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Bolesław Miciński was born in 1911 in Podolia. The writer lived and worked in Poland, and from 1939 he was in emigration in France, where he died of tuberculosis in 1943. The author of the article describes the connections of Miciński’s works with Greco-Roman antiquity and the Bible. The poetic volume Chleb z Gietsemane [Bread from Gietsemane] (1932), the essay Odpowiedź na list Francesca, obywatela rzymskiego [Reply to the Letter of Francesco, a RomanCitizen] (1940) and the lecture Portret Juliana Apostaty [Portrait of Julian the Apostate] (1942) are analysed in detail. Miciński was well known in ancient culture and consciously drew on its deposits for erudite, aesthetic and rhetorical purposes. It is also worth emphasising that antiquity was a reservoir of motifs, themes and sentences, which were updated in the works of the Polish writer in the process of renarration and reinterpretation, showing the universal value of the ancient tradition.

Der Beitrag nimmt eine bislang kaum berücksichtigte Dimension der – imAnschluss an John Hattie – immer wieder diskutierten Lehrer*innen-Schüler*innen-Interaktion in den Blick. Auf der Basis von insgesamt 24 ausführlichenOral-History-Interviews fokussiert er auf die longue durée der Erinnerungen an(Religions-)Lehrpersonen. Er analysiert, wie sich Zeitzeug*innen, die in der ZwischenkriegszeitWiener Schulen besucht haben, in der Gegenwart an ihre damaligenLehrer*innen erinnern. Die Analysen zeigen zum einen, dass Lehrpersonen,die grundsätzlich positiv erinnert werden, auch Jahrzehnte nach dem Schulbesuchdurchaus als Persönlichkeiten präsent sein können. Als negativ charakterisierteLehrer*innen werden in the long run dagegen nur sehr selten erinnert. Vergleichbaresgilt für die konkreten Unterrichtsinhalte. Auch in den Erinnerungenan ein klar umrissenes Fach wie den Religionsunterricht verweisen die Zeitzeug*innen in den Interviews kaum auf konkrete fachliche Inhalte.

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Unternehmensgeschichte is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A book review, BOGDAN BUCUR, Sociologia proastei guvernări în România interbelică. București: RAO, 2019, 728 pp. done by Petru NEGURĂ

The paper deals with the topic of eugenics ("Erbgesundheitslehre" or "Rassenhygiene") among the Germans in Romania, which was mainly carried by Transylvanian Saxon actors. Based on Tudor Georgescu's monograph The Eugenic Fortress: The Transylvanian Saxon Experiment in Interwar Romania (2016), the topic is analyzed in depth for the 1920s. Using Heinrich Siegmund's Sächsisches Wehr- und Mehrbuch, which was published in 1914 and in a revised form in 1922, as well as other source examples, it is shown that the eugenic discourse was not only a transfer from the "West" to Transylvanian Saxony, but took on a specific form. The central actors of the biopolitical discourse among the Transylvanian Saxons, especially Heinrich Siegmund and later Alfred Csallner, acted in an interpersonal and intertextual network, especially one supported by institutions, that was primarily connected to Germany--the exchange on eugenics was thus a reciprocal process, not an exclusively one-sided "import" from the "West." However, it is further noted that there was relatively little demonstrable exchange with Romanian and Hungarian eugenicists. The implementation of the teachings of eugenics was intended to counter a demographically induced decrease in the population of the German minority. The main target was the younger generation, especially in rural areas--this milieu was seen as having the best chances of resisting the "decline" by means of biopolitical measures. On the one hand, the analyzed discourse reveals the intertwining of traditional and contemporary topoi; on the other hand, a radicalization of biopolitical concepts can be seen parallel to political developments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The birth of Romanian-language science does not coincide with the birth of the nation and it becomes problematic when trying to define it as a fixed and static cultural concept confined within the national state borders. Oscillating between two main views on "national science" as being a contact point and a separating line between cultural spaces, we will analyse in this article the way in which the Romanian-language science coagulated in scientific schools in the first interwar decades by using French and German models, decanting them and transforming them in a relevant way. We contend that this coagulation of foreign models into a "national" science was not the merit of a coherent central political project but rather a common endeavour of individuals from all cultural centers who actively contributed, through their collaboration and competition, to the participation of Romanian-language science to the international dialogue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the research the author reveals the methods of public history that must be used to popularize the history of Kremenets «Prosvita» of the interwar period of the 20th century. Public history provides opportunities to learn about our past for a wide range of citizens. Among the latest scientific works, in which the activities of «Prosvita» are covered with varying degrees of completeness, it is necessary to name the researches of I. Zuliak, Yu. Kramar, L. Strilchuk, M. Kucherepa, and others. The purpose of the publication is to consider the activities of Kremenets «Prosvita» with Public History, which allows not only to gain a deeper understanding of historical processes, but also to promote the achievements of the society in the present. Kremenets «Prosvita» was founded in 1918, but was officially registered in 1920, ceased its activity in 1932, after being closed by Polish authorities. Quite quickly, the company created an extensive network of branches in Kremenets district. There were reading houses in every village, they had their own small libraries and subscribed to periodicals. Today, more than ever during the Russian-Ukrainian war; the work of enlightened people is needed, especially among internally displaced persons (for learning the Ukrainian language, Ukrainian history, popularizing Ukrainian literature, etc.). The experience of enlightened people of the interwar period of the 20th century should be useful for contemporaries. It is clear that not everyone will be able to read and study academic history, but Public History will come in handy. Historical knowledge does not always have to adhere to the academic form of presentation, just so that there are no falsifications. Public History will help to get a modern idea of how enlightened people worked in Kremenets in the interwar period. On the basis of the analysis of the numeral facts of the activities of enlightened people, it can be stated that «Prosvita» society had a significant impact on the development of national culture, education, and literature in Volyn. Among the famous educators of Kremenets district, it is necessary to promote the activities of B. Kozubskyi, S. Zhuk, M. Cherkavskyi, A. Zhyvotko, and others. Thus, highlighting the organization of the work of Kremenets «Prosvita» in the public space with the involvement of professional historians and representatives from outside the academic history is an important step for the popularization of the association.

