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The article examines the development of the Pirčiupiai Memorial – the first memorial established in the Lithuanian SSR to commemorate the “victims of Hitler’s terror” – and the role of the story of the destruction of the village of Pirčiupiai in the memory cultures of the Soviet and independent Lithuania. During the Soviet era, this story was used to substantiate the essential ideological statement that the target of Nazi repression, terror, and mass murder was the entire “Soviet” Lithuanian society, and at the same time, an ambivalent image of Pirčiupiai as a peaceful Lithuanian peasant village, destroyed by the Nazis, and an active “partisan village” was introduced. During the revival period, the highlight of the Pirčiupiai memorial and one of the symbols of the cultural canon of the Lithuanian SSR – the sculpture of the Mother – was not removed, but the story of the destruction of Pirčiupiai itself, due to the counter-reaction to the intensive use of the history of Pirčiupiai in the Soviet era and the significant associations created during this period, other priorities of Lithuanian commemoration policy and socioeconomic circumstances became a secondary place of remembrance and, in the long run, a favorable medium for third parties to develop their own historical narrative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Roland Barthes's "Camera Lucida. Reflections of Photography" is a book that attracted attention not only from researchers of photography, but also those of other visual expressions, philosophers, and cultural critics. The last decade has seen intensive analyses of the relation between his photography and phenomenology. Meanwhile, this paper suggests a different approach - reading "Camera Lucida" in the context of all Barthes works, i.e. in the framework of his theoretic thought. In the analysis of his theoretic thought we explore the meaning of the question: "What does my body know about phenomenology?" asked by the author in this book. This question describes an approach to photography that could be named "corporeal knowledge". Corporeal or body knowledge in the description of emergence, formulation and production of signification is a common topic in Barthes's works. A look at the corpus of his works makes it apparent that Barthes cared about several essential problems that connect his works of different themes and styles into one methodological field. One of such problematic threads continues in a dashed but consistent fashion all the way until his final works is the signification of body (or corporeality) in the production of meaning. This paper studies how the conception of "corporeal knowledge" is spread in a book dedicated to photography. The paper carefully looks at the Barthes's photography researchers' notion that in "Camera Lucida" the author returns to phenomenology, since such concepts of phenomenological philosophy as perception, experience, memory, and imagination have never left Barthes's sight. We raise an assumption that instead of talking about a turn or return to phenomenology, it is better to talk about the isotopy of body and corporeality in the Barthes's works. Therefore the further discussion raises the questions of: how is Barthes treating the concept of body? What does he call the corporeal knowledge? What does the body mean generally in an attempt to answer the question what is photography? This paper shows that in Barthes' "Camera Lucida" for the first time an ontological question is raised, i.e. it aims to understand what is photography itself, what is its essence. The author has never raised the question of essence and not signification before, since structuralists or semioticians do not raise such questions. The analysis of the chronological way the author follows in his descriptions of the phenomenon of photography shows how he starts with photography as a message without a code and gradually reaches the concept of photography as an object, in which expression, content and the referent (the reality) coincides. This identity is photography's essence without signification that, according to Barthes, cannot be described by any traditional analytical methods. A rational, analytical view takes apart and generalizes; therefore, it cannot reach the essence of photography. This view is counterpoised by a personal view. Therefore, it is argued that the only possible way to understand what photography is in itself is to research the primal, true relationship between the viewer and the photographical image that takes shape before any conceptualization. Such relationship is exactly what Barthes calls "corporeal knowledge", where the basis of understanding is the position of the personal "1". Unlike in his other works, in "Camera Lucida" Barthes asserts that there are such fields or phenomena, where only this alternative (personal "corporeal knowledge") understanding is possible. Further on this study analyzes the conditions for such alternative view. The third part analyzes Barthes's description of the essence of photography by using two concepts studium and punctum. This analysis shows how these two elements of photography are connected to corporeal knowledge. 1t shows two conceptions of punctum. Several important aspects of corporeal plane are elucidated: describing punctum with corporeal terms (wound, stab, sting, cut, etc.) he attributes this element to the plain of corporeal senses instead of rational cognition. 1n the further description for the first time he conceptualizes the essence of photography - that which allows understanding the point of photography is indescribable, experienced and unarticulated. 1t also shows how the temporal aspect of punctum (photography shows that the object existed) is linked to the bodies' direct relationship. The conclusions propose that even though Barthes's last book "Camera Lucida" stands out among other books dedicated to photography and other expressive objects due to its conceptualization of the plain of "corporeal knowledge", a lot of issues still remain. That is especially because in his works Barthes has not described the conception of "body". 1t is stated that only by analyzing the fragments that create the isotopy of corporeality in his theoretical works it is possible to reconstruct the Barthesian conception of corporeality. By interpreting Barthes's question "What does my body know about Photography?" in the context of all his works, it becomes evident that on the one hand, the descriptions of the signification of photography and the search for its essence are inscribed in the systemic structure of the development of significations. 1n his analysis of visual objects Barthes uses the structures of linguistic significations, which means that he also faces challenges that arise in the text theory. One of such challenges is the place of corporeal experience and meaning in the description of signification, its emergence and comprehension. Therefore, after considering the development of his theoretic thought, what is in his critique called Barthes's return to phenomenology appears to be a consistent step towards the description of those uncoded, irrational and unsystematic elements of meaning that Barthes assigns to the plain of "corporeal knowledge". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aging of the labor force is observed in most developed and developing countries. The employment rate of older employees has been increasing every year and it appears to be not changed in the nearest future. The aging workforce is a serious challenge for organizations due to the prevailing stereotypical approach that older employees are less motivated, demonstrate lower labor productivity, they have more difficulties adopting new information, technologies and the lower ability to adapt to innovations. The aim of the paper is to investigate the impact of the work characteristics on the involvement in the work, the influence of employee’s characteristics on the work engagement, the influence of age and related factors on the involvement in the work and the relationship between age and achievements. The research is based on the analysis and synthesis of scientific literature, investigating work engagement issues of older employees. The study enabled to reveal the diversity of the concepts and methodologies and to systematize prevailing issues. The paper integrates the main researches in the field of older employees' engagement and provides recommendations for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses waste management policy development applying circular economy model and study its possibilities in Lithuania. The first part of this paper is dedicated to waste management policy concept, its dynamic analysis, circular economy model influence on waste management and waste management tools ident ification. The part of research analyses formation of waste management policy using circle economy in Lithuania. Used qualitative research based analysis of formed Lithuanian waste management policy using circle economy model. Project has found that currently formed waste management policy using circle economy or not targeted and systematic corrections are needed in order to achieve ambitious goals of the model. Identification of corrections and their practical appliance in policy formation would probably not only lead to the achievement of circle economy goals in Lithuania, but also would contribute to the targeted waste management policy formation on national, regional and local levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The body's cell behaviour is controlled by various signalling pathways, one of which is NOTCH. It has been found that a partial loss of the NOTCH function or abnormal strengthening of NOTCH signalling are related to various human diseases and developmental disorders. Materials and methods. PubMed was the main source of information for this paper. Results. The paper overviews the association between oncologic diseases and the participants of the NOTCH signalling pathway. In cancerogenesis, the NOTCH signalling pathway can act as a tumour suppressor or an oncogene. The mechanisms of such an effect are yet unknown. The NOTCH signalling pathway is an object of active research because its modulation by pharmacological and genetic approaches could be helpful in discovering new treatment methods of tumours. In this review more attention is paid to gynaecological malignancies, especially to uterine cancer. Conclusions. The findings of recently published studies show that the NOTCH signalling pathway is definitely important for the development of uterine cancer, therefore its components can be potential prognostic biomarkers and molecular therapeutic targets. However, further studies in this field are needed in order to clarify the role of the components of the NOTCH signalling pathway and their interaction with participants of other signalling pathways, which can be important in the development and progression of uterine cancer as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the