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This paper deals with the relatedness of digital transformation, customer relationships and servitization in the context of contract manufacturing in Hungary. From an interactive point of view, this paper discusses digital transformation in inter-organizational relationships as an evolutionary process between contract manufacturers and their customers. A qualitative, case-study method was used for a single case. Components of the digital transformation process reflected the seller’s ability to solve problems and fulfil the customers’ needs. The two groups of strategic drivers are the purpose of fulfilling customer expectations and the efforts to increase efficiency. Customer expectations contribute, not only to the problem-solving ability, but also to decrease the uncertainty of the contract manufacturer. Efforts to increase efficiency contribute to fulfilment ability and decrease uncertainty of the contract manufacturer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A well-known public figure of the first Czechoslovak state, Ignác Schultz, who had emigrated from Hungary, was a representative of self-sacrificing activism. The political changes in the autumn of 1938 had an impact on his activities and living conditions as well. The present paper aims to provide some insights into Schultz's activities during the Second World War, which can still be best described in terms of activism. The paper also seeks to draw attention to the fact that Schultz tried to remain an activist after the Second World War, but that, in an ideological reversal, he committed himself to Zionism, in the face of unfavourable political events in Czechoslovakia, and remained committed to the idea until his death in 1954. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of External Economic Bulletin / Külgazdaság is the property of KOPINT Konjunktura Kutatasi Alapitvany and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Nővér is the property of Chamber of Hungarian Health Care Professionals and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Antik Tanulmanyok is the property of Akademiai Kiado and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present paper outlines a research project, which focusses on the aspects of quality and quantity in foreign language education in thirteen schools in the Edelény district of Hungary. It hypothesises that the significant proportion of disadvantaged and extremely disadvantaged pupils in the district adversely affects the quality and effectiveness of language teaching there. This paper outlines the theoretical framework of the study before addressing more objective questions through a series of interview questions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Critical sociolinguistics with a qualitative approach seeks to explore the background of language-related social issues. Such issues include, for example, the systems of ideas that shape contemporary public thinking, especially when it comes to language choice in minority contexts. The paper compares three such contexts: the context of a diasporic group (Hungarians in Catalonia, Spain), the young adults of an indigenous minority (Hungarians in Csallóköz, Žitný ostrov, Slovakia), and the media representation of sexual minorities in Hungary. The comparison is based on three separate studies with a qualitative and explorative orientation conducted by one of the authors each. These studies examined the language ideologies of late modernity and global capitalism that the literature identifies as discourses of pride and profit. We argue that speakers’ narratives on their language choice are permeated by the concept of profit in a way that pride is no longer evidently associated with authenticity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

My paper is related to my doctoral research, in which I examine the textual characteristics of literature popular among high school students. The basis of this examination is formed by the literature of the field from the past decades. My paper also includes a review of research in the field. Furthermore, I demonstrate where the caesura lies that 126 separates today's high school generation from previous generations, and I also answer what the basis of this division might be. I present previous studies conducted in Hungary, and I also address the lack of data regarding research focusing on young people, particularly Hungarian youth in Transylvania. I outline the methodology and the questions that any new research must ask if it is curious about what and how the high school generation reads. I also endeavour to present contemporary methods through which these reading habits can be analysed and compared with those of previous generations. Finally, I propose that any new research should not only be preoccupied with the analysis of reading habits but also the comparative analysis of the works read, which is the focus of my doctoral research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Területi Statisztika is the property of Hungarian Central Statistical Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper aims to explore the way in which the long stay of the Empress Elizabeth at Pest-Buda in the summer of 1866 emerged as a prime part of her Hungarian cult already in her lifetime. It seeks for the possible influences behind this process, while trying to reconstruct the later assessment of her activities at that time, as well as to uncover the real events on which her later the legend-building was based. Alongside presenting the stay of the Empress in Hungary, the paper also aims to explore the mythization of that stay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the growing war exhaustion, in 1917 Hungarian political and economic elite groups were growing increasingly confident in the possibility of victory in the East. Anticipating a triumphant peace, the leading figures of Hungary's economic and academic life relying on a dense social web of diverse associations revisited and refined earlier plans aimed at increasing Hungarian influence in the Balkans. This paper surveys the thinking and networking processes related to these plans which represent one of the last chapters of Hungarian foreign policy thought conceived in characteristically imperial terms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Military Engineer / Hadmérnök is the property of National University of Public Service and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Reformed