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Angelo Sammarco (Acerra, 14 October 1883 — Torre del Greco, 12 September 1948) is mainly known for his studies on the role of Italians in the formation and development of the modern Egyptian state. After moving to Cairo in 1922, he was a teacher of history at the local Italian high school and a trusted official of King Fuʾād. He combined historical research and institutional commitment, personally contributing to the great project of reconnaissance and copying of the documentation on Egypt preserved in foreign state archives, papers that later became part of the royal collections of the ʿ⁠Ābdīn Library. His publications were also fairly widely circulated in Italy: his criticism of British hegemony in the Nile region was in fact well suited to the colonial aspirations of Fascism, as well as the nationalist cause of the Egyptian monarchy. In this contribution, born at the same time as the work of ordering Sammarco's papers kept at the Istituto per l'Oriente Carlo Alfonso Nallino, an attempt has been made to give an initial systematization to a biographical story still full of gaps — especially as regards the years prior to his move to Egypt — through the study of his historiographical production and of almost unpublished archive documents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper, starting from the draft of 73 Rules Museum proposed by Panizzi to the Trustees in March 1839, aims at bringing out Panizzi's underlying design for the new alphabetical catalog of the British Museum. Two temporal perspectives are crossed in contextualizing the process of drafting the rules: one of shorter duration, with a focus on items and actors of a confrontation that became intense between 1834 and 1839; and another, of a wider time span, aimed at reconstructing the conflicts of bibliographic cultures, the lines of tradition and the originality of Panizzi's approach. At the bottom of the draft, there is an intellectual wager: although in the context constraints, to go beyond the boundaries of the English bibliographic traditions of the time by opening up to other bibliographic cultures. The most stimulating perspective comes from Audiffredi's lesson mediated by a principle of exactitude which, if in the most immediate references has roots in the highest peaks of the contemporary French bibliographic culture (Barbier and Querard), draws its sap from the erudite tradition of the Italian eighteenth century (Tiraboschi). The paper discusses whether and what changes were made to this design in the passage from 73 to 91. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is part of the design strategies of reassembly and reuse of buildings according to the transition to circular economy. Specifically, the paper addresses the issue of architectural envelopes made of drywall and their executive design according to a Life Cycle Thinking (LCT) approach, based on a case study of a temporary wooden housing unit for which there are several scenarios of use and end of life once the first cycle of use of the components of the envelope has come to an end. In particular, the paper, based on the collection of environmental profiles of products through Environmental Product Declarations (EPD), wants to define a balance between the environmental impacts incorporated in the used materials and the benefits related to the adoption of dry construction techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unlike other industrial sectors that already apply re-manufacturing, the construction sector is slow to experiment with these sustainable practices. Hence, this paper introduces key results of the Re-NetTA project, conducted at Politecnico di Milano and funded by Fondazione Cariplo (2018-0991), which intends to outline the conditions necessary to activate circular processes in the field of tertiary construction. In order to extend the life of construction products, the paper proposes three circular models based on re-manufacturing. Developed with stake-holders and experts in an inter-sectoral and multidisciplinary approach, the proposed models represent a contribution towards sustainable design and organisational practices of construction products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the history of representation of live animals in art. Specifically, it describes the influence of natural history on such art since the late 1700's. Among other topics addressed are the book "The Art of Natural History: Animal Illustrators and Their Work" by American author S. Peter Dance, Dance's classification system for artists representing animals in their work, and various specific artists.

Public speaking. Language Education for Inclusion is a project for the enhancement of cultures and languages, starting with the discovery of their origins and history, through different communicative and didactic strategies and tools, to make pupils aware of their potential and to develop integration between different, but increasingly close, cultures among our school desks. The course, carried out in a fourth primary class, in collaboration with the CIDIC (Center for Innovation and Dissemination of Culture) of the University of Pisa, provided an opportunity to experience practices of integration, spirit of sharing and the multiple possibilities of dialogue, addressing different issues related to transversal citizenship skills. This paper aims to systematize the methodology, develop the theoretical lines and define the pedagogical constructs underlying this path of inclusion to make it transferable to other contexts within the school curriculum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors argue that there are good reasons for seriously considering the dynamics of the peer group when discussing psychoanalytical case material. The setting and procedure have to protect and facilitate for the presenter and the