60 results
Search Results
2. [My experience of receiving the American Association of Physicists in Medicine Best Paper Award 2011].
- Author
-
Takagi H
- Subjects
- Health Physics, Medical Oncology, Radiology, Societies, Medical, United States, Awards and Prizes
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. [New study on the history of anesthesiology (2)--who is the first Japanese to write a scientific paper for the journal "Anesthesiology"?].
- Author
-
Matsuki A
- Subjects
- Bibliographies as Topic, History, 20th Century, Humans, Japan, United States, Anesthesiology history, Periodicals as Topic
- Abstract
The beginning of modern anesthesiology in Japan dates back to 1950 when Dr M. Saklad of Rhode Island Hospital came to Japan to give his lectures on endotracheal anesthesia and related procedures. Since then, many Japanese surgeons visited the United States to learn anesthesiology in depth and they began to write their papers for foreign journals. According to my survey of the journal "Anesthesiology" from Vol 1 (1940) through Vol 21 (1960), I found 12 scientific papers written by Japanese. The first paper by Japanese appeared in this journal published in 1955 entitled as "Observations on the action of thiopental (Pentothal) on the laryngeal reflex" by Akira Horita et al. He was born in the United States in 1928 as a son of Japanese immigrants. He was graduated from the University of Washington at Seattle to become professor or pharmacology. The first paper based on studies performed in Japan by Japanese authors appeared in 1956. It was entitled as "The spread of drugs used for spinal anesthesia" by Kitahara et al. This paper is the English translation of their Japanese paper which appeared in Nippon Rinsho Geka Ikai Zasshi entitled as "Basic Study on Spinal Anesthesia in 1953".
- Published
- 2000
4. [A position paper by the ANA Comittee on Education].
- Subjects
- United States, American Nurses' Association, Education, Nursing
- Published
- 1975
5. アメリカ合同教会と気候正義 ─気候変動政策に対する合意形成のプロセスとその神学的論拠─.
- Author
-
木 谷 佳 楠
- Subjects
CLIMATE justice ,GOVERNMENT policy on climate change ,ENVIRONMENTAL justice ,CLIMATE change mitigation ,PROTESTANT churches ,SOCIAL justice - Abstract
Copyright of Study of Christianity & Social Problems / Kirisutokyo Shakaimondai Kenkyu is the property of Institute for Study of Humanities & Social Sciences, Doshisha University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2024
6. 旧陸軍接収文書の返還状況について-陸軍省大日記類を中心に-.
- Author
-
石本理彩
- Subjects
MILITARY requisitions ,INTERNATIONAL relations ,WAR reparations - Abstract
Copyright of Records Management: Journal of the Records Management Society of Japan is the property of Records Management Society of Japan and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2022
7. アメリカの学部学生用図書館のサービスと概念の変遷: 1990 年代以降の変化を中心に.
- Author
-
Niimi, Makiko
- Subjects
UNDERGRADUATE libraries ,LIBRARY public services ,ACADEMIC library administration ,ACADEMIC library research ,LIBRARIES & students - Abstract
Purpose: This paper reviews historical changes and trends in undergraduate libraries in the US since the 1990s, focusing on the contents of services provided, and examines how the concept of 'undergraduate library service' has changed in the US. Methods: First, through an extensive review of the literature, important discussions or assertions on changes in undergraduate libraries are systematically enumerated. Second, 23 universities having their own undergraduate libraries in 2009 were selected, and their services were surveyed by examining their websites and documents published about the undergraduate libraries. Third, a detailed case study was performed for four universities in which the undergraduate library had drastically changed and two universities that introduced a new undergraduate library in the.1990s. Results: The results show that the services of undergraduate libraries have: 1) become more integrated, 2) played a greater role in university education, and 3) become more sensitive to students' achievements. Also, library operations for the services have: 1) become more collaborative within the library system, and concurrently 2) become more collaborative with faculty members and campus's units. On the other hand, the concept of undergraduate library services has changed from "services within libraries exclusively used by undergraduate students in research universities" to "services for undergraduate students provided totally by the whole library system". More recently, services have become recognized as an important activity to be executed by the whole university, not only the library, through effective collaboration among departments involved in the education of undergraduate students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
8. アメリカの図書館経営における経営戦略論: 1960 年代から2000 年代.
- Author
-
KOIZUMI, Masanori
- Subjects
LIBRARY administration ,STRATEGIC planning ,LIBRARIES ,LIBRARY science ,INFORMATION science ,BIBLIOMETRICS ,BIBLIOGRAPHIC databases - Abstract
Purpose: This paper clarifies the characteristics of theories on the strategic management of libraries in the United States, focusing on: 1) how strategic management concepts have been applied to operations or tasks in libraries, 2) the degree to which strategic management theories have an impact on them, and 3) whether library staff place a high value on the results of applying the theories. Methods: First, a set of strategic management theories to be investigated was selected from standard text- books of business administration and library management. Second, for each theory in the set, bibliography and bibliographic databases, Library Literature, LISA and LISTA, were searched in order to identify documents discussing it. Third, cases studies and bibliometric analysis were attempted based on the documents. In case studies, some actual cases of applying the theories to library management were extracted from documents, and how the theories were implemented in library operations and how they were evaluated by library staff were analyzed. On the other hand, in bibliometric analysis, the numbers of documents were counted by year, and chronological trends of popularity of the theories in libraries were empirically clarified. Results: The cases studies show that library managers in the US are particularly concerned about `planning' and `evaluation'. However, in most cases, it would have been difficult to progress from planning to practice. Also, library managers tend to select theories on administrative organization rather than those oriented toward the external environment. Although most management theories were not adequately implemented in the cases, only theories on core competence would have been accepted positively and incorporated adequately into practice in libraries. The bibliometric analysis clarified that the impact of management strategy theories is increasing each year, and new theories are being applied in library situations more quickly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
9. Determinants of the Perceived Risk of Crime: The unique factors identified in Japan through an international comparison.
- Author
-
SAKAGUCHI, Yusuke
- Subjects
FEAR of crime ,RISK perception ,PSYCHOLOGY of women ,GERIATRIC psychology ,PSYCHOLOGY of men ,SOCIOECONOMIC factors ,SOCIAL surveys ,COMPARATIVE studies - Abstract
This paper attempts to answer the following question: "What type of people are likely to perceive the risk of crime victimization, and why?" Empirical research on the fear of crime in the West, which began in the 1960s, indicates that women, old people, and lower socio-economic groups have a tendency to perceive the risk of crime. Researchers have attributed the tendency in these groups to their physical and social vulnerability. In order to find out whether we can apply the results of the research conducted in the West to Japanese society, we compare the determinants of the perceived risk of crime in Japan with those of the perceived risk of crime in the United States. This comparison is conducted by analyzing the data of General Social Surveys (GSS) and Japanese General Social Surveys (JGSS) held in 2000. The findings reveal that in the United States, women, old people, and low-income groups are more likely to perceive the risk of crime; this perception can be attributed to their physical and social vulnerability. On the other hand, in Japan, it was found that young women, men having young children, and white-collar or highly educated women are more likely to perceive the risk of crime. However, their risk perception cannot be explained by physical and social vulnerability. This paper illustrates the unique factors underlying the perceived risk of crime in Japan: fear of sexual crime, vulnerability of the significant other, differences in the wording of GSS and JGSS, opportunities of walking alone at night, and the role of the media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Educating Sociologists in a Changing Context: Expansion of graduate enrollment and the myth of the "American model".
