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After the Second Vienna Award of 1940, which divided Transylvania into a Hungarian and a Romanian part, a contest started between the two countries for gaining control of the whole region. In order to reach this goal, both countries joined the alliance system of Nazi Germany and in June 1941 entered the war against the Soviet Union. After the battle of Stalingrad, the strategies of the competitors started to change. The two rivals realized that Germany would lose the war, and therefore the peace, including the settlement of territorial disputes and border changes, would be shaped by the Allies. Although they continued to fight on the side of Germany, they prepared for the victory of the Allies. In this new phase of the race, Romania proved to be more successful. In August 1944, she turned the tables on the Wehrmacht while Hungary continued to fight on Germany’s side. Despite the successful Romanian volteface, the future of Northern Transylvania which had belonged to Hungary since 1940, was still undecided. The armistice agreement with Romania signed on September 12, 1944 stipulated that “Transylvania or greater part thereof should be returned to Romania, subject to confirmation at the peace settlement”. The dispute was settled in 1945-1946 by the victorious Allied Powers. The United States and – less firmly – Great Britain and France favored “an adjustment of the Hungarian-Roumanian frontier in Transylvania along ethnic lines which would transfer a small strip from Arad to Szatmár/Satu Mare to Hungary”. The Soviet Union, however, stubbornly opposed any modification of the post1920 borders, including even symbolic changes. This meant that the final decision taken by the Paris Peace Conference in the Fall of 1946 accomplished the restoration of the pre-war frontiers. The race was won by Romania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the final months of the Ferenc József University of Kolozsvár/Cluj during the closing stages of World War II. In this period, due to Soviet occupation, a distinct administration was established, separate from the Hungarian state adminis- tration, preceding the re-installation of Romanian state administration in March 1945. The university’s leadership chose not to follow the evacuation order and kept the institution in the city. This decision raised several issues, including the role of the university in Hungarian cultural life in Transylvania. The article explores the university’s relationship with the Red Army officials, its interactions with the Romanian political and cultural elite of the era, and its complex engagement with the Hungarian minority elite in Romania regarding the development of future strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On 23 August 1944, Romania changed sides in the Second World War, abandoning the German alliance and declaring war on the German Reich. The Hungarian political leadership subsequently joined in a plan for an offensive against Southern Transylvania, aimed at closing the southern Carpathian passes to the advancing Soviet troops. The operation was carried out in several waves, the first being a joint German-Hungarian offensive launched on 5 September in what was, in fact, the territory of Southern Transylvania. In my study, I examine how the advance of the front line affected the power dynamics in the ethnically mixed settlement of Nagysármás/Sãrmaºu. According to my preliminary hypothesis, the power relations between the two ethnic groups in the village, which was almost equally populated by Romanians and Hungarians, shifted depending on which administration (Romanian or Hungarian) was in control. However, the Jewish population in Nagysármás/Sãrmaºu faced continuous discrimination, and the events during the Hungarian occupation led to a tragedy. The mutual grievances endured poisoned Romanian-Hungarian interethnic relations for decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Szépvíz/Frumoasa is located in the eastern part of Transylvania, in the historical region of Szeklerland – nowadays central Romania. In September 1944, the inhabitants of this settlement had to endure the passing of the front with the retreat of the German and Hungarian armies and the advance of the Soviet and Romanian armies. Following a notable intermezzo under Soviet military administration, the rule of the Romanian Kingdom was (re)instated. This study explores the history of this period from a micro-historical perspective, covering the multiple transitions at the local level from September 1944 to 1945, based on archival sources, available literature, and oral history interviews. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nagyvárad is an operetta city. This is a statement that has resurfaced for decades, and many consider it intrinsic to the essence of the town. However, in this study, I do not attempt to unpack the concept of an operetta city; rather, I am interested in a single element of this complex notion: the Nagyvárad Theatre as an “operetta theatre”. My thesis is that operetta (and generally light, entertaining musical theatre) became a defining genre in the Nagyvárad Theatre, thus becoming a symbol that extends beyond itself. Although the Nagyvárad Theatre was known as the “stronghold of operetta” as early as the beginning of the 20th century, I will focus on a later and much shorter period, the years between 1948 and 1956. During this time, I will trace the fate of operetta (and other musical pieces that met the broader demands of the masses), examining the political, institutional, and social factors that ensured the success of this genre (these genres). My investigation begins in 1948, a year that marks a milestone in the early years of the state-communist takeover, as this was when the Nagyvárad Theatre was nationalized. The subsequent period, from 1948 to 1956, includes the years of strict ideological expectations under Stalinist state communism and the “relaxation” that followed Stalin’s death, from 1953 to 1956. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary aim of the present study is to provide a point of reference for the counterintelligence and intelligence activities in Hungary concerning Romania, and to show that Hungarian state security has been collecting information on Hungarians in Romania since the early 1970s, and using it in various ways in cooperation with the foreign affairs apparatus. The “protagonist” of the case study is a III/II secret agent, a diplomat at the Hungarian Embassy in Bucharest, who, as a result of his activities over about twelve years, reported on political events in Romania and the situation of Hungarian intellectuals, but through the informant, the activities of the Romanian secret service were observed, from which the Hungarian foreign service obtained more nuanced information beyond the traditional intelligence gathering methods. In addition, with regard to the period indicated in the title, I have examined the parts of Géza Domokos’s surveillance dossiers compiled on the basis of Securitate observations that relate to this period, and in particular those that relate to contacts in Hungary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To compensate for the shortcomings of the formal institutional system, an informal order for minority representation was developed in Romania during the 1970s. This paper aims to characterize this model of informal representation, detailing its components and operations, such as informal norms of public engagement, networks and networking, communication between leaders and members, and decisionmaking processes. Since the research focuses on informal representation rather than the functioning of a formal institution, the analysis centers on individuals, their opinions, everyday activities, and attitudes expressed in critical situations. The primary source for this study is the Securitate files of Géza Domokos (1928-2007), a pivotal figure in Hungarian cultural life and minority interest representation during the latter part of the Ceauşescu era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The social care system in Romania underwent significant changes after the fall of the communist regime in 1989, but there are still many organizational problems. The system suffers from underfunding, lack of resources, long waiting lists and complicated application procedures. An analysis of the historical and social context of the social care system is essential to understand current structures and challenges. Social policy is still searching for its identity and social work continues to rebuild after the communist regime. The role of social workers is key to the effective functioning of the system and to supporting clients. Ensuring quality services and improving the system will remain a priority for the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article dives into the tradition of beer brewing from the middle of the 19th century in the historical region of Háromszék, the area known today as Covasna county, Romania. From the smallest brewhouses located in villages which only fulfilled the local needs to the large factories in the towns of Sepsiszentgyörgy (Sf. Gheorghe) and Kézdivásárhely (Tg. Secuiesc) supplying even the surrounding regions, the study also sheds light on the familial relations between brewery owners, their products as well as on what remains today of the once remarkable breweries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The project KopiaKollektiva was created in Havadtõ/Viforoasa, Romania by young artists from different domains as a project dedicated to the possibilities of village people to access contemporary culture. Visual culture (photography 126 and film) is central in the activity of the association, and workshops, exhibitions organized in everyday locations, usually non-cultural spaces, offer new possibilities to enlarge the scope of contemporary culture. Zoltán Balla and Emõke Kerekes, the founders of the association offer a detailed description of their vision in the reportage dedicated to their activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author discusses local gastronomy traditions in the Torda (Turda) zone, in Cluj county, Romania. Based on personal memories, the present-day local gastronomy scene is contrasted with good practices of the interwar period and of the previous centuries. Turda Gastronomy Center, run by a team led by Márta Pozsonyi, is an important example where local knowledge enters the international circuits. Local recipes and locally grown ingredients are the key elements of the Turda experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article summarizes the initial phase of Béla Markó’s career leading up to his first poetry collection, A szavak városában (In the City of Words, 1974). Markó’s first writing attempts were published in local newspapers during his school years in Târgu Secuiesc/Kézdivásárhely, later gaining visibility in national daily and weekly publications. Shortly thereafter, Béla Markó’s poems were introduced in the Megyei Tükör by Árpád Farkas, and in Igaz Szó by János Székely. His notable poem Egyszerû vers (Simple Poem) is often considered a manifesto of his generation. His years at the university in Kolozsvár/Cluj (1970-1974) unfolded in a briefly liberated political and intellectual atmosphere following the “thaw” in Romania after 1968. During this time, in addition to the Echinox student journal, Béla Markó’s works were regularly published in various types of publications. Following his publication in Kapuállító (1982), his work also appeared in the anthology Varázslataink (1974), retaining its title despite censorship cutting Markó’s verse. From 1971 to 1973, he led the Gaál Gábor Circle, a forum for young writers and poets at the university, which served as a valuable platform for public discourse and also attracted the interest of the secret police of the regime, the Securitate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Once, an important Hungarian director from Transylvania told me that an actor doesn’t need a method. I agree with him. But only in the sense that an actor doesn’t need to commit to a single method. However, methods, or rather methodologies, are absolutely