With each year of the reign of the Romanian authorities, the trade relations of the region expanded. Despite the loss of Bukovyna’s niche in the trade of Austria-Hungary, after World War I it was possible to establish quickly trade circulation both in the middle of Romania and abroad. The geography of business contacts became extremely wide and was not limited to the domestic market, but also included connections with the countries of Europe, Asia and America. Customs in Chernivtsi and Grigore Ghica Vodă (Nepolokivtsi) became the «northern gates of Romania». Growth of trade through them caused the strengthening of the role of the commodity exchange and shops, which allowed Chernivtsi to establish itself as a commercial centre of the region. Grains, poultry, livestock, meat, eggs, skins, fruits, forest and minerals became the export items. The development of the region’s export trade in the specified period was characterized by cyclicality.

With each year of the reign of the Romanian authorities, the trade relations of the region expanded. Despite the loss of Bukovyna’s niche in the trade of Austria-Hungary, after World War I it was possible to establish quickly trade circulation both in the middle of Romania and abroad. The geography of business contacts became extremely wide and was not limited to the domestic market, but also included connections with the countries of Europe, Asia and America. Customs in Chernivtsi and Grigore Ghica Vodă (Nepolokivtsi) became the «northern gates of Romania». Growth of trade through them caused the strengthening of the role of the commodity exchange and shops, which allowed Chernivtsi to establish itself as a commercial centre of the region. Grains, poultry, livestock, meat, eggs, skins, fruits, forest and minerals became the export items. The development of the region’s export trade in the specified period was characterized by cyclicality.

In the research the author reveals the methods of public history that must be used to popularize the history of Kremenets «Prosvita» of the interwar period of the 20th century. Public history provides opportunities to learn about our past for a wide range of citizens. Among the latest scientific works, in which the activities of «Prosvita» are covered with varying degrees of completeness, it is necessary to name the researches of I. Zuliak, Yu. Kramar, L. Strilchuk, M. Kucherepa, and others. The purpose of the publication is to consider the activities of Kremenets «Prosvita» with Public History, which allows not only to gain a deeper understanding of historical processes, but also to promote the achievements of the society in the present. Kremenets «Prosvita» was founded in 1918, but was officially registered in 1920, ceased its activity in 1932, after being closed by Polish authorities. Quite quickly, the company created an extensive network of branches in Kremenets district. There were reading houses in every village, they had their own small libraries and subscribed to periodicals. Today, more than ever during the Russian-Ukrainian war; the work of enlightened people is needed, especially among internally displaced persons (for learning the Ukrainian language, Ukrainian history, popularizing Ukrainian literature, etc.). The experience of enlightened people of the interwar period of the 20th century should be useful for contemporaries. It is clear that not everyone will be able to read and study academic history, but Public History will come in handy. Historical knowledge does not always have to adhere to the academic form of presentation, just so that there are no falsifications. Public History will help to get a modern idea of how enlightened people worked in Kremenets in the interwar period. On the basis of the analysis of the numeral facts of the activities of enlightened people, it can be stated that «Prosvita» society had a significant impact on the development of national culture, education, and literature in Volyn. Among the famous educators of Kremenets district, it is necessary to promote the activities of B. Kozubskyi, S. Zhuk, M. Cherkavskyi, A. Zhyvotko, and others. Thus, highlighting the organization of the work of Kremenets «Prosvita» in the public space with the involvement of professional historians and representatives from outside the academic history is an important step for the popularization of the association.

As a result of the codification of Hungarian civil procedure, the first modern code of civil procedure was enacted in 1911. It was characterised by the principles of orality, immediacy, and publicity. An important question of the legislation was to decide to which extent should the parties be allowed to propose new allegations and proofs in the second instance proceedings. Furthermore, the legislative reforms of the interwar period amended the regulation of the appeal as well. The study examines these questions with the help of the primary sources of the era.

Copyright of Österreichisches Religionspädagogisches Forum (ÖRF) is the property of Osterreichisches Religionspadagogisches Forum and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Compared to the Habsburg era, when Yiddish writings were hardly printed in Bukovina – due to the centralized policy of Vienna and the openness towards integration and assimilation on the part of numerous Bukovinian Jews, as well as because of the status of Yiddish as the language of uneducated Jews – the Yiddish printing industry, as well as the Yiddish libraries didn’t develop until the early 1920s, simultaneously with the emergence of national identity concepts. This paper is based on descriptive research and discusses the importance of these institutions in shaping trajectories of cultural, national and linguistic identities.

