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Copyright of Politologija is the property of Vilnius University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Lituanistica is the property of Lithuanian Academy of Sciences Publishers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper provides the results of the survey conducted among the teachers and principals of comprehensive secondary schools of Kharkiv as to their awareness of how to abide by, draw up and defend intellectual property rights. The paper suggests implementing a system of actions to further the qualifications of educators in this area by introducing relevant special courses, delivering lectures and workshops, or obtaining a second higher education degree.

An innovation-based economy is being increasingly understood as a social welfare foundation. This is due to several factors: firstly, innovation adds a higher value to products, which enables the creation of larger GDP and an increase in its growth rate. The attraction of production factors to the innovation area is of different origin: usually, it is a highly skilled labor force and capital flow which ensures a higher returns for investors; the employment of local high school graduates creates the opportunity for a faster integration of qualified young people into the labor market. In this context, there is no doubt that in the R&D area, an important factor is competition, both regional and global. Therefore, globalization plays an increasingly important role in innovation, development, and commercialization. Given the fact that attracting investment in innovation became a strategic objective of the European Union on the conditions of constant competition between the US and the EU, this article presents: a short overview of the similarities and differences in the innovation concepts between the EU and the US, the characteristics of the innovation life cycle and the innovation development models, the innovations approach from an EU strategic point of view, an analysis of innovation protection trends in the EU Member States, and an overview of innovation funding trends in the EU under the conditions of economic globalization. Based on the analysis, this article comes to the conclusion that innovation is becoming standard for product and service in the marketplace. The company, seeing its future in the long-term perspective, should make effort for new product development, and make its introduction into the market in the maturity phase of previous innovation of products or services. In analysing the dependability of the patent applications in reliance on the country's spending on R&D, a very strong correlation between these two indicators both - linear and polynomial - was observed. This corelation could be explained as the result of the impact of a higher investment in R&D on a higher number of developed innovative products and at the same time on the higher number of patent applications in the country, but only up to a certain saturation point at which the investment in R&D no longer has a significant impact on the increase of the number of patents. It was also noted that the EU Member States' approach on the patenting of innovations is different: generally patenting culture is widespread in Germany, while it is lowest in Malta, Portugal, Greece and in the EU Member States which joined to the EU in 2004 and later, including Lithuania. Due to results of the analysis through the innovation investment instruments, the article concludes that the support of the EU and EU structural funds via Lithuanian instruments will not have significant impact on the achievement of the EU objectives in the field of investment in R&D and on the innovations development; while crowdfunding has gained rapid growth trend and can be widely used as an innovations funding instrument, also for market analysis and risksharing purposes, and have an impact on the enhancement of innovations development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research is to identify determinants of academic research commercialization in the Iranian gas industry. For this purpose, we have applied a mixed research methodology. After reviewing the literature we conducted interviews with academics that have experience in the gas industry commercialization in order to develop the research questionnaire. Qualitative data were analyzed by codifying the interviews. To analyze the quantitative results we applied the exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis (EFA, CFA). The results show that there are 6 latent variables and 28 observed variables including the gas industry academic research commercialization requirements and prerequisites in Iran.

Copyright of Socialinių Mokslų Studijos is the property of Mykolas Romeris University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Science & Studies of Accounting & Finance: Problems & Perspectives / Apskaitos ir Finansu Mokslas ir Studijos: Problemos ir Perspectyvos is the property of Vytautas Magnus University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Problems / Problemos is the property of Vilnius University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Logos: A Journal, of Religion, Philosophy Comparative Cultural Studies & Art (08687692) is the property of Logos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Business: Theory & Practice is the property of Vilnius Gediminas Technical University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present article aims to show the effects that the coalescence of liberal democracy and globalisation has on the law as a social institution. The law as a social institution is one of the key foundations for the social integration of modern society, which is why we may suggest a reasonable assumption that the role of the law in modern Western societies should be growing in significance. However, the coalescence of liberal democracy and globalisation is a consequence of the evolution of modern Western civilisation and the main context of its further development that gives feedback to the very development process. The analysis of the crisis of the financial capital makes us question the previous assumption because the essence of the law as a social institution lies not in its legal regulation but in its self-regulation that should increase the society's trust in different institutions, including the financial capital. The present research makes an attempt to answer the following questions: 1) what is the traditional role of the relationship between society and the law as a social institution? 2) what are the most important social consequences of the coalescence of liberal democracy and globalisation? 