paper is to discuss works of the little-known and little-researched bookbinder Leonas Panavas (1942-2011), to identify the key features of his work, the influence of his bibliophilic interests and of his profession as a metalworker, and to attempt an outline of his significance and place in the culture of the Lithuanian book. Although L. Panavas was an autodidact, it is important to record his legacy because bookbinders like him were extremely rare. He bound hundreds of books. Thus his work, in one way or another, constitutes part of the heritage of manual bookbinding of the twentieth century, characterizes its peculiarities, and continues the tradition. L. Panavas employed a number of main binding methods: he did not sew headbands but paid much attention to the decoration (dyeing) of the block edge. He tried out the technique of paper marbling. He also restored old worn books and possessed numerous self-made tools and even a hot press. Some works are not of high technical quality due to the lack of geometrical symmetry and order, as well as poor or low-quality materials used. However, his late works show that with passing years this master refined his craft considerably. He decorated books mostly by blind stamping and gilt stamping (using gold imitation) with clichés. Since he was a metal turner, he had the opportunity to make his own clichés and relief metal plates for stamping. He would find other clichés in printing shops, arts and crafts production centres, and flea markets. By selecting and matching several individual motifs and ornaments he formed various compositions. He approached book titles in a similar way, by assembling words from separate letters. Art as self-expression is not the main purpose of his works: it was just a supplementary means of book decoration. Indeed, the covers of the books he bound are decorated, yet it is not his original design. This master neither created nor drew the motifs he used but employed existing motifs and reiterated the styles of the past. With regard to the principles of artistic construction and characteristic features, these covers hardly differ from similar works of the Kaunas masters representing the interwar period, or even nineteenth-century historicism bindings - from the point of view of form they are timeless. Cover compositions are often eclectic, the image is overloaded, the elements and anachronisms are stylistically incompatible. Despite that he managed quite well to maintain the compositional equilibrium His blind stamping and gilt stamping were balanced, and he was in control of the typographical means of expression. L. Panavas paid much attention to typefaces. This apt and intuitive feeling for typefaces came from his experience as a book lover. Among the notes of L.eonas Panavas, a sketch by the prominent painter, collector and bibliophile Kazys Varnelis, which manifestly showed the painter's characteristic minimalist style, was found. L. Panavas followed this sketch to bind a book for K. Varnelis. The ornamental stamping, characteristic of L. Panavas's books, does not decorate other bindings done for K. Varnelis. It shows how important the customers with their aesthetic requirements and taste are to artistic bookbinding. Using the resources available in the book-related environment of his time, L. Panavas accumulated an iconographic collection of local book decoration, which accommodated styles from the nineteenth century to present time. In this way his works continue and establish the qualities of Lithuanian bookbinding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper focuses on the remembrance of the First World War and the meaning attached to the war before 1939 in the only interwar German area directly affected by military action, i.e. in East Prussia and Memel Territory (Klaipėda Region) separated from it in 1920. It discloses various forms of giving prominence to battles and war victims, the rites dedicated to the memory of the war, and the rendering of the war-related meanings in monuments, toponymy, images, museum exhibits, and textbooks. The efforts of political and social actors to publicly exploit different war-related meanings are analysed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2006, the Regulations for Electronic Document Management came into force in Lithuania and started to be applied in the public sector. These regulations define the concept of electronic documents and provide a model for their management. Shortly afterwards, the description of requirements for specifications with regard to electronically signed documents was adopted, and both the first electronic document (equalled to manuscripts) specification, ADOC-V-1, and the electronic document (read by computer) specification MDOC-V-1 were published. Public institutions in Lithuania started implementing document management systems and faced challenges in relation to the application of electronic signatures. The year 2016 marks the 10th anniversary of the application of regulations for electronic document management. This article examines the legal regulation of official electronic document management in Lithuania, including the set of formats for such documents. The relationship between official electronic documents and electronically produced ones is also defined. The terms “an electronic document” and “a document in electronic form” are used in Lithuanian legal acts. However, the content of these terms is different, and this raises certain issues with regard to the interpretation and application of legal provisions. The exchange of electronic documents plays an important role in the development of the uniform practice of electronic document management in state and municipal institutions, and in other agencies and enterprises. The specifications for official electronic documents ensure coordination at the level of documents (in terms of their formats). However, in the Lithuanian legal system, the coordination of electronic document forms and the exchange of different formats for official electronic documents is not ensured. This article therefore suggests introducing appropriate changes to legal regulation. Electronic documents enhance the interdisciplinary and inter-institutional nature of archives. There is a need to evaluate the management of these documents by employing theoretical and methodological provisions pertaining to various scientific fields. Electronic documents are to be investigated from the perspective of legal theory, information technologies, and archival science, which includes document management. Aside from paper documents, and video and audio recordings, the national archives started accumulating digital documents - those born digitally and digitalised ones, including information from Internet websites. The aim is to enable the Lithuanian archives to accept storage not only of documents (irrespective of the way they were produced), but also information systems data with a persistent (archival) value. The paper suggests that Lithuanian state archives, as well as the whole area of document and archive management, should be oriented towards a broader activity discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the article is to introduce neurodesign, an emerging interdisciplinary field that interconnects theory and practice. The aim is to reveal the object and problems of research as well as perspectives for development of this field. The paper reviews the current approach towards the role of a designer in marketing and design research process and attempts to define how the process should change in the future, based on the opinions of today's design professionals and examples of interdisciplinary cooperation. It, furthermore, analyzes theoretical and technological approaches of consumer neuroscience and, specifically, neuromarketing and neurodesign. The article also discusses heuristics and cognitive bias studies by psychologists Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky, the branding model based on consumer neuroscience and developed by Hilke Plassmann and other scientists working in the field of neuromarketing, as well as equipment used for empirical experiments and mathematical modeling software. Development of the field of skills and interests of designers brings with it new challenges. As a result, greater emphasis is placed on the evaluation of the ethical discourse of designers, which continues to acquire new aspects. The literature analysis and comparative method are used to answer the question of where to draw the line between the aim of designers to create influential design and potential manipulation of consumers. The paper overviews the main mechanisms of control and self-control in the field of consumer neuroscience, and more specifically, the codes of ethics introduced with the aim of finding a sustainable balance between the interests of researchers and the public. These could also serve as landmarks for designers. The article focuses on the field of visual communication; however, its guidelines could be useful to professionals in other areas of design as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the end of World War II, a large part of the inhabitants of Lithuania fled to Germany. Several dozen thousand children also left for Germany together with their parents. Settled in DP (displaced persons) camps, parents together with teachers and all humanitarian intellectuals focused their attention on children's education. Despite the meagre living conditions, kindergartens and schools were established, new textbooks and readers were written, and old ones were reprinted. In all educational institutions the continuity of the teaching process was sought, and teachers worked according to the school programmes and curricula approved in the Republic of Lithuania in 1939. When children began to be assembled into schools, the lack of readers for children of all age groups became obvious. They were necessary not only for the teaching process, general and ethical education, but also to keep the children busy. In the period when DP camps were established in the spring and summer of 1945, this problem was solved by copying excerpts from some publications that had been brought from Lithuania by hand, or by multiplying these publications with a typewriter. The newly emerging Lithuanian periodical press helped solve the urgent problem of children's literature by including columns for children or by publishing separate supplements from the very first issues. The publication of children's books, among books of general nature, was partly supported by the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA), and many Lithuanian public organizations that operated in exile. The Book Publishing Committee was founded under the Education Board of the Lithuanian émigré community specifically for that purpose. In the period under discussion children's books and textbooks were published by private and cooperative publishers and publishing houses of public organizations. The largest Lithuanian publishing houses Patria, Sudavija, Venta, Gabija, Giedra