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Traditional beta-blocking eye drops preserved with benzalkonium chloride show an adverse effect on the precorneal tear film, which can be measured by checking the break-up-time (BUT). To decide, whether this adverse effect is caused more by the beta-blocking drug or the preservative, we tested the influence of timolol eye drops without preservative in single dose units Timosine) on the BUT in a prospective, open study. These eyedrops caused no significant shortening of the BUT in persons, which where untreated before. Patients using preserved beta-blocking eye drops and having irritations of their eyes showed significant prolongation of the BUT after changing the therapy to Timosine. Preservative-free beta-blocking eye drops are a real improvement in the therapy of glaucoma patients with irritated eyes.

Tear film break-up time was measured on 6 consecutive workdays in 6 subjects without eye disease selected at random. The reasons for the wide range of scatter in the values measured were investigated by variance component estimation. It was found that intraindividual variance is by far the most important factor influencing the overall variance of the measured values. Therefore, caution is called for when judging the stability of the precorneal tear film by the tear film break-up time in healthy individuals.

The tear film break-up time is usually measured with the lacrimal fluid stained with fluorescein. With the staining methods currently recommended the break-up time is difficult to reproduce. In the study described here, the break-up times with different staining methods were compared. The reproducibility of the break-up time was measured shortly after staining and one minute thereafter. The best reproducibility achieved in this study was when the tear fluid was stained with 1 microliter of 5% Na-fluorescein solution.

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Copyright of Der Ophthalmologe is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Der Ophthalmologe is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Hintergrund: In einer vorangegangenen Studie konnte gezeigt werden, daß nach Abschluß der Behandlung Beschwerden aufgrund einer Konjunktivitis sicca durch Akupunkturtherapie in 91% der behandelten Patienten reduziert, in 59% sogar Beschwerdefreiheit ohne Therapie erzielt werden konnte. Diese prospektive Arbeit soll die Objektivierbarkeit und die Dauer der Akupunkturwirkung bei Konjunktivitis sicca aufzeigen. Patienten und Methode: Insgesamt wurden 25 Patienten (22 Frauen/3 Männer) im Alter von 20 bis 71 Jahren (mittleres Alter: 51,5 Jahre) einer Behandlung mit Akupunktur unterzogen. Kriterien für die Aufnahme in die Studie waren: eine mindestens einjährige Dauer der Anamnese, trotz Tropftherapie fehlende Beschwerdefreiheit, wiederholte Schirmertestwerte unter 5 mm sowie Tränenfilmaufreißzeiten unter 5 Sekunden. Die Behandlungsdauer betrug 10 Wochen mit einer mindestens 30 Minuten dauernden Sitzung pro Woche. Zur Beurteilung des Behandlungserfolges wurden ein Beschwerden- und Tropfprotokoll sowie Schirmertest, Tränenfilmaufreißzeit und der Bengalrosatest verwendet. Die Nachuntersuchungen erfolgten eine Woche sowie vierteljährlich bis ein Jahr nach Abschluß der Akupunktur. Ergebnisse: 1 Woche nach Akupunktur waren 15 (60%) Patienten beschwerdefrei bei einer Tränenfilmaufreißzeit über 10 Sekunden und normaler Bengalrosafärbung, jedoch erniedrigten Schirmertestwerten. 13 (52%) davon benötigen keine Therapie. Bei allen übrigen Patienten wurde eine Reduktion der Beschwerden und Therapienotwendigkeit beobachtet. 12 Monate nach Akupunktur waren 13 (52%) Patienten ohne Therapie beschwerdefrei bei normaler Tränenfilmaufreißzeit und Bengalrosavitalfärbung sowie unveränderten Schirmertestwerten. 