necessary. Ultimately, every actor works with their own individual method. They personalize the knowledge they acquire. And it’s important to obtain knowledge that is organized into wellthought-out systems (why reinvent the wheel every time?). When faced with a stage situation, they try to utilize and adapt these methods to the best of their abilities. Throughout my professional life, the methods I encountered during basic or advanced training were significant. They weren’t always necessary, but sometimes they were. Sometimes they were only needed to get started, to take the first step, or sometimes to maintain a healthy distance from my work. In this paper, I would like to share some personal experiences and thoughts about the method called Viewpoints, originating from American theatre culture, and write about how it relates to my professional research and pedagogical activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The paper analyses the presence of Hungarian book publishing as a theme in the Hungarian written press in Romania in the last two years (2022-23). The author investigates the extent to which information on the state of Hungarian publishing in Romania reaches the wider public who follows the print and online press. Looking at a year’s worth of publishing reports, major book events stand out and set the rhythm of book publishing in Romania. News articles tend to discuss the issues referring to book publishing connected to these events, highlighting current problems, but also positive attitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay examines the evolving social landscape of happiness and how people in Transylvania have related to it before and after the regime change. In the past, happiness was neither an expectation nor a prevalent concept in public discourse; today, it is regarded as a desired and essential state of being. Achieving happiness has become a societal challenge and a collective endeavour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Historia Ecclesiastica is the property of Vydavatelstvo Presovskej Univerzity and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper, which is the first in a planned series of articles, presents the initial findings of archival research conducted in declassified documents of the former Romanian State Security Department (the dreaded Securitate). In the context of his own family history, the author presents the contents of some of the documents produced during the secret service harassment and covert surveillance of Dániel Veress, a Transylvanian Hungarian writer and literary historian who was subjected to the political repression of the Soviet-style dictatorship in Romania. By describing the atmosphere of the period under examination and the state of privation of basic rights from a legal-historical perspective, the article illustrates not only the deeply disturbing nature of the abuses that still persist through their effects to this day but also the routine violations of fundamental human rights by the authoritarian police state.

At the founding meeting of the Romanian Adventist Union, several decisions were made to establish institutions to promote the Adventist message in Romania. One key decision was to open a school for training missionaries and pastors, who previously had to go to Friedensau in Germany. This school opened in 1924 in Focșani in a newly purchased, spacious building and was open to both male and female students from the start. Due to the influx of students, the Bible Institute moved to Diciosânmartin in 1926 and then to BrașovStupini in 1931. Stupini marked a period of significant growth, offering a four-year Evangelism program, and two-year courses in Office-Accounting and Home Economics. The political climate in Romania, however, posed challenges. The government under Ion Antonescu confiscated the school from 1942 to 1944. After World War II, the Communist regime took control and closed the Adventist School in 1949.

The origins of Hungarian journalism in Romania are linked to the political emigration of 1849. Following the intensely national/regional struggles that took on the character of a civil war, its actors endeavored to nurture within their readers a sense of love for the trampled homeland, while simultaneously fostering feelings of respect and gratitude towards the host country. This study examines the evolving mission of reconciliation and mediation undertaken by the Hungarian weekly newspapers in Romanian Old Kingdom throughout a span of over five decades, during which the relationship between the two nations was burdened by perceived and genuine grievances, leading to suspicion and animosity. The scheming of Viennese agents, the imposition of official censorship, the scarcity of literate readers, and the absence of the Hungarian character set represented minor obstacles. Despite the sensational and domineering expressions of the domestic press workers and the inundation of false anti-Hungarian accusations in the Romanian journalism that infected both national and European public opinion, the Hungarian press in the Romanian Old Kingdom presented examples of historical shared destiny in a measured and constructive tone, offering the singularly valid long-term recipe for reconciling the two neighbor peoples adrift in a Slavic and Germanic sea without companions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Half of Romania's almost century-long history of Adventist education occurred in Bucharest, at Labirint 116. Here, the School Community was formed and established, under wartime conditions, first the Girls' Industrial Gymnasium, then the "Victoria" Private School for Nursing Sisters, both of which closed down due to changes in Romanian education legislation. The Adventist Theological Seminary also functioned in the buildings of Labirint 116 until 1988, training entire generations of pastors. Despite the precarious conditions in which it began and the drastic limitations encountered during the years of consolidation of communism, Adventist education was the means by which the knowledge and training necessary to fulfill the Adventist mission were provided.