- Author
-
Sato, Ikuya
- Subjects
GRADUATE education ,UNITED States education system ,EDUCATION policy ,CURRICULUM ,PUBLIC administration ,POLICY sciences - Abstract
The phenomenal expansion of enrollment in graduate programs has brought about various disastrous consequences in the quality of postgraduate education in Japan. The "American" system of graduate education—in particular, its relatively high rate of enrollment—has often been quoted as the basis for the public policy on the expansion of graduate enrollment in Japan. On the other hand, the programs and curriculums characteristic of U.S. institutions have been hailed as the ideal model to be emulated. A close examination of the so-called American model of graduate education, however, reveals that the arguments for the American model have been accompanied by serious misunderstandings. This paper first delineates the causes and consequences of the expansion of graduate education in Japan. It then shows some of the research findings of a comparative study on graduate education in the U.S. and Japan. This paper concludes with the argument that blind mimicry of the American model would lead to detrimental consequences for students, teachers, and the academic discipline itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. A Case Study on Learning and Teaching Support Provided by Earlham College Library.
- Author
-
Nagasawa, Tayo
- Subjects
ACADEMIC libraries ,TEACHING ,LIBRARY administration ,LIBRARY reference services ,HIGHER education research ,COLLEGE teachers ,EARLHAM College. Library - Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to explain the content and context of learning and teaching support provided by Earlham College Library as part of a series of research projects on the educational function of college and university libraries. The Earlham College Library was selected because in has provided diverse programs to support learning and teaching since the 1960s and its practices have influenced many college and university libraries in the U.S. Methods: This research conducts a descriptive case study presenting a detailed account of the learning and teaching support provided by Earlham College Library. The data are interview data, archival records, administrative documents, reports, dissertations, data on physical artifacts, and observational data. Results: Programs to support learning and teaching are initiated to respond to the actual and potential needs of clients and to integrate library programs into existing services provided by the college body. The programs use techniques such as repeatedly publicizing the existence and the educational role of the College Library and its reference librarians and providing support to courses in which research papers have been assigned. In terms of programs that support learning, it was found that undergraduates appreciated course-related instruction on specific topics, but were not as likely to accept similar instruction for multiple courses or course-related instruction on general topics. Faculty members were found to recognize on improvement in the quality of their student's performance as a result of their enhanced information retrieval skills. The evaluation of programs that support teaching revealed that faculty members were able to develop a clearer sense of the role of the College Library and its reference librarians in the educational system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. On JALT96: Crossing Borders. Proceedings of the Annual JALT International Conference on Language Teaching and Learning (23rd, Hiroshima, Japan, November 1996).
- Author
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Japan Association for Language Teaching, Tokyo., Cornwell, Steve, Rule, Peggy, Sugino, Toshiko, Cornwell, Steve, Rule, Peggy, Sugino, Toshiko, and Japan Association for Language Teaching, Tokyo.
- Abstract
Papers from an international conference on language teaching/learning are presented by topic and grouped under seven sections. An introductory section contains two papers on cultural diversity and world English. The second section, on teacher development, contains papers on these topics: teacher development and socialization; teachers' responses to questions about instruction; characteristics of a good language lesson; teaching students to understand instruction; students' reasons for poor English skills; cross-cultural aspects of the teacher's role; and an instructional materials development workshop. The third section, on classroom techniques and issues, addresses these topics: postsecondary level cooperative learning in Japan; shared inquiry for fostering critical thinking in English-as-a-Second-Language (ESL) instruction; story grammar as a reading and discussion strategy; use of Japanese literature in reading instruction; multimedia second language reading instruction; vocabulary building; Japanese particle usage; beginning writing instruction; discipline-based technical writing; peer writing evaluation; oral communication instruction; dance as an instructional technique; test revision; and continuous assessment using computer-assisted instruction. In section 4, papers on use of technology in the classroom address: use of the Internet; on-line newspapers and magazines; computerized test and materials development; designing materials t accompany videos; and content video in ESL instruction. Papers on cultural issues in section 5 include these topics: multiculturalism in the classroom; comparing cultures through critical thinking; authority and individualism in Japan and the United States; a study trip to France; setting the stage in kindergarten; comparative social studies; folklore in ESL instruction; Model United Nations; global issues; geography instruction; gender issues; and English variation. The final section contains five papers on the Linguapax Program of the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). Papers are primarily in English, with some Japanese and French included. (MSE)
- Published
- 1997
13. フーリエ変換を用いた旅客機の受注推移における周期性の分析.
- Author
-
片桐一彰, 瀧谷俊夫, 谷川雅之, and 古寺雅晴
- Subjects
UNITED States economy ,AIR freight ,TURBOFAN engines ,AIRCRAFT occupants ,FIBROUS composites ,FACTORY orders - Abstract
Technologies related to the passenger aircrafts equipped with turbofan engines and carbon fiber composite materials have made remarkable progress. Also, air passengers and freight have been steadily increased. However, due to the effects of the world economy, the number of passenger aircraft orders for aircraft manufacturers has been considerably fluctuated. Large fluctuations in orders make it difficult to manage the supply chain and formulate production plans, and to determine the timing of capital investment. To stabilize the management of aircraft manufacturers and suppliers, it is important to predict the number of passenger aircraft orders to some extent. In this study, by using the Fourier transform, the periodicity of the passenger aircraft ordering trends since 1960 were analyzed. As a result, it was found that the passenger aircraft ordering trends could be simulated, and the periods of the waveform of the ordering trends of passenger aircraft were approximately 8 to 10 years. Further, it was clarified that the waveforms were synchronized with the expansion and recession periods of United States economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
14. アメリカン*フロンティアの成立条件——アメリ力の消費社会化に関す...
- Author
-
Aoyama Kenji
- Subjects
CONSUMERISM ,SURPLUS (Economics) ,FRONTIER & pioneer life ,TECHNOLOGICAL innovations ,MASS production ,FARMS ,CONSUMPTION (Economics) - Abstract
Copyright of Japanese Sociological Review / Shakaigaku Hyoron is the property of Japan Sociological Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2014
15. School Track and Expectations under Different School-to-work Linkage: An International Comparison between Japan, Germany, and the United States.
- Author
-
Taki, Hirofumi
- Subjects
EDUCATION ,SCHOOL-to-work transition ,VOCATIONAL education - Abstract
This paper aims to clarify how educational and occupational expectations of students are conditioned by school track under Japanese school-to-work linkage. We compare Japan to the US and Germany, which have specific characteristics of school-to-work linkage of their own according to the literature. Our analysis is based on Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) data collected by OECD. Using indicators from the literature, we can define the institutional characteristics of each country as follows: all the indicators are high in Germany, and low in the US, but in the case of Japan, the indicators for stratification and standardization are high, while vocational specificity is low. From the patterns of these indicators, we construct hypothesis about the effect of school track on students' educational and occupational expectations in each country. From our analysis, we can see that tracking in Germany strongly affects the educational and occupational expectations, while tracking in the US did not strongly affect either expectation. In Japan, school track strongly constrained educational expectations, but not occupational expectations. These results can be consistently interpreted as a consequence of different school-to-work linkages in these countries explained by using three indicators above. Therefore, we can conclude that we succeeded in clarifying distinguishing characteristics of the school track effect on student expectations in Japan compared to the US and Germany in relation to the institutional differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Post-Industrialization of Japan and the Fluidity of Youth Employment: Looking from the Simultaneity of Bureaucracy and Individualization.
