ii) direct non-participant observation in class rooms, and iii) documents-based evidence. The element of validity and reliability was carried out using triangulation process, continuous observation, participants’ agreement, peer group analysis, researcher position, expert validation, and expert validations to measure inter-rater reliability using Cohen Kappa analysis. In generating theme and sub-theme, data were analysed using Atlas. ti 7.5.9 softwear. Generally, the implementation of SBAfL not only influenced the Islamic education teachers’ pedagogy aspect, but also influenced the teachers’ attitude and their acceptance towards changes and improvement of assessment practices in classroom. Thus, Islamic education teachers in this study accepted and were able to implement the changes of SBAfL in the Islamic education subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The various issues and problems that hover in society come from the soul and mind that is busy filled with worldliness. Man’s love for the world makes many human beings frustrated with their lives, and various criminal issues occur, wars and power struggles. Finally, human beings are increasingly greedy, chasing the world relentlessly. The human psychology and psyche are increasingly suffering and eventually choose to commit suicide. Therefore, this article aimed to identify the appropriate psychotherapy to treat the human mind and soul by the touch of the wisdom of al-Ghazālī through the concept of Maqāmāt in his work Iḥyā’‘Ulūm al-Dīn. Using a qualitative method, this study found that there are several Maqāmāt included in Iḥyā’ ‘Ulūm al-Dīn; among them are al-tawbah, al-ṣabr, al-zuhd, al-tawakkul, al-maḥabbah, al-ma‘rifah dan al-riḍā. In conclusion, these seven Maqāmāt are the basis for constructing a believer’s identity by the meaning of his book to revive the religious sciences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diplomacy of the Great Powers in the Bosnia-Herzegovina conflict of 1875-1878 led the Ottoman government to sign The Treaty of Berlin in 1878. The Treaty of Berlin gave the Austria-Hungary empire a mandate to occupy and administer Bosnia-Herzegovina. It has initiated a migration process in Bosnia-Herzegovina among its population, especially the Muslims. This article will examine issues that led to the migration of Muslims from Bosnia-Herzegovina to other territories in the Ottoman Turkish empire before the outbreak of World War 1. Analysis on these issues used primary data from the British records from its embassy in Bosnia- Herzegovina. The study found that the issue of religion was the dominant factor in the migration process that took place among the Muslims of Bosnia-Herzegovina. The migration process increased after Bosnia-Herzegovina was officially announced under the Austro-Hungarian administration in 1908. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

and mind, but he only popular as a man of education and less popular as a leader in other area of study, particularly as a leader who understands jurisprudence. The objective of this study is to determine and identify the life of Mahmud Yunus and to display, highlight, and analyze his thinking of fiqh as a representation from the Indonesian scholars of fiqh. This study is a qualitative study. The main data obtained from the fiqh works of Mahmud Yunus, while supporting data consist from the books of classic and contemporary jurisprudence and other resources that are appropriate, and then was analyzed with content analysis techniques (content analysis) through descriptive, analytical and comparative methodology. Furthermore, data were also obtained from various informants through interviews (indepth interview), then was analyzed, worked on shows and presented in a report using descriptive methodology. As a results show that Mahmud Yunus is a scholar of Islamic reformers in Indonesia. In addition, as popular as an educational leader, he also can be called as a scholar / mujtahid in Indonesia. This can be seen from the papers, international experience, capacity and other scholars confession to him. His thought of Fiqh shows that Mahmud Yunus discusses various aspects of research and content in the knowledge of fiqh, especially in areas of fundamental and practical. Debate jurisprudence with such magnitude was presented with simple and easy to understand language parallel with the form, purpose, and provision of the work. Fiqh current issues / contemporary also get his attention in discussion. Moderate and open attitude towards different sects can be seen in his written of fiqh literature. His reference, comparison, views, and comments should not be limited between the four sects only, but sometimes extends to other sects. Furthermore, he also collecting the opinions of world scholars contemporary on a regular basis in order to analyze it for creating goodness and rejecting harm to people. Then, the application on relevant and muktabar of fiqhiyyah rules be taken as a priority by Mahmud Yunus in supporting his thought of fiqh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Andalus region was famous for its agriculture. Although the Andalus is widely known as an area that receives less rain, but its ability to develop irrigation system has triumphed to gambol the development and growth in this field. This paper discusses one of agriculture products, namely flora. Discussion concentrates on how the flora used and benefited by the community of Andalus. However, the scope of the debate confined to the flora found in the Kitab al-Nabat written by al-Dinawari. It aims to reveal the function of floral diversity that benefits the community in Andalus. This study uses content analysis method to examine the content of the book of al-Nabat in order to elucidate exactly how the flora had given the benefit to the lives of people all day in Andalus. The result of the study found that the flora which existed in Andalus can provide benefits in various aspects to the Muslim community in Andalus such as in the aspects of industrial food, grease oil, electrical power sources, clothing, perfume, timber industry and medicine. Nonetheless, this study focuses only on its utility in the food industry, clothing and perfume. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Will is an instruction made by a person during his lifetime to another person whether in written, oral or signal and it is put into effect after the death of the testator. Based on statistics issued by the Amanah Raya Berhad (ARB) from 2008 until 2010, the total registration of bequest among Muslims in Malacca increasing from year to year. Until the year 2010, the total registration of bequest among Muslims in Malacca is 169 people. The objective of this paper is to examine the differences between the concepts of will and executoship (wisayah). Other than that to study how far the understanding of Muslims in Malacca on the will writing. To achieve these objectives, a survey using questionnaires and also document analysis have been used. In this study, information obtained from 90 respondents, consisting of 30 people from will writer, 30 people from will management agent and 30 people from heirs of the decease who managing the bequest property. The structural sampling has been used. Data was analyzed descriptively. Result indicates that the will and executorship are not too dissimilar, in terms of property trusteeship. The difference is only in terms of implementation. Overall, the level of understanding of Muslims in Malacca, especially among writers of will, the heirs and the property management agent are at a satisfactory stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

FX forward is a contract to buy or sell certain amount of foreign currency at a pre-agreed or locked-in exchange rate, but the delivery of currencies is done on the future. Although this contract is needed for the purpose of hedging, but the issue arises, whether FX forward fulfill the ruling of al-sarf. How to ensure that this contract is free from prohibited elements as it is needed in the context of the global economy? Since this contract involves the exchange of currency in the future, it violate the sarf requirement of spot exchange, thus incurring riba al-nasi'ah. Therefore, this paper seeks to examine Islamic FX forward contract that is structured using wa'd mulzim on one party. To achieve the objective, this study applies content analysis and interview method. The interviews are done with some shariah scholars and market players from local banks. This study found that, in order to make FX forward meets the condition of spot exchange of currencies, majority of banks adopt the principles wa'd mulzim at an early stage and the actual contract occurred on the delivery date. However, the practice of wa'd mulzim has drawback as it only protects the right of banks, while customers who are commonly the promissor exposed to the risk of default. To overcome this problem, the principle of wacdan should be explored to study its suitability and potentiality as a basis in structuring Islamic hedging products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this research is to review and to consider different opinions in relation to the practice of speculation in the financial market and its position according to the Islamic perspective. This idea arises because of disagreement among Muslims scholars in determining the evidence and takyif fiqhi (legal adaptation) of the concept of speculation which is often associated with two other terms, namely, investment and gambling. The scholars have different opinions in determining the law (hukm) on speculation. In addition to that, speculation is a new term that exists in this modern time. Hence, the study aims to examine the status of speculation from the fiqh perspective. To achieve this objective, this qualitative study uses the takyīf fiqhi approach in performing data analysis. The findings show that five takyīf fiqhi have been proposed by scholars. They are investment, al-gharar, al-maysir, al-najash and al-bay’. The ambiguity of the applied takyīf fiqhi requires deeper research because the speculative element in financial instruments differ with the type of instruments involved. However, this study focuses on the notion of fiqh analysis on speculative definitions given by scholars in general without specifying the forms of speculation involved in each type of financial instrument such as property, stock and derivatives. The findings suggest that speculation generally has its own concept that cannot be characterized under the contract of sale and purchase (al-bay’), investment, gambling (al-maysir), al-gharar or alnajash. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines Bazar Wakaf Rakyat (BWR) projects developed by Yayasan Waqaf Malaysia (YWM). The purpose of the BWR projects is to develop waqf lands as well as generate income from waqf assets. The development of BWR projects in the mosque area aims at developing the socioeconomic of the local community. The qualitative study uses informations from interviews as its primary source and relevant documents as its secondary sources. It involves a study conducted at five states in Peninsular Malaysia namely Penang, Selangor, Federal Territory, Johor and Kelantan. This study aims at 3 objectives. Firstly, it analyses the principles and implementations of BWR projects under the Yayasan Waqaf Malaysia. Secondly, it identifies the impact of its implementation on the economy of the local community. This study finds that BWR projects do contribute towards the economy of the local society in 3 ways. First of all, BWR projects optimise the use of land resources. They also stimulate economic activities in the society, generate productions and create new job opportunities. BWR projects are also seen to be beneficial to the local community when the revenue generated by the mosque management is reused for public interest such as maintenance of the mosque and organization of spiritual and community activities for the interests of public and country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malay culture and Islam are strongly integrated, whereby Islam has, since its arrival, influenced the Malay way of thinking, morality, behavior, belief and faith. However, daily practices, which did not conform to true Islamic teachings, caused the Malay community to regress. This study analyzed the issue of regression faced by the Malay Muslim community in the mid-20th century, while identifying the role of Qalam, an Islamic magazine, in shaping the minds of the Malay community to prepare them for modernization before independence. A qualitative historical analysis and interpretation was conducted on the contents of Qalam magazine as the main reference and various other sources from the National Archives of Malaysia and the University of Malaya Library. Qalam had undoubtedly raised the voice of modernization and change among the Malays to move forward in line with increasing rapid development. Qalam had not only built a sense of social awareness and responsibility in the Malay community but also clarified the importance of changing their mindset towards the beliefs and traditional practices such as blind acceptance of predestination and superstitions which hinder the progress of the Malays. Qalam advocated the role of the ulama in leading and molding the minds of the Malay community to realistically and diligently face the challenges of modernity. Hence, the Malays must be aware of their own weaknesses, particularly, on the importance of reasoning, in order for them to overcome the state of stagnation and backwardness of knowledge and strive towards building excellence in the true Islamic way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ar-Rahnu based on micro-credit products were introduced to the community on the basis of providing financing to the poor or low-income people. However, institutions or banks offering ar-rahnu schemes limits the collateral on ar rahnu financing to only jewellery. The acceptance of the collateral assets on gold alone has led to difficulties for those who really need financial assistance on the other hand do not own the gold. This is different from Islam which allows any valuable item to be accepted as a mortgage financing. Therefore, this study examines the risks faced by ar rahnu providers if they allow the use of any asset other than gold as collateral asset in ar-rahnu financing. This study is a qualitative study using the content analysis as a data collection method. The data analysis method is a descriptive method. The study found that among the risks of using non-gold as collateral assetares the difficulty in assessing the quality and purity of the asset, the inevitability of the economic crisis and the decline in quality over time. The implication of the study is that the provider of ar rahnu should bear the risk of loss if they receives collateral asset other than gold in ar rahnu financing [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The debates over the ratification of ICERD divided into a few perspectives such as supporting, support with conditions, and against it. ICERD was championed by mostly non-Malays human rights activists that prepared a report on the need for ICERD in English. The collection of opinion from this non-governmental organization made the understanding of ICERD concentrated amongst the elitist people, middle class, and English oriented. Most people are still unclear and looking for reliable sources to understand the terms in ICERD. Tracing and defining ICERD about the future of Malays and Bumiputeras must be informed using the Malay language as the medium to disseminate it to all layers of society in Malaysia. The abrupt moved by the government to ratify it was deemed unnecessary by most people. This article examines the terms of ICERD, reasons for opposing it, insufficient understanding of the English version amongst the Malays and Bumiputera, absence of consultation with the people, and series of unfortunate events that resulted in rejecting ICERD. Alas, it is a stable tension that if it is ill-managed, it could transform into violence - an ethnic riot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Fourth Industrial Revolution is a great transformation that radically changes human civilisation through the application of Internet of Things (IoT) and advancement of technology without borders. The main driver for the Fourth Industrial Revolution is science and technology based on IoT and artificial intelligence (AI) that transform the meaning of being human to post-humanism. Science in the Islamic civilisation emerged as the result of its comprehensive worldview; therefore the science of the Fourth Industrial Revolution should not be accepted based upon its claim of truth purely because of its alien foundation in epistemology and methodology from the worldview of Islam. Based upon the abovementioned premise, the Muslim ummah needs itw own science that originated from the worldview of Islam and its own sets of values. This article studies the Islamic science premises in epistemology and methodology based upon document analysis method founded in the writings