group members to work together. The aim of this paper is to discuss the problems connected with presenting and discussing clinical psychoanalytical material in a peer group and to describe one such specific method, which the authors call the Weaving Thoughts method. The design is primarily inspired by Bion's formulation thoughts in search of a thinker. The group participants reflect on the presented clinical material in a way that the authors metaphorically describe as creating a weave of thoughts that emerges from the material. The aim of the method is to facilitate a work-group climate that allows thoughts to wander about, and to avert group members from debating and compromising the integrity of its members by letting basic assumptions come into power. The method is described from theoretical and practical points of view, with two illustrations of seminars according to this design and finally a discussion of the advantages and drawbacks of the method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper highlights the need to reflect on the individual identification models underlying the training of the couple and family psychotherapist. These are complex processes that are difficult to specify but which deserve great attention. The trainee who already has personal psychoanalytic training must undergo a double mourning, that of the theoretical models of unipersonal psychology and that of his or her personal analysis, which he or she can only partially use. In fact, working in a multipersonal context-setting means training oneself to grasp the interactions between the participants and the manifestations of the ectopic unconscious that emerge. Moreover, in the training processes, the group experience of the learners, which dialogues with the groupness of the teachers, takes on great relevance. The group dimension is a fundamental experience that helps the therapist to continually confront the here and now that is generated in the horizontal exchanges of the group and that puts him in contact with the unexpected and the partiality of experience that he encounters in his work with couples and families. Finally, the reports presented by Grassi and Lucarelli preceding the reading of the work are reviewed and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper considers when the discontinuities take place in psychotherapy as recurring of latent conflicts that demand new significations. The clinic report presents the possibility to overstep the repetitions that bridle the transformation process. The setting's para-excitatory function, close to "phenomena that have no climax", frees the experiences of tremendously and intensely deep affects. Resulting separation and disjunction of psychic envelops make the insidious threshold, where the transference-countertransference dynamics clarify foreclosed meanings, more accessible. The evolutionary way gets earlier levels, relaunching the interpsychic reconciliation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The political dimension finds various expressions in the sessions, from the most implicit to the most explicit. Yet as psychoanalysts we are less accustomed to listening to the conscious and unconscious social register. There is a certain tendency to theoretically include the individual and society but in clinical practice to separate the private from the public. To which extent can we evade the weight of external reality as the cause of psychic distress in an age of perpetual crisis? This paper aims to analyze some political and social aspects related to the analytic role by discussing opportunities and problems that arise when organizational forms of being with others become the object of dialogue with patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Predicated on Koper statutes from 1432, this paper points out some main contents that evidence the diversity and expression of medieval statutory stipulations that at the time comprehensively regulated the fundamental aspects of public and private life in Mediterranean cities and their hinterlands. The data from the statutes of medieval Koper concretize and complement the picture of the former 'civitas Iustinopolis'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review proposes an analysis of some of the many possible psychotherapeutic treatment approaches and modalities that are most effective at present according to the latest guidelines. Psychotherapy, often underestimated, plays a key role in the integrated treatment of patients presenting with various forms of psychological distress and/or psychiatric disorders and is an essential element in the healing process. The usefulness of psychological supports is too often poorly considered in general practice clinics, while its scientific value has also been recognized by Evidence Based Medicine. This paper has set out to examine the most effective current psychotherapies for the treatment of the most prevalent psychological and psychiatric disorders at present, with a focus on the so-called third-wave or third-generation psychotherapy approaches (DBT, ST, EMDR, MBT, TMI, MBCT), which represent an evolution of standard TCC and arise precisely from the need to integrate the concreteness and Evidenced-based efficacy of TCC with the most powerful elements of the psychoanalytic approach, thus creating a unique, comprehensive and integrated synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The observations contained in Riccardo Marco Scognamiglio’s (2023a) paper “De tempore aut more” are an opportunity to give further considerations around the phenomenon described in “Presentification as maladaptive automatism in adolescence: possible correlated psychological manifestations” (Degasperi, 2023), and support questions and arguments of absolute relevance. At the same time, a prudent comparativism allows us to integrate the concept of presentification to highlight its