- Author
-
Takahara, Motoaki
- Subjects
YOUTH employment ,BUREAUCRACY ,INDUSTRIAL relations ,IMMIGRANTS ,FINANCIAL crises ,INDUSTRIALIZATION - Abstract
The aim of this paper is to examine the fluidity of youth employment and the tertiary industrialization that is part of international trade and the change in Japan's industrial policy. This process, known as "post-industrialization," occurred in every developed country; however, Japan contained the following unique characteristics: (a) a cruel division, known as "company-centricism," existed between employees inside/outside the companies; (b) the two Oil Crises had comparatively weak consequences in Japan because of the strong cooperation between capital and labor, so that the dominant position of existing large corporations did not collapse, as in the case of the United States and UK; (c) lower-class labor, which inevitably increases during the "post-industrialization" process, was supplied by the nation itself and not by immigrants. At that time, the increase in the fluidity of youth employment was explained by policy- makers as a positive contribution to the national economy, although the same phenomenon is viewed as a symptom of economic crisis today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. A Comparative Sociology of Introductory Sociology Textbooks in Japan and the United States: Social Construction of Basic Sociological Knowledge in College Education.
- Author
-
Kariya, Takehiko
- Subjects
SOCIOLOGY literature ,TEXTBOOKS ,SOCIOLOGY education ,EDUCATION policy ,UNITED States education system ,SOCIOLOGICAL research - Abstract
What kind of sociological knowledge is transmitted in college education? Introductory textbooks on sociology represent its identity as a discipline. In this paper, I analyze the contents of introductory sociology textbooks in Japan and the United States from a comparative perspective. I find different degrees of institutionalization or standardization of sociological knowledge between the two countries. Japanese textbooks cover fewer fields of sociological research and the demarcation between the different fields is weaker in Japan than it is in the United States, i.e., the textbooks are less standardized in Japan. I argue that these differences are derived from the different educational contexts of college education in these two societies. Japanese textbooks are increasingly shifting toward "perspective-oriented" knowledge from explanations of sociological concepts or theories. This tendency further reduces the standardization of sociological knowledge imparted in Japanese colleges. Finally, I raise a question about the direction Japanese sociological knowledge production will take and the extent to which this knowledge production is influenced by the changing styles of reproducing knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. A prospect of knowledge informatics through redefinition of library and information science.
- Author
-
Hirotoyo, Ishii
- Subjects
INFORMATION science libraries ,INFORMATION professionals ,HIGHER education ,SOCIAL institutions ,HUMAN behavior ,LIBRARIANS - Abstract
Directions of future development of library and information science (LIS) and higher education of information professionals are of great concern to information practitioners and librarians under the drastic change in information environment. The purpose of this paper is to examine the object of LIS study and to reconstruct the definition of LIS so as to get a clear view of a future development of the field. After examining a new stream of LIS in the United States, LIS was defined as a field on human actions, social institutions, and technologies which relate to 'sharing knowledge through records in a society' , which is fundamental to all kinds of activities in the society. A knowledge and information space' model was proposed to frame the object of LIS study. The intellectual structure of the field was also shown. Thus LIS has possibility and potential newly restructured field of 'knowledge informatics'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. The definition of the term 'life-log' and related legal accountabilities: The appropriateness of using personal records for commercial purposes.
- Author
-
Shimpo, Fumio
- Subjects
DATA security ,DATA protection laws ,TRADE regulation - Abstract
This paper will focus on the definition of the term 'life-log' and will suggest a proposition for managing the legal responsibilities when constructing 'lifelogs'. A life-log is a comprehensive archive of personal, everyday life which is collected by computing technologies. This information is used for business purposes such as online behavioural advertising. However, the meaning of the term 'life-log' is vague. Moreover, the distinction between personally identifiable information(PII) and non-personally identifiable information(non-PII) is not clear. The traditional notion of what constitutes PII or non-PII is becoming less and less meaningful. Therefore, I will try to clarify the complete range of legal accountability issues related to the collection of data for constructing a 'life-log'. I will examine the following issues:- concerns about the technical and legal issues of using 'lifelogs'; obligations related to the Personal Information Protection Act; principles concluded by (2010 May) the Study Committee of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications of Japan; Self-Regulatory Principles for Online Behavioural Advertising by the Federal Trade Commission and industry groups in the United States. I will make reference to some legally important cases concerning the public disclosure of embarrassing and 'private facts' of a specific individual and of such publicity placing this individual in a false light in the public eye. Finally, I will examine the legal accountabilities of handling 'lifelogs'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. U.S. Patent Reform Act, outline and commentary.
- Author
-
Kenichi, Hattori
- Subjects
PATENT law ,INTELLECTUAL property ,ROYALTIES (Copyright) ,PATENTS ,TECHNOLOGY ,PHARMACEUTICAL industry ,EDUCATION ,INFORMATION storage & retrieval systems -- Industries - Abstract
U.S. Patent Reform Act has suddenly been appeared from early 2005 and there are several reasons behind this development. First, copying Lemelson strategy, a number of patent companies purchase third-parties' non-using paper patents and subsequently demand / sue big companies for a large amount of damages / royalties by threatening injunction (a so-called patent troll). The major target of this strategy is IT industry who must use a large number of patents in their systems. Second, there are just too many silly patents issued from the USPTO which make the above problem more complicated. Third, on too many occasions, a large amount of damages are allowed for patents on small or minor elements simply because they are used in a big machine or systems. Because of mainly the above problems, several national studies about current U.S. patents system had been conducted and, as a result, revealed that the current U.S. patent system is not promoting technology development and is rather causing friction. The recent Patent Reform Act was prepared and proposed by the initiative of, mainly, IT industry. However, there are substantial conflicts about the details of the Patent Reform Act among IT industry, pharmaceutical industry, bio industry and academic sector. Thus, two different versions of the Act have been published but are now stalled due to the above conflict. In any event, since there is not much opposition against the first-inventor-to-file systems, it is almost certain that the future U.S patent system will change along this direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. IT Policies of the Major Countries and Economies No. 1 The United States.
- Author
-
Toshio, Kaneko
- Subjects
INFORMATION technology ,GOVERNMENT policy ,ELECTRONIC commerce ,INFORMATION services ,COMPUTER industry - Abstract
The Internet and PCs have been spreading in the world since the 1990s. The usage of these technologies has been expanding not only in the business field but also in the ordinary society. One of those business styles is Electronic Commerce. Most of the governments of countries and economies are taking these information technologies into their policies and developing them as their own IT policy. This paper, first, takes a general view of the IT policy progress of the U.S. from the 1993 Clinton administration to the current Bush administration. And then it describes digital economy, new type of economy by IT, information security and electronic government. And last it mentions the Network Information Technology R&D, an R&D program related to computer systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Japanese Parents Bringing Up Their Children in English. Monographs on Bilingualism No. 2.
- Author
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Japan Association of Language Teachers, Okinawa. and Yukawa, Emiko
- Abstract
This monograph describes the experience of a Japanese family raising their children bilingually in Japan by adopting English as the home language. Both parents are native Japanese who went to graduate school in the United States and now teach English at the college level. Although both parents are very proficient in English, they recognize they will never reach native speaker level. Therefore, they decided to raise their two children as native English speakers, who will acquire Japanese from the community outside the home. In describing the methods used by the parents to raise their children bilingually, the decisions they had to make about culture, and the various periods in which one language or the other dominated as the family moved back and forth across the Pacific, the paper frequently cites and evaluates current research on bilingualism. (Author/VWL)
- Published
- 1994
23. [Japan-U.S. comparison of the effectiveness of fertility control--the analysis of the incidence of unplanned births (author's transl)].