The study analyzes the way in which the German minority in Romania related, in the period 1920-1933, to the system ensuring the protection of linguistic, racial and religious minorities that operated under the authority of the League of Nations. We note that, while the German minorities in other European states (Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia) were more active in their relationship with the League of Nations, sending petitions to Geneva, the sizable German minority in Romania did not turn to this "international court" in order to raise the problems it was facing in its relations with the Romanian state authorities. Although they were dissatisfied with the content of some laws adopted in the first interwar decade, the Germans in Romania did not refer to the League of Nations, as the Hungarian, Jewish or Russian minorities in Romania did, on issues related to agrarian reform and education laws. The German community in Romania chose the path of internal politics to make their demands known and pursue their economic, political and cultural objectives. Even if at certain moments the Germans in Romania considered the option of appealing to the League of Nations, this option had rather the role of "sensitizing" the ruling parties to the needs of the German minority. Nevertheless, I have identified and analyzed two petitions accepted by the League of Nations Secretariat, which are related, in a way, to the particular problems of the German minorities and to Romania's post-imperial state status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the Great War and the union of Bessarabia, Bukovina, Transylvania, and the Banat with the Old Kingdom, the reform of higher education and, implicitly, its transformation into a unitary and efficient system required a lot of efforts. A significant number of initiatives and projects were discussed by the Romanian academic circles, politicians, and by the broader public before the first law for the organization of universities in Greater Romania was adopted and implemented, in April 1932. This article is a case study, which focuses on two proposals put forward in the 1920s by some prominent professors of the University of Cluj. My research tries to clarify and enrich our knowledge regarding the various stages that preceded and shaped the 1932 higher education law. It highlights the similarities and differences between these projects, looking, in particular, at their most relevant and modern elements. The article could equally provide points of comparison for future analysis regarding the reconstruction of the educational systems in other Central or Eastern European countries, in the first half of the 20th century.

“LOVERS-FRIENDS”, THE ALTERNATIVE TO EROS? A PARATOPIC INTERPRETATION OF THE COUPLE IN PANAÏT ISTRATI’S ONCLE ANGHEL AND PRÉSENTATION DES HAÏDOUCS Panaït Istrati used to grant a considerable place on his oeuvre to his experience and thought. However, their impact on his love and couple’s representations remains littleknown yet despite their influence on the writer’s paratopias, on his Oncle Anghel and Présentation des haïdoucs and on their originality. This paper aims to examine the effects of two paratopias on the vision of Oncle Anghel and Présentation des haïdoucs on the couple’s love and to measure its originality, compared to the author’s first plots and contextualized in the period of the interwar.

Scientific research is devoted to an interesting and multifaceted problem of regional history: the study of the peculiarities of the Ukrainian educational process of educational institutions in Lutsk, which in the period between the two world wars was the voivodship center of the Second Commonwealth. The study period is due to a number of features related to the entry of Western Volhynia in general, and Lutsk, Zokerem, part of Poland and active state intervention in all spheres of socio-political, economic, cultural and religious life of the region. The consequence of such a policy was the change of the image of Lutsk from a provincial city to the center of Polish political, socio-economic and cultural life in Volhynia. Along with these positive changes, Lutsk is experiencing a number of difficult processes during the period under study, primarily due to difficulties in resolving the national issue, which manifested itself through oppression of the Orthodox Church, Ukrainian schooling, national culture, etc. The experience of studying interwar Lutsk is, to a large extent, an illustrative example of interethnic coexistence, multinational urban structure and the interaction of different national cultures. Therefore, the proposed study not only enriches and expands the history of the city, but also highlights previously unexplored narrow historical aspects. The author emphasizes that the peculiarity of the educational processes in Lytsk in the interwar period was that the educational process was completely controlled and determined by the power of the Second Commonwealth and generally corresponded to them in general. Widespread methods of this policy were the oppression of Ukrainian-language schools, the creation of bilingual schools, and interference in the educational process of the Polish government.

An important role in the economy of Ukraine today is played by the food industry, which leads to considerable interest in studying its development in some regions in previous times. However, the functioning of food enterprises in Northern Bukovyna and Khotyn region in the interwar period has not yet been the subject of a separate scientific study. An in-depth analysis of archival materials, official statistical reports, and a number of publications revealed that the food industry in the studied region at the beginning of the Romanian rule was represented by the flour, sugar, alcohol, dairy, and meat processing branches. At the same time, the food industry was best developed in Chernivtsi County. By the end of the 1930s, the number of enterprises in this industry in the region had increased significantly. The range of products produced by them has also diversified. In that time according to the main indicators of the industry’s development, Chernivtsi County stood out among the three counties of Northern Bukovyna and Khotyn region, and a significant part of its enterprises was located in the city of Chernivtsi.

An important role in the economy of Ukraine today is played by the food industry, which leads to considerable interest in studying its development in some regions in previous times. However, the functioning of food enterprises in Northern Bukovyna and Khotyn region in the interwar period has not yet been the subject of a separate scientific study. An in-depth analysis of archival materials, official statistical reports, and a number of publications revealed that the food industry in the studied region at the beginning of the Romanian rule was represented by the flour, sugar, alcohol, dairy, and meat processing branches. At the same time, the food industry was best developed in Chernivtsi County. By the end of the 1930s, the number of enterprises in this industry in the region had increased significantly. The range of products produced by them has also diversified. In that time according to the main indicators of the industry’s development, Chernivtsi County stood out among the three counties of Northern Bukovyna and Khotyn region, and a significant part of its enterprises was located in the city of Chernivtsi.

