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This study emphasises the development of the socio-economy of the Malay community in Kedah. The issues focused on are related to the debt and poverty which had been the dilemma and shackled the Malay community, specifically the farmers. This research will unfold the factors that had led the farmers to like being indebted. This practice was seen to be the norm to the everyday life in handling hardship. In addition, the practice of indebtedness too had led the farmers to fall into the scourge of poverty. This research fully uses historical documents and materials which include books, articles, files from the state secretary, CO 273 Straits Settlements, Original Correspondence, 1838-1922 and CO 716, Kedah/Perlis Sessional Papers, 1905-1937. It was found that for the first quarter of the 20th century, the Malays in Kedah specifically the farmers suffered from financial difficulties. They were not only faced with poverty but also oppression from the middlemen and mounting debts. Many of these farmers at that time had to borrow from the loan sharks who were seen as the main source of income to settle all their bad debts. This research provides understanding about poverty, oppression and middleman issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the migration of the Malays to Kerian, Perak from 1816 until 1873. The migration of the Malays from Malay states in general and in Perak specifically before the British colonisation in 1874, has never been discussed in detail in any publications on migration as the main subject. Instead, the existing writings on the Malays' migration of Peninsular Malay states date their discussions back to the British colonial intervention in 1874. Lack of resources is the main factor impeding more discussions of the topic research on the migration still needs to be done to fill in the gaps in scholarship on the migration among Malays in the Peninsula. In addition, the existing writings on migration in the Peninsular Malay states focus on the migration of the Chinese and Indian migrants as well as the migration of the Malays from the islands of the Dutch Indies (now known as the Indonesian Archipelago). This helps raise questions on the existence as well as importance of the internal Malay migration in the Peninsula. This article finds that, the internal migration of the Malays which refers to the migration from Kedah, Seberang Perai and Pulau Pinang beginning from 1816 was very significant in the emergence of Kerian as an important paddy cultivation district to the Perak administration as direct British colonisation of Perak in 1874 approached. The primary sources used in writing this article are the records of the British administrators in the Straits Settlements and The Burney Papers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A house as a place of residence plays an important role towards sustainable development and in improving the well-being of the population. The issue of housing, especially the supply and demand of low and low-medium cost housing in cities, rising house prices, quality of housing as well as housing stress has shown that housing is a critical issue that must be addressed. Housing stress usually refers to financial constraints, the reason for the inability to manage the cost of home ownership and housing expenses. Yet financial burden is not the only factor that can contribute to housing stress. There are two types of housing stress, namely physical and emotional factors that may impact negatively on the lives of residents. This paper discusses perceptions of factors that may contribute to housing stress based on a survey of 400 residents of low and low-medium cost housing areas in Pulau Pinang. The results of the study show that although majority of the respondents allocate more than 30 percent of their income for housing, the quality of housing and the environmental quality of housing areas contribute more to their housing stress than economic factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tablighi Jamaat is a significant missionary movement towards disseminating of Islamic teaching in Malaysia. Participation of some Malay Muslim in Tablighi Jamaat in the 1970s demonstrated that Muslims were more concerned about Islam prior to that period. Hence, this paper discusses the background and challenges faced by the Tablighi Jamaat in the 1970s-1990s. Interviews were conducted with members and former members of Tabligh revealing that Islam adopted by Tabligh is relevant for Muslims in Malaysia as a manifestation of the life that is more concerned with religious values. The strength of Tablighi Jamaat in implementing the Islamic mission caused both the government and Malay society to raise issues challenging their credibility based on reports published by civil agencies and local newspapers. This study appraises the defensive response by Tablighi Jamaat to resolve the allegations placed upon them as their strategy in perpetuating their preaching mission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A memorate is a type of legend passed on orally from one generation to another and perceived as truth or real by those who uphold such beliefs. Many Western and local researchers have found legends to be records of the knowledge of people in the past. In this study, 26 Tahol Murut informants were interviewed during field work conducted in several villages located in the Kemabong subdistrict of Sabah. These interviews generated a total of 25 memorates which were recorded, transcribed and documented. This research utilised the in-depth interview and focus group interview methods. The focus of this paper is the relationship between memorates and the physical and spiritual healings of the Tahol Murut ethnic community. The elements of local beliefs and wisdom found in the memorates were analysed based on interpretation and comparison methods. The analysis found that the Murut Tahol people believed in dreams, supernatural beings and certain animals that were perceived as able to assist in the healing of spiritual afflictions (such as spiritual possession and disturbances) and physical illness (such as injury, fever and stomach ache). Such beliefs are universal among the various ethnic groups in Sabah and Sarawak, the Malays and other races as well. In terms of local wisdom, this study found the Tahol Murut skilful at identifying the types and characteristics of plants that had medicinal value. They were also adept in the preparation of various types of traditional medicine and the use of 'sasampui' (a type of spell) in physical and spiritual healing. In conclusion, this study found memorates had significantly influenced the traditional healing practice of the Tahol Murut ethnic community throughout time and invariably reflect the local wisdom and belief in the efficacy of their inherited healing methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geopark is an innovative developmental approach that was introduced globally and it gives serious attention to the concept of a holistic development covering aspects of heritage conservation, community development, socio-economic improvement and public education. Efforts to integrate all the above aspects require a good integrated governance system that builds networking and common understanding between all the stakeholders. An integrated governance system implies that there is a need to find shared values as a binding agent of social relations at the organisational, institutional, and individual levels. This paper is based on an exploratory study that aims to identify the major components of shared values in order to strengthen the local community's common agenda for heritage conservation and sustainable livelihood. The study employed focus group discussions involving 21 respondents representing 15 stakeholders in Kilim Geoforest Park. The data collected were transcribed verbatim and went through various levels of data processing before arriving at the final themes. Five main components of shared values were developed which are: (1) natural and cultural heritage conservation; (2) infrastructure and support systems; (3) tourism and socio-economic development; (4) transfer and dissemination of knowledge; and (5) ecosystem sustainability. In general, the values of commitment, cleanliness, safety and carrying capacity received particular attention among the community stakeholders in their efforts to ensure a sustainable development of ecotourism in Kilim. Based on the findings, a framework for public