- Author
-
Nohara Atoh M
- Subjects
- Abortion, Induced, Americas, Asia, Birth Intervals, Contraception Behavior, Demography, Developed Countries, Family Planning Services, Asia, Eastern, Fertility, Japan, North America, Population, Population Dynamics, Research, Research Design, Sexual Behavior, United States, Contraception, Evaluation Studies as Topic, Incidence, Pregnancy
- Published
- 1982
24. [Is "tobacco harm reduction" possible? Other countries' experiences and perspectives, and how they could inform tobacco control in Japan].
- Author
-
Katanoda K, Togawa K, and Nakamura M
- Subjects
- Humans, Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems, Japan, Nicotine, United States, Harm Reduction, Tobacco Control
- Abstract
"Tobacco harm reduction" is defined as a method to minimize harm and risk of death and disease without eliminating tobacco and nicotine use. In Japan, where heated tobacco products (HTPs) are prevalent, the tobacco industry is progressively endorsing the concept of "tobacco harm reduction." Therefore, stakeholders in tobacco control must urgently share perspectives and experiences surrounding this issue. This discussion paper aimed to propose four requirements for effectively implementing "tobacco harm reduction" as a public health measure: (1) disease risk reduction, (2) cigarette smoking cessation, (3) no additional public health concerns, and (4) regulatory authorities held by health agencies, and compile information on them regarding nicotine-containing electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) and HTPs. Another aim was to summarize policies related to "tobacco harm reduction" adopted by an international organization (World Health Organization (WHO) and health authorities in foreign countries (the United States of America (USA), the United Kingdom (UK), Australia, Italy, and the Republic of Korea) to explore the implications of these requirements on Japan's approach. Regarding the first three requirements, scientific evidence indicated that e-cigarettes offers some level of risk reduction and can assist with cigarette smoking cessation. The potential uptake of e-cigarettes among youth and their possibility to serve as a gateway to combusted cigarette use is a concern, though a definitive causal link is yet to be established between the uptake of e-cigarette in youth and the subsequent use of different tobacco products. There is insufficient scientific evidence for any of the three requirements for HTPs. Regarding the official policies, WHO took the position that the same regulations should be applied to all tobacco products. Only the UK and USA officially established a health system based on the concept of "tobacco harm reduction"; even in Italy and the Republic of Korea, where HTPs are relatively widespread, health authorities denied any risk reduction by introducing HTPs. The UK officially adopted a smoking cessation policy with e-cigarettes. The USA established a modified risk tobacco product system under federal legislation enacted in 2009, whereas of June 2023, no HTP or e-cigarettes were recognized as explicitly reducing health risk. Regarding the fourth requirement, the UK and USA institutionalized "tobacco harm reduction" under health authorities' regulation independent of the tobacco industry. The introduction of a tobacco harm reduction policy in Japan should be considered only in line with health authorities' regulation and implementation of comprehensive tobacco control measures independent of the tobacco industry.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. [Geographic information in National Cancer Registry data: Overseas examples and challenges in Japan].
- Author
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Katanoda K, Ito H, Ito Y, Katayama K, Nishino Y, Tsutsui A, Togawa K, Tanaka H, Ohno Y, and Nakaya T
- Subjects
- Humans, United States, Japan epidemiology, Registries, Privacy, Health Services Accessibility, Neoplasms epidemiology, Neoplasms prevention & control
- Abstract
Worldwide, research based on geographic information of official statistical data, including cancer registries, is utilized for cancer control and public health policies. The National Cancer Registry of Japan was launched in 2016, making it possible to use data on cancer incidence systematically. Given the nature of this comprehensive survey, the usefulness of the National Cancer Registry would be further enhanced when it is utilized at small-regional levels, such as in municipalities or even smaller geographical units. It is essential to maintain a balance between privacy protection and data usability. Currently, the national and prefectural councils determine the availability of the data from the National Cancer Registry at the small-regional level on an individual application basis. Under this framework, use of the data is often restricted or declined. This paper showcases three model countries where geographic information obtained from cancer registry data are widely utilized: the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom. It further discusses measures to ensure that data are effectively used, without compromising data privacy. In the three countries, data-providing systems have been established to compile the necessary data from the cancer registry and other linked databases, in accordance with the purpose of use. The relationships between healthcare access and various outcomes are elaborately examined at the small-regional level. In Japan, similar utilization of data has not been fully implemented, and there remain many hurdles to the application of the data use. For the National Cancer Registry to promote research and further enhance cancer control, it is necessary to establish a system that enables effective and safe utilization of the data from the National Cancer Registry, including linkage with other data and on-site use.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. [Gynecologic Oncology Global Clinical Trial Initiatives, since 1997].
- Author
-
Fujiwara K
- Subjects
- Female, Humans, United States, Genital Neoplasms, Female drug therapy, Clinical Trials as Topic
- Abstract
International collaboration in clinical trials in the field of gynecologic oncology has a long history. The reason for this is that the number of patients with gynecological cancer is halfway small, making it difficult for a single country to expeditiously conduct phase Ⅲ comparative trials to generate evidences. In order to keep up with this trend, we have been participating in trials under a worldwide network, starting with a joint trial with the United States. In this paper, we introduce our experience and the interesting events we have encountered in the course of these trials.
- Published
- 2023
27. [Big Data and AI Utilization in Stroke Care].
- Author
-
Nishimura K
- Subjects
- American Heart Association, Artificial Intelligence, Humans, United States epidemiology, Big Data, Stroke therapy
- Abstract
In recent years, over 5 million stroke cases in the United States and Europe have been registered in the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association's Get with the Guideline Stroke database. In the United States and Europe, studies on the extent to which standard treatment is provided for each disease(process indicators)are increasingly being conducted. In this paper, we discuss examples of the use of big data in neurosurgical diseases and its application and future prospects, while focusing on the contents of the presentation conducted at the 2021 Annual Meeting of the Japanese Neurosurgical Association.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. [Current Problems Associated with Overseas Health Products].
- Author
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Toda M and Uneyama C
- Subjects
- Bacterial Toxins analysis, Food Safety, Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points, Hepatitis etiology, Humans, Japan, Liver Failure etiology, Metals, Heavy analysis, United States, Dietary Supplements adverse effects, Dietary Supplements analysis, Functional Food adverse effects, Functional Food analysis
- Abstract
In recent years, consumer interest in health and health foods (e.g., dietary supplements) has increased, and the types of and market for health foods have also expanded rapidly. The safety of health foods is a significant concern in many countries. Numerous adverse events associated with the consumption of health foods have been reported. There are cases that have resulted in serious liver failure, renal failure, and death in other countries. These products may contain undeclared medical ingredients and toxic chemical compounds that are illegally and intentionally added or contain natural plant toxins. Products containing high levels of heavy metals have also been reported to cause such adverse events. Some products remain on the market, even after regulatory agencies alert consumers and issue warnings to their sellers. Moreover, because people can buy health foods from sources overseas via the Internet, adverse effects associated with the use of such products remain a concern. Two cases of adverse events were reported in Japanese individuals who purchased "OxyElite Pro" products imported privately. They are advertised as weight-loss and muscle-building products and have been associated with many cases of liver failure and hepatitis in the USA. In this paper, regulatory systems and adverse events associated with the use of health foods in other countries are discussed.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. ["Epistemic Negotiations" and the Pluralism of the Radiation Protection Regime: The Determination of Radiation Protection Standards for the General Population in the Early Years After World War II].