Nicolae Ceauºescu was Romania’s primary leader for almost a quarter century. He established a dictatorial, neo-Stalinist regime, striving for total control over society. He built an excessive cult of personality around himself and aimed to implement a “dynastic” communism akin to that of North Korea. He staunchly rejected all internal reform efforts while pursuing a “separate path” in foreign policy within the Eastern Bloc. During the 1989 anti-communist revolution in Romania, he was stripped of his power and subsequently executed. How did the former shoemaker’s apprentice become a communist revolutionary? To what extent was his life path determined by his inherent, childhood, and adolescent personality traits, what was his family background, and how did he undergo the process of socialization? How did he ascend to the pinnacle of power? What do we know about his long reign and subsequent ignominious downfall? In my study, I primarily seek to answer these questions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the collapse of Hungary in 1918, the neighbouring countries wanted to show the acquisition of the territories granted to them in the peace treaty in various ways. These ways included the removal of any signs of the presence of Hungarians and Germans, and, as a consequence, the change in the linguistic landscape. The paper explores how the symbolic regime change in street names was carried out, and what kind of debates happened about place names during the period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper reports on Hungarian-speaking teachers' experiences with in-service teacher-training courses provided by training centres in Romania - the Hungarian Teachers' Association of Romania and the Apáczai Csere János Teachers' House - as part of a broader questionnaire survey (n = 500). It examines levels of satisfaction and expectations concerning professional development courses, as well as the motivations for enrolling in such courses. The results indicate that both primary and secondary teachers, also teachers at different stages of their careers in terms of their teaching experience, found the training useful. Primarily, they are motivated by enhancing their knowledge on the subject they teach, improving their teaching skills, learning about new research and gaining credits. They prefer practical courses that encourage self-reflection and active participation. Both face-to-face and online formats are considered appropriate, yet the hybrid version is less so. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Romania since 2022 the nursery education has been moved from the social area into the educational system, according to 100/2021 Emergency Government Decree. The effects of the changes caused by this regulation in the institutional system are wide-ranging and may affect kindergarten teachers as well. In our paper we are going to the answer on one hand, to what extent the appearance of early childhood education within the framework of educational institutions is known by kindergarten teachers; on the other hand, what kind of reception reactions to the changes brought about by the modification can we outline; and what new alternative career opportunities it reveals for the research sample. Accordingly, the aim of our research is to map the institutional structure variants outlined by the legal regulations, the examination of attitudes towards these changes and exploring the effects on career aspirations of kindergarten teachers. We start from the assumption that the changes in the law reveal alternative career paths for kindergarten teachers, which is more attractive for those with a pragmatist approach. Our second hypothesis is that the movement of early childhood education into the educational segment is ambivalently judged, as opinions are nuanced on the scale of risk association and opportunity recognition. We have used the method of document analysis, and the empirical research is based on a self-made questionnaire. Using an access sampling procedure, we included 213 Hungarian kindergarten teachers from Romania in our study. Through the investigation, we clarify the institutional alternatives of early childhood education in Romania, outline the professional framework of the early childhood education profession, and the possible alternative career paths, as well as their assessment by kindergarten teachers. Our results show that the reception reactions of the mentioned institutional changes are positive among kindergarten teachers, who emphasize also that this structural modification provides the possibility of validation of the early education curriculums integrated approach and practical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Similarly to the other European countries, between 2018 and 2020 the historical events connected to the end of World War I were evoked in Hungary, Romania and Slovakia. In all three countries, considerable attention was paid to the round anniversaries, a clear proof of not only the importance still played in this region of events acted out a hundred years before, but also of the continuing use of history as a source of legimation by the in- dividual governments. Evoking the past divided the region along the traditional fissures - while in Slovakia the partial realisation of national independence, and in Romania the national unity, were celebrated in 2018, Hungary commemorated the dissolution of her traditional grandeur, at the same time remembering national cohesion transcending political boundaries. Mutual gestures of reconciliation were not missing either. Beyond the dominantly ethno-centric interpretation of the anniversaries, however, a common element in all three national versions of memory politics was a demonstration of national unity and of a firm belief in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Barcaság/Burzenland/Ţara Bârsei is a historical and ethnographic geographical unit area located on the border of the Easternand Southern Carpathians, in the Carpathian Bend, bordered by mountain ranges. The area, mentioned in written sources as early as in 1211 is located in the southeastern part of Transylvania, in the geographical centre of Romania. The system of Transylvanian counties, Székely and Saxon seats and regions, established by the 14th century, existed, with two short interruptions, up until 1876. The „traditional" public administration was reorganized in the Habsburg era, between 1784-1790 and 1850-1860, in accordance with the empire's centralization aspirations. The system