education was developed grounded on the five shared values that takes into consideration the functions and responsibilities of each of the stakeholders. The educational intervention gives attention to two approaches which are stakeholder's and shared value approaches. It is hoped that the identified shared values can be incorporated into the development of an integrated governance system in Langkawi Geopark in order to help achieve the objectives of sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the translation of chengyu meanings into Malay. Chengyu is a subcategory of Chinese proverbs with a form and meaning that is simple, fixed and compact. Research data includes 208 data collected manually from the novel Jia (Family). For the purpose of data collection and analysis, this study utilises the definition of translation and the text comparison method proposed by Larson as well as the definition and categorisation of chengyu proposed by Wu Zhan Kun and Wang Qin. The results of the data analysis show that there are occurrences of equivalent meaning, reduced meaning, added meaning, zero meaning and different meaning. In fact, more than one condition may be present simultaneously. Accurate translation is achieved because there are similarities or near-similarities in thinking concepts between the source language and the target language. Chengyu with missing meaning, exaggerated meaning, zero meaning or meaning different from the original occurs due to linguistic and extralinguistic constraints as well as human negligence. There must be a strong grasp of the two main processes leading the translation activities, the derivation and conveyance of meaning from the source text. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the electoral politics of the 2021 Sarawak State Election (SSE21), focusing on the Women's Bureau and Youth Wing of Parti Rakyat Sarawak (PRS) and the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP). Using the framework of clientelism, the study investigates the interdependent relationships between the women's bureau, youth wing and candidates. From the outset, it is evident that the provision of rewards and services by candidates both before and after the election played a significant role in consolidating the support of the women's bureau and youth wing members, particularly towards the incumbent candidates. The research was conducted through observations and in-depth interviews with candidates, PRS and PDP representatives, women's bureau and youth wing members, youth leaders, and community leaders, including tuai rumah and penghulu, in the State Legislative Assembly (SLA) of Meluan and Tamin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the history of the emergence of homeopathic medicine pioneered by Dr. Burhanuddin al-Helmi during the British colonial period began when he studied in India in 1935 and he continued expanding on it throughout his life till his passing in 1969. However, this homeopathic procedure was less popular among the Malays as they were still practicing traditional Malay and Islamic medication that was interspersed with Quranic verses, as well as modern medicines in hospitals and clinics introduced by the British colonial. This is because homeopathy medicine is still new and has not been widely revealed. This writing will perceive how his education in India has influenced his interest in homeopathic medicine and the development of this medicine in Malaysia. This study was conducted using the qualitative approach by analysing articles written by Dr. Burhanuddin and several other homeopathic researchers and historians. The findings show that Dr. Burhanuddin’s homeopathy was found to be as an alternative medical treatment to allopathy. The article also concludes that the historical development of homeopathy medical science in Malaysia dating back to the 1930s, including the establishment of the Homeopathic Society Federation of Malaya (PHPTM) in 1961, was the efforts and the roles of a Malay nationalist, Dr. Burhanuddin, who was the first homeopathic practitioner of medicine in Malaysia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses Anglicism issues in Malay translations of printed catalogues in English. The research data is made up of 2,064 headlines collected manually from Cosway and Avon printed catalogues. This study uses an eclectic approach to analyse the research data collected. Therefore, for the purpose of data collection and analysis, this study utilises and modifies the loanword category in the Malay language proposed by Heah (1989) and Puteri Roslina (2012), and adopts Haugen's (1972) definition of loanwords, to classify Anglicism that exist in the translation version of advertising headlines. The findings show that translation, especially through the transference procedure, contributes to Anglicism in the said headlines. Loanwords can be classified into six types, namely unassimilated loanword, partially assimilated loanword, wholly assimilated loanword, orthographically assimilated loanword, assimilated compound loanword and truncated loanword. Based on the study conducted, the implication is translation contributes towards the existence of Anglicism in the translated version of Malay printed catalogues, which can be explained from positive and negative impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Malaya, the Chinese were influenced the most by the communist movement and thus developed into the largest supporting group. In this situation, the government of the Federation of Malaya (hereinafter the government) has planned and carried out various strategies to win their hearts and minds in order to thwart them from joining the communist struggle. The discussion in this article is based on Chinese-written Emergency Leaflets disseminated by the government through the Department of Information specifically for the Chinese during the emergency period (1948-1960). This study aims to discuss the importance of physical propaganda in the form of Emergency Leaflets in helping the government to rally support from the Chinese as well as to look into the government's stands towards the communist movement. This study clearly shows that the Emergency Leaflets have been used by the government as propaganda and an instrument of communication to explain to the Chinese about the situation in Malaya including the danger of communist threats and efforts taken in the fights against the communists. Their cooperation was also called in combating the communist movement. Thus, the leaflets played an important role as a medium of propaganda for the government to restrain the communists' influences during the emergency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to explore the Malay conception of philosophy or metaphysics more specifically from the 7th century to the 17th century which spans through the kingdoms of Srivijaya, Malay-Singapore and Aceh with the philosophers' works of Sakyakirti, Dharmakirti, Kuja Ali (through the narrator of Hikayat Seri Rama) and Hamzah Fansuri, particularly. Philosophy from the various periods of kingdoms refer to the same highest science that is metaphysics which is based on a conception of cause and effect (causality). Philosophers agreed that universe is the created effect from an ultimate cause, but Srivijayan philosophers like Sakyakirti and Dharmakirti from the Yogacara Buddhist school attributed it to the cita, while Kuja Ali and Hikayat Seri Rama from Samkhya Hindu tradition in Malay-Singapore period perceived it as purusa, and Hamzah Fansuri from Islamic Sufism during the Aceh kingdom referred it to Allah SWT. Despite the difference, however, the same approach to self-knowledge has been taken by all philosophers because they believe that the existence of self (consequence) is not different from the existence of the ultimate being (cause); by realising the existence of self, someone will recognise the existence of reality. This similarity and continuity of this concept and its approach throughout the Srivijaya to Aceh kingdom is perhaps the tradition or identity of the Malay philosophy that has not yet been explored and realised by the philosophical community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The microcredit programme is an initiative of microfinancing to cultivate entrepreneurship in society, producing business activities, creating job opportunities and generating economic growth. Formal microcredit programmes from institutions, commercial banks or development banks are found to succeed in eradicating poverty. Other