and Sūduva established in Germany produced the largest number of children's books of various kinds. DP camps themselves, the schools that operated there or their parents' committees, as well as private persons also acted as publishers of children's literature. More than fifty illustrated Lithuanian books for children were published in post-war Germany from 1945 to 1951. The relatively small amount of illustrated publications was determined by the poor living conditions in exile, the production facilities of publishing houses and, above all, printing houses devastated by the war, as well as the lack of paper and funds. The appearance of almost all children's books published in Germany is plain and comparatively poor in all aspects. This concerns the format, paper, binding, the choice of fonts and the means of printing. The majority of the booklets were printed on thin and fragile mainly brownish paper of very low quality, and the booklets themselves were thin, light, with soft covers and seamless binding. There were no children's books printed on high-quality art paper. The appearance of children's books was spoiled by the equipment of printing houses affected by the war, the lack of high-quality typographic paint and the narrow range of colours. The majority of them are characterized by excessive or insufficient richness of the printing type. Sometimes even different pages of the same book vary in the degree of richness, and quite often the text and the illustrations of three or four colours are printed indistinctly. Children's illustrated books are also very different with regard to their artistic quality. It was determined by several factors. Beside professional artists (Adolfas Vaičaitis, Liudas Vilimas, Ona Dokalskaitė-Paškevičienė, Jonas Firinauskas, Juzė Katiliūtė, Zenonas Kolba, Vlada Stančikaitė-Abraitienė, Jonas Steponavičius), quite many artists who did not have the necessary qualifications and lacked theoretical knowledge in the book art and particularly the experience of layout design worked in the field of children's book design. These were mainly the attendees of the Kaunas Art School who did not finish their studies, Eduardas Krasauskas, Halina NaruševičiūtėŽmuidzinienė, Juozas Penčyla, Aleksandras Šepetys, as well as former students of the Vilnius Academy of Arts and the Kaunas Institute of Applied Art, Vytautas Leonas Adamkevičius, Emilija Drochnerytė, Povilas Osmolskis, Antanas Petrikonis and Viktoras Simankevičius. In comparison with children's books of the interwar period, new stylistic tendencies of design or illustration, and innovative forms of expression that could have been influenced by the new post-war environment of Western culture and its incredibly intense artistic life did not manifest themselves. Very generally speaking, traditionalist aesthetics and realistic expression were predominant. Besides, it cannot be seen from the poor context if one or another publishing house had a clear conception of an illustrated children's book and obvious artistic and aesthetic design criteria. However, all children's books published in post-war Germany have one thing in common - their ideological contents, which was partly determined by the emphasis on the knowledge of one's homeland given in the four-year primary school curriculum of the Republic of Lithuania as a very important part of developing national self-consciousness, teaching the universal and intrinsic values, and building a moral and aesthetic basis. The strengthening of the perception of identity of small kids who found themselves in an unfamiliar environment, the formation of their historical and civic self-consciousness became as urgent as never before. There were constant discussions on this topic in the periodical press of Lithuanians in exile. These views were followed by the majority of writers and artists: Lithuanian themes, images of the Lithuanian village and, specifically, national attributes are predominant both in the contents of books and the accompanying illustrations; traditional motifs of village life, as well as symbolic motifs of crosses, the musical instrument kanklės, and a heroic warrior are widely used. On the other hand, other important functions of children's books were not forgotten either. The aim was to awaken the feelings of the love for homeland and, no less importantly, the respect for one's parents, kindness, honesty, and other moral feelings, to develop imagination and aesthetic experience. Both the text and accompanying illustrations served this purpose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyses the innovative internal blinds, which allow to use the solar energy, received through a window for a heating, more efficiently and to ensure a greater air velocity due to the convection. Blinds are constructed that one side is covered with material, which absorbs the solar energy and the other side is reflective. Thus, there is an ability to control an amount of absorbed solar radiation and air supply temperature between the window and the blinds. In addition, the construction of the air to provide locating elements. The elements for air deflection are additionally foreseen in the construction. Due to the natural circulation cold air falls between the blinds and the window, then warms up and rises to the top. The paper presents an empirical and theoretical assessment of an operation of the blinds. In addition, the analysis of the experimental researches of an air flow intensity and a dependency of temperature increase from external (climatic) conditions is performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes an algorithm to reduce limitations in bandwidth measurements of sampling oscilloscopes then using a swept sine-wave measurement method. The traditional swept sine-wave method allows to measure only magnitude response. Phase response can be computed only if a sampler is a minimal phase circuit. In this paper alternative bandwidth measurement algorithm using the nose-to-nose method with measurements corrections for the non-idle properties of oscilloscope is described. Algorithm includes noise, time base distortions and jitter in measurement signals corrections methods. Proposed algorithm allows to measure phase and magnitude responses when only two similar oscilloscopes and the source of sync pulse are used. Algorithm performs as well as the swept sine-wave method in case when both samplers have the same frequency characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents an analysis of the issue of career design for young unemployed people with higher education. The integration of a young individual into the labour market depends on a number of individual, social, and economic factors. Career designing is one of the factors conducive to professional success. Clear goals and specific objectives set for oneself, as well as an optimally planned and flexible system of their implementation, contribute to one’s competitiveness and advantages in the labour market. The paper introduces the results of the survey of young unemployed people with higher education. The survey was carried out, based on the paradigm of positivism and with the application of a quantitative research method, best suited for the investigation of the views of unemployed educated youth on the career design and the identification of the determinants of the phenomenon. As established, young unemployed people were encouraged to design their careers by the constantly changing economic situation, the social status, and the opportunities of lifelong learning. The career designing of educated young people was positively affected by their individual characteristics, such as responsibility, proactiveness, inquisitiveness, etc., as well as the ability to design and manage one’s career. Career designing was impeded by the lack of personal characteristics required by the chosen profession, the overestimation of one’s abilities, the absence of the practical professional knowledge and skills, and the ignorance of the trends of the labour market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper focuses on the conceptualization of party patronage. The analysis of the usage of the term party patronage reveals several challenges: scholars from different fields use different definitions of party patronage, in addition same phenomena can be described by different concepts making it difficult to compare data from different surveys or analysis. Furthermore the term itself must be revised continuously as it can become out dated due to changing aspects of party patronage in modern world. To clarify the usage of term party patronage it is important to define contiguous phenomenon such as clientelism, politicization, state capture, pork barrel and corruption. Hence this paper suggests slightly modified conceptualization used by Kopecky et al.: party patronage as power of political parties to make personnel decisions in the public sector for Lithuanian social sciences. Party patronage is defined by three dimensions: who makes the decision, what are the decisions and where those decisions are made? In case of party patronage political parties acts as collective patrons and they make decisions of the personnel matter (hiring, promoting and transferring of public servants) in public sector. This conceptualization enables to show differences between party patronage and contiguous phenomenon. In short clientelism should be understood as an electoral resource of the political party, while party patronage should be understood as an organizational and governmental resource. Concept of politicization is closely connected to party patronage, however politicization is more suitable for public administrative studies as it is directed to the separation of bureaucrats and politicians while party patronage in political science puts attention on the political power of parties to make personal decisions. State capture is defined as systematic influence of business to government in order to obtain favorable legal and regulatory decisions. Pork barrel politics means direction of funding and legislation towards certain constituency or geographical region. Corruption should be understood as abuse of authority and power for personal gain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents Lithuania’s experience during the interwar period, activating students'mobility in the public sector, and gives us knowledge about the legal system, which reglutated granting of scholarships and lawns for students, who study abroad. This paper also presents a model of granting and returning scholarships and lawns, which had to not only give an opportunity to train abroad, but also to secure, that specialists, qualified or trained abroad, after their studies, will work in Lithuania and contribute to it's future. The state seeked to secure, that investment into higher education would pay off and encouraged it not only with scholarships, but also with workplaces in the public sector. This paper also presents present day's Lithuania’s opportunities of using student's mobility in the public sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to examine the usage and role of languages in different research areas in Lithuania. To answer these questions, a case study was undertaken, investigating the academic journals published at Vilnius University in the period from 2004 to 2013. The list of periodical publications chosen for investigation consists of 24 research journals. 