Scientific research is devoted to an interesting and multifaceted problem of regional history: the study of the peculiarities of the Ukrainian educational process of educational institutions in Lutsk, which in the period between the two world wars was the voivodship center of the Second Commonwealth. The study period is due to a number of features related to the entry of Western Volhynia in general, and Lutsk, Zokerem, part of Poland and active state intervention in all spheres of socio-political, economic, cultural and religious life of the region. The consequence of such a policy was the change of the image of Lutsk from a provincial city to the center of Polish political, socio-economic and cultural life in Volhynia. Along with these positive changes, Lutsk is experiencing a number of difficult processes during the period under study, primarily due to difficulties in resolving the national issue, which manifested itself through oppression of the Orthodox Church, Ukrainian schooling, national culture, etc. The experience of studying interwar Lutsk is, to a large extent, an illustrative example of interethnic coexistence, multinational urban structure and the interaction of different national cultures. Therefore, the proposed study not only enriches and expands the history of the city, but also highlights previously unexplored narrow historical aspects. The author emphasizes that the peculiarity of the educational processes in Lytsk in the interwar period was that the educational process was completely controlled and determined by the power of the Second Commonwealth and generally corresponded to them in general. Widespread methods of this policy were the oppression of Ukrainian-language schools, the creation of bilingual schools, and interference in the educational process of the Polish government.

The paper highlights the characteristics of the Reşiţa workers gymnastics and sports activity, promoted by the industrial development during its early existence and in the interwar period, based on the general characteristics and within in the broader framework of the Banat gymnastics and sports movement, as presented by the Banat German sports press. The Timişoara weekly newspapers Sportmontag (Sports Monday) and Sport-Anzeiger (Sports Advertizer), as well as the Arad Sport-Kalender für das Gemeinjahr 1934 (Sports Calendar for the year 1934) were examined in this regard. The most popular sport in Reşiţa was football, played by multiethnic clubs, unlike the German inspired gymnastics, which promoted a conservative and nationalist mentality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is based on materials from file no. 71, Fund no. 487 of the Central Archives of Modern Records in Warsaw. The file contains economic reports from the Polish Consulate in Chisinau, relating to the beginning of the interwar period. The authors of the reports wrote about the varieties and production of wines in Bessarabia, wine brands, their place in the Romanian wine market, their quality, as well as the export of Bessarabian wines to Poland and Central European countries, where they met competition from French wine producers. The Polish consuls had different opinions about Bessarabian wines: A. Świerzbiński considered that they were not worse than French ones, and M. Uzdowski preferred French ones. The last surviving records date back to the early 1930s, so it is currently impossible to trace the development of Bessarabian viticulture and winemaking in 1931- 1939 from the point of view of the Polish consulate.

Panaït Istrati is known as a writer granting an important place to his own life, reflections and beliefs in his literary work. Nevertheless, their influence has not been perceived when it comes to his depiction of love in the couple. Yet this influence on the birth and superposition of the writer’s paratopia’s explain the originality of these representations in Kyra Kyralina and Oncle Anghel. This article aims to consider two origins to these paratopia’s, to grasp their effects on the view of the works of fiction on the couple’s love and to take the measure of its originality, once contextualized in the interwar period’s society and literary production.

Supplements to German newspapers in Lodz in the interwar period promoted an extremely modern type of woman, in line with the latest world trends. German magazines „Die Welt im Bilde. Sonntagsbeilage zur Neuen Lodzer Zeitung" and „Illustrierte Wochenblatt. Beilage zur Neuen Lodzer Zeitung" registered changes in lifestyle and propagated them among Lodz readers. The fashion promoted by Lodz accessories and lifestyle did not differ in any way from the latest European and world models. It was an expression of striving for modernity, for changing the way of thinking not only about women, but about the whole society. Introducing modern ideas into magazines resulted in the dissolution of old and obsolete forms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Historische Zeitschrift is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Forest resources of Northern Bukovyna and Khotyn County have long played an important role in the life of the local population. During 1918–1940, the forest branch of the region occupied one of the leading positions in all industry. In particular, during the investigated period there was an expansion of production and an increase in the number of enterprises (from 32 to 48). Among the most important enterprises in the logging, sawmilling, furniture, pulp and paper subsectors of Northern Bukovyna and Khotyn region, which operated between the two world wars were: Joint-Stock Company f. Wood Industry «Goetz», «Forestiera», E.H. Friedmann, Engel & Glasberg Sawmill, a furniture factory «Ant», «Nikolaus Zajacskowski & Sons, Barrels Factory with Electric Power», a factory for the production of wooden nails «Astra», a paper factory «Biedermann and Kindler», Wallpaper and Paper Bags Factory «Tapa» Limited Liability Company in Chernivtsi.

