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The language of populists uses arguments of strong power of persuasion resulting not from their rationality but from, first of all the degree of emotions present in the transmission. Populism assumes promoting political ideas consistent with expectations of majority of the public in order to achieve their support, influence them or to gain power. As the parliament election results show, the number of right-winged parties including right-wing populists in Europe has been rising recently. The common constituent in their narration of the world is the language which is strictly connected with promoting a specific system of values. The subject of this paper is the analysis of the right-wing language, an attempt at capturing its typical features and at reconstructing the right-wing image of the world promoted by politicians during their meetings with voters.

The Hospice and Palliative Care Act (2015) promotes advance care planning (ACP) for patients in nursing homes, but chronically ill patients living at home can also benefit from ACP.The aim of the study was to analyze the perception of ACP consultations by patients with advanced heart failure.Patients (70 years and older) with advanced heart failure participated in two physician-led ACP consultations. Afterwards, two evaluative interviews were conducted with each participant. All consultations and interviews were analyzed by grounded theory considering the coding paradigm. Finally, an empirical grounded typology was conducted.A total of 30 patients participated in at least 1 ACP consultation, whereas 18 persons completed an interview. Successful ACP consultations depend not only on the discussion but also on the patient's requirements: willingness to discuss ACP, their illness, death and dying, and the experienced and preferred role in healthcare decision-making. From the patient's viewpoint ACP consultation can result in an advance directive, but an informed rejection of ACP or the creation of new assumptions for the future are also possible outcomes.The ACP discussions should to be aligned to patients' preferences in terms of communication and content. It is important to accept a rejection of dealing with ACP or conducting an advance directive. The patients' view needs to be integrated into future research.

Eine der wichtigsten Aufgaben der Pharmaunternehmen ist sichere Arzneimittel zu produzieren, die allen Anforderungen der Behörden entsprechen. Aber auch hier, wie in der anderen Branchen, können Fehler auftreten. In vielen Fällen ist menschlicher Fehler als Ursache für diese Vorkommnisse verantwortlich. Die Literaturrecherche hat gezeigt, dass ungefähr die Hälfte (~50%) aller qualitätsrelevanten Abweichungen in der pharmazeutischen Industrie aufgrund menschlicher Fehler entstanden ist. Eine retrospektive Auswertung und Beurteilung der tatsächlich vorkommenden Ereignisse aufgrund menschlichen Versagens in einem pharmazeutischen Unternehmen spiegelt diesen Wert wieder. Die genaue Analyse menschlicher Fehler zeigt, dass die Hälfte der Vorfälle aufgrund menschlichen Versagens durch eine Unaufmerksamkeit verursacht wurde. Neben der Tatsache, dass die Durchführung einer Ursachenanalyse durch Behörden gefordert ist, bietet sie, richtig durchgeführt, entsprechende Maßnahmen an, die auf allen Systemebenen Fehlern entgegenwirken und diese abfangen können. Da aber die menschliche Handlungsvariabilität kaum gänzlich vorhersehbar und steuerbar ist, führt sie zu Zufallsfehlern, die ein natürliches Grundrauschen im System darstellen. Inspektionsberichte veranschaulichen, dass ein Handlungsbedarf in Hinsicht auf den Umgang mit menschlichem Fehler besteht. An zwei Beispielen der Pharmaunternehmen wird eine Umwandlung der Unternehmensstrategie, von der alten Sichtweise auf menschlichen Fehler mit einer „blame and shame“ Kultur und dem Null-Fehler-Ansatz auf eine neue Perspektive, die im Fokus eine Verhinderung der Fehler-wiederholbarkeit hat, präsentiert. Menschlicher Fehler wird hier nicht mehr als Fehlerursache, sondern als Anzeichen für tieferliegende Probleme gesehen. To produce safe drugs is one of the most important responsibilities of the pharmaceutical industry. Just as in other sectors also in the GMP area errors can occur. Human error is responsible for those incidents in many cases. Literature review demonstrates that about the half of all incidents in pharmaceutical companies is caused by human error. This figure was confirmed by retrospective analysis and evaluation of existing incidents originated from human error in a selected pharmaceutical company chosen as an example. Depth analysis of human errors shows that a half of incidents caused by human error occur as a result of inattention. Apart from the fact that authorities require a root cause analysis in case of quality incidents, a correctly performed analysis can take actions at all system levels to prevent errors or catch errors early. Due to variability of human actions and his unpredictably and uncontrollability, there will be always some accidental error present. Those build unavoidable naturally occurring noise level. Inspection reports demonstrate, that there is a need for action regarding to human error management. Two examples form pharmaceutical companies show a transformation in the company's strategy. They changed from the old view on human error, its blame and shame culture and zero error principle, to the new operational paradigm, which focuses on how to prevent and avoid repeating incidents. With this paradigm shift human error is not any more the cause of failure, but it is an indication of underlying issues. vorgelegt von: Magdalena Kujawa Masterarbeit Wien, FH Campus Wien 2017