of some contemporary Muslim scholars namely Ziauddin Sardar, Alparslan Acikgenc and Osman Bakar. Finally, it synthesizes Islamic science and technology within its own framework and set to be an alternative to Western science and technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arabic for specific purpose (ASP) courses have been introduced by Faculty of Major Languages Studies are offering to the Arabic Language and Communication both undergraduate and postgraduate students in Islamic Science University of Malaysia (USIM) since 2005. It is compulsory subjects under the above program. To in line with the University Mission "USIM 16" that USIM will be the regional reference centre for integration Naqli dan Aqli in the world. The Faculty of Major Languages Studies takes part to empower the courses of integrating Naqli dan Aqli in all subjects offered by the faculty. ASP has been integrated Naqli dan Aqli in teaching and learning through resources have been using by lecturers in the faculty to find out how lecturers integrate Naqli dan Aqli in their daily teaching, the researcher has distributed the questionnaire to all 5 lecturers who are involved in teaching this subject to obtain the implementation data. This qualitative research will investigate integration Naqli dan Aqli in ASP to find out the existence models have been using by those lectures in their teaching. The findings conclude that no specific model is referred to or used in teaching of ASP. However, all lecturers have implemented Naqli dan Aqli in their teaching using their own method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article commences discussion from al-Sallabi's statement that Sultan ‘Abd al-Hamid II employed several methods of implementation in order to realize the Pan-Islamism policy he introduced. The research objectives are to examine the background of his reign, discuss the Pan-Islamism concept until it developed as a policy and analyse the methods of its implementation by Sultan ‘Abd al-Hamid II, in order to manifest it to the Muslim Ummah. This qualitative research uses a historical study and content analysis approach. This research also applies a documentation approach in gathering data by focusing on historical sources related to the reign of Sultan ‘Abd al-Hamid II an writings on the Pan-Islamism approach. Analysis of research data is by using a thematic and deductive approach. Research results find that the support of the majority of parties for Sultan ‘Abd al-Hamid II strengthened his Pan-Islamism policy enabling it to spread to the entire Muslim comunity. Hence, the role of preachers and intellectuals, network of tasawuf (Islamic mystical) stream, restructuring of educational institutions, the Sultan's statesmanship and diplomacy, development of telegraph and postal service system as well as the Hijaz railway project became methods to manifest this policy of unifying the entire Muslim Ummah. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Learning Arabic language in Malaysia involved various levels of education such as in schools, higher education institutions and the public. Arabic learners have a specific goal in learning the language which is related closely to Islam. Nowadays, the Arabic language learning also involves non-Muslim in various levels of education including higher education institutions. Thus, this article will discuss the perception of non-Muslims towards learning the Arabic language. The objective of this study is to explore their perceptions of learning Arabic language in order to ensure that the content of Arabic learning in line with the purpose of learning the language. This study is a qualitative study involving interviews with seven non-Muslim students studying Arabic at Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA). The findings showed that all respondents gave a positive response in learning the Arabic language. The responses given involve the teaching methods practiced in order to master the Arabic language and to gain motivation in learning the language. All these responses indicate that the perception of non-Muslims towards learning Arabic language is positive if the learning process can be carried out properly and effectively. Some of the suggestions which are related to teaching Arabic language for non- Muslim students are also discussed in this article as an input that can be used by teachers of the Arabic language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The maximum penalty for syariah criminal offences prescribed in the Syariah courts' enactment and act in Malaysia are three years imprisonment, RM5,000 and six strokes of whipping. Upon further scrutiny, these sentences do not commensurate with the crime committed which are indeed serious offences. In addition, the Syariah court enactment and act also do not prescribe any other punishment that may be sentenced against syariah criminal offenders in Malaysia. Therefore, the objective of this research is to analyse the scope of application of community service order based on the court's jurisdiction and to review the prospects of community service orders in accordance with the perspective of the Syarie Judges. This study has applied a semi-structural interview methodology by interviewing nine Syariah High Court Judges and the Chief Registrar of the Syariah Court in five states of Malaysia. The findings of the study were analyzed using thematic and descriptive methods. The study found that the community service order may be implemented as an optional punishment for the Syariah criminal offences in Malaysia. This is based on the Judges' beliefs that such a sentence has a bright prospect for implementation and also have a positive impact on offenders. This study is