8 journals cover the area of humanities, 11 the area of social sciences and 5 the area of natural and formal sciences. In the course of the investigation 5664 research articles were analyzed. The specific concern was the language of the article itself, the language of its summary/abstract and languages of reference works. The analysis of the whole period data shows that the main language of the articles in the area of humanities is the national language (Lithuanian, 60.9%), followed be English (22.6%). Among the other languages, German (7.4%) and Russian (6.9%) seem to be of importance. It can be noted that there was no significant change in the language usage tendencies between 2004 and 2013. In the social sciences area, the researchers publish mainly in Lithuanian (65.5%) and English (31.9%), whereby English clearly dominates in the papers on economics. The same two languages can be found in the area of natural and formal sciences with English as by far the dominant language (91.5%). In is noteworthy that during the period considered, the number of articles in English in both of these areas – social sciences and natural and formal sciences – has slightly grown (ca. 7–8%). To summarize the findings, English is the dominant language in 9 among the investigated 24 research journals and is mainly used in papers on economics, natural sciences, mathematics, informatics and Oriental studies. Lithuanian is the first language of choice in 11 journals (papers on history, religion, philosophy, psychology, sociology, law, education studies, communication, information and geography). Multilingual are the journals covering linguistics, literature and archeology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies researching the relationship between procrastination and self-efficacy produce ambiguous results. According to some researchers, the relationship is positive, according to others - negative, and still others claim that there is no relationship between the two. This suggests that the actual relationship between procrastination and self-efficacy might be moderated by a third variable. In this paper, time management was chosen as a potential candidate for such moderation. Thus the aim of this study is to asses the relationship between self-efficacy, procrastination and time management in an academic environment. The Procrastination Assessment Scale for Students (PASS) was used for measuring the academic procrastination, while the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ) was utilised to measure the academic self-efficacy and academic time management. Survey participants consisted of individuals studying at the following universities: Vilnius University, Vilniaus Gedimino Technikos University, Mykolas Romeris University and Lietuvos Edukologijos University. In total, 153 students (88 women, 63 men and 2 unspecified) were surveyed using the paper and pencil method. Participants were selected using the convenience sampling strategy. The average age of participants was 20.2 years (SD = 1.21). The methodology of this study consists of a correlation analysis and a moderation analysis. The results suggest that the relationship between academic procrastination and academic self-efficacy is moderated by the skills of academic time management. Among the students with high time management, the score of increasing self-efficacy corresponded with decreasing procrastination. On the opposite, students with low self-efficacy showed a different trend: with an increase in time management, procrastination was decreasing at first; yet later it began increasing. In general, the level of procrastination is lower when both self-efficacy and time management are high. The sample used in this study was quite homogeneous; therefore, the obtained results should be interpreted with some caution. Future work could be focused on repeating the same study using a more representative sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The act of mentalisation refers to the capacity of understanding oneself and others in terms of intentional mental states (feelings, beliefs, intentions, and desires). Different definitions of this capacity for understanding mental states - such as theory of mind or reflective function - can be found in scientific literature along with subtle differences in conceptualisations of its development. Nevertheless, an increasing interest in interpersonal factors of development in mentalisation can be observed lately. One of the approaches in understanding the development of mentalisation is suggested by Fonagy and colleagues (1991, 2004), according to who the parent-child attachment and parental mentalisation are seen as key factors in the development of a mentalising capacity in children. Of these relationships, the ones in early development are discussed more widely. Much less is known theoretically and empirically about the relationships between parental mentalisation, a child's attachment and mentalisation in middle childhood and adolescence. During these stages of development, important changes take place in the attachment system as well as within behaviors and needs of a child, including a move towards more integrated attachment representations together with socio-cognitive developmental changes related to puberty. It is not clear if parental mentalisation and a child's attachment security remain of the same importance as they are in early childhood to the development and manifestation of child's mentalisation from middle childhood to adolescence. Within this context, the aim of this paper is to analyse and reveal the most important empirical findings related to the research of mentalisation in childhood and adolescence. In this way, we aim to highlight and critically evaluate certain theoretical assumptions about the mentalisation of parents and a child's attachment security as factors of a child's mentalisation development. In this context, the aim of this paper is to analyze and to reveal the most important empirical findings related to the study of mentalisation in childhood and adolescence. An analysis of empirical studies showed that good parental mentalisation is important for attachment security and acquisition of theory of mind in early development. Data also reveals the importance of maternal reflective functioning for the development of organised attachment strategies. Moreover, poor maternal reflective functioning was related with disorganised attachment, which, according to different studies, was related to poorer mentalisation in early and in later development. Even though links between attachment security and mentalisation remain significant in middle childhood and adolescence, research findings indicate different relationships between strategies of attachment and mentalisation. It might be that not the attachment security itself, but the organisation of attachment representations might be an important condition for the development of mentalisation. Research findings show that maternal mentalisation remains important for the mentalisation of a child. On the other hand, there is still a lack of empirical data which could provide an opportunity to explain the mechanisms of how these processes interact in later development. An analysis of existing studies allows us to state that the approach-proposed development of mentalisation proposed by Fonagy and colleagues can partly be transferred to middle childhood and adolescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the results of analysing the possibilities of disseminating the results of scientific activity and deals with building a digital researcher identity, enhancing it by Web 2.0 tools and using academic library services. This research concludes the following tools for building up a researcher's digital identity: publishing personal Curriculum Vitae and a list of scientific papers supported by indicators of science-metrics and the use of social networks and other Web 2.0 related tools; results of web search on a researcher's scientific activity. The analysis of previous research works and case study were applied to determine the scope of application and the key problems arising from these tools in both Lithuania and on the international level. Alternative aspects of research dissemination are considered together with the traditional methods of research evaluation to achieve a better valorisation of scientific results and gain better recognition both on researcher's personal and institutional levels. These aspects include researcher's personal involvement into social scientific networks, active dissemination of daily and scientific information in the Web, institutional and national interest to the development of researcher databases, international cooperation for building, transferring and publicising lists of scientific papers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyses the main problematic aspects of the development of the Vilnius City Police as a significant factor influencing the perspective of self-government functioning. It is explained how the organizational principles of the city police of the Russian Empire were started to be applied in the city of Vilnius. It is claimed that the police, having broad and clearly undefined competencies, limited the self-government’s opportunities for independent activity and created favorable conditions for the management institutions of the Vilnius Governorate to ensure comprehensive control of the activities of the city’s self-government institution, the magistrate, in a short period of time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A confidential meeting of Lithuanian diplomats in the USA took place in Washington on October 25–26 1943, at the time when the foreign ministers of the allied countries – the USA, Great Britain and the USSR – were meeting at the Moscow Conference. The Lithuanian diplomats discussed the general international situation, the challenges facing Lithuania, the uncertain fate of the diplomatic institutions themselves, and preparations to help Lithuanian refugees in Europe and exiles in Siberia. Decisions were made. Traditionally, attention was also paid to cooperation with Lithuanian organizations in the United States, with which it was sought to act in harmony. The representatives of Lithuania in America undertook to cooperate and consult with Lithuanian political organizations in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the article, in addition to the already quite well-known episode of the issue of lifetime visas by the Japanese vice-consul in Lithuania Chiune Sugihara in Kaunas in the summer of 1940, Lithuania’s position on the issue of refugees is presented, as well as the efforts of