Die Inzidenz feliner primärer Lungentumoren ist in den letzten Jahrzehnten deutlich gestiegen. Dennoch sind Lungentumoren bei Katzen vergleichsweise wenig untersucht. Über die Korrelationen zwischen histologischen Tumorsubtypen, der Tumorursprungszelle, Prognose und klinischem Verlauf ist kaum etwas bekannt. Momentan werden feline Lungentumoren zumeist auf der Grundlage der Klassifikation der Weltgesundheitsorganisation (WHO) diagnostiziert, die ausschließlich auf histologischen Merkmalen basiert. Diese Klassifikation wird jedoch von verschiedenen Autoren nicht nur unterschiedlich interpretiert, sondern auch kritisiert. Eine einfache und sichere Diagnostik ist für das Bestimmen der Tumordignität und -herkunft essentiell, denn feline primäre Lungentumoren sind häufig maligne und metastasieren in über 75 % der Fälle. Andererseits ist die Lunge einer der Hauptmetastasierungsorte anderer Primärtumoren, was eine Differenzierung primärer Lungentumoren rein anhand histologischer Kriterien erschwert. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es deshalb die Sensitivität und Spezifität des Thyroid Transcription Factor-1 (TTF-1) und die Funktion von Ki67 als Malignitätsmarker feliner primärer Lungentumoren zu untersuchen und zu prüfen, inwieweit sie die aktuelle Tumorklassifikation der WHO stützen bzw. deren Anwendung erleichtern. Für diesen Zweck wurde 1) die tatsächliche Anwendbarkeit der bestehenden Klassifikation der WHO überprüft, 2) relevante Tumormerkmale bestimmt, 3) die Spezifität von TTF-1 für feline Lungentumoren untersucht, 4) Korrelationen zwischen der TTF-1-Expression, den Tumormerkmalen und der Tumordignität erörtert, 5) die Expression des Proliferationsmarkers Ki67 in den Tumoren untersucht, 6) das diagnostische Potential einer Kombination von TTF-1 und Ki67 analysiert und 7) der Nutzen beider Marker und ihrer Kombination für das Klassifizieren feliner primärer Lungentumoren geprüft. 61 feline Lungentumoren wurden zunächst anhand der histologischen Kriterien der WHO klassifiziert. Dabei traten häufig verschiedene, für unterschiedliche Subtypen spezifische, Merkmale parallel im selben Tumor auf. Des Weiteren stimmten die beschriebenen Zellcharakteristika der zugehörigen Wachstumsmuster (papillär, bronchioloalveolär) nicht mit den tatsächlich vorkommenden Tumorzellen überein. Die Anwendbarkeit der Tumoreinteilung war demnach sehr beschränkt, da die Merkmalsbeschreibungen nicht eindeutig und teilweise gegensätzlich waren. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit wurde der in der Humanmedizin bereits etablierte Lungentumormarker TTF-1 auf seine Spezifität für feline Lungentumoren untersucht. Immunhistochemische Färbungen bestätigten zum einen seine Spezifität für feline Lungentumoren und zum anderen den Zusammenhang seiner Expression mit der Tumordignität. So konnte eine positive Korrelation zwischen der TTF-1-Expression und dem Tumordifferenzierungsgrad identifiziert werden. Da TTF-1 jedoch nur in benignen Lungentumoren aber nicht in allen malignen primären Lungentumoren exprimiert wird, ist sein Potenzial als Tumormarker in der diagnostischen Praxis eingeschränkt. Weiterhin wurde die Expression des Proliferationsmarkers Ki67 in dem Tumoren erforscht. Sie korrelierte negativ mit dem Differenzierungsgrad. TTF-1 und Ki67 verhielten sich somit umgekehrt proportional, was den Zusammenhang einer positiven TTF-1-Expression mit einem guten Differenzierungsgrad verifizierte. Es war jedoch weder mit TTF-1, noch mit Ki67 möglich benigne Lungentumoren sicher von malignen zu trennen. Durch eine Kombination beider Marker (Kombinierter Expressionswert (KE)), wurde sowohl deren Sensitivität, als auch Spezifität für Lungentumoren erhöht. Der KE bietet eine mögliche, vielversprechende Variante zum Bestimmen der Tumordignität. Die Ergebnisse bestätigen zudem eine Verknüpfung des Zellcharakters und der Tumordignität. Adenome bestanden fast ausschließlich aus isoprismatischen, einschichtig angeordneten Zellen und zeigten eine signifikant höhere TTF-1-Expression. Mit steigender Zahl hochprismatischer und/oder mehrschichtig angeordneter Zellen, sanken sowohl der Differenzierungs-, als auch der TTF-1 Grad. Die Ki67 Expressionsintensität stieg parallel dazu an. Beide Marker und die tatsächlich gefundenen Zellmerkmale konnten die Einteilung der WHO nicht bestätigen. Die Ergebnisse decken vielmehr eine fehlende Übereinstimmung der tatsächlichen Tumormerkmale mit den WHO-Definitionen auf. Schlussendlich war es nicht möglich die Tumoren eindeutig anhand der histologischen Beschreibung der WHO zu Klassifizieren. Die Klassifikation konnte weder mit den TTF-1 und Ki67 Expressionsintensitäten nachvollzogen, noch deren Gebrauch durch sie vereinfacht werden. Darüber hinaus war die Einteilung der Subtypen nicht eindeutig und somit zum Teil sehr fraglich, was den dringenden Bedarf einer neuen Klassifikation offenlegt. Die Ergebnisse demonstrieren aber auch, dass durch das Verwenden eines spezifischen TTF-1 Antikörpers die Lunge leicht als Tumorursprung zu identifizieren ist. Zusätzlich ermöglicht der KE Wert eine genauere Trennung zwischen Adenomen und Karzinomen. Durch die Verwendung beider Marker und der KE Werte ist