congregation of Debrecen was the largest and most famous local church at that time in Hungary. More than 70,000 Reformed citizens lived in Debrecen. The presbytery consisted of 100 members. The presbyters of Debrecen felt a responsibility not only for their congregation but for the whole Hungarian Reformed Church even when the local church was in an extremely difficult situation after the World War I -- financial crises, political storms, problems in administration and organization. This paper aims to give an insight into the functioning of the presbytery, with particular reference to controversial issues. In several articles and conferences, the presbyters dealt with the office of the presbyter, its development, historical examples, the presbyters' tasks, and the election method. In addition, two longer papers were published, which dealt with the congregation's problems and possible solutions. Besides all this, the church taxes -- which generated heated debates -- were the critical issues in the life of presbytery. I believe the mentioned issues are still relevant for our church, so we should draw certain conclusions from these. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Film and television coverage of the “Little Hungarian World” following the Second Vienna Award remains incomplete. The media products, mostly funded by Hungary, usually portray the period between 1940 and 1944 in a one-sided manner, resulting from the lack of an unvarnished and honest confrontation with our own history. The question arises: if we try to understand this phenomenon based on the available audiovisual productions, how distorted will our perception become? Is it possible to create a media product about this subject without nationalistic overtones and, if so, how? In this paper, I begin to reflect on this question primarily as a filmmaker who has produced a documentary on this subject. In 2015, in our film Sweet Transylvania, We Were Here, we attempted to reconstruct the brief period of Northern Transylvania's return to Hungary based on oral history collections. I now aim to examine this phenomenon through the lens of available audiovisual products, complemented by the interviews collected for our documentary. This examination will focus on the following keywords: Second Vienna Award, the relationship between Hungarians from the Homeland and those from Transylvania, anti-Semitism, regime change, and sense of identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with the mass-cultural phenomenon of itinerant cinema and its entrepreneurs who made their way into and wandered around Transylvania, Partium, and the Banat in the early 20th century. The author undertakes three tasks: firstly, providing a brief definition of mass culture in the paradigm of mass consumption; secondly, guiding the reader through the history of picture-performing up until the 19th century, including the debut of moving picture shows; and lastly, inventorying the moving-picture performers and fairground cinemas in East Hungary before the appearance of permanent cinematographs. These showmen, while trying to make a quick buck by amazing the public with the cinema of attractions, managed to entertain the masses and bring higher culture closer to those who had until then led an almost culture-void existence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Belügyi Szemle / Academic Journal of Internal Affairs is the property of Ministry of Interior of Hungary and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The economics of religion has entered the social science mainstream in recent decades, mainly through the work of Roger Finke, Laurance Iannaccone and Rodney Stark. In these works, the authors sought to lay down a new theoretical framework for explaining religious phenomena that could be used to provide a new context for the empirical data sets of sociology of religion by applying approaches to rational choice theory and the concept of the market. In doing so, they have sought to overcome the secularisation thesis (Iannacone 1998, Finke and Stark, 2000) and the view that the religious dimension is primitive or at least irrational (Stark, Iannaccone and Finke, 1996). The first half of the following paper focuses on this economic approach, reflecting in this context on the changing nature of religiosity in modern times, the challenges of religious identity formation, and the issue of religious markets resulting from contemporary pluralism, including the spiritual offer in Hungary. In the second part, relevant parts of our data collected over several years at the Everness festival, which provides a platform for the display of a broad spectrum of Hungarian spiritual offerings, are briefly presented, along with religious market supply trends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues that despite of the efforts of political economists like David Hume or Adam Smith, the moral evaluation of self-interested motives or acts was, in some places, controversial throughout the 18th and 19th centuries. Although the paper primarily focuses on Hungarian instances of the above-mentioned phenomenon, it also intends to place them in an international context. The ideas enumerated and partly elaborated here are taken from both works of philosophy and literature, and are intended to highlight the political concerns triggered by the sinister image of the unconstrained self-interestedness of individuals. As we shall see, a certain part of the literary and scientific public, both in Hungary and elsewhere held that political communities could not be maintained on purely Smithian grounds, and hence the utility function of classical political economists should be updated with a new variable, called “sense of community” by them [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper attempts to shed light on the basic concepts of early modern Hungarian political thought through the analysis of two hitherto unknown documents: a comprehensive reform draft written around 1580 (Libellus Paraeneticus) and a political pamphlet written around 1625 (Responsio). The starting point is a 1995 study by Katalin Péter, who noted the slow divergence and fragmentation of the concepts of “homeland,” “country” and “nation” during the long period of the Ottoman occupation and threefold division of the former Kingdom of Hungary. The paper argues that this change occurred much more rapidly as a result of the long Turkish war (1591-1606) and the Bocskai uprising (1604-1606) in the early 17th century, and that it has also fundamentally determined and modified the modern understanding of the concept of Hungarian nation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Architectonics & Architecture / Építés - Építészettudomány is the property of Akademiai Kiado and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