Lithuanian diplomats in negotiating with the governments of Britain and the USSR about the possibilities of emigration of willing refugees – Polish Jews. The contribution of Jan Zwartendijk, Honorary Consul of the Netherlands in Lithuania, to the history of salvation is also remembered. The paths of emigration are discussed, showing their entire spectrum, and not just the usual ones with the Trans-Siberian route linked by Sugihara visas. The changing policy of the Japanese government on the issue of transit visas is reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of the early Central European state has been elaborated for decades in the historiographies of neighboring countries but has so far been ignored in the Lithuanian medievalist literature. The author makes an attempt to base the thesis that the concept mentioned before is an original contribution of Central European historians to the comparative historical sociology of pre-capitalist peripheral societies. Furthermore, its application to the interpretation of the socio-political and socioeconomic structure of the early medieval Grand Duchy of Lithuania might offer original theoretical insights and provide an opportunity for Lithuanian medievalists to become involved in international comparative research as well as reinvigorate theoretical discussions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Viking Age, the Baltic Sea, which had previously been closed and separated its eastern part from Europe, became a connecting sea. The article draws attention to the narrative tradition of Icelandic sagas, presenting sailing and voyages in the Baltic Sea. In Nordic narrative sources, the focus on the Baltic Sea is seen almost exclusively in the context of the road to the East, and the Baltic Sea itself is perceived as the East Sea – Eystrasalt, Austrmare, and so on. At this stage of the road to the East, not only the strategic interests of Denmark become apparent, but also the activities of the Vends, Curonians and Estonians located on the south-eastern and eastern shores of the Baltic Sea. The article does not focus on the recording of specific episodes of this activity but on the general tradition of actions of this path and its participants formed by the Nordic narrative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is crucial for all cities in Lithuania and in the whole world to mind their images. A positive image attracts new people, tourists, business investment and prevents from outrival of other cities. It's hard to answer what is the perfect image for a certain city because it is a complex system with many different components. It depends on which of these components infuse people the most - aesthetic environment, entertainments, culture, natural resources, real estate or maybe working opportunities. These components impact each other. Some scientists tried to form models of how to evaluate the city image. The problem is that every city has a different area, population, economy, unique features. It's too difficult to create an appropriate method to rate images of every city. That is why it is important to concentrate on a small particular area whether it is a country or a region. The aim of this work is to develop a methodology for evaluating the image of Lithuania cities. The methodology of this paper consists of various scientific literature, strategic and planning documents analysis, interviews with experts in this field. Literature provides some examples of image formation models. Some show how to shape an image through city physical factors (an example: neat public spaces, modern buildings, infrastructure), others state that cultural resources can be a solution to image problems. Some scientists believe it is important to create a strong emotional relationship between the place and people which can help perceive the place better. Interviewswith marketing specialists of Vilnius and Panevėžys revealed that tourism information centres are highly responsible for the city image formation. City dwellers, municipalities, cultural institutions are also mentioned. Besides, a city should represent unique symbols in order to form a memorable image. Interviews showed that some people do not love their city or feel sympathy, so they do not contribute to improving it. An analysis of strategic documents of Lithuania cities disclosed that they face a shortage of information in media and social networks. Other problems are a lack of identity, mishandled public spaces, and infrastructure (e.g. sport, transport), which need to be managed in order to get more people and tourists. This research allowed to develop a detailed methodological scheme that highlights the most relevant factors in the city image formation. These are cultural environment, economy, visual environment, natural environment, information environment and a sense of place. These parts of the scheme were subdivided into smaller elements of the city and then evaluated according to given coefficients (elements of cultural environment can get maximum 0.15 or less, information environment 0.10 or less, and so on). The maximum rating of the city image is 1, which means city image is very attractive, minimum rating (0.01) shows city image is unfavourable. This scheme is an important tool in the field of image formation as it helps to reveal the links between different aspects of the urban environment and to offer how to contribute to their proper and rational development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cultural heritage buildings are an important origin of a country's cultural memory, originality, and attractiveness, which motivated cultural growth, economic development, and social employment. However, cultural heritage buildings threaten to decay regarding the contributing poor funding for cultural heritage buildings preservation and maintenance, increasing urbanization changes. The adaptive reuse of cultural heritage buildings is one of the reasons, helping to preserve heritage buildings. This paper submits qualitative and quantitative criteria and subcriteria for the adaptive reuse of cultural heritage buildings. The set of criteria consists of economic, social, environmental, cultural heritage and legal criterion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes an experimental heat pump used for heat recovery in a mechanical room ventilation system. The aim of the work is to examine the operation, control logic of the heat pump and evaluate the possibilities of its operation modes, cycle control by outdoor air temperature. A review of scientific literature and experimental tests of the heat pump were performed to achieve this goal. Tests were performed in three stages, after each stage, according to the results obtained the heat pump stand was improved and experimental modes were adjusted. During the experiment, the tendencies of the heat pump freon and air involved in the heat exchange parameters are analyzed with different combinations of expansion valve positions and compressor power. Knowing these experimental characteristics, the extent to which the combination of these two controls can be used to efficiently control of the heat pump according to the outside air temperature is assessed. Based on the results of the research the heat pump control algorithms (depending on the variable outdoor air temperature) are prepared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combating climate change and reducing greenhouse gas emissions are among the European Union's priorities today. Direct implementation of these priorities is sustainable buildings. This paper analyzes the energy supply of a health resort building with renewable energy sources in the context of the "BREEAM In-Use" sustainability assessment system. The criteria for the "BREEAM In-Use" scoring system are grouped according to the 3E criteria and recommendations are made for the weights of the 3E assessment system criteria. In accordance with the criteria grouping methodology in the article, in the context of 3E criteria, the maximum weight should reach the energy indicator (about 50%), the second most important one is the ecological criterion, and about 16% should only meet the economic criterion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents an experimental study of the influence of heat transfer fluid (HTF) mass flow rate on phase change materials (PCM) behaviour. The experimental study was performed on a specially designed test bench. Research object - PCM based thermal energy storage unit which consists of a stainless steel tank with dual circuit tube-fin copper heat exchanger. The tank (storage volume) was filled with phase change material RT82. The experiment was carried out using three different mass flow rates of HTF: high - 0.25 kg/s, medium - 0.125 kg/s, low - 0.05 kg/s. The analysis showed that in the case of high and medium mass flow rates the melting/solidification process highly depends on the temperature of inlet HTF. Influence of mass flow rate is higher in the case of low mass flow rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the hardest task for a machine is creativity. Computational creativity defines creative task completion for a machine. Three main creative content generation methods are: exploratory, combinatorial and transformational. Video game content can be generated using procedural generation. Computational creativity, procedural generation, and application are explained in this paper. Procedural level generator is used as a base and additional features are built on top of it. The main goal of this research and modification is to increase application creative value, variety and expression. Additional functionality consists of tree and texture generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various countries apply different methodology for national critical infrastructure identification. MCDM method TOPSIS is extensively used in different areas of research such as logistics, health. The best alternative is based on all criteria, dependant on their significance. The paper presents the study of multiple criteria decision-making method TOPSIS application for identification of Lithuanian national critical infrastructure. The experiments demonstrate, that use of MCDM ensure better and more stable identification of critical infrastructure resulting in concentrating protection efforts and resources on the most important infrastructure nodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the performance analysis of the developed software as a service. In OpenStack cloud infrastructure, the software services for hemodynamic flow modelling and particle technology applications have been developed by using Apache jclouds API. The performance of the hosted cloud infrastructure has been assessed testing virtual memory, CPU, disk IO, network and the developed software services. The measured performance of the virtual OpenStack resources (full XEN virtualization) has been compared with that of the virtual Eucalyptus resources (KVM paravirtualization) and the native hardware. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Internet of Things collects a variety of sensor data, independently offers problem-solving solutions and allows them to be avoided. In order for these systems to function continuously, it is necessary to apply intelligent information routing algorithms. In order to discover new algorithms for the routing of the Internet of Things, this article reviews bioinspired algorithms, their advantages and disadvantages. We introduce membrane computing, P system and its membrane structure. Paper analyses different types of communication on the Internet of Things and classification of routing algorithms for the Internet of Things communication. The practical application of membrane computing and the possibility of applying membrane computing on the Internet of Things is also reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conflict resolution and leadership is growing research topic in academic literature. The demand of leaders of organizations to manage conflicts requires further analysis of this topic. It is necessary for better understanding of conflict resolution relationship with leadership. Bibliometrical analysis reveals this relationship. The study analyses 526 references collected from the Web of Science database and uses the VOSviewer program to graphically map the material. The bibliometric analysis involves co-occurrence of keywords, co-citation and co-authorship. The results identify the leading trends and development status in terms of impact, main journals, authors, papers, topics and countries. The analysis and graphical presentations are relevant for researchers and practitioners for better understanding of the state of the art of concflict resolution and leadership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maintaining a competitive edge in today's markets with short product life cycles and competitors quickly copying commercial success ideas is a significant challenge. Service organisations have to look for ways to quickly adapt to environmental changes and offer the most satisfying services to demanding and rushing customers. One of the possible ways to achieve these goals is to apply the principles of modular design to services. Although the modular design is widely used in the production of goods, its applicability to services has not yet been sufficiently researched. There is a lack of consensus on the terms used, there is no clear definition of the modular service system requirements, there are many doubts in the application of quantitative decision methods for modular service system management, and so forth. The article aims to identify the fundamental problems associated with the use of modular design for services. Based on the results of the analysis of the scientific literature, we propose a scheme describing the service system, and identify the important problematic issues related to the application of modular design to services. In this paper, we use methods of systematic analysis, abstraction, synthesis, and critical analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proactive employees are an important part of social capital in modern organizations that operate in a competitive and ever-changing business environment. Proactive behavior (PB) is defined as self-directed and futureoriented actions that are aimed to change the situation, work environment, or oneself (Bindl & Parker, 2010). Proactive workers initiate individual and organizational changes, and they not only respond to work requirements or adapt to environmental conditions (Fritz & Sonnentag, 2009). Therefore, it is important to analyze the work and personal characteristics that may be significant in order to enhance the employees’ PB. The paper presents an empirical study that integrates the theoretical approaches of Proactive Behavior (Parker & Collins, 2010) and Job Demands - Resources (Schaufeli & Bakker, 2004). It is aimed, first, to examine the links between job demands (pace and amount of work, emotional and mental workload), resources (autonomy and feedback), and work engagement and stress with employee strategic proactive behaviors as well as work and person-environment fit proactive behaviors. Second, to determine the role that work engagement and stress have in the relationships between job characteristics and PB types. A total of 386 employees from various Lithuanian organizations were surveyed online. Sixty one percent of the respondents were female; the average age of the respondents was 34.8 (SD = 11.32) years, with an average of 7.3 (SD = 8.22) years of working experience in their organizations. Twenty one percent of the respondents were first-level managers. Most of the respondents (93.6%) had acquired higher education. Structural equation modeling analyses revealed that strategic PB, through engagement as a mediator, was predicted by autonomy, mental workload, and feedback; proactive work behavior was predicted by emotional workload, while mental workload, autonomy, and feedback were related to proactive work behavior through work engagement as a mediator; proactive person-environment fit behavior was predicted only by feedback via work engagement as a mediator. The study has shown that employee PB can be reinforced not only with job resources (autonomy and feedback) but job demands as well (the mental and emotional workload) via the mediative effect of work engagement. Work stress was not related with PB. The practical applications of research findings are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to explain why modern public education initiatives in Lithuania do not deliver on expected results in spite of sufficient investments and government support. The paper focuses on institutional innovation in vocational education - the creation and management of Sectorial Practical Training Centres. Sectoral Practical Training Centres are primarily the instruments of the initial vocational education policy, seeking to improve and adjust the skills of the current and future workforce to the needs of private and public economy sectors. The article is based on proposition that newly created centres would be less exposed to administrative tradition, and should strive to employ modern management ideas, such as transformational leadership and employee empowerment. However, the empirical investigation revealed that there is a big lack of leadership, and managers rely on old-but-good administrative means. The employees stress that there is no support and feedback from management side; staff members do not see prospects for self-realization as well as for creativity and innovations. At the same time, the employees are keen to take more responsibility and to be more engaged in decision-making processes. The article concludes that one of the biggest obstacles for future organizational development is mismatch between current management practices and employees expectations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the initiative of Duke Nicolaus Christophorus Radziwill the Orphan (1549-1616), Great Marshal of Lithuania (1579-1586) and Voivode of Vilnius (1604-1616), a map of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, titled Magni Ducatus Lithuaniae caeterumque regionum illi adiaciencium exacta descriptio..., was printed in 1613 in the printing house of Willem Janszoon (Blaeu), which was famous at that time for the manufacture of globes and wall maps. It was drawn by Hessel Gerritsz (Lat. Gerardus) and prepared by a team of professionals gathered by N. Ch. Radziwill. The written part of the map (which addresses the reader), separately published also in 1613, glued together from three pages, and designated to the buyers of the wall map of the GDL, was prepared by the famous GDL painter Tomasz Makowski (1575-1630). From 1613 to 1631, this map of the GDL functioned only as a wall map. When W. Blaeu began to publish atlases as well, he included the 1613 wall map of the GDL, which was pressed from four copper plates and included a narrow ornamental edging, in his atlas Appendix Theatri A.Ortelii et Atlantis G. Mercatoris. The readers of the atlas could not observe the territory of the GDL in its entirety, as it was depicted in four pages. Thus, already in another edition of the atlas that was published during the same year of 1631, the map of the GDL was changed and its copper plates were reordered: the segment depicting the lower part of the Dnieper was cut away, and the whole ornamental edging of the map was discarded. Two maps then took shape: one of the GDL's territory, glued together from four disproportionate plates, and one depicting the lower part of the Dnieper, glued together from two plates. Such a large map of the GDL's territory (73 × 75 cm) was collapsible and would be included in Blaeu's atlases near a written piece on Lithuania in the editions of 1631, 1634-1649, and even in one that was published in c. 1670. This map, unconventional for usage in atlases (as it was not bound), was replaced in 1649 by another map made on the basis of the original 1613 variant by W. Blaeu's son, Joan. This particular specimen was a smallerscale version of the GDL's map and was oriented toward the west, not the north. However, as Blaeu's printing house began to include the 1613 map of the GDL in its atlases, this does not mean that it had also stopped publishing it as a wall map - the buyer could have it made in the same printing shop and purchase, for example, a wide ornamental edging as a supplement to their order (e.g., the specimen belonging to the Uppsala University Library). Only two copies of this 1613 wall map of the GDL are extant, and these can be found in the Uppsala University Library and the Herzogin Anna Amalia Library in Weimar. These specimens are unique in that they allow us to see how an authentic 1613 wall map of the GDL looks like, together with T. Makowski's text about Lithuania, also marked by a 1613 date. Knowing the history of how the copper plates of this map were used, we may state that the Weimar copy is of earlier origin than the one housed in Uppsala (at least by one year within the 1631 period). This article examines the 1613 map of the GDL from the perspective of book science - we provide an analysis of the publications devoted to the 1613 map of the GDL based on the aspect of how it was published. An all-encompassing historiographical study of the 1613 GDL map is not the goal of the present paper. By chronologically analyzing the works of Lithuanian and foreign authors in an historiographical retrospective, it is emphasized how the various authors writing about this map chose to consider its bibliographical information, how did the perspective regarding the structure of this map shift, etc. An historiographical analysis of the publications on the 1613 map of the GDL has demonstrated that the formal aspects of the map's origins (what kind of copper plates were prepared for the wall map, of what structure was the map used by William Janszoon Blaeu in the atlases of his printing house and how exactly was it used, etc.) are important in attempting to