zudem eine sicherere Diagnose auch bei geringem Probenmaterial möglich. TTF-1 scheint außerdem prognostisches Potential zu besitzen., The incidence of feline primary lung tumors has increased over the last decades. Yet, by comparison, feline lung tumors are poorly examined. Little is known about correlations between tumor subtypes, tumor cell origin, prognosis and clinical outcome. Currently, feline lung tumors are usually diagnosed based on the classification of the World Health Organization (WHO), which is based solely on histological features. This classification is not only interpreted differently, but also criticized by various authors. A simple and reliable diagnosis is essential for determining the tumor dignity and origin, because feline primary lung tumors are frequently malignant and metastasize in over 75 % of cases. Apart from that, the lung is one of the major centers for metastases, making it difficult to differentiate primary lung tumors only on the basis of histologic criteria. The aim of this study was to investigate the sensitivity and specificity of Thyroid Transcription Factor-1 (TTF-1) and the function of Ki67 as malignancy markers for feline primary lung tumors and to examine, whether they support or facilitate the application of the current WHO classification. For this purpose, 1) the actual applicability of the existing WHO classification was determined, 2) relevant tumor characteristics were acquired, 3) the specificity of TTF-1 for feline lung tumors was examined, 4) correlations between TTF-1 expression levels, the tumor characteristics and tumor dignity were discussed, 5) the expression of the proliferation marker Ki67 was surveyed in the tumors, 6) the diagnostic potential of a combination of TTF-1 and Ki67 was analyzed and 7) the benefit of both markers and their combination for the classification of feline primary lung tumors was tested. According to the histological criteria of the WHO guidelines, 61 feline lung tumors were initially classified. In the process, various features, specific for different tumor subtypes, occurred frequently in the same tumor. Furthermore, the described cell characteristics associated with certain growth patterns (papillary, bronchioloalveolar) differed from the actually occurring tumor cells. The applicability of the tumor classification remained generally very limited, since the feature descriptions were unclear and partly contradictory. In the second part of this thesis, the lung tumor marker TTF-1, already established in human medicine, was examined for its specificity for feline lung tumors. Immunohistochemical stainings confirmed its specificity for feline lung tumors and a relation between its expression and the tumor dignity. The results revealed a positive correlation between the TTF-1 expression and tumor differentiation grade. Since TTF-1 is only expressed in benign but not all malignant lung tumors, its potential as a tumor marker is limited in diagnostic practice. Furthermore, the expression of the proliferation marker Ki67 was also explored in the tumors. As expected, its expression negatively correlated with the degree of differentiation. Thus, the Ki67 expression was inversely proportional to TTF-1, which verified the connection between a positive TTF-1 expression and a good degree of differentiation. Unfortunately, neither the use of TTF-1 nor Ki67 could unequivocally separate benign and malignant lung tumors. However, by determining a combination of the two markers (combined expression value (KE)), both the sensitivity and specificity for lung tumors could be increased. The KE provides a possible, promising option to ascertain the tumor dignity. Moreover, the results confirm a correlation between the tumor cell character and the tumor dignity. Adenomas consisted almost exclusively of cuboidal, monolayered cells and showed a significantly higher TTF-1 expression. With an increasing number of columnar and / or multilayered cells, both, the degree of differentiation and the TTF-1 level decreased. In parallel, the Ki67 expression level increased. Both markers and the actually found cell characteristics could not confirm the WHO classification. The results rather show a mismatch between the actual tumor characteristics and the WHO group definitions. Finally, it turned out that by applying the WHO classification it was not possible to precisely classify the tumors based on their histological descriptions. The WHO classification could not be reproduced or simplified, neither with the aid of the TTF-1 nor the Ki67 expression intensities. Moreover, the investigation of the individual subtypes revealed that the division of the groups was not unequivocal and thus in parts very questionable. This bares the urgent need for a new classification. Nevertheless, the results demonstrate that the use of a specific TTF-1 antibody helps to identify the lung as the tumor origin more easily. In addition, the KE value facilitates an accurate separation between adenomas and carcinomas. Besides, the use of the markers and KE values allows for a more reliable diagnosis despite poor sample quantities. What is more, TTF-1 seems to have a prognostic potential.