5 (20%) Patienten berichteten über gleich starke Beschwerden wie vor Akupunktur. Eine Abnahme des Therapieeffektes wurde erstmals nach 6 Monaten bei 6 (24%) und nach 12 Monaten bei 8 (32%) Patienten beobachtet. Schlußfolgerungen: Die subjektive Besserung ist gut mit den Ergebnissen der Therapie sowie Bengalrosafärbung, nicht jedoch mit den Schirmertestwerten in Einklang zu bringen. Bei Patienten mit Konjunktivitis sicca erscheint ein Therapieversuch mit Akupunktur gerechtfertigt, wenngleich über mögliche Wirkmechanismen noch keine Aussagen getroffen werden können. Background: In a previous study we have shown that complaints due to conjunctivitis sicca were reduced in 91% of patients treated with acupuncture. 59% of these patients had no complaints even without therapy. This prospective study was performed to prove the effect of acupuncture treatment and its duration with objective means. Patients and methods: In total 25 patients (22 women/ 3 men) with an age ranging from 20 to 71 (mean 51.5) were treated with acupuncture. Inclusion criteria were: an anamnesis of at least one year, complaints despite therapy, repeated Schirmer's test values below 5 mm and break up time measurements below 5 seconds. Acupuncture treatment was performed 30 minutes once a week for ten weeks. To evaluate the therapy effect a protocol of complaints and therapy frequency as well as Schirmer's test, break-up time and bengalrose staining were used. Examinations were performed one week and every 3 months up to one year after acupuncture treatment. Results: 1 week after acupuncture 15 (60%) patients had no complaints. Break-up time exceeded 10 seconds and bengalrose staining was normal, yet the Schirmer's test were low. 13 (52%) were on no therapy. In all other patients a reduction of complaints and therapy frequency was observed. At 12 months 13 (52%) patients still had no complaints without therapy. Break-up time and bengalrose staining were normal and Schirmer's test values were unchanged. In 5 (20%) patients the severity of complaints was as severe as before acupuncture. A reduction of the therapy effect was observed at 6 months in 6 (24%) and at 12 months in 8 (32%) patients. Conclusion: There is a good correlation between subjective improvement and break-up time and bengalrose staining, but not with Schirmer's test results. In patients with conjunctivities sicca a try with acupuncture therapy is justified although the mechanisms remain unclear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In einer prospektiven Studie wurden 22 Patienten (4 Männer, 18 Frauen) mit Konjunktivitis sicca einem Therapieversuch mit Akupunktur unterzogen. Die Indikation für eine Akupunkturbehandlung wurde bei mindestens einjähriger Anamnese, unbefriedigender Tropftherapie sowie bei mehrmaligen Schirmertestwerten unter 5 mm und einer Tränenfilmaufreißzeit von unter 5 Sekunden gestellt. Zur Beurteilung eines Akupunktureffektes wurden die Kriterien Symptomhäufigkeit und -intensität, Tropfhäufigkeit, Schirmertest und Tränenfilmaufreißzeit herangezogen. Die Akupunkturbehandlung erfolgte einmal wöchentlich für über 30 Minuten an fixen und dem aktuellen Beschwerdebild angepaßten Punkten. Das Alter der Patienten schwankte zwischen 20 und 75 Jahren, die Nachbeobachtungszeit betrug 3 Monate. Nach Akupunktur waren bei den unter 50-jährigen Patienten (n = 10) 8/10 völlig beschwerdefrei und benötigten keine Therapie, während die übrigen 2/10 Patienten über eine Reduktion der Symptomatik und Therapie berichteten. Beim Schirmertest beobachteten wir ein Ansteigen der Werte auf über 10 mm in 3/10 Patienten, auf Werte zwischen 5 - 10 mm in 5/10 Patienten. Bei 2/10 blieb der Schirmertest unter 5 mm. Bei der Tränenfilmaufreißzeit wurde in 7/10 Patienten ein Anstieg auf über 10 Sekunden, in 3/10 ein Anstieg auf werte zwischen 5 und 10 Sekunden gemessen. In der Gruppe der über 50-jährigen Patienten (n = 