discern how its functioning had developed over the years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the development and the contents of the library of Ignacy Oginski, appointed elder of the Darsūniškis and Vaiguva communities; his collection of books is discussed with an emphasis on how the sense of self as well as geneological and religious identity are expressed. The library of I.Oginski is discussed within the context of the history of his family and closest relatives as well as his connections with the Bernardines of Trakai. The bibliographical and provenance analysis is founded on I. Oginski's books, which are stored in Vilnius University Library (10 specimens); also published at the end of this paper is a list of books bestowed by I. Oginski to the Trakai Bernardine Monastery, which itself was added into the 1787 catalogue of the monastery's library. It was determined that I. Oginski belonged to the third order of the Franciscan tertiaries and was a financial affairs trustee (i.e., a syndic, Lat. Sindicus Apostolicus) of the Trakai Bernardine Monastery, which he, together with his mother Antonina Oginska, had amply sponsored and to which he bequeathed upon death a sum of 7 thousand Lithuanian Zloty. I. Oginski bestowed his personal library, which consisted of 201 volume, to the Bernardines on March 29, 1786 based on a testament written in Kruonis. It contained not only the more traditional printed materials but also some sheet music characteristic of courtly culture, ledgers, and silva rerum manuscripts. Noteworthy is the prayer "On the Appeal for a Fulfilling Life" (Pol. O uproszenie stanu życia przyzwoitego), handwritten by I. Oginski himself. A large part of the library consisted of ascetic lectures, spiritual exercises, and sermons typical of the Bernardine monks, but the collection was not limited in this aspect, as it also had some secular French works from the Enlightenment period and textbooks printed by the publishing house of the Vilnius Piarists. The considerable number of historical works and books containing dedications with references to the merits of the Oginskis to the state and the Church shows that I. Oginski was particularly attentive of his family history. Generally, the library demonstrates quite clearly a promotional-religious aspect of I. Oginski's genealogical sense of self and identity. And here, too, the ascetic literature supplements the data from other sources regarding I. Oginski's piety and his belonging to the tertiary community. The carried out study of I. Oginski's identity and his personal library's development and the relevant associations confirms the available possibilities of using the approaches and methodologies of cultural anthropology and social communication in book science studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to investigate the history of the Cyrillic manuscript transcription of Selenographia (1647), which details Moon observation - the work of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth astronomer Johannes Hevelius (Jan Heweliusz, 1611-1687). The codex is relevant in two aspects: first, as an example of a late-17th century book, incorporating the characteristics of both a manuscript and a printed publication; and second - as an example of scientific literature in the Commonwealth. Hevelius is a well-known sciencist. The researcher is recognized as the first precise topographer of the Moon. He has composed a catalogue of 1564 stars, discovered four comets, and defined new boundaries of several constellations. In historiography, the manuscript translation of Selenographia has been known since the end of the 19th century. However, in the beginning of the 20th century, the transcript was equated to a piece owned by Tsar Feodor III Alexeyevich (1661-1682), which was present in his library in 1682. The manuscript has been studied by multiple linguists, astronomers, and museologists from various countries; however, it is still yet to receive attention from Lithuanian scientists. This article aims to clarify the currently available scientific information regarding the manuscript version of J. Hevelius's work Selenographia, which is presently kept in the Manuscript Department of the Wroblewski Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences (LMAVB). This study also seeks to answer the following questions: whether the scientists of the GDL were aware of the piece and its Slavic translation, if there is a possibility that the codex may have belonged to the library of Tsar Feodor III Alexeyevich, and what are the history and the lifecycle of the codex. The object of this investigation is a manuscript codex (LMAVB RS F19-318) archived in the LMAVB. A digital copy of an exemplar archived in the Zurich ETH Library was used for comparative analysis. The history of astronomy in 17th century Europe and the GDL, as well as the placement of this work of Hevelius in that history, is shortly discussed and based on a literary analysis. This information was used to evaluate the scientific value of the manuscript codex under investigation and make conclusions regarding any possible demand for the translations of Selenographia in the GDL's scientific environment of that time. Codicological and comparative analyses with the original print enabled to consider the circumstances of the translation and transcription of Selenographia and establish the characteristics of the manuscript codex. It was determined that the text is written in a hybrid Church Slavic language; it is written by several scribes in the Calligraphic Book Font with characteristics of the Chancellerie Font, distinctive to the cursives used in the 17th century in Kiev and Moscow. The transcription of the translation is illustrated with original copper engravings (17 of 140), hand-drawn copies of original drawings (17), and original (3) pictures. The majority of illustrations are missing, some blank gaps meant for tables are present, and several tables have been redacted completely. The contents of Selenographia were adapted to fit the environment of its purchaser: all dedications and celebratory texts dedicated to Hevelius were removed and supplementary texts were eliminated, an original preface created by the translator was added, and only an anonymous "ruler" is mentioned. The transcription of the text was intended to maintain the order of the text and illustrations as well as the exact glosses system present in the margins. All numbers and dates have been written in the Cyrillic alphabet; however a Western year numbering system was maintained, and the surnames of scientists were retained in their original Latin forms; objects named in schemes and diagrams were presented in the Latin alphabet. The coinciding fragments of an extant Selenographia translation (chapters 48, 51, 54, and 55) and texts of the codex kept in the LMAVB archives allow us to conclude that it is a translation made by S. Chizhinski during his service in Posol'skii prikaz (Moscow) in 1678-1681. Based on all the defined characteristics, as well as the unfinished appearance of the book and the variety of paper used, it may be concluded that it is a transcription meant for the diplomatic needs of Posol'skii prikaz rather than for the personal library of the Tsar. Efforts to find any evidence of the discussed Selenographia translation in the history of astronomy and book history in Lithuania were unsuccessful. It was not possible to clarify the history of the function of the codex as well. Nonetheless, the history of this book focuses one's attention to another little-studied topic in Lithuania - the connections of literature and book culture in the 17th century that bridge the GDL and the Tsardom of Russia. To sum up, it may be concluded that access to new archival sources in Russia and Lithuania and a detailed chemical analysis of materials making up the codex (the ink in particular) would affirm or deny the conclusions reached in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the article, the authors suggest the most important principles of the quality of the vocational training process. Lithuanian vocational education is part of a clearly structured education system, where it is relatively easy to move among different educational levels and without vocational training it also includes general (pre-school, preprimary, primary, basic and secondary) and higher education (colleges and universities). The majority of vocational training programmes are implemented in the school system, i.e. training takes place in licensed offices. According to the data of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Lithuania, vocational education is initial and continuous. Initial vocational training can be only formal, but continuous - both, formal and informal. Formal vocational training programmes are carried out by 70 state and 3 non-state vocational education institutions. In the research, three vocational education schools were selected by random selection method from each region of Lithuania (Marijampolė and Alytus, Utena, Panevėžys, Šiauliai, Telšiai and Tauragė, Klaipėda, Kaunas, Vilnius). The mentioned above sampling method ensures that the generic set elements are selected independently from each other, they are irreplaceable. Data was collected from 24 Lithuanian vocational schools (i.e. 34% of schools were surveyed). 240 teachers, 340 students and 48 school heads were interviewed in total. Thus, the overall number of participants in the study was 628 (n = 628). The paper presents the most significant findings and conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By focusing on the application of 6 Sigma this paper analyses the process of human resource management in Vilnius city municipality administration. With increasing requirements to servants and employees of publ ic institutions, the main attention should focus on unnecessary activities and the elimination of wastes. The purpose of article is to analyze the process of human resource management and to identify the criteria which would improve the management of human resources. According to the scientific literature analysis and qualitative research results of Vilnius City Municipality Administration, the article introduces wastes of the human resources management process and gives practical suggestions - how to improve the process of human resources management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During a walk huge nests were found on the forest floor. Despite the absence of evidence, it was decided that the nests had been made by the Bigfoot. The incident encouraged the attempt to figure out why people get to believe in the most incredible things so easily instead of looking for a logical and often simpler explanation of a certain phenomenon. The investigation of the belief issue (related to paranormal occurrences) has grown into a project for exhibition. While preparing for the exhibition, documentaries on the Bigfoot were analysed to define principles for creating such programs. On the basis of these principles, a narrative system formula for enabling the