Vicine and convicine as natural occurring toxic compounds in Vicia faba are involved in the formation of hemolytic anemia (favism). Removal of these compounds needs high technological expense. Microbiological degradation with different strains of bacteria was tried. After 3 h incubation with Streptococcus faeciens convicine was converted completely and Vicine to about 95%.

Whole blood samples from 40 male and 40 female individuals were analyzed for zinc, copper, selenium and iron, and in part also for cadmium and lead. Correlations were established between the element contents and the activities of blood enzymes (carbo-anhydrase, leucine aminopeptidase, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, glutathione peroxidase). The zinc-copper ratio exerted no effect on the zinc-dependent enzymes. There was a correlation between the glutathione peroxidase activity and the selenium content in whole blood (r greater than 0.73). A cluster analysis was performed. In women, the authors stated a significant effect of oral contraceptives especially on the zinc and copper balance. It was evidenced that detectable (more marked) changes in the mineral equilibrium are not produced in all cases by the contraceptives. Nevertheless, changes in the mineral equilibrium are likely to occur in 25% of all women. In the present study further changes (for example in enzymes) were observed in 50% of all women. The results obtained from the male individuals were indicative of certain relationships between the zinc-copper ratio and the content of total lipids or lipid fractions in human blood.

DDD is formed from DDT by reductive dechlorination. After application of DDD to rats the dechlorination product DDMU could be detected only after short exposures in the organs, in high concentrations, however, permanently in the faeces. The distribution of DDD in the organism of the rats is studied.

Administration of 1000 ppm alpha-HCH, 600 ppm beta-HCH and greater than or equal to 125 ppm gamma-HCH to rats caused a growth retardation. alpha-HCH and beta-HCH led to livermass enlargement. beta-HCH caused a decrease of absolute brain-mass. In case of alpha-HCH and gamma-HCH fat tissue, kidneys and adrenals had a high burden in residues. Fat tissue and adrenals had high residues of beta-HCH. The level of HCH-residues during the test period was gamma much less than beta less than alpha. The results are discussed taking into account the contradictory knowledge from literature.

No sex differences could been shown after absorption and distribution of azoxybenzen in the rat. The highest level occur in the thyroid gland, the adrenals and in the fat tissues. The maximum level was reached 30 min. after application.

DDE is hydrogenated in the rat organism. The distribution of the compound is described. DDMU is degradated to DBP as well as transformed to DDA and DDOH. Excretion and distribution are studied.