of counties, seats, and regions in Hungary was permanently abolished in 1876. The civil administration, established at that time, was organized at settlement-district-county level. Despite the political, social and border changes after World War I, during World War II and after World War II, the „county system" operated in Transylvania until 1950. Between 1950-1968, Soviet-style spatial organization was used in Romania, in 1968, new counties were established. Spatial division organized at settlement/commune and the county level is still in force in Romania today. This study summarizes the geographical features of the Burzenland/Barcaság public administration from 1876 to the present day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Romanian Public Administration Act of 1925 was the first comprehensive legislation that determined the functioning of the country’s local administration in the period between the two world wars. The application of the law meant a new system for the 76 counties and 144 towns of Romania. In our study, we examine the laws of 1925 and 1929. As a source of the research we used articles published in the Székely Nép, a local newspaper. These articles reflect the attitude of the local population and the local elite in relation to the new situation. The laws governing local public administration were developed based on a western model. They served the interests of various Romanian parties, so they never achieved their original goal: the creation of a strong self-government. Since the implementation methodology of the laws was never published, the Romanian Minister of the Interior and the prefect of the county were constantly involved in the management of local affairs. A lot of terms related to administration before the First World War continued to live on in the thinking of locals. In addition, most of the local officials who worked in administration had difficulty using the state language. While the official documents were written only in Romanian, everyday communication in the public administration was in Hungarian. Knowledge of the Romanian official language was the privilege of only a few local intellectuals. There was a great deal of adherence to the status of traditional Székely villages. The concept of a rural municipality made up of several villages was almost incomprehensible to the local leaders, because in the past there were only single villages with their own administration. The general situation is clearly reflected in the articles of the local press, which shows the daily struggle of the local elite in managing public affairs within the new borders of a country with a politically uncertain leadership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines the management of public and private assets within regional administrative units both theoretically, listing the relevant legal regulations, and practically, by describing a specific administrative procedure. The article highlights that while the Constitution and Civil Code of Romania only mention the management of public assets within regional administrative units, the Administrative Code also provides regulations for the management of private assets within these units. As a result, before the publication of the Administrative Code, it was suggested in the literature that the right of management, which is an exclusive real right derived solely from public ownership, should be reinterpreted to also apply to private property, but only in cases where the right of private ownership is considered as part of public law, exclusively belonging to the state or a regional administrative unit. Furthermore, the paper also discusses the question of whether, although the administrative document ordering the management is a unilateral administrative act, the management itself requires the signing of a contract between the owner and the manager. This question is answered by an administrative lawsuit, which the author describes in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Romania, the LEADER program has been successful in terms of the proportion of funds mobilised. But how did things turn out if we analyse the socio-economic development impact of the program? Have similar results been achieved in these aspects? Did the parties involved attempt to follow a systematic development path or did they just carry out a chaotic mix of applications? The present study aims 126 to provide answers to these questions. For this case study, I have looked at the funds used by the ATBN local action group in Braşov County, from Romania’s accession to the EU until 2020. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the empirical research is to compare the revenues of the Romanian and Swedish state budgets in the period 2006-2021. In the course of the research, I thoroughly analyse the three main income groups: fiscal incomes, social security contributions and non-fiscal incomes, as well as the presentation of the main groups of fiscal incomes. An important part of the study is the comparison on the role of consumption taxes from the perspective of the Romanian and Swedish budgets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Does the Hungarian community in Romania need public administration education in their mother tongue in higher education? Is the current solution appropriate, effective and in line with international trends? What steps need to be taken to train a truly modern public servent, capable of representing the interests of the community? The study seeks to provide a preliminary response to these questions, exploring a strategic framework for further reflection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the situation of digital poverty in Romania and the opportunities for digital inclusion in the post-Coronavirus era. Romania is characterised by all three levels of digital poverty. Therefore, digital policies in Romania should focus on developing digital skills and providing digital public services, as well as promoting digital business services. Romania needs to formulate a coherent digital strategy that brings together different sectors and aligns them with policies addressing wider social inequalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tearing down borders or the historical decline of categorial exclusion has not brought about the disappearance of exclusion. The principle of equality between people does not easily “translate” into real world facts, therefore socioeconomic inequality between people or groups remains stubbornly persistent. The source of