- Author
-
Higuchi T
- Subjects
- England, History, 20th Century, Japan, Radiation Protection legislation & jurisprudence, Radiation Protection standards, United States, Radiation Protection history
- Abstract
Radiation protection standards for the general population have constituted one of the most controversial subjects in the history of atomic energy uses. This paper reexamines the process in which the first such standards evolved in the early postwar period. While the existing literature has emphasized a "collusion" between the standard-setters and users, the paper seeks to examine the horizontal relationship among the standard-setters. It first examines a series of expert consultations between the United States and the United Kingdom. Representing a different configuration of power and interest, the two failed to agree on the assessment of genetic damage and cancer induction whose occurrence might have no threshold and therefore be dependent on the population size. This stalemate prevented the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), established in 1950, from formulating separate guidelines for the general public. Situations radically changed when the Bikini incident in 1954 led to the creation of more scientific panels. One such panel under the U.S. Academy of Sciences enabled the geneticists to bridge their internal divide, unanimously naming 100 mSv as the genetically permissible dose for the general population. Not to be outdone, ICRP publicized its own guidelines for the same purpose. The case examined in this paper shows that the standard-setting process is best understood as a series of "epistemic negotiations" among and within the standard-setters, whose agendas were determined from the outset but whose outcomes were not.
- Published
- 2015
30. [Clinical Introduction of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Major Depression in Japan].
- Author
-
Nakamura M
- Subjects
- Depressive Disorder, Major diagnosis, Humans, Japan, United States, United States Food and Drug Administration, Brain surgery, Depressive Disorder, Major therapy, Practice Guidelines as Topic, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation standards
- Abstract
Therapeutic applications of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) have long been awaited for not only neurological but also psychiatric disorders as a low-invasive transcranial brain stimulation. In 2008, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of the United States finally approved repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for medication-resistant patients with major depression. More recently, at the beginning of 2013, a deep TMS device with the H-coil received FDA approval as the second TMS device for major depression. In Japan, it is estimated that more than 200,000 patients with medication-resistant major depression could be candidates for rTMS treatment. To promote the clinical introduction of rTMS for major depression, joint discussion has been ongoing including the Japanese Society of Psychiatry and Neurology (JSPN), the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare (MHLW), and the Pharmaceutical and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA). On the other hand, some corporate efforts have begun to get MHLW/PMDA approval for a few types of rTMS device. In 2013, the JSPN established a new committee in order to discuss the introduction of neuromodulation methods such as rTMS in Japan. The committee has been discussing how rTMS should be introduced appropriately with expedition, considering the MHLW regulations for the expedited introduction or provisional use of advanced medical technology. Also, the MHLW has required related psychiatric societies to formulate clinical guidelines of rTMS for major depression in order to avoid any potential overuse or misuse. A number of controversies are ongoing, such as standards for the appropriate clinical application of rTMS, a suitable position of rTMS within the comprehensive treatment algorithm of major depression, and bioethical standards for brain stimulation (neuroethics). Moreover, there are some pragmatic issues. For instance, the Japanese Society of Clinical Neurophysiology (JSCN) has restricted repetitive TMS administration to medical doctors due to safety concerns. In order to disseminate rTMS in Japan, it should be discussed how to reduce the work-load of psychiatrists who administer rTMS on a daily basis. For this purpose, standards should be established by the JSCN to qualify non-MD rTMS operators under the supervision of psychiatrists. In this paper, recent progress in the clinical introduction of rTMS for major depression in Japan is reported, in order to facilitate future discussion about how rTMS should be introduced for patients with major depression in Japan.
- Published
- 2015
31. [Engineering education reform plan created by Prof. Dr. Shimizu and establishment of Nagoya Municipal Science Museum--regarding cooperative education between universities and industries in Japan after the Second World War].
- Author
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Mabuchi K
- Subjects
- Germany, History, 20th Century, Industry history, Interprofessional Relations, Japan, United States, Universities history, Engineering education, Museums history
- Abstract
This paper gives an account of Prof. Dr. Kinji Shimizu, the first president of Nagoya Institute of Technology, and his establishment of Nagoya Municipal Science Museum. After graduating from the Electrical Engineering Department of Kyoto Imperial University in 1923, Shimizu was impressed by the German Museum in Munich during his stay there as a student in 1932. It's the first time that he learned the education in cooperation with industries. Just after the Second World War, he became director general of the Ministry of Education. However, new education system given by the United States focused not on developing practical ability but on gaining the basic knowledge, which is contrary to what he expected. Then, he contributed to the establishment of the Japanese Society for Engineering Education, besides working as the president of Nagoya Institute of Technology in the earlier 1950s. His idea was supported by industries for the economic growth. Throughout his career, Prof. Dr. Shimizu was convinced that practical engineering education would benefit Japan, and wanted to introduce cooperative education between universities and industries, along the lines of the same system in Germany and the United States. With this vision he founded Nagoya Municipal Science Museum in cooperation with local industries and local government as his final achievement. The museum was completed in 1964.
- Published
- 2014
32. [The Chinese nuclear test and 'atoms for peace' as a measure for preventing nuclear armament of Japan: the nuclear non-proliferation policy of the United States and the introduction of light water reactors into Japan, 1964-1968].
- Author
-
Yamazaki M
- Subjects
- China, History, 20th Century, Japan, Nuclear Warfare history, Nuclear Warfare prevention & control, Public Policy history, Technology history, United States, International Cooperation history, Nuclear Reactors history, Nuclear Weapons history
- Abstract
Japan and the United States signed in 1968 a new atomic energy agreement through which US light-water nuclear reactors, including those of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant of Tokyo Electric Power Company, were to be introduced into Japan. This paper studies the history of negotiations for the 1968 agreement using documents declassified in the 1990s in the US and Japan. After the success of the Chinese nuclear test in October 1964, the United States became seriously concerned about nuclear armament of other countries in Asia including Japan. Expecting that Japan would not have its own nuclear weapons, the US offered to help the country to demonstrate its superiority in some fields of science including peaceful nuclear energy to counter the psychological effect of the Chinese nuclear armament. Driven by his own political agenda, the newly appointed Prime Minister Eisaku Sato responded to the US expectation favorably. When he met in January 1965 with President Johnson, Sato made it clear that Japan would not pursue nuclear weapons. Although the US continued its support after this visit, it nevertheless gave priority to the control of nuclear technology in Japan through the bilateral peaceful nuclear agreement. This paper argues that the 1968 agreement implicitly meant a strategic measure to prevent Japan from going nuclear and also a tactic to persuade Japan to join the Nuclear Non -Proliferation Treaty.
- Published
- 2014
33. [Stem cell research and science and technology policy in Japan].
- Author
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Yashiro Y
- Subjects
- Japan, Public Policy trends, Stem Cell Research legislation & jurisprudence, United States, Government Programs trends, Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells transplantation
- Abstract
In this paper I review the present condition of the regeneration medicine research using pluripotency and a somatic stem cell, and I describe the subject of the science and technology policy in Japan towards realization of regeneration medicine. The Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) supported research promotion by the prompt action in 2007 when establishment of the iPS cell was reported by Shinya Yamanaka. Although the hospitable support of the Japanese government to an iPS cell is continued still now, there are some problems in respect of the support to other stem cell researches, and industrialization of regeneration medicine. In order to win a place in highly competitive area of investigation, MEXT needs to change policy so that funds may be widely supplied also to stem cell researches other than iPS cell research.