One of the groups of sources that can most profitably be used for the examination of the argarian population of Hungary in the early modern era is the archival legacy of the regulation of seigneurial dues ordered by Queen Maria Theresia. Alongside the quantitative data, the responses given to the points of the inquiry shed light on the living and legal conditions of the most characteristic group within the eighteenth-century peasantry, that of contract tenants. While part of the jobbigy-peasantry and as such excluded from the noble nation and from all kinds of political and economic power, this group of the subjected population nevertheless theoretically enjoyed exceptionally wide guarantees in everyday economic activity as opposed to the lord's economy, with which it lived in an uneasy harmony, sometimes conflicting, and to the lord himself. Based on the material of four counties (Veszpr6m, Sopron, Borsod, Bihar),the paper explores the regional patterns of contract tenant peasantry in 887 settlements, as well as their ethnic, social and economic features, and those of the lords who dominated them. It likewise explores the proportion of landless peasants and resettled ethnic minorities, prevailing landholding forms, and the issues of serfdom and freedom in correlation with the contract relationship. Through a qualitative analysis of the responses given by the population at the time of the regulation, the paper also explores the formal characteristics of contract-making, offering a „typology" of such contracts by ordering the different contracts into a system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first part of the paper surveys the historiographical discurses about the abolition of peasant serfdom. While the examination of the abolition of serfdom in a local context only started in the early 1960s, the preceding decades had been dominated by three influential narratives. From the 18gos to the 193Os the historical syntlieses argued that the great losers of the abolition were the former lords, while the winners were the former serfs. From the mid-1930s a more balanced judgement emerged, in which both parties were thought to have sufferred the consequences of the dissolution of the old order and the market transition. After 1945, parallel to the sovietisation of Hungary, the exclusive dominance of historical materialism meant that, from the perspective of the peasantry, the balance of the abolition of serfdom became clearly negative. The quantitative analyses of the 1960s gradually nuanced the picture, and, as a result, by the 1980s the balanced judgement of the 1930s had been basically justified. The second part of the paper attempts to organise the evidence of the quantitative analyses into a database. The result, however, is that while the 52 researches that could be involved in the analysis contain information about more than 2200 settlements, only a tiny fragment of these are detailed enough to be of any help in reconstructing the balance of the abolition of serfdom on a national level: how much arable, pasture and meadow remained in the hands of the former serfs, and how much they lost. Accordingly, the author proposes a new, regionally and socio-historically representative research in order to answer the question. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Területi Statisztika is the property of Hungarian Central Statistical Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Safety & Security Sciences Review / Biztonságtudományi Szemle is the property of Obuda University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The study examines the issue of flight at the end of the First World War in two cross-sections of the largest county in the Kingdom of Hungary in terms of area and population. The first part of the study looks at the policies that the state administration used to supply and employ refugees, and at the strategies that refugee officials employed to seek jobs and flats. The second part, based on a specific sort of the county administration's papers, seeks to trace the background and career paths of the individual officials who remained in the county. This is all the more important because the analysis reveals that there are more similarities between the late Dualist period and the early Horthy regime (and between the Károlyi administration and the Republic of Council in between) than one might think. The change was then brought about by a centralised state refugee policy, with housing schemes and centralised social politics: while the state administration, overly bloated with refugee officials, was in 1922 pushed in large numbers from the state administration into the private sector or among the pensioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Területi Statisztika is the property of Hungarian Central Statistical Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Szociológiai Szemle is the property of Hungarian Sociological Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The research on Roma/Gypsy people in Hungary is extensive, and their common characteristic is that they have very different perspectives due to the wide range of disciplinary approaches. Although both international and domestic investigations are now attempting to define themselves as a separate scientific discipline under the heading of Romani studies/Gypsiology, these efforts are not considered to be very successful, since they represent a very heterogeneous vision. In my study, I take stock of the main features of the different disciplinary approaches. In doing so, I argue that the study of Gypsy-Hungarian coexistence can be achieved by bringing together social-historical, sociological, and anthropological perspectives. In the other major unit of the paper, I present the production of the process of ethnic boundary formation and their characteristic differences through two case studies. In my study of ethnic coexistence situations in the Carpathian Basin, I found that Roma and non-Roma coexistence practices are always based on opposition (dichotomization), regardless of whether they live with Romanians, Saxons, or Hungarians. On the contrary, in living together with non-Roma ethnic groups, a complementary relationship prevails from the very beginning, which maintains differences in a physical and/or symbolic way, but recognises and considers the other ethnic group's independent form of existence as equal to its own. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Psychiatria Hungarica is the property of Hungarian Psychiatric Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The emergence of the ICT society has put education under pressure to modernise. The value of transferable knowledge, the importance of key competencies and transversal competences has risen. In Hungary, one of the most significant educational reforms after the 1989 political regime change occurred in 2005, with introducing the new two-tier school-leaving examination system. The examination system brought various innovations, especially in the subject of History, but not all the goals written in the regulatory documents are in line with how the exam tasks operate on the practical level. In this paper, I introduce the intermediate level history maturity exam and research where I examined the prevalence of the topics and distribution of tasks by subject (e.g. political history). In a hope to identify trends in these aspects of the examination regarding both exam sections. My intention is also to provide an impression of how the intermediate level history examination works, which I hope will be useful for history teachers, task writers and for others as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Military Science Review / Hadtudományi Szemle is the property of National University of Public Service and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The milling industry played a key part in the industrial development of Hungary. The greatest and most modern steam mills were constructed at Buda and Pest from the middle of the nineteenth century. In the same period, the twin cities went through the process from which they emerged, united in 1873 as Budapest, as a modern metropolis. Exploring the relationship between the city and the milling industry, the paper focuses on the question of how the urban development and the presence of the steam mills influenced each other. The period under investigation starts in 1841, when the first steam mill was erected, and ends in 2008, when the last building of its kind was demolished. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The multi-ethnical community of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy provides an intriguing field of exploration for the research of loyalties and identities that existed parallelly and sometimes in competition with one another. It is to this topic that the paper aims to contribute by surveying methodological considerations and offering some problem-articulating thoughts. After the Compromise of 1867, in Hungary the norms of the modern bureaucratic state coexisted with the forms of behaviour that were inherited from the preceding premodern society. The authors demonstrate this duality through the relationship between fidelity of subjects and loyalty of citizens, and then examine the relationship of this latter bond with national identity through an investigation of the state symbols. They come to the conclusion that the Hungarian state subjected its own citizens to a kind of forced loyalty test, but in symbolic conflicts with the nationalistic aspirations it generally came off worse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of External Economic Bulletin / Külgazdaság is the property of KOPINT Konjunktura Kutatasi Alapitvany and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Architectonics & Architecture / Építés - Építészettudomány is the property of Akademiai Kiado and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the two decades after the defeat of the 1848-1849 Hungarian Revolution, Mrs. Mária Vachott (her husband, Sándor Vachott was a famous literary editor in the 1840s and at the time of the revolution the secretary of Lajos Kossuth) successfully carried out a programme of disseminating Hungarian language youth literature, especially for girls. She edited anthologies and started a series of books (Vachott Sándoné ifjúsági iratai – Mrs. Vachott’s Papers for Young People etc.). These include her historical patriotic novel for girls from 1861, Ilona Szikláry. At the suggestion of her mentor, the writer-politician, Baron József Eötvös, Mrs. Vachott wrote the story as set at the end of the 16th century, during the reign of the Turks in Hungary. However, the story is an adaptation: the turning points in the plot strongly resemble to those of the plot of Christoph von Schmid’s biedermeier novel Rosa von Tannenburg (1823). Von Schmid was also a popular writer in Hungary, widely read in both German and Hungarian, and in 1850 the ‘Tannenburgi Róza’ was published in Hungarian. It is a curious fact that neither the critic of Mrs. Vachott’s novel, Ferenc Salamon in 1861, nor the members of the committee that awarded the literary prize to this novel, offered by Countess Karolin Zichy, didn’t recognise the obvious plagiarism – or tried to conceal the similarity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Military Engineer / Hadmérnök is the property of National University of Public Service and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Space & Society / Tér és Társadalom is the property of Centre for Economic & Regional Studies, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The news of the Peace of Westphalia in the autumn of 1648 certainly elicited great sighs of relief all over Europe, though contentedness was not yet universal. In countries over which the menace of the expansion and further advance of the Ottoman Empire loomed larger, the news generated a period of great hopes. This applied first of all to Hungary and Croatia where an optimistic public feeling began to spread wide. The main sources of this optimism were the influential politicians and their statements, who were both mouthpieces and shapers of the general attitude. Who were convinced that after 30 years of warfare a period of regeneration ought to come, and sooner or later – not in the distant future – what they had been painfully missing for decades, exactly since the reign of Emperor Rudolph (†1612, Rudolph I as king of Hungary): a major concerted anti-Ottoman military undertaking would be launched, a comprehensive campaign with the participation and support by Europe’s Christian countries initiated and controlled by the ruler