The Servant Sisters of St. Mary of the Cross, like many other religious congregations, tried to create the best possible conditions for the comprehensive development of their pupils. One should also emphasize their great role in forming and maintaining the Polish Catholic spirit in children from families that often converted to the Greek Catholic rite. The high quality of the sisters' educational, teaching, and caring work is evidenced by the conclusions of various inspection reports made by Church and civil authorities. From the very beginning of their existence, the orphanages carried out tasks in accordance with the concept of Edmund Bojanowski, above all protecting children from moral corruption, spreading the Christian model of life, defending and strengthening national culture. Zealous concern for the best possible realization of these goals was also evident in Eastern Lesser Poland, despite the fact that the time after the end of the Great War was not an easy one, and the population of the area struggled with many economic difficulties. The work of Servant Sisters resulted in trust of the environment in which the institutions of the Congregation were operating and caused that for decades the orphanages run by the Sisters had a strong position among other care and educational institutions. The present article is a continuation of the research presented in the previous issue, but the time span of the article concerns the period between 1918 and 1939, so it shows the development of the activities of the day-care centres and the specificity of their functioning in the interwar period. It is important to note that the period 1918-1939 was a time when the conditions of the sisters' work were much different than in the 19th and early 20th centuries. With the restoration of independence came the need to adapt their work to the standards issued in this regard by the competent state authorities. A new institution called kindergarten was introduced and the issue of having appropriate qualifications and competences to work in particular care and educational institutions was raised.

Forest resources of Northern Bukovyna and Khotyn County have long played an important role in the life of the local population. During 1918–1940, the forest branch of the region occupied one of the leading positions in all industry. In particular, during the investigated period there was an expansion of production and an increase in the number of enterprises (from 32 to 48). Among the most important enterprises in the logging, sawmilling, furniture, pulp and paper subsectors of Northern Bukovyna and Khotyn region, which operated between the two world wars were: Joint-Stock Company f. Wood Industry «Goetz», «Forestiera», E.H. Friedmann, Engel & Glasberg Sawmill, a furniture factory «Ant», «Nikolaus Zajacskowski & Sons, Barrels Factory with Electric Power», a factory for the production of wooden nails «Astra», a paper factory «Biedermann and Kindler», Wallpaper and Paper Bags Factory «Tapa» Limited Liability Company in Chernivtsi.

This article analyzes importance of the Roman Catholic Church in Volhynia in the interwar period. The article reveals the process of formation of the Roman Catholic Church in Volhynia, and special attention is paid to the interwar period. Roman Catholic centres were in Volhynia from ancient times, and have become an integral part of its history. As the city was inhabited by many different nationalities and, consequently, many different religious denominations, the city managed to maintain peace and respect for religious freedom for each of the communities. However, during the reign of the Russian Empire in Volhynia, the situation became more complicated because the tsarist government did not want to support previous agreements with the Church. After the October coup and the war, vast territories of the Lutsk-Zhytomyr diocese were divided between Poland and Soviet Russia by a treaty signed in 1921 in Riga. As Lutsk was a part of the then Poland, in 1925 Pope Pius XI revived a separate diocese of Lutsk. On December 14, 1925, Bishop Adolf Petro Shelonzhek was appointed Bishop of Lutsk. In particular, the figure of Adolf Petro Shelonzhek deserves special attention. The article also analyzes the life of the future bishop. From the beginning of his ministry, the Lutsk Ordinary carried out active pastoral and organizational activities. One of the greatest achievements of Adolf Petro Shelonzhek was the convening of the first diocesan synod in 200 years, which took place in 1927. Particular importance is the description of his active work as a religious and political figure. Special attention is paid to his active pastoral work as Adolf Petro Shelonzhek was an outstanding figure in the life of the Lutsk diocese.

This article analyzes importance of the Roman Catholic Church in Volhynia in the interwar period. The article reveals the process of formation of the Roman Catholic Church in Volhynia, and special attention is paid to the interwar period. Roman Catholic centres were in Volhynia from ancient times, and have become an integral part of its history. As the city was inhabited by many different nationalities and, consequently, many different religious denominations, the city managed to maintain peace and respect for religious freedom for each of the communities. However, during the reign of the Russian Empire in Volhynia, the situation became more complicated because the tsarist government did not want to support previous agreements with the Church. After the October coup and the war, vast territories of the Lutsk-Zhytomyr diocese were divided between Poland and Soviet Russia by a treaty signed in 1921 in Riga. As Lutsk was a part of the then Poland, in 1925 Pope Pius XI revived a separate diocese of Lutsk. On December 14, 1925, Bishop Adolf Petro Shelonzhek was appointed Bishop of Lutsk. In particular, the figure of Adolf Petro Shelonzhek deserves special attention. The article also analyzes the life of the future bishop. From the beginning of his ministry, the Lutsk Ordinary carried out active pastoral and organizational activities. One of the greatest achievements of Adolf Petro Shelonzhek was the convening of the first diocesan synod in 200 years, which took place in 1927. Particular importance is the description of his active work as a religious and political figure. Special attention is paid to his active pastoral work as Adolf Petro Shelonzhek was an outstanding figure in the life of the Lutsk diocese.