The metabolism of 14C-lindane, its short-lived main metabolite gamma-2,3,4,5,6-pentachlorocyclogexene and penta-/hexachlorobenzene was followed in a mould culture after 6, 17, 30 and 52 days. The distribution in the culture medium was also investigated.

Hexachlorobenzene is but slowly metabolized by a lindane-decomposing mould culture, only pentachlorobenzene being detected as a metabolite. The degradation of pentachlorobenzene yields the following metabolites: pentachlorophenol, 2,3,4,5-tetrachlorophenol, 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol, 1,2,3,4-tetrachlorobenzene, 1,2,4,5- and/or 1,2,3,5-tetrachlorobenzene, 2,3,4-trichlorophenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, 3,4,5-trichlorophenol, 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene. The establishment of a degradation pattern is under way.

First investigations on the degradation of DDT were already carried out at the beginning of its application. Its metabolism, however, is not yet absolutely clear till now. Main degradation pathways are considered: Reductive dechlorinations, successive dehydrochlorinations to unsaturated compounds as well as oxidations to aldehydes, alcohol and carboxylic acid. Decarboxylations of carboxylic acids are considered to be dependent on the species concerned. Between various organisms only quantitative differences are evident.

DDT orally given to rats is converted into DDD by reductive dechlorination in the liver within 30 min. 6 h after a single application of 10 mg DDT per rat a quantity of 60 mg DDD/kg was indicated in the liver. DDT is stored in the adrenal glands; in the other organs an equilibrium comes up obviously, even with further application. The quantitative ratios are reported. Information on the experimental details of DDT determination and--anticipatory to the following publications--on the analysis of the most relevant metabolites is given.

Besides alterations of the DDT molecule by enzymatic reactions on its skeleton, modifications of the phenylic rings were noted recently. Especially DDE which has been considered very stable up to now is subject to an enzymatic hydroxylation with forming some isomers. Furthermore, the isolation of methylsulfonyl derivatives of DDE succeeded. Cleavages of the phenylic ring by microbial influences and its metabolization are described too.

The mobilization of xenobiotics is, in common with their persistence and accumulation, a latent problem of our chemicalized society. Possible sequels connected with the chronic consumption of alcohol were demonstrated by results from animal experiments. After a 10-week exposition to DDE (50 p.p.m. given with the diet), followed by a time of nonexposition, rats were mated and their reproductiveness was brought in relation to the results from residue analyses. Half of the animal received 20% alcohol instead of drinking water during pregnancy and lactation. An alcohol-induced increase in the mobilization of DDE was evidenced on determining residues in the maternal brain, the placentae and the foetus, and also by the excretion in milk and urine. There was a significance increase in prenatal and postnatal mortality (reduced survival index). By analogy to DDT, an oestrogenic action is assumed to be causative.

Microbiological biotransformation as a part of metabolism of foreign compounds in general, has great toxicological consequences. An overview on the most important types of reactions is given. In detail, comparative investigations of the metabolism of gamma-HCH, azobenzene and progoitrin in germfree and conventionalized rats are described and results from the literature are presented.

The chemical-preparative preparation of the aldehyde (DDHO) is possible by using of saponification. Its enzymatic formation in the organism of warm-blooded animals has not been described up to now. The identification of the aldehyde after application of DDD to rats was successful, inspite of the inhibition of the HCl-cleaving consecutive reactions, whereby the enzymatic formation of the aldehyde was indicated. A possible reaction mechanism is presented.

Tin incorporated in baker's yeast was applied to male Wistar rats over 21 days. The doses corresponded to 1/500 or 1/50 of LD50 of SnCl2 x 2H2O and 1/50 of LD50 of SnCl2 x 2H2O. The effects on activities of certain selected enzymes as well as on tin levels in liver and kidneys were tested. Some of the enzymes tested were found to reflect even exposures much below the point recordable from accumulation of the metal. Serum lactate-dehydrogenase is recommended as a sensitive indicator enzyme in the context of tin exposure.

The causes of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) contamination of the environment are of complex nature. Besides the microbial metabolism of lindane to HCB, the pyrolysis of pentachlorophenol (wood impregnation), the chlorine treatment of lignin-containing lyes and possible contaminations with active agents which are industrially synthetized from polychlorbenzenes must be regarded as causes being in part still hypothetical.