than that, there is also an informal microcredit scheme that offers financing to merchants. This shows an overlapping of power in evaluating the effectiveness of microcredit programmes either offered by formal or informal institutions. This article identifies the effectiveness of formal and informal microcredit financiers that offer financing to small business owners in Pulau Pinang to deal with poverty among them. The research design is qualitative whereby the research instrument used open-ended interviews. The respondents are selected using purposive sampling involving 20 respondents who are in business and received microcredit loans either from formal or informal institutions. The data analysis for this study is based on field notes. The study also uses quantitative analysis to present the respondents’ profiles. While the actual analysis is through qualitative data, the finding shows 100% of respondents tend to choose the formal microcredit scheme compared to the informal scheme although there are issues and problems in the formal microcredit procedure. The finding shows that, the microcredit is effective in reducting poverty among the respondents. About 60% of the respondents received more than RM2500 a month. Furthermore, there are suggestions from the respondents to improve the microcredit institutions. Among the suggestions are to ease the loan procedure, increase the amount of loan and offer a grant to buy the equipment or tools for the business. Therefore, this study is expected to provide input to every formal and informal microcredit institutions to organise their strategies towards improving the loan procedure for microcredit institutions in Malaysia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the concept of extremism from the perceptions of Malaysian higher education youth leaders as well as influencing factors of extremism. This study used a mixed-methods research design involving two phases of data collection: interview with six informants (phase 1), followed by a survey of 110 higher education respondents (phase 2). The interview protocol focuses on the concept of extremism and the factors that lead to extremism. To analyse the interview data, a thematic approach was used in this study. Findings show that there are two themes in the concept of extremism namely aggressive and extreme behaviour and emotional actions among youth. There are four main themes of influential factors that emerged from this study, namely, religious misunderstandings, ideologies as opposed to religious teachings, radical political ideologies, and failure to manage people’s differences. Findings of this study revealed that the external environment including the global political environment and lack of religious knowledge have the potential to influence youth ideological perceptions. With the advancement of communication and information technology, the threat of extremism worldwide might easily spread. herefore, the themes from the analysis become an instrument for a survey study that focuses on the concept of extremism and the factors that encourage young people to become involved in extremism. Inference analysis involving t-test and one-way ANOVA was performed to see the differences based on gender and age. Results suggest that the majority of young people have a high level of conceptual understanding of extremism; where it has been found that three main contributing factors for youth involvement in extremism are political beliefs, political ideology, and lack of religious knowledge. Therefore, a special module to prevent youth from being influenced by this movement is needed. In addition, authorities need to have advanced high technology including the ability to manage big data in detecting and preventing the spread of dangerous ideologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the struggles of Kedah Malay teachers through the Kedah Malay Teachers’ Association (PGMK) in dealing with language issues particularly pertaining to the Malay language medium in the Malay education system before independence. Apart from salary increment claims, they demanded the British colonialists acknowledge Malay as a communication language in all the Malay schools across Kedah. With regard to this, the main objective of this study is to highlight the role of Malay teachers of Kedah, through their association, in demanding for their own welfare and Malay education by making the Malay language as the main language taught in primary schools and secondary schools in the then Malaya. They argue that the colonial-era education system introduced by the British government is not suitable in the local education system. The discussion in this article is based on analyses of historical resources from the newspapers and magazines before independence, i.e., Warta Negara, Majalah Guru and The Straits Times as well as the archival research method study analysing British documents. This research employed primary and secondary resources from archives, the PGMK office and university libraries. This writing piece traces the struggles of Malay teachers to pressure the colonial government in taking the necessary steps to address the issue of making the Malay language the medium in the school system. The study successfully proves the impact of teachers as advocates for the Malays over the colonial government which resulted in several changes in the demands for salary claims, teachers’ educational opportunities, school facilities and language issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to determine on language acquisition, which involve huge data from Malay children in Malaysia, are somewhat limited. This study examines language acquisition patterns from the perspective of passive voice in comprehension and production. This study is a cross-sectional study that examines the ability to use passive voice in Malay among Malay children. The study is aimed to determine the different abilities to comprehend and produce passive voice in terms of age and type of passive voice by the Malay children. The age groups for the subjects are 4;0 years old to 6;11 years old and 7;0 years old to 9;11 years old. The finding shows that there is a significant difference between the achievement of the 4;0 years old to 6;11 years old age group and the 7;0 years old to 9;11 years old group. The data was collected through a picture-sentence-matching test and a sentence extraction test adapted from previous studies. The findings of the study found that the passive voice "di-" from the standard Malay language variation was difficult to master by the group of children aged 4;0 years old to 6;11 years old. The findings also show that the passive voice structure is acquired in the later stage of the Malay children's language development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kampung Mambong in Kuala Krai, Kelantan was the only place in Peninsular Malaysia that had been involved in the making of traditional earthenware cooking stove. However, its history and manufacturing perspectives have never been studied in detail in prior studies. The present study was conducted to unravel the history, manufacturing tradition and challenges faced by the potters at Kampung Mambong in preserving the production of earthenware cooking stove. This study was carried out using the qualitative method involving ethnography fieldwork and a library survey. The findings of the study showed that the production of traditional earthenware cooking stove or locally known as Tuku was inherited by Che Bunga and her ancestors at Kampung Mambong since the 1850s. Like other potteries at Kampung Mambong, Tuku is made using traditional methods without incorporating modern techniques. In the 1930s, however, the manufacturing of Tuku began to dwindle, and its entire production halted by the end of the 1940s. The lack of experts and interest among the younger generations to learn and continue the making of Tuku are two main reasons why the production diminished in the 1930s and 1940s. Apart from that, the invasion of the Japanese military in Sungai Galas in the early 1940s had indirectly caused the production to cease. Overall, this study has successfully contributed new insights into the history, manufacturing tradition and factors that caused extinction to the production of Tuku at Kampung Mambong in the late 1940s. Therefore, essential proactive steps need to be taken to revive the manufacturing of Tuku because it is one of the unique heritage crafts of the Malay potters in Sungai Galas, Kelantan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on