Compared to the Habsburg era, when Yiddish writings were hardly printed in Bukovina - due to the centralized policy of Vienna and the openness towards integration and assimilation on the part of numerous Bukovinian Jews, as well as because of the status of Yiddish as the language of uneducated Jews - the Yiddish printing industry, as well as the Yiddish libraries didn't develop until the early 1920s, simultaneously with the emergence of national identity concepts. This paper is based on descriptive research and discusses the importance of these institutions in shaping trajectories of cultural, national and linguistic identities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 1930s in Polish art criticism were marked by crisis and exhaustion of previously respected artistic values. Critics of that time were surprisingly unanimous in their belief that the fault rested with the artists – particularly those whose pursuit of increasingly innovative artistic means led them to break ties with the society, enclose art within the ivory tower of avant-garde '-isms', those hermetic laboratories of theoretical speculation. In the eyes of the majority of then-active journalists, it was modernism that became the synonym of the crisis that afflicted contemporary culture – a crisis whose basic symptoms included the lack of spirituality, power of expression, or interest in the human being. Those statements identifying the general 'malaise' of the era came with attempts to pinpoint the reasons for this state of affairs as well as find solutions to overcome the obvious impasse of Polish (or wider, European) culture, and visual arts with it.

The subject of this article is a case study based on analysis of Sofia Dubnow-Erlich’s autobiography fragments concerning the interwar period. A closer look at the autobiographical texts written by the activist and writer associated with the Bund allows to trace her approach to her own life plans. It also gives a broader look at the Jewish history of activism, and intellectual and political activity in the Second Polish Republic. Reading the memoirs allows us to capture the gender perspective and shows whether and to what extent the gender influenced the actions taken by the author.

At the end of World War I, Romania emerged as a much stronger nation, with a greatly enlarged territory. During the two world wars, the Romanian state was permanently looking for the best way to preserve the newly created national state and defend its frontiers. This was the only matter all Romanian parties seemed to agree on. The threat of territorial revisionism coming from Hungary, the Soviet Union and, to a lesser extent, Bulgaria united all the political actors in defending the peace system of Versailles and supporting the League of Nations as the guarantor of this peace and stability. The interwar period was a remarkable time for Romania’s cultural history. Between the two world wars, the Romanian cultural scene was dominated by what Keith Hitchins calls the ‘Great Debate’ about national identity and development. The opponents were those advocating synchronism with the West, on the one hand, and those pleading for tradition, on the other, with many others looking for a third way. In Romanian interwar culture, the country’s modernity was emphasized in order to place the country within the larger family of European nations. An opposing, and at the same time, complementary line of thought was that of presenting the long and noble Romanian history, tradition and ancestral roots. These two themes have been present in Romanian culture since the mid-19th century. They were used by various authors, sometimes in a complementary fashion, while at others, in a conflicting manner in literature, historical writing or political discourse. This process did not end with the creation of the Greater Romania after the end of World War I. New threats, which are mentioned above, maintained the need to continue this discourse. In this context, historical arguments became political arguments and were used by the Romanians in order to justify the new territorial gains and the Versailles system. Art history, part of the family of historical disciplines, came to play an important part in this. Romanian art historical writing or political discourse. This process did not end with the creation of the Greater Romania after the end of World War I. New threats, which are mentioned above, maintained the need to continue this discourse. In this context, historical arguments became political arguments and were used by the Romanians in order to justify the new territorial gains and the Versailles system. Art history, part of the family of historical disciplines, came to play an important part in this. Romanian art historical writing did not exist as such until the end of the 19th century. It was only in the first years of the next century that the number of scholarly works produced following western standards steadily increased. As part of a general tendency of aligning Romanian academic practices with those in the West, art historiography established itself as a respectable academic discipline, a process which went hand in hand with the establishment of new institutions such as museums, university departments, research institutions and the Commission for historical monuments. All these institutions were founded and financed by the Romanian state, and most scholars were involved with these institutions in one way or another. Although Romanian art historiography of the period is dominated by the desire to produce academic works to the highest standards, the ideas of the Great Debate are present in the works of that time. At the same time, in several texts, the most prominent art historians of the day strongly affirm the necessity of putting their work in the service of the national cause. In this paper, we will be looking at the general histories of Romanian art written between the two world wars. The choice of these texts is motivated by the fact that these works are the result of larger research projects and have a broader scope and as such better summarise the trends of the interwar period.

The article examines the collaboration between the International Labour Organisation (ILO) and the Polish government in the interwar period. By looking at the creation and administration of knowledge, it focusses on the effects of governance. Building on Bourdieu’s idea of the official as a “social fiction”, on administration as a performative act, it shows how the mentioned collaboration used and created knowledge and how this knowledge did not only reflect reality, but how it also shaped realities. Additionally, it shows how a certain tension between idealism and administration was characteristic for the ILO as an International Organization. Hence, the article looks not only at the negotiated contents, but also at the forms of data and the modes of transferring it, especially by international comparisons. In this sense the article examines the correspondences and reports of the ILO office in Warsaw, on labour standards, and on the 8-hour day as topics by which the newly established nation state as well as the international organisation coconstituted each other. By looking at the transition phase from 1919 to 1926, it also examines the continuities in administrative practices during the state building process as well as after the Piłsudski coup d’état of 1926. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Italian aggression against Abyssinia (Ethiopia) in 1935 placed Czechoslovak diplomacy in a predicament. On the one hand, as a member state of the League of Nations, the First Czechoslovak Republic was obliged to preserve the integrity and independence of other League members, including Abyssinia, and to apply at least economic sanctions against any aggressor. On the other hand, as a product of the First World War, Czechoslovakia was highly interested in maintaining the post-war order in Central Europe against growing German revisionism. Here, apart from France and Great Britain, Czechoslovak diplomats put their hopes in Italy as well and were particularly anxious to gain Mussolini for the defence of Austria. In light of this dilemma, the article examines the attitude and behaviour of foreign minister Edvard Beneš, who was not only Czechoslovakia’s leading diplomat but also the country’s principal actor in the League of Nations, where the Abyssinian crisis had been on the agenda since the beginning of 1935. As far as Beneš’ role in the League is concerned, the study focuses on the sixteenth Assembly in autumn 1935, of which Beneš was elected president. While previous works on Czechoslovakia’s Abyssinian policy are mainly based on documents from the Archives of the Czechoslovak Foreign Ministry, this article also uses sources from the League of Nations Archives in Geneva and the Archives of the Masaryk-Institute in Prague.