important and serves as a guidance for practitioners of Syariah law in Malaysia for the implementation of such a sentence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Islamic finance industry has a uniqueness compared to the conventional financial industry. This situation is due to the Islamic finance industry has a need for Shariah compliance in Islamic finance industry and also is known as Shariah risk. Islamic capital market industry at global level has been the impact of shariah risk for example in 2007 when Sheikh Taqi Uthmani has declared that 85% of sukuk in the market are non Shariah compliant. This causes a decrease in the sukuk issuance in the next following year. Islamic banking in Malaysia is also a dispute about the status of Sharia-compliant contract Bay‘ ‘Bithaman Ajil (BBA). There are cases of court disputes related Shariah-compliant status of contract Bay‘ ‘Bithaman Ajil (BBA). The takaful industry in Malaysia is also exposed to shariah risks due to the shariah compliance requirements a in all operations and activities of the Takaful Operator. Therefore, this study will describe the key elements that result in a shariah risk in Islamic finance. The study also identified potential of shariah risk using a qualitative methodology based on research data from five informants who were experienced shariah compliance management in Takaful Operator. This study will analyze qualitative data using the Altas.ti 7. The findings show that there is a potential of shariah risk and incident of shariah risk in activities and operation of selected Takaful Operator in Malaysia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The principle of two unilateral wa‘d or wa‘dan is derived directly from the word unilateral wa‘d which refers to two separate wa‘d made by two parties. This principle is seen to has a room for exploration as there is no injunction of its usage in Islamic financial transaction, as is the case with hedging. The question is, what is a recommended exploration of two unilateral wa‘d in hedging? This research aims to explore the usage of wa‘dan in hedging and then analyzes it based on hedging parameters. This study found that the princple of two unilateral wa‘d has room to be explored further as it is not similar to muwa‘adah principle which is forbidden by most of the Islamic jurists due to its similarity to contract. This study also comes out with a suggestion for the usage of two unilateral wa‘d in hedging, that is one party gives wa‘d to do sarf contract and then other party will gives a wa‘d to do commodity murabahah contract. The suggested structure of two unilateral wa‘d is not similar to muwa‘adah in three main aspects, namely separation of promise, different trigger event and the different outcome. Therefore two unilateral wa‘d is viable to be adapted in Islamic hedging contract as long as it is consistent with the parameter hedging in terms of structuring, procedure and usage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of e-mosque in Malaysia is still under moderate level while the rate of internet users is quite high at 16.9 million in 2010. To increase the rate of penetrating into the e-mosque, it should be developed in accordance with the requirements of consumers and also considering the needs of authority of the mosque. This study uses the concept of consumer appetite for goods and services. This study focuses on four major mosques in Malaysia in large cities such as the Federal Territory Mosque, Shah Alam State Mosque, the National Mosque and Putra Mosque, Putrajaya. The study uses the methods of questionnaire and interview. The result shows visitors prefer to visit e-mosque in the domains of religious reminder, pearl words and religious issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, Islamic financial institutions in Malaysia have utilized the concept of wa'd in Islamic hedging product as in the contract of FX forward. Despite the potential for use wa'd to be developed in order to fulfill the requirements of hedging, but the use of wa'd raises issue of injustice because it binds only one side, namely the customer, not to the bank. Due to weakness of wa'd, then the use of Wa'dan which binds both parties seem to have the space and potential to meet the shortfal. But, the use of Wa'dan may cause to appear the issue of legal judgement in Islam because it is seen as similar to the concept of muwa'adah. As an example, AAOIFI does not allow the exchange foreign money through muwa'adah contract, because it resembles the contract of sale. When muwa'adah resembles contract, the interest will happen because the submission of currency has not happened in muwa'adah as outlined in the principle of al-sarf. If Wa'dan is also considered equal to muwa'adah, then its application in forward foreign currency contract can also raise the issue of interest. Based on this issue, the objective of the study is to evaluate the principle of wa'd that is practiced in one of the hedging instrument, namely the Islamic contract of FX forward. Other than that, this study aims to study Wa'dan as an alternative of wa'd in the products of hedging, especially in terms of analyzing differences between Wa'dan and muwa'adah together with applicable prospects of Wa'dan as a basis to produce Islamic hedging mechanism. This research is based on a qualitative study with applying the method of semi structure interview in order to collect data in the field level. The result shows that the concept of Wa'dan is different to the concept of muwa'adah in a few aspects. In fact, the concept of Wa'dan is potential to be developed competitively and innovatively in structuring the Islamic products for hedging FX forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]