social hierarchy and ethnographic observation research based on cultural artifacts that are considered to have sacred value in Iban culture in Sarawak. Sacred artifacts are cultural objects that are believed to have spiritual values and mystical powers that are capable of protecting and bringing harmony to their owners if executed according to customs and rituals. This belief is driven by the ancestral religion of Pengarap Lama and the habitat that has been home to the Iban community since time immemorial. In proving the critical findings, qualitative-based research methods have been implemented based on in-depth observations, interviews, and documentation. The research findings found that sacred artifacts are still important in the culture of the Iban community even though they have embraced new religions such as Islam and Christianity. Therefore, in preserving the significant value of sacred artifacts in Iban culture, this article is an effort to archive the culture of the various races community in Sarawak, especially the Iban community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This objective of this study is to analyse national integration in two children's novels, Rahsia Dhia (2014) by Zainun Mustapha and Iqbal Membina Jaya (2015) by Radzemah Bolhassan. This study was carried out based on previous literary reviews that reveal the application of national integration in children's literature, especially novels, is less emphasised by the authors based on the notion that children's novels are simple, relaxing and entertaining. Literature is one of the mediums that can serve as a vehicle for national integration in society especially children. Therefore, the inculcation of national integration in children's novels should be given due consideration by the novelist so that the material presented is not only enjoyable to read, but knowledgeable and didactic, fostering the spirit of solidarity among children which is appropriate in the Malaysian multiethnic community. Furthermore, this study will utilise the ideas of the theory of literary sociology as an analytical framework. The findings show that the stories contained in the two novels examined, demonstrate the inculcation of national integration elements in children's novels and loaded with messages educating children. The findings of the study also show that the themes used in the two novels are influenced by social, economic, political and educational changes and as well as historical factors that occur in Malaysia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the development of the Islamic Educational system in Malaya, especially in Pulau Pinang between 1922 and 1957. This period is significant because the institutionalisation of the reform of the educational system based on the rapid development of both English and vernacular educational institutions in Malaya which rivalled the Islamic Educational institutions. This study focuses on the role of the third Headmaster of Madrasah al-Mashoor al-Islamiah, Syeikh Abbas Bakar Rafiee in bringing and implementing the idea of reform in the field of Islamic Education which was previously pioneered by Syed Syeikh al-Hadi. This study uses qualitative research methods based on primary and secondary sources using historical and thematic approaches. The results of the study show that Syeikh Abbas play a very important role in implementing this various madrasah reforms in terms of administrative and curriculum systems, introducing co-curricular activities and sending the students to further their studies in West Asia. In addition, Syeikh Abbas also played a significant role in establishing the madrasah girls' section, the Madrasah al-Mashoor's branch in Balik Pulau and in cooperating to establish a madrasah in Sabak Bernam modelled upon the Madrasah al-Mashoor. In addition, the headmaster also produced influential human capital that has brought changes in social awareness in society and played an important role in shaping the country's history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on oil and gas exploration in the South China Sea (SCS) from the period of the British North Borneo Company's (BNBC) administration of North Borneo in 1881 until the introduction of the National Cabotage Policy (Malaysia) on 1st January 1980. The interesting history of Sabah's oil and gas exploration needs to be revisited especially following the establishment of Petroliam Nasional Berhad or Petronas in 1974 which has enabled Sabah to be supplied with oil and gas resources produced from the offshore wells in 1980. This analysis relies heavily on primary sources in the form of official documents, reports and newspapers obtained from the Sabah State Archives (SSA), Malaysia. The study found that, although oil exploration of North Borneo or Sabah was initially carried out by BNBC since 1881, it was only strengthened after the end of the Japanese occupation. This development became more pronounced following the changes in the rule-based international system, notably the introduction of maritime law starting from the 1950s, which provided opportunities to both the British and Sabah governments through various companies, to conduct offshore oil exploration in the SCS. Oil exploration activities in the SCS area have proven to be lucrative, especially in terms of its contribution to the Malaysian economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The policy of the Philippines' claim to Sabah is significantly influenced by the development of the Philippines' internal politics and the ideology supported by its presidents. During the regimes of President Macapagal and President Marcos, the Philippines' foreign policy towards Sabah was fundamentally influenced by the irredentism policy in order to claim that region. The claim over Sabah became the Philippines' national agenda that was previously confined to the territorial issue of the Sulu Sultanate. The changes that transpired in the people's struggle, especially since the administrations of Corazon Aquino and Fidel V. Ramos, have brought to life the new idea that true nationalism is based on the "people's interests" as expressed in the People's Power Revolution. Both presidents later changed the Philippines' policy towards Sabah to a dormant claim after all efforts made to drop the claim to Sabah met with failure. Thus, this article aims to assess the continuity and changes of the Philippine claim policy on Sabah and the impact of the idea of nationalism on the formation of the policy since the administration of President Macapagal until that of President Fidel V. Ramos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Dayaks, despite being the majority population in Sarawak, were unable to avoid involvement in the communist movement in the 1960s in East Malaysia. Faced with difficulties in obtaining aid and support in the First Division of Sarawak, Kuching, the communists moved to the Third Division of Sarawak (Rajang) which was inhabited by many Dayaks, with the objective of obtaining help for their activities. The current study, based on a qualitative method of collecting and analysing primary and secondary archival sources, found that the communists realised the Dayaks were important in mobilising their activities in Sarawak. The Dayak settlements, concentrated in the rural areas, were not easily detected by the authorities. And it was difficult for the government and security forces to be in contact with the Dayaks due to communication system problems. The study also found that the communists used various strategies to attract Dayaks' attention and participation in their movement. They befriended the Dayak people by learning their language and culture, by establishing family ties with them, by championing their interests and by promoting their integration with other races. Despite this, the communist movement was not well-received by the Dayaks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Declining an invitation is an important speech act to be mastered by second language speakers. This study was conducted with the aim of elaborating the invitation refusal strategies used by native speakers of Malay (MNSs) and Japanese (JNSs) as well as clarifying the "politeness effects" on the strategies used by the MNSs in Japanese. The data collection methods utilised in this study were open role-play through social networking services followed by post-task interviews. The study compared the order of semantic formulas and the usage of emojis between 20 MNSs and 20 JNSs. Comparisons were made in both native and intercultural contexts. The politeness effects were discussed based on Discourse Politeness Theory. The results showed that there was no significant difference between native contexts and intercultural contexts in terms of the order of semantic formulas and the usage of emojis. None of the cases produced a negativepoliteness effect in this study although two cases were considered pragmatic transfers. This study has proved that strategies that differ from the target language norm do not necessarily affect smooth communication in intercultural interactions; instead, they are still acceptable upon cooperation between the sender and the recipient of the message. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the "Misa Melayu" as an important document in studying Perak's economy between 1728 and 1792. In the past, "Misa Melayu" has been a source for writings on the history of Perak, covering various aspects such its politics (lineage of its sultans and important political events) and social-cultural matters (social structure and custom) in the 18th century. However, the document has rarely been used in studying the state's economy. In relation to this, the current article discusses the importance of the "Misa Melayu" in unravelling Perak's economy in the 18th century. For instance, "Misa Melayu" proved Perak's economic ability to meet the demand for tin ore by the Dutch, who was then the state's main trading partner. Besides tin, elephants were also a major trade for Perak whose exports reached as far as India. This article makes reference to "Misa Melayu" as the primary source as well as foreign records, namely the Dutch East India Company trade agreements with Perak. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malay proverbs which are sourced from chicken, are 90 in total. Various references of chicken have been created by the Malays to mirror the behaviours and actions of human beings implicitly. Each of the references can provide lessons, advices and reprimands in a gentle manner and can still be used up to today. The attributes of "careful", "useless" and "betrayal" are among these references. In order to analyse the data of these proverbs, the research will use the Inquisitive Semantics Approach, besides the application of bridging cross reference (BCR) based on the corpus data obtained from Pangkalan Korpus Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (DBP) and Malay Concordance Project (MCP). Therefore, as the objective of this study, the researchers will explore the reasons why the Malay community choose the imagery of chicken. Each of these references will benefit the authentic data which are related to the cognition, culture and intellect of the Malay community in itself. This research employs fully qualitative approaches through documentary analysis that involves the Malay proverb data which have been recorded beforehand. The findings of these proverbs data are collected from Kamus Peribahasa Melayu Edisi Kelima, Kamus Istimewa Peribahasa Melayu Edisi Kedua and Kamus Peribahasa Melayu using the purposive sampling method. In conclusion, this study finds that the inquisitive semantics approach is capable of uncovering the Malay proverbs' meanings which are not confined only to literal and cognitive understandings but reflect also the height of intellect and philosophy of the Malays themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vulnerability means a sense of insecurity resulting from exposure to the threat of the effects of social and environmental changes. The inability to adapt to such changes puts external environmental pressures and uncertain risks on households and communities. The purpose of this study is to identify the multidimensional vulnerability factors of B40 households in the southern region of Kelantan. The respondents consist of 385 heads of B40 households. Data collection was conducted face-to-face through questionnaires. Data were analysed using exploratory factor analysis. The results of the study found that B40 households face multidimensional vulnerability in terms of economic, social/physical and environmental vulnerabilities. The three components of economic vulnerability factors are (1) job and source of income loss, (2) rising prices and production costs, and (3) lack of capital and marketing. Meanwhile, social/physical and environmental vulnerabilities are explained by one component factor only. In conclusion, B40 households in the southern region of Kelantan need to diversify their income portfolio and not rely on one source of income only. They also need to take precautions against seasonal and environmental changes that will threaten and affect their daily activities. This study can be expanded by using other multidimensional aspects of vulnerability, such as health, market, politics, demographics and agricultural vulnerabilities. The study may also involve M40 and T20 households as respondents for future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the mualaf (new Muslim converts) issues faced by the Selangor Islamic Religious Council were issues of the struggle for the deceased's body, religious status, determination of inheritance and the determination of religious status for children. However, the factors that led to the issue of the mualaf, particularly the administrative aspect, gets less attention than the legal aspect. This study analyses mualaf-related issues occurring between 2000 and 2015, factors that caused the issues and how the Selangor Islamic Religious Council administration solved them. The purpose of this analysis is to identify problems and to analyse the factors that caused the issue to persist as well as to highlight the administrative efforts by the Selangor Islamic Religious Council. This study was done using an interview method, literature survey and documentation analysis using the thematic method. The findings found that there were seven main issues concerning mualaf that were associated with registration administration, caused by administrative complications and refusal to amend their religious status. The administrative complications cover three aspects which are incomplete and insufficient registration information, registration not following the procedure and absence of systematic monitoring. Refusal to amend the religious status owes to their desire to keep secret their Islamic status. In overcoming this issue, the Selangor Islamic Religious Council has taken several measures including online registration through the IMualaf and manual registration, obtaining supporting documents from the mualaf, preparing standard operating procedure for mualaf registration and requiring the registration of Islamic status at the National Registration Department. As a result of this study, some improvements in mualaf registration procedures have been recommended. Such measures include conducting mualaf registration on a fully online basis, developing software that allows registration information to be easily accessed and monitored not only, by the Selangor Zakat Council but also by the National Registration Department. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interminable "Malay vs. English" debate is ubiquitous in the Malay world. Although Malay is the national language, a cultural and identity marker for the Malays, the globalisation and increasing importance of English has prompted concerns on the decline of the Malay language among scholars and the general public. By applying a modified triangulation model with Language and Attitudes Model, Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale, and Language Vitality and Endangerment Frameworks, this article discusses language attitudes and vitality of two important variants of Malay in Brunei: Standard Malay and Brunei Malay, amid the bilingual environment in the country, based on data gathered involving Brunei Malay speakers and claims by Malay scholars. The results show that the language attitudes among Bruneian youth towards both languages are positive and both variants are preserved through local maintenance efforts. Both variants also exist complementary to English depending on contexts and audiences. This article also criticises previous claims on the "threatened" status of Malay language as it also disapproves the accusation that English will become a threat the status and preservation of Malay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of the digital world has impacted translation activities significantly. It has enabled users to participate in translation