Masaryk's attitudes changed during his life. At the same time, however, it is also possible to observe certain constants of his thinking and political attitudes on this issue. The interpretive perspectives in historiography are very different: on the one hand, there is the view that the Czech nationalist was betraying the declared humanist ideals; on the other hand, he is portrayed as an scholar exalted above nationalist animosities. It must be acknowledged that he was not always completely coherent in his attitudes and changed accents depending on political circumstances throughout his life. To emphasize these differences, Masaryk's life is divided into three phases. As a pre-war politician, he understood Czech historical state law as a fact in which he tried to propose a compromise solution for the coexistence of both nationalities based on a high degree of district self-government, which he did not owe to any of the unmatched national camps. During the war, his arguments were dominated by international aspects and the formation of Czechoslovakia as a nation state with the status of the Germans as a minority with equal individual rights. The third part about Masaryk as an interwar president deals mainly with the reasons for the failure to build a «political» nation that would overlap ethnic differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Erika Weinzierl presented her inaugural lecture, "University and Politics in Austria", as the newly appointed professor of Contemporary History at the University of Salzburg on June 11, 1968. She did so in a time of political dissent that also reached into universities and the epicenter of which was to be found in the Parisian student protests in May 1968. Never the less student protests all over Europe led to (more or less significant) changes in the outdated structures inside and outside (European) Universities. By contrast, May 1968 touched Austrian universities like a gentle breeze - even though some university teachers of the time who still worked as professors in Austria had built their careers in both Austrian dictatorships - or at least in one of them. With her lecture that was published in 1969, Weinzierl gave the first important impulse for the historiography on Austrian universities of the interwar period, which, however, only gained momentum in recent years. On the occasion of its 50th anniversary, the University of Vienna dedicated a lecture to Weinzierl's inaugural lecture, which forms the basis of this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Before the World War I, during the Austrian-Hungarian period of ruling in Bosnia and Herzegovina, female children were educated in schools for girls or in mixed schools. I would like to present private female schools led by the Catholic female order Daughters of God's Love who arrived to Bosnia and Herzegovina after the Ottoman period. These schools flourished in the Austrian-Hungarian period attempting to educate female children no matter of their religious background. The quality of schools was on a high level and their students became excellent teachers. However, between the two world wars, the authority from Belgrade did everything to prevent activities of these schools. After World War II, the schools' buildings and convict were closed and their properties were taken by the newly founded state of Yugoslavia led by the Communist regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this essay is to determine whether the concept of the middlebrow can also be translated to cultural and historical contexts other than the Anglo-American one in which it first originated. More particularly, we seek to investigate whether the term can usefully be applied to the Italian literary scene of the first part of the twentieth century. After a short introduction of the different historical and critical uses of the term in Britain and the U.S., we turn to Italy of the early twentieth century for a description of the numerous new developments in writing, publishing and marketing literature. Subsequently, we assess the different ways in which these changes have been analysed and conceptualised in Italian literary criticism, so as to point out the lacunae in this scholarship precisely with regard to writing that falls in between the categories of popular and high literature. By means of one more detailed case study, i.e. the work of the once popular and now forgotten writer Pitigrilli, we argue that his novels share many of the characteristics of the literature labelled as middlebrow in an Anglo-American context. The introduction of this term in Italian criticism, we argue, would undoubtedly lead to a more accurate assessment of his work – and that of other writers like him - within Italian literary history.

The article first introduces unknown documents from the archives of Turkey, Romania and the Republic of Moldova related to the "Gagauz problem" in the context of the Romanian-Turkish relations. The authors have paid attention mainly on the education field, where Turkish cultural and ideological influence was the most noticeable. In the dissemination of the policy of the Turkish identity among the Gagauz in Bessarabia, Turkish government largely relied on Gagauz intellectuals and the youth. Therefore, Turkish teachers Zahit Mehmet Boztuna, Hasan Belal Kilic Ahmed Mehmed, Sali Ismail, Osman Abdullah, Ali and Bayram Cantarelli, and others were sent to Gagauz villages. They had an appropriate authorization from the Romanian Ministry of National Education to teach Turkish language for two hours a week and provided the training in the Gagauz and Bulgarian-Gagauz villages of Comrat, Congaz, Kubey, Chadir-Lunga, Congaz, etc. According to some reports, their activities were funded from the Turkish and partly from the Romanian budget. At the same time, the Turkish government encouraged Gagauz young people to enter secondary, high and specialized secondary schools in Ankara and Istanbul. Students were guaranteed a hostel, training for the budget account and scholarships. The article reflects a huge role of the Turkish Ambassador in Romania Hamdullah Subhi Tanriyover (1931-1944), who initiated and conducted most of the work on the organization of Turkish language teaching in Gagauz villages, provision of textbooks and teacher training.