- Published
- 2011
34. [Dissemination of medical information in Europe, the USA and Japan, 1850-1870: focusing on information concerning the hypodermic injection method].
- Author
-
Tsukisawa M
- Subjects
- Europe, History, 19th Century, Humans, Japan, Periodicals as Topic history, United States, Information Dissemination history, Injections, Subcutaneous history
- Abstract
Modern medicine was introduced in Japan in the second half of the nineteenth century. In order to investigate this historical process, this paper focuses on the dissemination of information of a new medical technology developed in the mid-nineteenth century; it does so by making comparisons of the access to medical information between Europe, the USA and Japan. The hypodermic injection method was introduced in the clinical field in Europe and the USA as a newly developed therapeutic method during the 1850s and 1870s. This study analyzed information on the medical assessments of this method by clinicians of these periods. The crucial factor in accumulating this information was to develop a worldwide inter-medical communication circle with the aid of the medical journals. Information on the hypodermic injection method was introduced in Japan almost simultaneously with its introduction in Europe and the USA. However, because of the geographical distance and the language barrier, Japanese clinicians lacked access to this worldwide communication circle, and they accepted this new method without adequate medical technology assessments.
- Published
- 2011
35. [Legal enforcement for non-adherent tuberculosis patients].
- Author
-
Ito K
- Subjects
- Humans, Japan, Jurisprudence, United States, Patient Compliance, Tuberculosis therapy
- Abstract
Purpose: To investigate the conditions that would allow for coercive measures for persistently non-adherent tuberculosis patients., Method: Literature review of the jurisprudential and medical papers, mainly of the United States., Result: We found relevant items in the following categories related to conditions allowing for coercive measures: truthful adequate purpose of the coercive measures, scientific evidence or prospects of effectiveness of the measures, individual risk assessment, existence of significant risk, proportionality principle, least restrictive alternative principle, and procedural due process., Conclusion: To establish a system of coercive measures for persistently non-adherent tuberculosis patients in Japan, we would first need to accomplish many tasks, including a significant broadening of the support services for tuberculosis patients.
- Published
- 2011
36. [Systematic training for occupational physicians in schools of public health in the US and its application to Japan's system--Master of Public Health Program at Harvard School of Public Health].
- Author
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Tsuji H, Usuda K, and Kono K
- Subjects
- Curriculum, Education, Medical, Graduate organization & administration, Educational Measurement, Female, Humans, Japan, Male, Occupational Health, Program Evaluation, Schools, Medical, United States, Occupational Medicine education, Public Health education, Schools, Public Health organization & administration
- Abstract
Objectives and Results: Globalization has progressed tremendously resulting in far-reaching changes in the work environment. In Japan, occupational health and safety (OSH) activities are performed under and improved by regulations. However, this system is not likely to satisfy the unceasing diversification of social demand for OSH in recent years. The US adopts a self-imposed OSH system with responsibility carried by employers under a system of minimum regulation. This paper introduces the systematic training for occupational physicians in schools of public health in the US, which is creating a base of OSH professionals who can meet social demand., Discussion: To satisfy the diverse demand for recent OSH, it is essential to improve the basic skills of occupational physicians and other OSH professionals by offering systematic training in Japan. Some examples of systematic training for occupational physicians in schools of public health in the US are discussed with the goal of improving Japan's future OSH.
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. [Umeko TSUDA and biology: a historical perspective of science and gender].
- Author
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Furukawa Y
- Subjects
- History, 19th Century, History, 20th Century, Japan, Teaching history, United States, Women's Rights history, Biology history
- Abstract
Umeko Tsuda (1864-1929), a pioneering educator for Japanese women and the founder of Tsuda College, was a scientist. As an English teacher at the Peeresses School in Tokyo, the young Tsuda was granted a leave of absence by the government to study "teaching method" at Bryn Mawr College, a women's college near Philadelphia. During her stay in Bryn Mawr(1889-1892), however, she majored not in pedagogy but in biology, despite the fact that the Peeresses School officially banned science education for noble women. Following the vision of the feminist Dean Carrey Thomas, Bryn Mawr College offered full-fledged professional education in science comparable to that of Johns Hopkins University. Bryn Mawr's Biology Department was growing; there, Tsuda took courses from such notable biologists as Edmund B. Wilson, Jacques Loeb, and the future Nobel Laureate Thomas H. Morgan. In her third year, under Morgan, she carried out experimental research on the development of the frog's egg, which was published in a British scientific journal as their joint paper two years later. Tsuda was considered one of the best students in the department, and Bryn Mawr offered her opportunities for further study. However, after much consideration, she chose to return to Japan. Although Tsuda gave up a possibly great career as a biologist in American academe, she knew that it was almost impossible for a woman to pursue a scientific career in Meiji Japan and wanted to develop her dream of establishing an English school for women. Her experience of "forbidden" scientific study at Bryn Mawr seems to have given her great confidence in realizing her feminist ideal of enlightening Japanese women at the women's school she founded in 1900, the forerunner of Tsuda College.
- Published
- 2010
38. [The position of nursing at the beginning of the Meiji Era: the elucidation of the original source of "Kango-Kokoroe," translated by Dr. Yunei Ota, and a comparative study of the original and translated versions].
- Author
-
Hino K
- Subjects
- Education, Nursing history, History, 19th Century, Humans, Japan, Professional Role, United States, History of Nursing, Physician-Nurse Relations, Textbooks as Topic history, Translations
- Abstract
In this paper, through a detailed comparison between a translated book on nursing and its original American source, I examine the position of nursing in the mentality of a Japanese doctor at the beginning of the Meiji Era. In 1877, Dr. Yunei Ota published a translated version of a book on nursing titled "Kango-Kokoroe." The original book, titled "A Universal Formulary, 3rd. Edition," was written by R. E. Griffith and published in 1873. Further, I show that Yunei Ota translated a part of its introduction. These two books differ in terms of their target audiences and purposes for publication. From the viewpoint of the doctor-nurse relationship, Yunei Ota described his unique mentality in his translation; that is, he stressed the importance of nursing by stating that nurses were for doctors as wings were for birds. This mentality was rarely found in the original American book. Moreover, Yunei Ota did not make a literal translation; instead, he selected, added, and deleted contents from the book in keeping with a practical standpoint. Yunei Ota recognized that nursing was an indispensable part of medical treatment and he advocated the necessity of nursing education before systematic nursing education had been established in Japan.
- Published
- 2008
39. [Report on role of occupational health nurses in the United States].
- Author
-
Hara Y and Ishihara I
- Subjects
- Adult, Case Management, Cost Savings, Female, Health Care Costs, Health Promotion, Humans, Japan, Licensure, Middle Aged, United States, Nurse's Role, Occupational Health, Occupational Health Nursing education
- Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to present the differences and similarities in the roles of occupational health nurses (OHNs) between the United States and Japan by reporting the results of interviews with seven OHNs who work at seven industries in the city and the suburbs of San Francisco. Four out of seven OHNs responded that one of their essential roles was "Case Manager", in regard to the prevention of work force reduction and the scaling back of workers' medical expenditures associated with work-related accidents. Only one of them responded that "Health Promotion Specialist" was the leading role, whereas 30% of the Japanese OHNs were engaged in this role, according to the results of a previous study. Similarly to the other roles of the Japanese OHNs, they also consider Clinicians, Managers, and OHS Coordinators as their important roles. Together, the result of interviewing the nurses indicated that the differences in the role delineation of the OHNs between the two countries depend upon their educational system of licensing as well as implementation of their responsibilities to the laws and regulations, including the Occupational Health and Safety Act, health examination of the OSHA Standard and employment of occupational medical doctors, medical insurance and compensation for workmen's accidents, etc. Furthermore, this visiting opportunity gave the authors suggestions for the advancement of educational programs to reinforce the professional activities of occupational health nursing in Japan.