3) what is the significance of the legal culture under the circumstances of the coalescence of liberal democracy and globalisation? These questions have determined the structure of this paper. The first part of the article analyses the traditional interpretation of the relationship between society and the law as a social institution. On the basis of the varieties of the social order we have singled out the mechanisms of legal regulation and self-regulation. The law as a social institution is based on the mechanism of social and legal self-regulation. Under the circumstances of liberal democracy, social and legal self-regulation is a natural basis for legal regulation which is conditioned by government operations. The second part of the article shows that consumer society is a social consequence of the coalescence of liberal democracy and the market. Consumer society emerges in the process of the commercialisation of democracy as the market values get hold of the collective social consciousness. The "new" society has exchanged social solidarity for competition beyond the boundaries of social morale. The impact of the coalescence of liberal democracy and globalisation on society is manifested in social disorganisation, the deterioration of cultural values and norms of social behaviour. Market-oriented social models based on profit-making and unrestrained greed take root in society. The third part of the article shows that the role of the law as a social institution is not increasing, but the role of legal positivism is. On the basis of legal positivism the law enhances its regulatory function because the law gradually penetrates the areas of other social regulators. However, the role of the law as a social institution does not gain significance because the gulf between the object-oriented and subject-oriented legal cultures gets wider. In other words, commercialised democracy has a negative effect on the law as a social institution that should encourage society's trust in legal institutions. Thus, there is an opposite process at work: the role of the social self-regulation of the law and society's trust in it is decreasing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Folk Culture is the property of Lithuanian National Culture Center and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Globalization, prevailing trend of development of contemporary societies, inevitably influences visual and social aspects of cities. Changes of cities influenced by globalization are usually associated with increasing uniformity of residential environment, decline of public spaces, fragmentation and commercialization of urban environment. Decline of traditional territorial communities, suburbanization, gentrification, and stratification are also observed in urban societies. These processes not only influence quality of life in urban territories, but also their visual characteristics. Changes of urban environment and societies influenced by globalizing processes strongly affect city's historic environment. Striving towards sustainable development of cities it is necessary to analyze the impacts of globalization on urban environment, historic centers and districts and to search for possibilities to use its social and economic benefits and to avoid its negative influence on city's identity and society. The influence of globalizing processes on cities, their historic environment and societies is discussed in the paper and the proposed model for optimization of the influence of globalization on historic environment with urban design means is presented. The proposed model is applied to Kaunas historic center. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vilnius and Kaunas province didn't have large-scale fairs. Traditionally, they lasted 1-2 days, sometimes -- coupe weeks, rarely -- a month. Each fair had its own traditions and specialization. Before appearance of railway and factory production, fairs played a very important role of wholesale trade: the key transactions were carried out through fairs system. Tendencies of fairs' decline appeared after the economic reforms in 1861. With Lithuanian involvement into interlocal market of trade, was growing the importance of foreign and interregional trade, and increasing the network of domestic trade. However, quantitative spread of the latter was decreasing turnover of separate markets. Also, expansion of fairs network from the eighties of XIX century noticeably decreased the trade turnovers of a separate fair and decreased the importance of fairs as a form of the wholesale trade. Such phenomenon should be explained not just by the economical backwardness of the country, domination of agrarian trade, but by the modernization of structures of transport, production and commerce. With the expansion of factory production and increased extent of production after 1861, seasonal prevailence of fairs and their locality were not meeting the modern requirements for realization of goods. Permanent industry trade of consumer goods was creating modern outlet forms. Because of the specifics of trade in fairs, wholesale of factories goods didn't spread here even since the middle of the eighties, when the number of factories and the amount of industrial goods were increasing. Just a small part of industrial goods for consumers needs were getting into the fairs through retail trade system, which was creating its own network of realization of goods in seventies-eighties of XIX century. Since the end of XIX century, the main goods assortment and the biggest part of trade turnover in Vilnius and Kaunas province fairs were the products of agriculture. Laying of railways improved communication, constant trade relationship with the industrial centers began, which revitalized the interregional transportation of goods from / into aboard. With the permanent goods realization possibilities, the industrial enterprises did not have to wait for the coming fairs. Since then, industrial products were soled out through the modern permanent outlet system of goods (wholesale warehouses and special shops) and the products of agriculture in fairs and through special networks of wholesale warehouses, established for agricultural products. The latter took some part of fairs outlet and quantitatively decreased the transportation of goods into fairs. Such differentiation of the outlet for goods caused a greatly decreased of the trade turnover in fairs, their role in the trade structure fell down and their importance was reduced just to the local level. Decline of the latter was also influenced by the growth of the network of market in the second part of XIX century. Under the market conditions, seasonal prevailance of fairs only partly satisfied peasants and artisans, since marts' working schedule was more constant (1-3 time in a week), and they too were great competitors of the fairs. Wholesale warehouses, special consumer goods shops and marts all decreased the importance of the fairs. Fairs became places of realization of artisans' and farmers' production. There, artisans and farmers, making for the market, could sell their products without mediator. That is why the increasing number of fairs, were one effect of the growth of the commercialization of the agriculture, integration of peasant's economy into market and his conversion of entrepreneurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The commercialisation of research results is very important in the world now. The situation of this problem in Europe is analysed in the paper. The possibility to use 4-6 Framework programme projects for commercialisation of research results is discussed at large. The situation of the results commercialisation using international projects in Lithuania as an example of Vilnius Gediminas Technical University (VGTU) is surveyed. The analysis of international projects results for ten last years in the VGTU using research reports and archive data of the VGTU is performed. Proposals for developing the international projects and the way to intensify the research results of commercialisation in Lithuania are presented in conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]