of the Holy Roman Empire and also king of Hungary Ferdinand III. As the contemporary utterance of the politicizing Hungarian estates reveal, this optimistic expectation was paired with a zealous manifestation of a readiness to act. They voiced their great resolve with which the eligible population would take part and fight as effectively as their reserves allowed against the Porte. This uncompromising intrepidity, the fight against the Ottomans at any price was fed – in addition to many glorious examples in the past – by several contemporary events. Clashes with great casualties which made great stirs in the Hungarian and European public life. Contemporaries hailed the fallen, including those of the ill-starred military encounter at Vezekény on 26 August 1652, as inflaming examples of perseverance. In the eye of the contemporaries those killed in the clash – including four members of the aristocratic Esterházy family – set an inspiring example of moral courage in the teeth of Turkish superiority in numbers: in a hopeless battle they chose perseverance to the end, that is, heroic self-sacrifice, instead of surrendering. In addition to numerous quondam utterances including some quality works of literature testifying to the intrepidity and fighting value of the Hungarian estates, two works of the applied arts were also created with the aim of perpetuating the glorious memory of the fallen heroes. The historic military events of the last one and a half decades in the 17th century – the triumphant termination of the Ottoman wars in Hungary, the expulsion of the Turks – overruled the original meaning of the time-honoured adage known all over Europe, the idea that Hungary was one of the safeguards/bulwarks of the western Christian community. Although it might have lost its topicality, it did not fall out of public remembrance. It underwent some modification, some shift of tone, the militant slogan of mobilization giving way to reference to the heroic deeds of the forefathers, to the glorious past, the historical merits of the kingdom, of Hungaria. Added to this – by way of a conclusion – is the profound conviction rooted in historical experience that it was not in vain to persevere above their strength against the pagan world power in calamitous times. To the contrary, the nation owed her well-nigh miraculous survival to it. After all, the fact that her disintegration and perdition could be avoided must have been by the will of divine providence. This idea is conveyed in a visual language by an extremely effective composition, an engraving made in Augsburg in the first decade of the 18th century undoubtedly upon a Hungarian commission. What were the Archabbot of Pannonhalma P. Aegidius Karner’s ideas or intentions to have this engraving made? In the closing section of the paper an attempt is made to answer this question. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents some characteristics of media consumption of Hungarians in Slovakia, based on empirical data for 2021. Specifically, what are the preferences for each media type, and how many people and how often they follow each print media product, TV and radio channels, and internet news portals, both in Slovakia and in Hungary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Space & Society / Tér és Társadalom is the property of Centre for Economic & Regional Studies, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper explores the medieval Hungarian royal coronations and the ordines that were used on these occasions. The coronation ritual was fixed everywhere in Europe: the procedure is revealed by the coronation ordines. At first, the 82 extant European coronation ordines are examined comparatively, and secondly the coronations of the individual kings of Hungary are examined in the context of the ensuing results as well as in the light of the previous scholarly literature. It is the coronation ordines of Kings Stephen, Solomon and Louis I that are analysed in detail; for in these cases new perspectives and possibilities emerged in the wake of the examination of the ordines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Magyar Állatorvosok Lapja is the property of Herman Otto Intezet Nonprofit Kft. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The author, who worked at the Library of the Hungarian Parliament for 42 years and was head of the access services department for 25 years, has previously written about the activities of the institution’s directors in library journals and in a monograph as well. In this paper, he outlines the career of the deputy directors by examining two significant periods in the history of the library, which is still in operation today. The first period lasted until 1950, when the Library Committee, a permanent unit of the House of Representatives, which had played a key role in the oversight and management of the library for eight decades, was abolished. In the second era, formally from 1952 to 1991, the library remained in the building of the Parliament, but was removed from the parliamentary organisational framework and placed under the control of the Ministry of Culture, and we can follow the life of the library through the personalities of the deputy directors. (In the short transitional period from 1950 to 1952, when the oneparty dictatorship was already well established and the Presidential Council took over the majority of the powers of the Parliament as a new body, the preparation for the second era was actually taking place.) In the 110 years examined by the paper, the second men of the Library’s leadership have often played a very important role, first of all in the development of a cultural institution that provided information to the deputies and then to the public at large. Many of them also made their way to the managerial position. The negative role played by deputy directors, who had a detrimental influence on the life of the prestigious library, is also discussed. The deputy directors are introduced through brief biographical sketches and portraits of the heads of the bodies that oversaw the Library of the Hungarian Parliament (the two heads of the Library Committee in Part I were the President and the Clerk-Recorder, and in Part II the Minister was the main person in charge of the ministerial control). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Military Science Review / Hadtudományi Szemle is the property of National University of Public Service and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)