possible maladaptive derivations. The latter can then be rigidly and pervasively expressed in individual behavior, to the point of giving shape to a possible lifestyle. The recovery of further descriptive models belonging to the past also suggests a broader consideration compared to current socio-cultural data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I would like to examine - from a psychoanalytical point of view - the pathological functioning characterized by the sensory excess in the mind which seems to constitute a fundamental component in psychosis. Starting from the observation of this specific topic in clinical experience with psychotic patients, I would like to illustrate some psychoanalytic assumputions on the genesis and progression of the psychotic state, evaluating its clinical and psychopathological implications. Bion's theory of thought and conceptualization on the invasion of the healthy part of the patient by the psychotic part - imbued with pathological sensoriality and which transforms the perception of psychic reality - is a main point in this paper (Bion, 1957). Some contemporary authors ideas on psychosis and neuroscientific evidence seems to converge on the significance of this subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the history of archaeology, Cosimo De Giorgi is known mainly for his discoveries in Lecce in the early 20th century when, in the area of Piazza S. Oronzo, during excavations at the 'Isola del Governatore', he unearthed the amphitheatre, the most representative monument of Roman Lupiae to date. On the same occasion, De Giorgi brought to light, for the first time in Lecce, a sequence of layers referable to the ancient town, thus initiating research on the Messapian and Roman phases that, until then, were attested by erratic finds that had been presented in an inaccurate or fanciful way. The results of these important investigations were published in 1907 in "Lecce sotterranea", an accurate report that provides insight into De Giorgi's working method, based on patient excavation, the careful recording and prudent interpretation of the archaeological data, and the drawing up of plans showing the precise position of ancient artefacts. In this paper, with the help of largely unpublished documents, "Lecce sotterranea" is the starting point for outlining the profile and characteristics of Cosimo De Giorgi as an archaeologist. Its aim is to highlight the European dimension of the scholar by recalling the network of relations that he established with the most famous archaeologists of the time, as well as the battles he vigorously fought to excavate, conserve and make accessible the amphitheatre, which, thanks to his efforts, was declared a 'national monument' in 1906. The aim of this paper is also to examine De Giorgi's activities in making the results of his research known to both the general public and the institutions, and the legacy of his discoveries and intuitions, that are aspects of considerable importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Open peer review (OPR) is a type of review that has long since made space alongside the more well-known single-blind and double-blind peer reviews. Despite this, we still do not have a shared definition by the scientific community and publishers. The purpose of this paper is to offer some reflections on the selection of reviewers in OPR, a process that in its current configuration is traced back to the 19th century. After a brief overview of the best-known definitions of open peer review, the paper continues with an analysis of some aspects of reviewer selection carried out with the help of data from a recent survey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the practice of signing documents with a series of three crosses, which is attested in Greek and Coptic papyri from the sixth century onwards. According to the usual scheme, the crosses are marked by the term σημεῖον ‘sign’ and the name of the signatory written respectively above and below the signs. A subscription written by a third party usually makes it clear that the signatory, although unable to write, signed the document by drawing his σημεῖον. The paper discusses a) the standard structure and variations of this type of signature, b) its spatial and temporal distribution, c) its origin and development, and d) the context in which it was used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Spanish military participation in the French army during the Indochina War (1946-1954) is relatively unknown, but the destiny of the Spanish participants stays even more in the dark. One of our purposes, in this paper, is to uncover these potholes in Franco-Spanish historiography, thus starting with the explanation of the background of the French presence in the Indochinese Federation. In order to understand the reason why Spanish volunteers served in the French Foreign Legion, we shall examine their situation during the first decades of the twentieth century, and more specifically, during the government of Francisco Franco. Thus, the main objective of our paper is to study, with the help of the French military platform, Mémoire des hommes, the Spanish republicans on the run from the fascist regime, who sacrificed their lives in faithful service to France during the Anti-French Resistance War. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term "laboratory stewardship" refers to the proper ordering and evaluation of laboratory tests. The inappropriateness of the request is not only the overuse of laboratory tests, ordering low-value tests that have no impact on patient outcomes, but also the underuse of tests that would be necessary for the patient. In addition, the large number of tests offered by the laboratory, sometimes highly specialized, can cause difficult or incomplete interpretation of results. Accordingly, errors in requesting and interpreting results can lead from suboptimal patient management to very negative consequences for the patient. Communication and collaboration between clinicians and laboratory specialists can be an important tool in providing the right test, for the right patient, at the right time as well as the right interpretation and use. In this opinion paper, we propose a strategic plan aimed at strengthening the biunivocal clinical-laboratory interaction with the ultimate goal of improving the quality of patient care and reducing costs for both patients and the health care system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urine albumin is a well-known biomarker of proven clinical utility for relevant pathological conditions and a risk factor for cardiovascular mortality. This paper is aimed to illustrate the state-of-art of albuminuria measurement and the adherence to the official recommendations in scientific writing. In spite of the urine albumin clinical importance, the standardisation of the analyte is not completed yet, but the adoption of decisional values (established in 2013) would require standardized methods to allow the correct classification of patients. The Italian EQA scheme for albuminuria shows variable bias to the consensus value, depending on the analytical system: a typical situation originating from the lack of international standardisation. The harmonisation of the measure is more advanced: the EQA data show that 74% of participants use the albumin/creatinine ratio to report the urine albumin excretion. A recent systematic review examined how the albuminuria data are reported in clinical studies. A sub-optimal situation is illustrated: the laboratory information is often lacking or incorrectly reported. The obsolete term "microalbuminuria" is used in >40% of the studies, only 20% of the studies uses the correct sample (first morning void). The data about the post-analytical are more encouraging: the measurement units and the decisional values are correctly reported in the majority of the studies. The correction of this situation, that makes it difficult to transfer the results from clinical studies to the daily practice, requires a stringent collaboration between laboratory professionals and clinicians: working together in multidisciplinary groups to understand the respective needs is to be promoted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The protein concentration in urine is a valuable parameter in assessing kidney function. Usually, blood proteins do not pass through the renal filter in healthy subjects; proteinuria, which can sometimes be detected as a simple, occasional laboratory finding, is a relatively common condition of which those affected are unaware. Epidemiologically, it is a condition that involves almost 10% of the population worldwide. The mechanisms underlying the release of proteins by the kidneys are different: a newly detected proteinuria may precede the onset of renal disease or systemic diseases, and the physician must appropriately evaluate it. This paper provides a hint of epidemiology, some notes of pathophysiology, an overview of the types of proteinuria, a rundown on laboratory techniques and a brief, certainly not exhaustive, review of some non-oncological pathologies associated with proteinuria. The aim is to show the extent to which proteinuria can play a decisive role in the patient's overall assessment. The urine protein test, a basic, non-invasive test, easy to perform by any laboratory, even the most poorly equipped, is a fundamental indicator of a subject's health status in combination with other markers. Thus, it confirms once again the crucial role of the laboratory in providing the physician with necessary diagnostic and prognostic data that is easy to perform, inexpensive and yet of great benefit for the patient management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Catecholamines are produced by the sympathetic nervous system or by the medullary adrenal glands and play a key role both as hormones and as neurotransmitters. An increase in their production can lead to hypertension, due to neuroendocrine tumors like pheochromocytoma, paraganglioma and neuroblastoma. Among tumors of neuroendocrine derivation, there are also carcinoids that can cause carcinoid syndrome, associated with an excess of serotonin release. Proper biochemical analysis of patients suffering from these tumors is crucial to confirm the presence of excess production of catecholamines or serotonin and their metabolites. Serious and life-threatening cardiovascular complications related to cathecolamines and their metabolites pose a challenge to the laboratory for a timely and accurate diagnosis of neuroendocrine tumors. The application of innovative technologies to determine these analytes, such as LC-MS/MS, potentially associated with a metabolomic approach, may provide an efficient tool to help physicians recognizing and appropriately treating these still difficult-to-find clinical entities. As a complement to this paper, we present a personal experience about the analysis of biogenic amines and their metabolites performed on both 24-hour and spot urines. The LC-MS/MS method is used with three different preparation phases: total metanephrines (free and conjugate), catecholamines, free methanephrine and serotonin and vanillylmandelic acid (VMA), homovanillic acid (HVA), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA). The organization of the chromatography and mass spectrometry division, based on expert technicians, includes centralized acceptance of samples, automation of the preparation phase and middleware-based validation of the results, offering to clinicians a valuable help in this challenging diagnostic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pathogenesis of urolithiasis is related to the presence of physico-chemical abnormalities in the urine environment. These anomalies can be