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Nel presente lavoro sono stati esaminati gli eventi infortunistici occupazionali a rischio biologico avvenuti nell'Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico di Palermo nel decennio 2000-2011 al fine di rilevarne l'incidenza, anche in considerazione degli interventi di prevenzione adottati, le circostanze dell'evento, le categorie professionali maggiormente a rischio, le caratteristiche dell'operatore sanitario e, se noto, il quadro sierologico del paziente fonte. A tale scopo è stato esaminato un data-base dell'Azienda in cui vengono inseriti i suddetti dati al momento dell'incidente occupazionale a rischio infettivologico. Dall'elaborazione degli stessi è emerso che nell'anno 2000 l'incidenza di eventi per tale esposizione è stata del 4,8%; nel 2010 dell'2,3% e nei primi quattro mesi del 2011 dell'1,1%. Le categorie professionali più colpite sono state gli infermieri, seguiti dai medici e dal personale ausiliario. Le modalità di accadimento più frequenti sono state le punture con ago. I risultati ottenuti dall'indagine, che ha rilevato un dimezzamento di nuovi casi nel decennio considerato, constatano quanto sia rilevante l'attuazione di programmi di formazione e addestramento del personale effettuati nel periodo in esame. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study we analyse factors that predispose to risk and we value the importance of quality and reliability into operating theatre. Patient safety result from ability to plan and manage organizations able to reduce probability of mistakes (Prevention) and to recover and contain their consequences (Protection). The principal motives of mistakes are: - deficiency of sharing procedures between different professional figures for risk prevention; - deficiency of an effective integration between professional figures in operating theatre; - deficiency of charitable precise run to guarantee the continuity of interventions on patient. A risk management program have to take care on this sentinel events and to set up a survey-information system to characterize risks and correction strategies. To prevent patient change, wrong side identification, not working devices or deficiency of surgery materials, it would be useful for operating theatre figures and for anesthetists to work out all together a procedure for admission in operating theatre and a pre-operating check list. The best way to carry out a safety and quality attendance based on standardized procedures and protocols, is to set up risk management firm units. It is necessary to activate and to adjust survey system and effective management training.

In this work we run over hospital history from Middle ages to the present time. Hospitals were charitable institutions in fact they rise inside monasterys, churches or castles with an architecture in modum crucis as a symbolic expression of Christ crucifix. During Renaissance, new scientific Knowledges and the need of technical assistance in a suitable place, lead to a new kind of hospital included into the functional centres of the city were medical practice takes the places of spiritual assistance. In XVIII century hospital is like a "human diseases botanical garden" divided into departments with a circular structure in conformity with a functional model of control. To exceed the isolation of single room, rectangular rooms born with a radially arrangement. At the end of 700's born the pavilions structures typical of hospitals until half 900's when the "monobloc" take place. Today hospital becomes horizontal, include in the context of the city, with hall as a big hotel and with trading centres in accordance with Renzo Piano model and with a new vision of hospital as a welcome place were the patient is a guest to treat as a person of consequence.

While the enormous benefits of using electricity in everyday life and health care are unquestioned, during the past 20 years the general public has become increasingly concerned about potential adverse health effects of exposure to electric and magnetic fields at extremely low frequencies (ELF). Such exposures arise mainly from the transmission and use of electrical energy at the power frequencies of 50/60 Hz. The international scientific community is addressing the associated health issues through in vitro, in vivo and epidemiological studies, although present research results are often contradictory. The purpose of this paper is to provide information about the possible impacts of exposure to electric and magnetic field at ELF frequencies on health within the community and the workplace. Information comes from recent research studies on this subject and from epidemiological pooled studies recently reviewed by eminent authorities.

Hospital infections (H.I.) were studied in the University Polyclinic of Palermo, a 1270 beds General Hospital. A prevalence study was carried out in four periods (December, February, June, October) on a sample of 590 patients from randomly chosen from medical and surgical departments. All patients present in the departments were investigated. Data were obtained from hospital records, using a form prepared according to the Italian Study Project of Hospital Infections (SIPIO), and through interview of the patients and/or of the medical staff. After excluding community infections, point prevalence was calculated; moreover, the day in which sign or symptoms of infections appeared was assessed. Cumulative incidence of H.I. and some risk factors associated were estimated using Kaplan-Meier method and Cox model for multivariate analysis.