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. [International comparison of the epidemiology of Kawasaki disease].
- Author
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Yanagawa H and Nakamura Y
- Subjects
- Asia epidemiology, Child, Child, Preschool, Europe epidemiology, Female, Humans, Male, Oceania, United States epidemiology, Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome epidemiology
- Abstract
We searched all of the scientific papers concerning Kawasaki disease published in the year 2000 and after, through the Kawasaki Disease Database managed in Jichi Medical University. In searching articles, a word "epidemiology" was keyed, therefore there may be missing in identifying articles related to the occurrence of the disease. The disease has already been reported from more than 60 countries as of 2004 around the world. It is estimated that the disease occurs in more countries at this point. From reviewing articles it was found that, (1) The incidence rates are highest in Japan followed by East Asian countries and areas surrounding Japan such as China, Hong Kong, Taiwan and Korea, (2) In many countries, the incidence rates are increasing, (3) There are no clear differences between countries in basic epidemiological pictures such as sex ratio, age distribution.
- Published
- 2008
41. [The differences of standard therapy for breast cancer between Europe/America and Japan--chemotherapy, operation,and radiotherapy].
- Author
-
Kitagawa D and Saji S
- Subjects
- Breast Neoplasms drug therapy, Breast Neoplasms radiotherapy, Breast Neoplasms surgery, Chemotherapy, Adjuvant, Combined Modality Therapy, Europe, Evidence-Based Medicine, Female, Humans, Japan, Mastectomy, Quality of Life, United States, Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols therapeutic use, Breast Neoplasms therapy
- Abstract
As increased incidence of breast cancer, the concept of standard therapy based on the evidence based medicine (EBM) has been widely applied to breast cancer treatment in Japan. Since the major parts of evidences are common in Western countries and Japan,general treatment strategy for standard care seems to be identical in both countries. However, there are still some differences due to the limited usages of anti-cancer drugs and supporting drugs. We would discuss about these issues in this paper.
- Published
- 2007
42. [Personal recollection of episodes devoted to my study of neuropathology].
- Author
-
Hirano A
- Subjects
- History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Japan, United States, Neurology history
- Abstract
I graduated from Kyoto University Faculty of Medicine in 1952. Following neurological residency training, I received neuropathological training at Montefiore Hospital under Dr. Zimmerman since 1956. During 1959-65, on the recommendation from Dr. Zimmerman and Dr. LT Kurlands, I was engaged in Guam project of NIH, as a visiting scientist, investigating ALS and parkinsonism-dementia complex, endemic fatal neurological disorders among the native Chamorro population. In 1965 I was appointed as head of the Division of Neuropathology at Montefiore Medical Center. I have been Professor of Pathology at Albert Einstein College of Medicine since 1971, Professor in the Dominick Purpura Department of Neuroscience at Albert Einstein College of Medicine since 1974, and The Harry M. Zimmerman Professor of Neuropathology, Montefiore Medical Center 1995. For over four decades, with the late Dr. Zimmerman, I have been host to 40 Japanese neurologists who have come to Montefiore for training in Neuropathology. Over 700 papers, 20 books have been published in our laboratory. Personal recollections of selected episodes devoted to study of neuropathology are described in this communication. These include fine structural investigation of brain edema demonstrating electron dense hematogenous edema fluid spreading expanding extracellular space in white matter, application of model of unrolled myelin sheath for elucidate structural alteration of myelin, the independent development of the pre- and postsynaptic terminals, study of SOD1 positive Lewy body-like inclusion in familial ALS and Hirano body.
- Published
- 2006
43. [Bibliometrical analysis of Medline publications in neuro-ophthalmology].
- Author
-
Ohba N
- Subjects
- United States, Bibliometrics, MEDLINE statistics & numerical data, Neurology, Ophthalmology
- Abstract
Purpose: To analyze the contents of international publications in neuro-ophthalmology during the past decade., Methods: Medline was searched with the Internet provider PubMed in December 2003, using "eye disease" as the medical subject heading and "optic nerve", "visual pathway", "visual cortex", "ocular motility", and "pupil" as subhead terms for retrieving English-language neuro-ophthalmic articles that were published between 1993 and 2002., Results: A total of 9,585 English-written original articles available for analysis were concerned with a wide range of basic and clinical neuro-ophthalmic subjects, the order of frequency being ocular motility (22.8%), optic nerve (17.2%), visual functions (17.2%), visual cortex (10.1%), retina (8.6%), ocular adnexa (5.9%), optic chiasm (5.8%), brainstem (3.1%), and pupil (3.0%). The major optic nerve disorders included demyelinated optic neuritis, Leber hereditary optic neuropathy, and ischemic optic neuropathy. The major ocular motility disorders were supranuclear palsy, progressive external ophthalmoplegia, and ocular motor nerve disease. The articles were contributed from 73 countries. The top 10 countries ranked by share were USA (40.4%), United Kingdom (10.2%), Japan (8.7 %), Germany (6.0%), Italy (4.0%), Canada (3.5%), France (3.5%), Australia (2.2%), Israel (1.8%), and Turkey (1.8%). Researchers with diverse specialties contributed to the neuro-ophthalmic publications, including ophthalmology (40.5%), neurology/neuroscience (21.7%), and neurosurgery (5.9%)., Conclusions: Neuro-ophthalmic papers were interdisciplinary, contributed by researchers with diverse specialties, and published in a wide range of biomedical as well as neurological journals.
- Published
- 2005
44. [Influence of European social medicine on US public health schools].
- Author
-
Okumura T
- Subjects
- Europe, History, 19th Century, History, 20th Century, Humans, United States, Education, Public Health Professional history, Schools, Public Health history, Social Medicine history, Universities history
- Abstract
The origin of modern social medicine, represented by Hygiene and Public Health, can be traced back to the European social medicines, products of their social mobilization after the Industrial Revolution. Nevertheless, mainstream current social medicines, and particularly their primal source of research methodology, US public health schools, are not, seemingly, faithful successors of the originator in their inclination toward biological reductionism and market economy. This paper, for the purpose of bridging this gap, surveys the rising of European social medicines and illustrates the history of US public health schools, clarifying their academic discontinuation in the early 20th century.
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. [Current guideline for hospital infection control in Japan].
- Author
-
Sakakibara Y and Takezawa J
- Subjects
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S., Evidence-Based Medicine, Humans, Japan, United States, Cross Infection prevention & control, Infection Control methods, Infection Control standards, Practice Guidelines as Topic
- Abstract
The Committee for Prevention of Nosocomial Infection organized by national university hospitals has developed guideline for preventing hospital acquired infections. This was developed after intensive and systematic reviews of the existing scientific papers, followed by a consensus meeting with presence of the infection control specialists. The guideline consisted of following categories: standard precaution, causality organism, urinary tract infection, ventilator associated pneumonia, surgical site infection, catheter related bloodstream infection, and accidental contamination by needles. We also plan to evaluate the effectiveness of this guideline, and continue to update it by our consistent review of scientific papers.
- Published
- 2002
46. [Role of psychiatrists in capital punishment cases : a review].