the tension is, on the one hand, the declarative recognition of equality in principle, morality, and law, and, on the other hand, the practical persistence of social inequalities: social exclusion. The paper discusses the mechanisms and factors related to the subject, using the example of the ethnic exclusion of the Roma in Romania. The easy answers to uncomfortable questions more often slip into the field of scapegoating, victim-blaming, or even xenophobia. Real answers require confrontation: there is an inevitable problem of the continuous management of inequalities that persist despite of dismantled borders and equality in principle. I am convinced that we cannot remain indifferent and ignorant on these issues, since in many cases suffering is caused by one form of exclusion or another. Until we are made aware of how these operate, there is little chance of doing anything about them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magyarországon és Romániában a rendszerváltás körül kezdtek egyre nagyobb számban megjelenni a civil szervezetek, amelyek túlnyomó többségükben valamilyen kulturális, sport vagy közcélú feladat ellátására jöttek létre. Ugyanezen időszakra tehető a két országban a foglalkoztatás szerkezetének komoly megváltozása is, hiszen, az addig a munkáltatói oldalon túlnyomórészt az állam által dominált munkaerőpiacon, egyre nagyobb szerep jutott a magántulajdonban álló munkáltatóknak is. Ezzel egyidejűleg fokozatosan megjelentek azon civil szervezetek is, amelyek munkáltatóként munkavállalókat is foglalkoztattak. A főállású munkavállalók foglalkoztatása mellett a civil szervezetek esetén kifejezetten jellemző, hogy a tevékenységek egy jelentős részét önkéntesek részvételével tudják megoldani. Az önkénteskedés mind Magyarországon, mind pedig Romániában egyre gyakoribb. Különösen gyakran fordul elő az önkéntes munkavégzés a sportokkal foglalkozó civil szervezetekben, a kisebb-nagyobb sportesemények szervezése kapcsán. A tanulmány célja az érintett szektorok foglalkoztatási jellegzetességeinek feltárása az önkéntességgel összefüggésben, különös tekintettel a sportok területén aktív nonprofit és civil szervezetek vizsgálatára, illetve a sport területén mérhető önkéntességre. A hipotézisvizsgálat eredményei alapján megállapítható, hogy A különböző politikai múlt miatt valóban volt némi késedelem Romániában a civil szféra fejlődésével kapcsolatosan. Mind Magyarország, mind pedig Románia esetében jelentős az önkéntes munkavégzés szerepe. A sport területén a különböző sportegyesületek, sportklubok üzemeltetése, valamint a nagy sportesemények szervezése kapcsán megkerülhetetlenné vált az önkéntesek szerepe.

In the years following the change of regime in Romania in 1989, there were no reading circles or reading clubs in Transylvanian libraries with Hungarian connections. If there had been, they were not mentioned in the Könyvesház or in any other library journal, nor were they mentioned in professional circles. The first reading circle initiatives started in the 2010s, after the Association of Hungarian Librarians Living in Romania organised a bibliotherapy training for librarians in June 2010, led by Éva Bartos, Director of the Hungarian Library Institute, at the Kájoni János County Library in Csíkszereda. As a result of this training and subsequent ones, more and more libraries are now offering bibliotherapy sessions or reading circles using bibliotherapy methods, and among them, even a drama circle with the participation of children living with disabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author presents new data and additional remarks to the material of plant damages caused by Symphyta housed in the Hymenoptera Collection of the Hungarian Natural History Museum. 27 plant species and as well as 27 sawflies species have been recorded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 'schoolscape' can be analyzed as a display or materialization of the 'hidden curriculum' regarding the construction of linguistic and cultural identities. In addition, we can investigate the role the schoolscape has for language education, where I argue that it constitutes a major affordance. Based on a qualitative analysis of signs and discourses -- gathered during multi-sited fieldwork in 2011-2013 on Hungarian medium educational contexts in Romania, Slovakia and Ukraine -- I ask, how different vernaculars, languages of learning, teaching and school administration are displayed in the schoolscape. Which language ideologies, languages, language varieties or cultural and national symbols have hegemony in the schoolscape and which get erased from it? I conclude that even though there are many Hungarian symbols and Hungarian texts on display in the investigated schools the hierarchy of languages and their status in education are still clearly displayed in the schoolscapes, which is especially evident in the placement and intended use of centrally distributed signs in the majority language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of algorithmic thinking can start already in preschool since this is a sensitive period when many basic skills and abilities develop intensively. The Early Childhood Education Curriculum (2019) in Romania considers this period as the foundation stage of key competencies. The key competencies include technological competencies, the introduction of which in preschool can be linked to the development of algorithmic thinking, as educational robots can be used to develop this thinking ability. In this research, we present the possibility of using educational robots within the framework of a development program, which we tested with preschool children. The results of the children's pre- and post-measurements lead to the conclusion that algorithmic thinking can be developed already at this age with targeted intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Trianon Peace Treaty signed on 4 June 1920 created a new situation for Hungary as a kin state and Romania as successor state, as well as for ethnic Hungarians living in the detached regions, including Transylvania. In Hungary, the treaty was considered as enormous injustice, a crime against humanity. People believed that “it is bound to collapse as soon as the minds clear and the blood-soaked clouds of revenge cease the blur the eyesight of people”. The mood in Bucharest was, of course, altogether different. The peace treaty and especially the union of Transylvania with Romania was considered as a logical development of history and as an act of historic justice that never