12) kam es dagegen nur in 5/12 zu völliger Symptomfreiheit, und in 5/12 zu einer Reduktion. Die Tropfhäufigkeit wurde von allen Patienten reduziert, wobei 5/12 keine Therapie benötigten. Schirmertestwerte von über 10 mm erreichte 1/12, Werte zwischen 5- 10 mm 6/12 Patienten und 5/12 blieben unter 5 mm. Die Tränenfilmaufreißzeit überschritt 10 Sekunden in 3/12 Patienten. Ein Anstieg auf werte zwischen 5 und 10 Sekunden wurde in 7/12 Patienten beobachtet und 2/12 blieben unverändert. Diese vorläufigen Ergebnisse lassen den Schluß zu, daß bei Patienten mit Konjunktivitis sicca nach unbefriedigender konservativer Therapie ein Therapieversuch mit Akupunktur gerechtfertigt erscheint, wenngleich über mögliche Wirkmechanismen, Langzeitergebnisse und eine nach Ursachen differenzierte Erfolgsrate noch keine sicheren Aussagen getroffen werden können. In a prospective study 22 patients (4 men, 18 women) with dry eye's syndrome were treated with acupuncture. All patients fulfilled the following criteria: anamnesis of at least one year, unsatisfying drop therapy, repeated Schirmer test values below 5 mm and a break-up time of less than 5 seconds. The frequency and intensity of symptoms, the frequency of therapy necessity, Schirmer-test and breakup time were used to evaluate the effect of acupuncture. Acupuncture was performed 10 weeks once a week for more than 30 minutes using fix and variable points, which varied according to the patient's actual complaints. The patients age ranged from 20 to 75, the follow-up was 3 months. In the group of patients with an age below 50 (n = 10) 8/10 patients had no symptoms and did not use any therapy whereas 2/ 10 reported a decrease in symptoms and therapy necessity. Schirmer-test values increased to 10 mm or more in 3/10 patients and to 5-10 mm in 5/10 patients. In 2/10 the Schirmer-test was still below 5 mm. The break-up time showed an increase in all patients. Values of 10 seconds or more were measured in 7/10 patients and values between 5 and 10 seconds in 3/10. In the group of patients aged 50 or more (n = 12) only 5/12 had no symptoms and 5/12 reported a decrease of symptoms. The therapy frequency was reduced by all patients and 5/12 were without any therapy at all. Schirmer-test results exceeding 10 mm was achieved by 1/12 and values between 5 and 10 mm by 6/12 patients. In 5/12 Schirmer-test results remained below 5 mm. The break-up time exceeded 10 seconds in 3/12 patients. In 7/12 the break-up time of 5 to 10 seconds was found and in 2/12 it remained unchanged. From this preliminary results we propose that acupuncture therapy seem to be justified in patients with dry eye's syndrome if the conservative therapy is unsatisfying although statements concerning long-term results, possible mechanisms and success rates in the treatment of the different subtypes of dry eye's syndrome cannot be drawn by now. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Die Bindehaut scheint ein, durch Östrogen beeinflußbares, Gewebe [5] zu sein. In einer randomizierten Doppelblindstudie wurde die Wirkung der lokalen dreiprozentigen Östrogensalbe auf zwanzig Patientinnen in der Menopause untersucht. Folgende Untersuchungen wurden vor Behandlungsbeginn und eine Woche bzw. einen Monat nach Behandlungsbeginn durchgeführt: Schirmer-Test, Tränenfilmaufreißzeit (BUT), Bengalrosa Vielfärbung und subjektive Beurteilung der Sicca-Symptomatik nach einem standardisierten Fragebogen. In der mit Hormonsalbe behandelten Gruppe stieg der Durchschnittswert des Schirmer-Test von 6,1 mm auf 8,9 mm und der BUT verbesserte sich von 11,3 s auf 15,7 s. Die Scorewertung der Vitalfärbung mit Bengalrosa reduzierte sich von 1,7 auf 1,35. Sieben von zehn Patientinnen in beiden Gruppen fühlten eine Besserung bis Gleichbleiben der Symptome nach der Therapie. Die Verbesserung im Schirmer-Test und BUT waren in der hormonbehandelten