belief in its subject was worked out and a model for the narrative belief system was created. In the exhibition, the model was used to develop a story about the Bigfoot who made nests on the forest floor. Despite the fact that the show clearly stated that the Bigfoot story had been simulated by using the model of the narrative belief system and that the presented artifacts did not prove the existence of the Bigfoot, a significant number of visitors turned out to believe in the story of the Bigfoot. The paper reviews the exhibition, which became some sort of experiment, and discusses how and why the model of the narrative belief system works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the phenomenon of artistic research as a cultural object within the framework of the cultural diamond scheme created by Wendy Griswold. The paper does not attempt to explore the entire field of artistic research, but focuses specifically on artistic research conducted by artists researchers at Vilnius Academy of Arts during their doctoral studies. Rather than engaging in the definition of artistic research and its critique, the article looks into what role artistic research plays in the whole network of the creator, receiver and social world. In this case a student is the creator, the academy is the receiver, institutions and social groups form the social world, and artistic research is a cultural object. The article attempts to explain interconnections, influences, power relations and tensions existing among these players. The author speaks from an insider position as she is part of the field herself. It is concluded that despite scepticism from different social groups (including artists themselves), artistic research has already revealed its social and cultural significance as "historically transmitted model of meaning" albeit constantly changing. The article reinforces Griswold's point that the significance of a single cultural object (one artistic research performed by one particular doctoral student in this case) is minimal in the whole social network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores textual practices in the field of contemporary visual art in relation to the paradigm of contemporary art and to the development of cultural economy. From the perspective of cultural sociology, the aim of this study is to reveal how paradigmatic patterns affect various textual and linguistic forms of contemporary visual art, encouraging an expansion of art boundaries and extension of artworks into various texts, discourses, stories and messages. Textual and linguistic forms of visual art have achieved significance within conceptual art and have become the conductors of systematic transgressivity of art, eventually linking artistic practice to anthropology and philosophy. Cultural industries and new paradigms of cultural management also have a strong influence on the textuality of contemporary visual art by narrowing the field of critical thought and increasing the impact of pervasive communication. The paper concludes that the contemporary art world is governed by a system of integral capitalism, which subordinates art and culture to economic interests. The latter are reflected not only in the principles of art management, but also in the circulation of conceptual ideas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of a cyclic triaxial test on soil, namely gravely sand. These tests are very important for the evaluation of engineering geological and geotechnical conditions when the strata is loaded with cyclic loads. The provided research work shows the resilient Young's modulus change according to cycles quantity, stress deviator change and applied cell pressure. During the investigations, the constant cycles frequency (1 Hz) was applied. This frequency imitates moving road loads (moving car's first and second axis load on road construction). Cycles quantity could be used for ranking materials on the basis of their plastic deformability. During this research it was obtained that investigated soil behaviour acts as stable deformation behaviour (plastic shakedown). The conditioning phase was realised using stress deviator values from 10 to 200 kPa with total cycles quantity 20 000. Analysing soil behaviour at the conditioning phase it was obtained that total sample deformation is less than 2.0% and resilient strain in the middle of the sample is less than 0.5%. According to characteristic permanent axial strain, investigated soil is classified as C3 class. The repeated loading phase was realised using stress deviators from 10 to 200 kPa with cell pressure from 20 to 70 kPa. Repeated loading for resilient testing showed that the resilient Young's modulus depends on applied cell pressure and stress deviator minimum and maximum values. The investigated soil sample shape after tests was almost the same as before the tests. Obtained results are very valuable when it is necessary to evaluate soil behaviour under different cyclic loading and load stresses. Also, when repeated loading tests are provided with different cell pressures it is possible to imitate soil layer behaviour in different depths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spirituality is a basic human drive with diverse forms of expression that make for unique patterns of thinking consonant with an advanced level of cognition and integration of information. The paper features the Humanistic Spirituality Model, which captures the essential dimensions of humanistic spirituality through three components: self-actualisation, transcendence and ultimate meaning in life. The Humanistic Spirituality Inventory (HSI), a measure of spirituality developed on the basis of the Humanistic Spirituality Model, contains three scales corresponding to the three model components. According to the results of the HSI validation study (N = 331), the instrument has good psychometric properties, i.e. adequate content and construct validity as well as satisfactory internal consistency and test-retest reliabilities, which makes it a proper spirituality research measure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different sides of the development of psychology as a science, a teaching subject and a professional activity in Lithuania during the 100-year period are analyzed and discussed. This analysis is performed in the context of the institutionalization of the modern Lithuanian State. The three main premises of the development of psychology in Lithuania are revealed: the sociopolitical and economical context of state, the influence of the global field of psychology and the activities of the enthusiasts of profession. The extent of development of psychology in Lituania during the different periods of Lithuanian history of last 100 years of its existance is evaluated according to 10 criteria of recognizing the profession: 1) Social need; 2) State regulation of the profession; 3) Legislative basis of the profession; 4) Trust by society and authority; 5) Control of professional competence; 6) Being included in a classification of scienes and a scientific studies system; 7) Education (teaching and training) of the profession; 8) Professional and scientiffic communication (journals, conferences); 9) Values and professional ethics; 10) Professional self-regulation (professional NGO). The development of psychology in Lithuania can be divided in stages according to the context of the modern state's development events: 1) Before the year 1918 (the period of arousal and enlightenment in psychological culture); 2) The years 1918-1940 (start of the institutionalization of psychology in the First Republic of Lithuania); 3) The years 1940-1944 (an empty, topsyturvy-esque or confused of social and economical life stage during the Second World War); 4) The years 1945-1988 (an unsettled stage of training and researches in psychology with stabilization after when psychologists were begun to be educated at Vilnius University in 1969); 5) The years 1989-2018 (a dissociation from the Russian academic field of psychology and an independent development with the rising ifluence of Western academic psychological influences). The names of the main enthusiasts of the institutionalization of psychology in Lithuania during the five listed stages are presented. The main persons from this list were Alfonsas Gučas (1907-1988), Jonas Vabalas-Gudaitis (1881-1955), Vladas Lazersonas (1889-1945) and Juvencijus Lapė (1925-1911). The main conclusion of paper is that psychology in Lithuania, during the 100-year period, was developed according to all 10 criteria; it was reasonably adapted to the national state culture and infrastructure. In other words, at the present time, we can speak and write not only about the development of psychology in Lithuania but about a Lithuanian psychology - a nationally indigenized profession. Eleven features of indeginized psychology are also listed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transient epileptic amnesia Is an adult onset form of temporal epilepsy which is characterised by recurrent acute seizure-induced amnesia often accompanied by ongoing memory disturbances of autobiographical, topographical amnesia and accelerated longterm forgetting. The first ease report of transient epileptic amnesia was described more than a hundred years ago. However, more extensively investigations of this type of epilepsy were started not long ago. In 1998 diagnostic criteria were formulated: 1) history of recurrent witnessed episodes of transient amnesia; 2) cognitive functions other than memory arc judged to be intact during typical episodes by a reliable witness; 3) evidence for a diagnosis of epilepsy, provided by one or more of the following: (a) wake or sleep electroencephalography; (b) the co-occurrence of other seizure types (if their roughly concurrent onset and/or close association with episodes of transient amnesia suggested a connection); (c) a clear-cut response to anticonvulsant therapy. From case reports that are analysed in literature it is not difficult to summarise clinical characteristics: transient epileptic amnesia usually starts later in life, more often in men than in women; amnestic episodes are brief, recurrent and often occur upon waking; memory loss is usually mixed type with anterograde and retrograde amnesia; in 65% of patients amnesia is associated with gustatory or olfactory hallucinations, deja vu, a brief period of unresponsiveness, automatisms; epileptiform abnormalities on electroencephalography were seen in 43% cases; although transient epileptic amnesia has an excellent response rate to anticonvulsant therapy, between episodes patients still suffer from accelerated long-term forgetting, remote memory impairment and topographical amnesia. Differential diagnostic of transient epileptic amnesia Is diverse and diagnosis Is usually inaccurate and overdue. Treatment with monotherapy often helps totally prevent recurrence of attacks. In the paper we review two case reports of patients with transient epileptic amnesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]