highlighted and evaluated through specific biochemical investigations, often not included in the usual activities of a hospital laboratory. The laboratory activities include the adoption of the most appropriate procedures for the evaluation of urine saturation with respect to lithogenic salts (propensity to stone formation), the identification and analysis of precursors and inhibitors of crystallization, the biochemical investigation for the identification of pre-existing diseases, including the genetic ones, and the analysis of kidney stones. Over the years, in the medical approach to nephrolithiasis, the need for specialized analytical techniques has increasingly raised, requiring the use of versatile technology (HPLC, GC-LC/MS, FTIR), adaptable to the investigation of substances belonging to the most varied classes and present in different biological matrices. In this paper we describe the main analytical activities carried out by a specialized laboratory for the study of renal stone disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary hyperoxalurias (PH) are autosomal recessive metabolic disorders, characterised by overproduction and urinary excretion of oxalate, presenting with nephrolithiasis, nephrocalcinosis and kidney failure. Plasma oxalate is higher than normal in PH, and it rises further in renal failure. When glomerular filtration rate falls below 30 mL/min /1.73m2, oxalate levels increase sharply and plasma becomes supersaturated with calcium oxalate, which precipitates in body tissues (systemic oxalosis). Three types of PH are described; the most frequent is PH1 (70-80%), due to deficiency of L-alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase (AGT), the enzyme which catalyses in hepatocytes the transamination of alanine and glyoxylate to pyruvate and glycine. That leads to accumulation of glyoxylate, which is converted both in oxalate (by lactate dehydrogenase, LDH) and glycolate (by glyoxylate reductase). Increased levels of glycolate, both in serum and urine, are the hallmark of PH1. PH2 is due to variants of gene encoding for the enzyme glyoxylate and hydroxypyruvate reductase (GRHPR), which converts both glyoxylate to glycolate and hydroxypiruvate to D-glycerate in many tissues. Pathologic variants of GRHPR gene induce increased levels of glyoxylate and hydroxypyruvate, converted by LDH to oxalate and L-glycerate respectively. High levels of glycerate, both in serum and urine, allow the metabolic diagnosis of PH2. PH3 is due to variants of HOGA gene, which catalyses the cleavage of 4-hydroxy-2- oxoglutarate (HOG) to pyruvate and glyoxylate. Increased levels of both HOG and 4-hydroxy glutamate are metabolic hallmark of PH3. In this paper, an overview of oxalate metabolism was reported, and the main features of the pathophysiology, diagnosis, clinical course and treatment of PH as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: in spite of the introduction of automated systems for urine sediment analysis, microscopy examination remains the gold standard. External Quality Assessment (EQA) programs on urine sediment are rare. This paper provides an analysis of results from 2012 to date of the EQA Italian program (Centro di Ricerca Biomedica, Regione Veneto) which involves today 255 laboratories. Methods: the EQA program includes four surveys/year. Participants are asked to identify and provide the clinical association of the presence of specific particles (2 surveys) and formulate the diagnosis of clinical cases presented (2 surveys). In 11 years, 202 images were proposed: 64 cells (9 types), 10 lipids (4 types), 59 casts (16 types), 36 crystals (13 types), 14 microorganisms (5 types), 19 contaminants (8 types) and 22 clinical cases were presented. Results: the correct identification rate (median; interquartiles) was very high for micro organisms (96.4; 91.9-99.9); high for crystals (92.2; 80.2-96.3) and lipids (91.1; 90.5-93.6); followed by casts (87.7; 80.1-91.8); contaminants (87.3; 77.2-96.0) and cells (82.8; 74.4-91.3). For clinical associations, the rate of correct answers was 96.5 (range 48.7- 100%). For clinical cases, due to the overall rate of particle misidentification throughout surveys, only 58.6% (44.9- 68.8%) of participants achieved access to clinical diagnosis. Of these, 92,0% (78.1-95.5%) were able to indicate the correct diagnosis. Conclusions: the program can be used as a tool to improve the identification of urine particles and the knowledge of their clinical significance and to encourage specialists of laboratory medicine to correlate urine findings with other laboratory data and the clinical history of the patient, an aspect that improves the value of the day by day work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indirect methods are data mining techniques for establishing or verifying reference intervals. They present many advantages over the traditional direct approach, including reduced costs, closeness of preanalytical and analytical conditions to routine conditions and usefulness in specific age groups or with uncommon sample types. After discussing advantages and limitations of the indirect approach, in this paper the main statistical algorithms, and their implementation in open-source software as well, are briefly introduced by a practical example. Moreover, key aspects of data selection and preparation are discussed. The indirect methods represent a powerful and valuable approach for the definition or validation of reference intervals, whose knowledge and correct use should be part of the laboratorian's toolbox. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last two decades, progress in the areas of learning and fear extinction have led to the formulation of a new conceptual model, based on exposure therapy, according to which the extinction of fear (which represents its clinical application) would occur through the creation of a new inhibiting memory rather than through the habituation process. This has led to the development of specific changes in the procedure, which aim to maximise exposure therapy, particularly in terms of diminished fear return. To date, the new «modus operandi» of therapy is being applied to patients by exposing them directly to what they fear, in other words, «in vivo». Virtual Reality environments (VR) are excellent for implementing the potential of inhibitory expository learning, although they are in need of a fully implemented protocol. To this purpose, we are rethinking current technology, modelled towards the process of habituation, in favour of a tool capable of facilitating the learning process through inhibitory learning, and even using the Flow mechanism. This paper makes some considerations on these innovations and proposes the hardware and software changes needed to shape innovative virtual reality psychotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review deals with a widely discussed topic and its yet unknown features. High Pressure Narcosis Syndrome (HPNS) or 'deepsea nervous syndrome' is an important condition with almost unknown causes and fascinating features, to say the least. It affects those who dive at great depths while breathing in certain gas mixtures. The purpose of the following paper is first of all to summarise the state of the art and to draw more detailed and precise conclusions on the basis of the various studies in the current scientific literature. In the course of the analysis, this syndrome will be differentiated from the better known nitrogen narcosis with a few hints. Another objective is to mention the preventive measures that allow one to understand the onset of potentially very dangerous symptoms in an extreme environment such as diving. We briefly discuss saturation dives and their usefulness, emphasising their use in the Navy. The drug therapy solution discussed here emphasises the compressive or decompressive differences, in particular with respect to the Navy tables and the more recent tables published by the U.S. Navy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dissertation can - metaphorically and anthropologically - constitute a 'rite of passage', since it marks the transition from student to graduate status. It is a written work: a sort of essay, planned together with a supervisor, that the undergraduate student produces and discusses at the end of a cycle of University studies. The drafting of the paper is usually fraught with impediments, due - in principle - to the fact that students never before have to face such a task and, therefore, the utmost care is needed so as not to, more or less intentionally, run into the infringement of a third party's intellectual property. By virtue of this, the present contribution has a substantially pragmatic goal, since it intends to offer methodological guidance for the writing process, hoping to help students avoid incurring in plagiarism. The university library, from this point of view, plays a crucial pedagogical function, since it does not merely provide documents, but it contributes to expanding the boundaries of the civic and social, legal and cultural education of undergraduates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper traces the evolution of the UNESCO Public Library Manifesto from the first revision in 1972 to the recent version of 2022. The 1972 Manifesto, a hasty update of the 1949 text, marks a clear change in the addressees: no longer local communities, citizens and the library profession, but public authorities and profession-als. There is a strong emphasis on the role of the public library in culture, reading and information; on the right to access for all; on new media. The 1994 Manifesto is the first joint IFLA-UNESCO Manifesto. It stresses an intimate connection between freedom, well-being, the development of society and individuals and a conscious and complete exercise of a full right to access knowledge. The public library is defined as a 'local gateway to knowledge': an effective definition for a non-localistic vision. In the text, however, there is a gap between the formulation of the context scenario and the wealth of content that has emerged since 1990 in the Human Development Reports of the United Nations Program Development, a radical rethinking of the traditional concept of de-velopment. The 2022 Manifesto stemmed from the collaboration between IFLA and UNESCO-Section Infor-mation For All Programme. This article questions the three fundamental thematic nuclei of the new text: - 'sustainable development'. A more explicit reference to the UN 2030 Agenda would have made more transparent the type of orientation (systemic, multidimensional and inter-institutional approach; integrated design and planning; development of feedback knowledge; inter-generational perspective) necessary to face the challenge; - 'libraries in the knowledge society'. There is a very strong connection between knowledge and skills for citizenship, with an emphasis on scientific citizenship and the methods and tools for its effective and daily exercise; - the 'community' is a pervasive leitmotiv. Citizens are not just users, but builders of knowledge; libraries play an essential role in building 'bridging' knowledge and open communities. The IFLA/UNESCO Manifesto 2022 is probably a transition text. In the expression of the key mis-sions for the public library, the Manifesto reveals an underlying tension for the future, contained in the alert attention to the present. It is one of the most significant messages, which could perhaps have been made clearer and more intense with a closer integration between the different missions of the public library and a stronger integration of the rich UNESCO tradition on educational policies, cultural heritage, intercultural dialogue, human development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]