Gruppe statistisch signifikant (p = 0,01 bzw. p = 0,05). Die Scoreveränderung der Vitalfärbung war jedoch in keiner Gruppe statistisch auffällig. The conjunctiva seems to be a estrogen-sensitive tissue. In a randomized placebo controlled double blind study we investigated the effect of topically applied 3% estradiol ointment on the conjunctiva. Twenty postmenopausal women were enrolled in our study. Schirmer test, tear film break up time, rose bengal staining score and subjective assessment of dry eye symptoms with a standardized questionnaire were performed before and four weeks after the therapy. After four weeks of treatment the mean value of Schirmer test increased from 6.1 to 8.9 mm in the hormone group. In the same sample the mean value of break-up time also increased from 11.3 to 15.7 sec. The rose bengal score decreased from 1.7 to 1.35 in hormone treated group, and subjectively 7/10 patients of both groups felt better or the same after the therapy. The changes in the results of Schirmer test and BUT were statistically significant (p = 0.01 and p = 0.05, respectively). The change in rose bengal staining were too small to be statistically significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Spektrum der Augenheilkunde is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Der Ophthalmologe is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Zur Diagnostik des trockenen Auges werden neben Schirmer-Test, Tränenfilmaufreißzeit, Bengalrosafärbung und Impressionszytologie immer häufiger auch Methoden angewendet, die zur Analyse der Träneninhaltsstoffe dienen. Die Proteine der Tränen werden oft mittels Polyacrylamidgel-Elektrophorese (PAGE) qualitativ und quantitativ bestimmt. Im Gegensatz zur Analyse der Proteine von Kammerwasser, Serum und anderen Körperflüssigkeiten werden tränenspezifische Lipocaline je nach Elektrophoresebedingungen verändert. Es wird gezeigt, dass bei der PAGE der Tränenproteine die Inkubationsdauer mit Probenpuffer, die Temperatur und die Anwesenheit reduzierender Substanzen eine Rolle spielen. Dadurch sind qualitative und quantitative Aussagen mit dieser Methode nur unter Anwendung genau definierter Bedingungen möglich. For the diagnosis of dry eye, besides the Schirmer test, the tear film break-up time, rose bengal staining, and impression cytology increasingly methods for the analysis of tear components are used. Qualitative und quantitative determination of tear fluid proteins can be obtained by polyacrylamidegel-electrophoresis (PAGE). In contrast to the analysis of the proteins of aqueous humor, serum, and other human body fluids, the tear specific lipocalins undergo molecular changes according to the electrophoretic conditions applied. It is shown that duration of incubation with sample buffer, temperature and the presence of reducing substances are of importance to obtain comparable electrophoresis spectra. Therefore, qualitative and quantitative results of tear protein polyacrylamidegel-electrophoresis can only be obtained using definite conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Das in wässriger Lösung vorliegende Timolol maleat wird bereits wenige Minuten nach lokaler Applikation in den Bindehautsack von der Schleimhaut resorbiert. Aufgrund der kurzen Verweildauer der Medikation im Bindehautsack ist ein Erreichen der optimalen Konzentration in der Kornea und in der Vorderkammer kaum möglich. In dieser prospektiven Studie untersuchten wir die Wirkung von Timolol maleat 0,1% in einer Gel-Grundlage. 