could be overruled. As for Hungarians living in Transylvania, they had to take crucial decisions: choosing to either remain in Romania or opt for Hungary. Those choosing to remain also had to decide how to relate to the Romanian state. In 1919-1920 almost two hundred thousand ethnic Hungarians left their native region. Those who remained tried various forms of resistance, including abstention from any participation in public life. Following the signing of the peace treaty this attitude was increasingly met with criticism. More and more people believed that they had to acquiesce to the new situation for a longer or shorter period of time, and therefore swearing an oath of loyalty to the Romanian state was all but unavoidable. The first community leader who suggested this course of action was György Bernády, former mayor of Marosvásárhely/Târgu Mureş. By the very end of 1920 three younger intellectuals (Károly Kós, István Zágoni és Árpád Paál) were preparing to call for a similar strategy. It was then that they published their program in a pamphlet titled Kiáltó Szó (Shouted Words) in which they suggested accommodation in return for extensive cultural autonomy granted to the Hungarian minority community by the Romanian state. In his essay, based on extended archival and printed materials, Ignác Romsics analyzes the choices and ambiguities of this transitional period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For about four years, the new Hungarian- Romanian border drawn by the Second Vienna Award of 30 August 1940 divided Transylvania and the Hungarians living there. The Hungarians of Northern Transylvania, who had been returned to Hungary, became part of the majority nation again, and the benefits of this soon became apparent. The most visible progress has been in the areas of mother tongue use, education, and culture. It was mainly due to this fact that, despite the severe economic difficulties, social conflicts and the not insignificant blood sacrifices of the war, the Hungarians of Northern Transylvania emerged from the turmoil of the Second World War and faced the new change of state sovereignty after 23 August 1944 with a strengthened national consciousness. The Hungarians of Southern Transylvania, however, who were stranded in Romania, experienced the arrival of a new minority form of existence as a blow similar to the catastrophe of Trianon. Over the next four years, their situation deteriorated and they suffered severe economic, social, cultural, and demographic losses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The political career of György Bernády, former mayor of Marosvásárhely, sheriff and member of parliament between the two world wars essentially follows the history of the National Hungarian Party in Romania. Accordingly, the study highlights the following periods: the period of the immediate formation of the National Hungarian Party (1918-1922), Bernády’s break with the party (1927-1933), and the history of his return and further activities (1934-1938). In a sense, his activities were characterised by exceptionalism, despite the fact that he was a major politician in the first ten years of the National Hungarian Party, twice coming close to the presidency and leading the pact negotiations with the Romanian National Liberal Party on behalf of the National Hungarian Party. The intensity of his activities declined considerably in the 1930s, but he still dealt with minor regional political issues, and his activity came to an end with his death in 1938. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Controlled by the communist movement of the country, the Union of Hungarian Workers of Romania (MADOSZ) was founded in 1934 in the Romanian Kingdom. Shortly after its creation it managed to spark a revolt in the Gyimes valley of the Eastern Carpathians. A national-revolutionary organization at its inception, MADOSZ became one of the few Romanian popular front organizations after 1936, only to be banned with all the political parties in 1938. In this paper, I’m addressing the core questions of the history of the organisation, focusing mainly on the double determination of the movement. Can MADOSZ be solely as the Trojan horse of the interests of the Soviet Union? What other dimensions of its existence can be highlighted? How was the organisation embedded in the political system of the Romanian Kingdom and what were its views regarding the modernisation of Transylvanian society? How were the members of the movement perceived and addressed and how did their fate turn after 1945? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is about Lajos Jordáky’s activity in the Hungarian State Theatre of Cluj. In the years of political transition (between 1945 and 1948/1949) the theatres of Romania also changed. The Hungarian State Theatre of Cluj – the most important theatre in Transylvania – was on the frontlines between liberty and totalitarian dictatorship. The Romanian Communist Party and its structures implemented censorship in the cultural life and in theatres as well. Jordáky, as an orthodox communist, was put in charge of the censorship in the Hungarian Theatre of Cluj, as the literary secretary of the institution. Despite the fact that he was austere with the actors and tried to implement the ideas and aesthetics of socialist realism in the theatre, his heritage is ambivalent. Being arrested and tried in 1954, then released from prison in 1955, his first visitors were his former colleagues. He could not change the theatre into a communist one, rather the theatre changed him: from a Stalinist he became a Humanitarian Marxist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A tanulmány roma gyerekeket oktató pedagógusokkal készített interjúk alapján mutatja be azokat a pedagógusi attitűdöket és magatartásokat, amelyek a mindennapi oktatási gyakorlatot alakítják. Intézményes programok, infrastrukturális és személyi feltételek hiányában a pedagógusoknak személyesen kell megoldásokat találniuk az adódó nehézségekre. Így válnak az integrációs folyamat kulcsszereplőivé, és ezért viszonyulásaik, attitűdjeik meghatározóak a roma gyermekek iskolai eredményességének szempontjából. A kutatás célcsoportját olyan pedagógusok képezik, akik a Csíki-medence (Hargita megye, Románia) olyan általános iskoláiban tanítanak, ahol a roma tanulók aránya meghaladja a 25 százalékot. Az országos szakpolitika fontosabb irányainak jelzése és a székelyföldi magyar-roma viszonyt vizsgáló szakirodalom bemutatása szélesebb értelmezési keretet kínál a vizsgált témakörnek.