activities widely through user-generated translation (UGT). The shift in the concept of translation from passive users-oriented to a wider concept of translation that considers the roles and contributions of text producers as well as readers, taking advantage of the development of Web 2.0, has taken users to a new level of translation through UGT. This article answers questions related to (1) the concept of user or audience-based translation (crowdsourcing translation), (2) the implementation of translation through the said method, and (3) its implications on the status statement of "professional" and "non-professional" translators based on the context of user/ crowd-based translation. Through qualitative-descriptive observations, the concept of translation is discussed, while the translation production procedures as well as the status tagging of translator's status are examined through a case study on Flitto.com platform. The Theory of User/Crowd-Based Internal Model and the Crowd Community Model inform the discussion on the implementation of crowd-based translation procedures addressed in this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is an assessment of the effectiveness of the Inspector Cadet Police Basic Training Programme on the practice of integrity as a result of the implementation of the Royal Malaysian Police (RMP) Integrity Plan. The training programme is aimed at creating senior police officers who practice good governance in order to improve the quality of service delivery and management as well as to create an excellent image of RMP. The RMP's commitment to upholding integrity has been proven by management improvements through the implementation of some initiatives such as the establishment of the Department of Integrity and Standard Compliance and the implementation of the RMP Integrity Plan, and the implementation of the Enforcement Agency Integrity Module in the RMP training module. This descriptive study uses a qualitative approach based on a structured design of a case study. Primary data were obtained through a semistructured interview method with eight informants selected through purposive sampling techniques and supported by secondary data through document analysis and library research. The findings show that the training module has been a dominant influence and the main catalyst for the practice of integrity, apart from workplace environment and family as new findings. The study concludes that the implementation of the integrity learning module in the Police Basic Training Programme has provided the knowledge and skills towards the inculcation of integrity but somehow officers can still be influenced by work environment and family factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Malaysia, most of the studies conducted on the effects of increase in fuel prices have focused on a group of people who have a regular monthly income. Little attention is given to the younger generation without income, especially among students in higher education. Malaysian students are also among the highest group of people who make daily trips. The increase in fuel prices has also increased the daily cost of students and can affect their daily commute. This study aims to examine the specific effects of the increase in the prices of fuel on the travel patterns of young people in higher education institutions. A total of 596 respondents among university students were involved in this study, which selected randomly from public and private universities in Malaysia. By focusing on the patterns of travel before and after the increase in fuel prices, the respondents were asked to fill out a questionnaire related to their weekly trip activities. From the survey conducted, there are variations in the choice of transport mode for educational purposes and personal activities of the respondents. Among the preferred mode of transport include driving cars, riding bikes, walking and taking public services. However, the highest mode of transport of the movement of respondents from residential areas to campus based on the weekly frequencies are walking and driving cars. Whereas, for personal purposes, students are most likely to prefer driving cars. Research shows, the rise in fuel prices do not provide a significant change to the travel patterns of the respondents. However, slight changes in the pattern of respondents' travel have occurred, such as the reduction in the frequency of personal vehicle used and the increase in the frequency of sharing the vehicle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The participation of women in entrepreneurship plays a significant role in economic development especially in reducing unemployment, increasing production and consumption, achieving gender equality, social and cultural reforms. One of the dominant areas for women is batik and songket entrepreneurs who are synonymous with women on the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Studies have identified three key elements that contribute to the development of this craft entrepreneur, viz. attitude, business inheritance and religious value culture. Qualitative design methods based on case studies and in-depth interviews were used in this study on 12 informants in the state of Kelantan and Terengganu in Malaysia. The findings show that there are three main factors that cause the formation of women handicraft entrepreneurs, namely attitude, family heritage and religious values. Hence, all the factors that make up a female handicraft entrepreneur in Malaysia are discussed in this article. The findings imply that increasing women entrepreneurs in handicrafts can raise the quality of handicraft products into becoming the best tourism products in the East Coast. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reading habits are often associated with an increased cognitive level. However, book genre can also affect the cognitive level. This is because different book genres can be attributed to different types of knowledge and tendency towards a specific book genre can be viewed as a preference towards a specific type of knowledge. Research on Malaysians' interest and the tendency towards book genre and type of knowledge can be investigated using the publication data of each book genre and its prices. The objective of this research is to analyse and compare the book publications and the average price of each book's genre in Malaysia with those of Japan. Comparison was done based on book categorisation genre strategy to 12 book genres. Based on Monte Carlo simulation method data, Malaysians are attracted to book genres on language, literature and science. While the Japanese are more interested in the book genres of social sciences and hobbies/art. The similarity between Malaysian and Japanese societies are that both societies also favour book genre of literature. However, it is possible that the themes of literary genre in Japan and Malaysia are very different. The result of this study can be used to identify the differences between Malaysian and Japanese reading habits as well as for formulating strategies to change Malaysian reading habits towards the style of Japanese reading habits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study problematises how the novel entitled Pujangga Melayu by Mohd Affandi Hassan has been showcased. In the publication of its second edition in 2017, Pujangga Melayu was consistently and explicitly promoted, both on its front cover and in its blurb, as a "novel of letters". Novel of letters is defined as a novel which displays thoughts/"discourse" as its main content. Prior to the second edition, the term novel of letters was never used in reference to the novel. This calls attention to the inclination of previous studies on the novel before 2017, particularly in summing up its strengths. The current study set out to analyse previous studies on Pujangga Melayu before 2017 and to summarise the strengths of the same novel based on findings of studies prior to 2017. The textual analysis that was carried out revealed that previous studies were inclined to showcase Pujangga Melayu with various labels, including "novel of discourse", "novel of knowledge" and "work of letters". Despite using different terms, the studies generally identified thought/discourse as the main content in the novel, and its narrative served as the medium in foregrounding thought/discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proper name contains lexical meaning as well as cultural meaning. This article identifies and analyses the translation procedures of Taoism proper names in Chinese-Malay texts. This analysis involves 312 Taoism proper names, collected manually from Xi You Ji, the classical masterpiece in Chinese literature by Wu Cheng'en (1506-1582) in China. The target text is Hikayat Jelajah ke Barat translated by Woo Tack Lock in 2015. For data collection and analysis purposes, the current study used the definition of proper names by Wang Li and Li Rui and employed the translation procedure of Taoism proper name by Zhang Wei Wei. The findings show that translation procedures, i.e., literal translation, transliteration, free translation, annotation, couplet and triplet can be used to convey the function of proper names. The current study also found new procedures, namely, generalisation, descriptive, addition, deletion and quadruplet employed in the translation. Exploring the lexical meaning and cultural meaning of proper names and the application of correct translation procedure are crucial in ensuring that target readers can fully comprehend the meaning of proper names. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Household consumption behaviour refers to the expenditure incurred by the household. The progress of the Malaysian nation has given the people a great deal of modernity and is prone to materialism at the expense of their ability. Good income and expenditure management can improve the quality of life and contribute to sustainable consumption spending. The quality and well-being of one's life is an indispensable indicator of the direction of a developed nation. A study was conducted to identify factors influencing household spending on sustainable consumption. Multiple regression methods were used to examine the relationship between household spending and factors, namely income, employment, education, savings, dependencies, health and age. The results showed that each category of income had a significant factor of B40 (four significant factors), M40 (three significant factors) and T20 (one significant factor). It is hoped that this study will help policymakers and stakeholders in drafting guidelines for achieving sustainable spending. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The result of the 14th General Election (GE14) on 9 May 2018 is a historic moment in the development of democracy in Malaysia. More than that, GE14 is also a testament that peaceful transition of power could occur in an electoral system that has always favoured the then government in power, the Barisan Nasional. One of the neglected areas in the academic discussion pertaining to Malaysian electoral process is the election monitoring. The Election Commission of Malaysia has introduced the concept of domestic election observers from GE12 to GE14. In contrast to the participation of non-governmental organisations (NGOs), GE14 witnessed the first involvement of three teams of observers from institutions of higher education. This number has increased to six after six series of by-elections that took place after GE14. This exploratory article assesses the potential and challenges in observing elections with a team comprised of academics. The finding suggests that compare to election monitoring groups such as Gabungan Pilihanraya Bersih dan Adil (BERSIH) 2.0, traditional NGOs or shadow observer groups that are politically affiliated and known for their partisan reputation, academics-based observation team is seen as more capable in terms of providing constructive and balanced inputs on election observation process. Nevertheless, the integrity of the academics-based observation team depends on the appointment of committed and non-partisan members, support given by its respective institutions of higher education and from the Election Commission of Malaysia. The establishment of a comprehensive academic observation team prior to GE15 is another prospect worthy to be explored, based on model implemented in Indonesia and Thailand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to study the Federated Malay States' (FMS) financial crisis which occurred between the year 1920 and 1924. The formation of the FMS and the Federal Council (FC) allowed the British government to control the federal financial administration through the British High Commissioner. This financial administration aimed to legalise all financial contributions from FMS to the British government. However, by the end of 1920, the British financial administration in FMS faced a deficit problem in the federal financial balances. The crisis grew serious after the FMS Government had no cash balance by the end of 1921. The early researchers concurred that the over-centralisation of the financial administration by FMS government between 1913 and 1919 was the main reason for the financial crisis. Contrary to that, the evidence obtained from the FMS financial and administrative records, the FC Proceedings, the Retrenchment Commission Report, CO 717 and FCO 141 documents showed a growing financial surplus before the year 1920. In order to resolve this problem, the objective of the article is to re-evaluate the FMS financial crisis factor. The findings show that the over-centralisation of the administration of finance was not the real factor that caused the FMS financial crisis. There is strong evidence showing that the failure of Laurence N. Guillemard as the British High Commissioner to understand FMS government's account led to the financial crisis. Nevertheless, the solution by Guillemard since 1922 has solved the FMS's financial crisis due to the rapidly growing FMS financial surplus in 1924. Hence, this article argues that the overcentralisation of finance was not the main reason for the FMS financial crisis between the year 1920 and 1924. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to identify local Chinese education-related words based on the Malaysian Education Corpus (KPM) and its resulting factors. KPM is the main corpus, while the China Education Corpus (KPC) is a comparable corpus and BLCU Chinese Corpus (BCC) is a reference corpus. KPM data include national news and articles related to the issue of education in three types of Chinese newspapers in Malaysia from January 2011 to December 2013, namely Sinchew Daily, Nanyang Siang Pau and Guang Ming Daily. After KPM was tagged, it was then run through AntConc 3.2.4w software to be processed. Education-related words obtained from a wordlist were then identified and validated by checking against a dictionary for education encyclopedia and then referred to eight experts. These words were then searched in the KPC and BCC. A total of 69 local education words which are only used in the KPM were detected. Almost all of these words are nouns, and only one word is a verb, namely '¬‰» (make it like national schools). Most of the local words are related to schools, people involved in education as well as teaching and learning. The differences in concept, policy, system and organisation of education between Malaysia and China have generated local nouns. Diversity of school, class and ethnicity in Malaysia have also produced various types of nouns that refer to local schools, classrooms as well as students. In addition to social factors, borrowing, translation from the Malay language and abbreviation are also factors resulting in the existence of local words. There is also a coined noun which refers to festivals related to education in Malaysia. It is hoped that the findings will be incorporated into global Chinese dictionaries in the future to make the dictionaries more current. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Batik is one of the cultural elements in traditional craftsmanship especially among the Malays in Malaysia and generally in Southeast Asia region. Typically, batik is done on fabric material such as cotton and made into clothing for men and women. In Malaysia, batik is not only worn by the Malays but also by the non-Malays because of the attractive design and its suitability when attending formal and informal events. However, cultural identity through the art of batik is seen only in clothes, adornments and accessories. Hence, a group of lecturers and students of University Kuala Lumpur Malaysian Institute of Marine Engineering Technology (UNIKL MIMET) have explored the application of batik in fibreglass boat building as an alternative way of showing and maintaining Malay cultural identity. The method of this study was conducted through the experimental prototype fibreglass boat construction made by combining batik fabrics through certain processes. As a result, the external form of fibreglass boat was covered with batik fabrics and had made this boat even more beautiful and attractive. The batik fibreglass boat has the potential to contribute to the tourism sector as a cruise boat that can attract local and foreign tourists due to its own uniqueness. In addition, it also helps to maintain and promote the cultural heritage of the Malays through batik handicraft, which is applied to the fibreglass boat in Malaysia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the traditional communication in Malay manuscript authorship based on the Hikayat Pelanduk Jenaka (Cod. Or. 1932). The process of traditional communication was analysed using content analysis methods and qualitative research techniques based on the R.Lina model: Two-way Planned Communication (RL: KDHT) (2013). The current analysis demonstrates the uniqueness of traditional communication in the authorship of Malay traditional manuscript in terms of the relationship between its author and God, individuality, society and nature. This article argues that the traditional Malay manuscript is able to generate a message that is entertaining and informative for readers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate the social participation, values culturalisation through the means of informal learning and values practices among residents of Putrajaya Smart City. A total of 414 residents participated in this study. Data collection was conducted by using a questionnaire based on Theory of Adults' Informal Learning and questionnaires related to rural community values. A pilot study which involved 30 residents of Putrajaya was conducted to test the validation and reliability of the questionnaire. The results from the Cronbach alpha revealed that all items that were used to measure the constructs have high reliability value. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the data. Results showed that the social participation among the residents is at low level and the values culturalisation via informal learning and values practices is at moderate level. Inferential analysis illustrated that there is a significant difference for social participation according to gender. However, there is no significant difference between genders for the values culturalisation through informal learning and values practices. In regard to education level, there is a significant difference on social participation, values culturalisation through informal learning and values practices. This study also found that there is a significant contribution between social participation and values culturalisation through informal learning on values practices among the residents of Putrajaya. The implication of this study suggests that various efforts, programmes and activities has to be implemented to enhance values among the urban community. Based on these findings, this study suggests that the local authorities should take further actions and initiatives to enhance urban community values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social capital is one of the important elements to reduce the incidence of poverty because of its ability to influence an individual's or household's income of a country. Nevertheless, past studies that examine social capital issue are rather lacking especially in Malaysia. This study aims to identify the level and determinants of social capital index in Malaysia based on 2,443 heads of households' data collected in 2012 in five states in Peninsular Malaysia; Kedah, Selangor, Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, Johor and Terengganu. The analysis involves two steps; computing social capital index and estimating regression models to identify the determinants of social capital index. The study finds that 72.9% of heads of households are having moderate and high social capital index of 0.5 and above. The percentage of heads of households with higher social capital index is higher in Selangor compared to other states. Further, the study demonstrates that the significant determinants of social capital index are marital status, location, states, and household income. The findings from the study imply that Malaysia must implement programmes that can raise an individual's or household's income in order to increase their level of social capital index, which subsequently will improve Malaysia's level of economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The defeat in the Pacific War caused Japan to lose all its diplomatic relationships with foreign countries. However, after the start of the Cold War in the late 1940s, Japan renewed its economic and political relationships with Southeast Asian countries. The bilateral relation between Japan and Sabah was re-established after the abolition of restrictions against Japanese entry into Sabah in October 1955. Since then, for 30 years the Japanese were involved in various economic activities that had an impact on Sabah's economic growth and technology transfer. These help to change the negative perceptions of the Japanese community during the early years after the Pacific War when they were perceived as wicked and vindictive. This essay shows that the Japanese community had a significant role in Sabah's economic development in the 1950s until the 1980s. The essay also discusses the challenges and problems in Sabah-Japan relations. The scope of the discussion covers the period from the 1950s to the 1980s when Sabah began to achieve continuous economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Punk subculture is rooted in alternative music and fashion yet it has a strong tradition of anti-establishment politics and opposition to the dominant capitalist system. Thus many countries, Malaysia especially, regard punk culture negatively, as it is considered a form of moral deviation. This article aims to balance that view by connecting punk with positive political action. This article focuses on Rumah Api, the main base for the punk community in Kuala Lumpur, and a site recognised by the Malaysian and overseas punk community. Symbolic of subculture, cultural non-conformity, and counterculture, Rumah Api can be understood as an expression of opposition to authority and capitalism. Its role as a symbol of counterculture also serves as a method by which to build individual and collective identity. Research on Rumah Api therefore provides insight into how punk subculture empowers the inner-self, but also the political, economic and social contexts that underpin our society. The political actions of the Rumah Api community are seemingly influenced by the principle of "do-it-yourself" (DIY), anarchy, and freedom. However the Rumah Api community direct their energies into positive socio-political campaigns, not morally subversive activities. This can be seen in organised activities such as the Really, Really Free Market, Food Not Bombs, campaigns against the Highway Sungai Besi-Ulu Kelang (SUKE) development, "Lepak Anarki" and Federasi ANTARA, as well as various workshops, exhibitions and discussions. Small-scale concerts (gigs) have also been held to highlight current issues. Most recently, they have become more active in protests and street demonstrations, for example, which have caught the attention of the authorities. Therefore, this article suggests that Rumah Api epitomises the best example of a punk community that transcends music and fashion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims at analysing the effect of family's background on returns to schooling among the children. The analysis is based on 1,192 working children who are still living with their parents. Data are obtained through a field survey in 2011 on 3,885 households using a set of questionnaire. The study employs Mincer's schooling model (1974) where children's monthly wages are used as dependent variable and the mother's/father's educational attainment, parent's income and working children's demographic factors such as gender, ethnicity and marital status are used as independent variables. Results of the study show that father's education level and parent's income provide a positive and significant affect on children's monthly wages. Male workers and married workers receive higher wages compared to female and unmarried workers respectively, while the Malay workers receive lower wages than the other races. Further, the results of the study demonstrate that mother's years of schooling significantly affect children's returns to schooling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]