111 Patienten (36,9% männlich, 63,1% weiblich, Alter 64,5 ± 14,9 Jahre) mit primärem Offenwinkelglaukom, okulärer Hypertension oder Normotensionsglaukom wurden über 3 Monate mit Timolol maleat Hydrogel 0,1% (TH-GEL) einmal täglich behandelt. Zusätzlich zum Intraokulardruck (IOD) wurden auch die Tränenproduktion mittels Schirmertest und Tränenaufrisszeit dokumentiert. Die Auswertung erfolgte mittels deskriptiver Statistik und die Signifikanz wurde mit Hilfe der Friedman, Wilcoxon und Wilcox Tests ermittelt. Der durchschnittliche IOD konnte durch TH-Gel bei Patienten mit antiglaukomatös (Beta-Blocker) vorbehandelten Augen um 13,93 ± 20,41% (p < 0,001) und bei den nicht vorbehandelten Augen um 24,9 ± 11,96% (p < 0,001) gesenkt werden. Die Tränenproduktion (Schirmertest) stieg bei vorbehandelten Augen um 23.69 ± 43,8% (p < 0,001) und bei nicht vorbehandelten Augen um 33,46 + 63,9% (p < 0,001) an. Die Tränenaufrisszeit verlängerte sich bei vorbehandelten Augen um 22 ± 51% (p < 0,001) und bei nicht vorbehandelten Augen um 11,7 ± 23% (p< 0,001) Timolol maleat Hydrogel 0,1% stellt eine neue und effiziente Form der lokalen Beta-Blocker-Applikation dar. Der Vorteil liegt in der einmal täglichen Gabe und der 0,1 %igen Konzentration. Vor allem für Patienten mit Sikkasymptomatik stellt diese Gelzubereitung eine empfehlenswerte Alternative zur wässrigen Lösung des Timolol dar. Liquid solution of timolol instilled into the cul-de-sac is brought to systemic circulation within few minutes. Due to the short drug contact time with the surface, it is not possible to get the maximum concentration of the applied drug in the anterior eye segment. In this prospective study we evaluated the efficacy and tolerance of a gel-forming solution of timolol maleat 0.1 %. 111 patients (36.9% male, 63.1% female, age 64.5 ± 14.9 years) with primary open angle glaucoma, ocular hypertension or normal tension glaucoma were treated with timolol maleat hydrogel 0,1% once daily over a period of 3 months. Intraocular pressure (IOP), tear production (Schirmers test) and break-up-time (BUT) were evaluated. Statistical evaluation was performed using descriptive statistics. Friedman, Wilcoxon and Wilcox tests were used to evaluate statistical differences. The average IOP was reduced by TH-Gel in patients with antiglaucomatous pretreatment (beta-blocker) by 13.93 ± 20.41% (p < 0.001) and in patients without any pretreatment by 24.9 ± 11.96% (p < 0.001). Schirmers test raised in pretreated patients by 23.69 ± 43.8% (p < 0.001) and in not treated eyes by 33.46 ± 63.9% (p < 0.001). BUT was prolonged by 22 + 51% (p < 0.001) in pretreated and by 11.7 ± 23% (p < 0.001) in not treated eyes. Timolol maleat hydrogel 0.1 % is a new and effective form of topical beta-blocker application. The advantage lies in the once-a-day application and the 0.1% concentration. The application of timolol in a gel form presents an alternative to the liquid solution, especially in patients with dry eye syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Die Ophthalmologie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Bei diabetischer Retinopathie kommt es häufig zu Reizerscheinungen der vorderen Augenabschnitte und Keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Fraglich ist, ob der Schweregrad der diabetischen Retinopathie mit dem Schweregrad der Keratoconjunctivitis sicca korreliert. In einer Pilotstudie wurden 25 Patienten mit Diabetes mellitus Typ II ophthalmologisch durchuntersucht. Beobachtungsparameter waren für die diabetische Retinopathie Visus, Augendruck, Fundus, HbA1C; für die Augentrockenheit: Schirmer-Test (II), Tränenfilmaufreißzeit, Lipidinterferenz, Fluoreszinfärbung, Bengal Rosa-Färbung, die Impressionszytologie und ein Fragebogen mit subjektiven Beschwerden. Der Schweregrad der Fundusveränderungen wurde entsprechend der Nomenklatur der ETDRS vorgenommen. Für die Augentrockenheit wurde ein eigener Score erstellt. Statistisch wurde der Tuckey-Test durchgeführt und eine signifikante Zunahme des Schweregrads der Keratoconjunctivitis sicca zum Schweregrad der diabetischen Retinopathien festgestellt. Often patients with diabetic retinopathy suffer from irritative sensation in lid and conjunctiva, and from keratoconjunctivitis sicca. The question was, if there exists a correlation between severeness of diabetic retinopathy and severeness of keratoconjunctivitis sicca. 