The aim of this paper is to give an overview of the use of Hungarian language in dental education in Romania. The first part briefly describes the dental aspects of the first Hungarian-language Transylvanian medical book. The second part presents the history of dental education in Transylvania, from the very beginning till now, especially concentrating on the usage of Hungarian language. The university-level dental education began in 1890 at the Royal Hungarian Francis Joseph University of Sciences in Kolozsvár (Cluj-Napoca) as an optional discipline for medical students. Between 1913–1919 and 1940–1945 in Kolozsvár (Cluj-Napoca), the university provided undergraduate and postgraduate dental training in Hungarian; however, it was moved to Szeged between 1921–1940. After several name changes, it became Bolyai University of Sciences, and in 1945, its Faculty of Medicine, with Hungarian teaching language, was transferred to Marosvásárhely (Tirgu-Mures). Here, following the educational reform in 1948, it became the Institute of Medicine and Pharmacy of Marosvásárhely (Tirgu-Mures), and the Faculty of Dentistry was first established, and then, ceased to exist between 1951 and 1960. in 1962, dental training in Hungarian was replaced by bilingual education: the lectures were in Hungarian and Romanian, but practical activities were held only in Romanian. With regards to the teaching language, the situation remains even in the present; however, in the meantime, after a change of regime in Romania, the university was merged with another one, which resulted in several name changes. In 2014, a dental education in English was introduced, resulting in all teaching activities being held in English. Here, we are presenting our individual thoughts on importance of the education using the mother tongue and the preservation of the Hungarian dental terminology, as well as the impact of Romanian and English expressions. In summary, the only place in Romania where (theoretical) dental education is provided in Hungarian language, is in the Faculty of Dental Medicine at the George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu-Mures.

The aim of this paper is to analyse the upward mobility path of some Romanian Roma, who were beneficiaries of the state-supported affirmative action programmes (Roma school mediator training, Romany language teacher programme, special high school and university places for Roma students). Social climbing in this research is investigated in case of first-in-family high school and university graduates. Simultaneously, these persons have higher school attainment than their parents (and beyond the compulsory minimum of ten grades). Based on previous research, the social climbing up is understood here as the possession of different capitals: cultural, network, and especially resilient and navigational capital, which plays a crucial importance in striking back in racially hostile social environments. The narrative interviews indicate that mobility lays on previously acquired symbolical capital (recognition of the family) and it is supported by many protective factors (neo-protestant churches, communist orphanages, and the state-supported projects themselves). Interviews also reveal how racial identity was transformed under the impact of mobility. Some respondents narrate themselves as cultural straddlers, who commute between the Roma and the non-Roma social worlds; the majority of them considers that education enables the erasure of racial stigma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The text focuses primarily on the issue of the stratification of the Armenians in Romania as an ethnopolitical category, drawing attention to the processuality of its internal heterogeneity and the need for its periodic review. Starting from the general premise that this is not a single ethnic group issue, but a general phenomenon due to the regional and historical complexity of Romania, the study of each group – whether we consider them as a national minority or as part of a global diaspora – requires the application of dynamic analytical models based on the situation of multiple social actors. Accordingly, the analysis will outline the historical, cultural, and institutional profile of Armenian communities living in present-day Romania, with a special focus on the changes in the internal composition of the category in the decades after the regime change, by sketching the specific dynamics that determine the group’s current image and identity processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Planning is a social activity which aims at creating better places for communities. Participatory and communicative planning is gaining ground also in Romania, and there is plenty of research on the theory, practice, and ideology of planning regarding the involvement of the public, but there is a need to understand if there are language barriers here which might represent a bottleneck for linguistic minorities. The paper discusses this latter issue in the case of Romania’s design, town planning, and strategic planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the possible logical connections that made the political representatives of the Hungarians from Romania paradoxically opposed to law enforcement and advocacy strategies. The author illustrates the theoretical findings through three specific cases. The first case exemplifies the misuse of political communication to the detriment of legal awareness, and the second and third cases exemplify the disinterest of the Hungarian political actors in the enforcement of legally recognised rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]