- Author
-
Nakajima N
- Subjects
- Humans, Insanity Defense, Japan, Mental Competency, Mentally Ill Persons, Prisoners psychology, United States, Capital Punishment legislation & jurisprudence, Ethics, Medical, Forensic Psychiatry, Physicians
- Abstract
Many medical organizations have passed resolutions banning participation of psychiatrists in legal executions, such as the Madrid Declaration of World Psychiatric Association. The Criminal Procedure Act of Japan prohibits the execution of the insane. Although the USA and Japan are both among the few so-called developed countries that have a system of capital punishment, many disputes about psychiatrists' participation in death penalty cases have occurred in the US, but few in Japan. This author has reviewed papers addressing this issue. The U.S. Supreme Court decided in Ford v. Wainwright that the execution of an "insane" inmate was not constitutional. The rationale for excluding the mentally incompetent from execution, however, is not completely clear. The most compelling reason is that execution does not satisfy the requirement for "effective retribution," since the insane criminal is not capable of understanding the implications of the death penalty. Nonetheless, there are those who dispute this interpretation and offer other explanations. Psychiatrists may be called upon to assess a criminal's competency for execution. Some find no problem with this practice, while others object to it stating that it conflicts with the ethical tenet to "first do no harm." Those who argue from a middle position insist on assessing competency while recognizing the existence of problems in making such an assessment. Furthermore, there is controversy over which factors exactly constitutes "competency to be executed." Usually, it is thought to be one's capacity to understand the nature of the death penalty and the reasons why the penalty is to be inflicted, but other arguments exist, including the capacity to assist legal counsel in last minute appeals. The question of whether to offer treatment to death row inmates who have been found incompetent to be executed is also under debate. The first position argues that they should "never be treated", because such prisoners would be executed when treatment restores competency. The second, always-treat-position, asserts that psychiatrists are responsible for treating severe mental illness whenever possible. The third, intermediate position, insists upon treatment with several conditions, which entail, for example, respecting the prisoner's autonomy and/or selecting forms of treatment that are unlikely to restore competency. When treatment is given, assessment as to whether competency has been restored is then required. This is still a troublesome issue. The decision in Perry v. Louisiana dealt with the question of whether the state may forcibly treat prisoners incompetent for execution. There were reports about ambivalence and anger among the staff of a psychiatric hospital where an inmate found incompetent for execution was treated. More than a few disputes insist that the ethical dilemma can only be resolved by commuting the sentences of incompetent death row prisoners to life imprisonment. This author further asserts that the secretiveness with which the Ministry of Justice of Japan handles these types of cases should be abolished as soon as possible.
- Published
- 2002
47. [Stress management in European countries and US].
- Author
-
Kobayashi F and Takeuchi K
- Subjects
- Europe, Humans, United States, Health Promotion, Mental Health, Occupational Health, Stress, Psychological prevention & control, Workplace
- Abstract
In recent years, job stress and stress management have emerged as key issues in health promotion in the workplace in all of the post-industrialized countries. In the EU, the European Survey on Working Conditions has reveals that stress and musculo-skeletal disorders are the main health risks at work. In the US, NORA (national occupational research agenda) identifies 21 research priorities, in which "organization of work" is included as a job stress related factor. In this paper, trends and characteristics in occupational stress management in western countries, especially in the EU are overviewed. Presently, most stress management activities are oriented towards secondary or tertiary prevention, and are worker-oriented. But in future, priority strategy for intervention should be primary prevention, and focused on the organization as the generator of risk. In the group of countries paying a lot of attention to work stress, health policies or legal framework at the national level and a variety of activities for stress prevention at the company level are well integrated. By analyzing various stress management cases or projects, key factors for a successful approach to stress prevention are extracted as follows: 1. A stepwise and systematic approach, 2. clear determination of aims, tasks, responsibilities, planning and financial means, 3. An adequate diagnosis of risk analysis, 4. A combination of work-directed and worker-directed measures, 5. A participative approach, 6. Top management support. Costs-benefit assessment should be introduced to evaluate the effectiveness of stress prevention and to promote more integrated approaches in the workplace.
- Published
- 2002
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. [Malignant lymphoma: REAL classification to new WHO classification].
- Author
-
Kikuchi M
- Subjects
- B-Lymphocytes, Europe, Humans, Killer Cells, Natural, Lymphoma pathology, T-Lymphocytes, United States, World Health Organization, Lymphoma classification
- Abstract
The Revised European-American Classification of Lymphoid Neoplasms(REAL) proposed in 1994 represented a new paradigm for the classification of lymphomas. This classification emphasized that each disease was a distinct entity, defined by a constellation of clinical and laboratory features, i.e., morphology and genetic features, immunophenotype, clinical presentation, and course. And it also noted that the site(s) of presentation were a signpost for important underlying biologic distinctions. A new WHO classification is planed to be proposed, re-categorizing entities of the REAL classification. Now, WHO members planed to publish the new classification as the bluebook of WHO at first in 1998 and now in 2000. This paper reports mainly different points in the new WHO classification of malignant lymphoma from the REAL classification.
- Published
- 2000
49. [The evolution of ethical standards in the practice of psychology: a reflection on the APA Code of Ethics].
- Author
-
Sabourin M
- Subjects
- Humans, Societies, Medical, United States, Ethics, Professional, Psychology standards
- Abstract
After briefly describing the need for ethics in the development of professional regulation and analyzing the historical emergence of codes of ethics, the goal of this paper is to scrutinize the process by which the American Psychological Association developed its own Code of Ethics and proceeded to revise it periodically. Different lessons can be derived from these efforts and from the criticisms that were formulated. The need for international standards in professional and research ethics is then considered, and the results of a recent study on this subject are presented. Five major conclusions can be derived from the preceding analysis: (1) Codes of ethics can help professional recognition by stressing the importance given to the protection of the public, (2) the development of a code of ethics is usually related to the advancement of professional practice, (3) ethical standards should be in tune with the cultural values and the belief system of a given community, (4) a well-balanced code should incorporate both general aspirational principles and enforceable standards, and (5) the method used to define principles and standards should be empirically based.
- Published
- 1999
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Inoculation in Boston from 1721 to American Independence.
- Author
-
Oda Y
- Subjects
- History, 18th Century, Humans, Public Health history, United States, Communicable Disease Control history, Immunization history, Military Hygiene history, Smallpox history
- Abstract
In 1721, a smallpox epidemic in Boston occurred and inoculation was introduced. It has been said that the inoculation in Boston was under the influence of England, but it has been shown this is not correct. It was clergyman Mather and surgeon Boylston who promoted inoculation, while doctor Douglass, a graduate from Edinburgh University, strongly opposed inoculation. The selectmen in Boston opened a town-meeting and discussed inoculation, and finally rejected the introduction of inoculation into Boston. The Boston citizens were also strongly opposed to inoculation and they even threw a lighted hand grenade into Mather's room. Since then, controversies over inoculation broke out every time a smallpox epidemic occurred. In 1775, George Washington became the commander of the war of Independence. He took a countermeasure to get rid of the smallpox epidemic in his army and he inoculated all army and recruit members. Meanwhile the English commander Howe, who did not pay attention to smallpox, had to decide to withdraw from Boston, since the smallpox epidemic broke out among the English army. In this paper I tried to clarify the controversies over inoculation in Boston, and the fact that smallpox epidemic and inoculation were related to the success of the immigration of the Puritans and also to the success of the independence of the New World from the British Empire.
- Published
- 1999
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