25 patients with diabetic retinopathy have been observed. The diabetic retinopathy was graded according to the ETDRS. Visual acuity, intraocular pressure, slit-lamp examination and fundus imaging was used. A dry eyes score summarizing the Schirmers II, tear-break up time (BUT), Bengal-rosa-staining (V. Bijsterveld-Score), Lipid-interference test, and the subjective feeling was established. For the statistical analyses of each group of severeness of diabetic retinopathy the tuckey multiple test was used. There was a significant difference between the patients groups of mild non-proliferative DRP and severe non-proliferative/proliferative DRP. The results suggests that there exists a correlation between the severeness of the diabetic retinopathy and the keratoconjunctivitis sicca. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bei der klinischen Studie zur Beurteilung von Kurzzeiteffekten eines lipidhältigen Tränenersatzmittels zeigte sich bei allen Patienten eine gute Verträglichkeit. Das nach jedem Eintropfen des Präparats auftretende Schleiersehen war aufgrund des Emulsionscharakters der Tropfen zu erwarten, dauerte jedoch länger als ursprünglich angenommen. Das subjektive Befinden verbesserte sich während der Medikationsphase bei Trockenheitsgefühl, Augenjucken, Augenkratzen, Lichtempfindlichkeit und Klebrigkeitsgefühl. Im Rahmen der Untersuchung der Kurzzeitverträglichkeit war bei den Patienten keine Veränderung der Tränenfilmaufreißzeit, der Bengalrosafärbung und des Schirmertests in Lokalanästhesie festzustellen. In a clinical study evaluating short time effects of a lipid containing tear substitute good compatibility was found in all patients. Though blurred vision after application had been expected because of the emulsive character of the tear film substitute, it lasted longer than originally expected. Subjective symptoms such as dryness, itching, stinging, photophobia and a sticky sensation improved. No change in tear break-up time, rose bengal staining and the Schirmer test with local anesthetic was observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In einer offenen, prospektiven und multizentrischen Studie wurde die Wirksamkeit und Verträglichkeit eines Tränenersatzmittels mit Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose an 89 bereits vorbehandelten Sicca-Patienten untersucht. Nach 2monatiger Behandlungsdauer waren die Beschwerden der Patienten wie Brennen, Schmerzen, Trockenheitsgefühl, Fremdkörpergefühl und Juckreiz fast vollständig verschwunden. Dies konnte durch objektive Untersuchungen, wie Basalsekretionstest und Tränenfilmaufreißzeit verifiziert werden. Die Patienten bewerteten das Prüfpräparat als gut verträglich, nach Studienende waren 98% der Patienten bereit, die Therapie mit dem neuen Tränenersatzmittel beizubehalten. The efficacy and tolerance of a new tear film substitute containinig hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose was studied in an open, prospective, multicentre trial including 89 patients who had already received pretreatment. The patients’ complaints such as burning sensation, pain, dry eye sensation, foreign body sensation and itching had disappeared almost completely after two months of treatment with the preparation investigated. This result was verified by means of objective tests such as the basal secretion test and tear break-up time (BUT). The patients evaluated the preparation to be well tolerated; after completion of the study, 98% of the patients were willing to continue treatment with this new tear film substitute. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Die Ophthalmologie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)