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Current investigation analyses the processes of internal migration in Hungary following the regime change, which is divided into three stages: 1) the period of suburbanization that developed in the 1990s and then receded in the mid-2000s; 2) for a decade from the mid-2000s, the balance of migration tipped towards the towns again; (3) from the mid-2010s, the migration gain of villages has become decisive. Budapest became again a destination for migration in the second stage, while the population its agglomeration - with varying extent - gradually increased its proportion within the country. In the examined periods, several urban areas represented significant migration surplus (mainly in Northwestern Transdanubia), while the county seats of Northern Hungary, hit by the industrial crisis, were characterized by emigration even at the level of their catchment areas. Settlement groups struggling with almost continuous migration losses appeared especially on the periphery along the northeastern border. In addition to 'welfare' suburbanization, however, many settlements also experienced the migration of poor people induced by financial problems of population. Migration processes were affected by the 2008-2009 crisis, the Covid-19 pandemic, and the government's family and housing policy. The relationship between the level of development expressed in terms of income and the internal migration balance is on the one hand contingent, on the other hand changing over time and not clear. After the grouping of settlements according to their income level, emigration seems to be more frequent among the most backward settlements, but the migration gains of the more developed settlement groups are significantly fluctuating. During the first suburbanization period, differences in the migration balance decreased, however, according to the levels of development, the gap opened both during the crisis and during the second suburbanization that unfolded again in the last decade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Területi Statisztika is the property of Hungarian Central Statistical Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Tanulmányunkban Eger vonzáskörzetének vizsgálatával foglalkozunk, igyekszünk dinamikai összehasonlítást is végezni egy 1980-as átfogó felmérés eredményeivel. Elemzésünk célja az, hogy Eger négy ágazatra – kiskereskedelem, foglalkoztatás, egészségügy és oktatás – vonatkozó, valamint komplex vonzáskörzetét feltárjuk, és bemutassuk az elmúlt három évtizedben lezajlott változásokat, továbbá ezek magyarázatára is kitérjünk. Eger kiskereskedelmi vonzáskörzete megváltozott, mivel az ágazat egésze is jelentősen átalakult. A vásárlások száma nőtt, azonban a vidéki vásárlók aránya csökkent. A legnagyobb áruházak nagyobb vonzásövvel rendelkeznek, mint a belvárosi üzletek, ugyanakkor összességében véve Eger vonzáskörzete mégis csökkent. A megyeszékhely foglalkoztatási szerepe nőtt, vonzáskörzete kiterjedt, ez azonban kevesebb Egerbe ingázó munkavállalót jelentett a foglalkoztatás jelentős rendszerváltás utáni leépülése miatt. Az egészségügyi vonzáskörzet adminisztratív úton szabályozott, és nem változott meg érdemben 1980-hoz képest. A középfokú oktatási vonzáskörzet a tankötelezettség korhatárának emelése miatt minden tekintetben kiterjedt. Tanulmányunk legfontosabb következtetései a következők. Ágazatonként eltérő tendenciák érvényesültek, amelyek hátterében különböző társadalmi, gazdasági és politikai okok húzódtak meg. A lezajlott változások kettős képet mutatnak, mivel Eger komplex vonzáskörzetének abszolút kiterjedése csökkent, valamint az erősebben vonzott települések köre is szűkült. Ugyanakkor a megyeszékhely közelében fekvő – szuburbanizációs célterületnek számító – települések esetében mégis jellemzően erősödött a vonzás intenzitása.

The dynamic growth of spatial databases and IT analytical capabilities has expanded the scope for historical comparative studies. However, a number of problems have hampered the implementation of these analyses, mainly due to the altering methodology of statistical measurements, the changing content and uncertain explanatory power of socio-economic factors, and not least the repeatedly redrawn spatial frameworks. In the case of historical Hungary, the coherent data structure became fragmented as a result of the Treaty of Trianon, which also made it difficult to create a database for the current time section. The comparative analysis of linear infrastructure elements over time, in particular railways, poses fewer dilemmas, while the expression of complex development is a much more complicated problem. The study used calculations based on a common methodology, but essentially different in terms of the variables used in the two time sections in order to compare the change in the situation between 1910 and 2010 for the territory of historical Hungary (covering 8 countries in total). The authors have used geographic information tools to project municipal level data on a 10*10 km grid, since the problems mentioned above made direct comparison impossible. Their experience shows that the grid network is suitable for comparing the spatial structure of development over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]