This article is dedicated to the government bodies authorized to implement the religious policy of the Soviet state in the interwar period. In the interwar period in the USSR, there were three groups of authorities responsible for overseeing the activities of religious denominations. The first group consisted of bodies concerned with technical implementation of the Soviet legislation on religious cults. They were authorized to register or remove the registration of religious communities, to transmit the building and other structures in the use of religious communities (republican Departments of Cults, provincial or regional executive bodies). The second group consisted of the institutions that determined the religious policy of the state, considered relevant legislation and resolved questions regarding the registration and liquidation of religious communities (Interdepartmental Commission at the Commissariat of Justice (1918), the 8th Division of the Commissariat of Justice (1918-1922), Antireligious Commission (1922-1929). The third group included the bodies which had the prerogatives of both of the above groups: registration or deregistration of religious communities, harmonization of legislation concerning religious cults (the Commission for Religious Affairs of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the RSFSR (1929-1934) and the other one, under the same name, which operated under the Presidium of the USSR Central Committee (1934-1938), the Councils of People’s Commissars (all-union and republican), and the Supreme Soviets (all-union and republican) (1938-1943)). In the interwar period in the USSR, there were many bodies responsible for the development and implementation of the religious policy of the state, which led to all sorts of violations and abuses. Attempt to unify the bodies responsible for the relationship between the state and religious groups was made in 1943, when the Council for Russian Orthodox Church at the Councils of People’s Commissars of the USSR was established, and in 1944, when the Council for Religious Denominations, also at the Councils of People’s Commissars of the USSR, was formed.

After the First World War, in addition to the numerous human and material losses suffered, Romania registered over 360.000 orphans of war. In Bessarabia, 24,142 children remained without one or both parents. Providing for their care and education proved to be a difficult task for the national institutions and charity societies. Among the most influential non-governmental organizations of the time that assumed the noble mission of guardianship these orphans, was the Society for the Protection of War Orphans. This study analyzes the evolution of the Chişinău Regional Committee of the Society for the Protection of War Orphans in the first six years of activity.

During the interwar period, Romanian citizens of German ethnicity had an impressive journalistic activity, in keeping with the Romanian Constitution of 1923 and that of 1938, enjoying freedom of the press, just like the Romanian language publications in the country. Therefore, in this period, all German publications flourished. The representatives of the German ethnic community published in this period more than 40 religious periodicals. The present paper is the result of extensive documentation work in the archives of the Central University Library in Cluj-Napoca, supplemented by the literature in the field. However, the created inventory doesn't claim to be exhaustive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the concepts of work and masculinities proposed by the German language newspaper Der Pionier. The newspaper was published by the Baťa shoe company in Czechoslovakia from 1935 to 1938. This was also the period when the company had its greatest international impact. Not only did Baťa expand to other industrial branches during that time, but also company towns were built in several continents. Baťa's ideas on gender were based on discourses about national identity, American ideals of the family and the promise of social advancement. But they were, as the article argues, also strongly linked to a gendered notion of work. Men and women were assigned complementary spheres of life. Gender hierarchies were not only promoted by the Baťa media but also realized with the help of the company's gendered policies. Wage work was to be men's responsibility while consumption, household and family work should be performed by women. The desire to work, whether outside or inside the home, should be innate in every human being. Der Pionier imagined the ideal male worker as an entrepreneur, laying the responsibility of his own and his family's fate as well as the future of the Czechoslovak society in the hands of the individual. The biography of the company's founder Tomáš Baťa was used as a model career: it tells the story of a poor artisan who became the boss of an international enterprise. Der Pionier paired the ideal of the entrepreneurial worker with images of working class culture and Americanism. The article shows how these masculinities were designed in relation to femininities and considers Baťa's ideas within the context of gender and work in Czechoslovakia as well as the role of the Baťa Company in Czechoslovak politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the Austrian Civil War of February 1934, historical accounts produced by the victors and the defeated agreed relatively quickly at least on one point: that the ghting had been a purely male a air, with women either absent altogether from the con ict or reduced to the role of passive victims. is assumption has been also widely shared by academics. Against this background, the article aims to reconstruct the „female“ February 1934. It explores a broad variety of actions undertaken by women including lo­ gistics, communication, reconnaissance and even military combat. Additionally, it highlights how women were of tremendous importance psycholo­ gically. e obvious relevance of women in any military confrontation with state forces poses the question why most of the activities of women during the February ghting were spontaneous and unplanned. Here, the article ar­ gues that military strategists’ decision not to incorporate women into milita­ ry planning was the result not only of patriarchical preconceptions but also of a strategic judgement. A er the clashes of July 1927, the leaders of the So­ cial Democratic Schutzbund forces realigned the organization towards ex­ panding the number of its followers and providing a sphere of activity for radical elements: its potential role as an actual militia, meanwhile, was quiet­ly discounted.