45 results on '"Gene Silencing"'
Search Results
2. Gentherapieoptionen der hereditären Transthyretinamyloidose.
- Author
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Schilling, Matthias
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AMYLOID plaque , *GENE silencing , *GENE therapy - Abstract
Hereditary transthyretin-related amyloidosis (ATTRv) is a rare autosomal dominant disease and is fatal if left untreated. It is caused by mutations in the transthyretin gene. All known mutations induce misfolding of the tetrameric transthyretin molecule and protein deposits in multiple organs. In peripheral nerves this result in sensorimotor and autonomic polyneuropathy and in cardiac muscle it causes cardiomyopathy. Untreated ATTRv is characterized by an irreversible and progressive course and death 7–11 years after symptom onset. Treatment options consist of TTR stabilizing drugs, such as tafamidis and active agents that selectively interfere at the mRNA level, the so-called gene silencers patisiran and inotersen. All forms of treatment aim to prevent amyloid tissue deposition in tissues and organ dysfunction. Patisiran works by RNA interference on endogenous mechanisms of gene expression. It results in the cleavage of TTR-mRNA using the cytoplasmatic RNA-induced silencing complex. Inotersen, an antisense oligonucleotide, degrades TTR-mRNA via activation of nuclear RNase H. Both mechanisms result in a significant reduction of TTR protein serum levels. The efficacy could be demonstrated by slowing or improving neuropathy progression in the phase III study APOLLO (patisiran) or the NEURO-TTR study (inotersen). Furthermore, the use of both agents led to an improvement in the quality of life in patients with ATTRv. Both forms of treatment are approved in Germany since August 2018 for polyneuropathy stages 1 and 2 according to Coutinho. The choice of treatment should be carried out individually considering drug formulation, contraindications and the necessary safety monitoring controls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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3. Prinzipien der translationalen Gentherapie für neuromuskuläre Erkrankungen.
- Author
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Schoser, B.
- Subjects
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GENE silencing , *NEUROMUSCULAR diseases , *GENOME editing , *GENES - Abstract
Background: In recent years the theoretical hope has become reality and the first hereditary neuromuscular diseases have become causally treatable. Neuromuscular diseases have thus become the pacemaker of this form of therapy for the whole of neurology. Aims: This article describes the principles of precision gene therapy for neurogenetic diseases using examples of neuromuscular diseases. Discussion: Various strategies of gene therapy have become established and are being tested in preclinical and clinical trials and evaluated as approved forms for long-term efficacy. The aim of every gene therapy is the modification or introduction of the target gene with initiation of a degradation of dysfunctional proteins. Various techniques, such as gene transfer, gene substitution or gene editing in vivo and ex vivo are now usable. For example, a modification of the pre-mRNA using antisense oligonucleotides or RNA interference (siRNA) can be used for exon skipping. An initiation of gene expression to produce the target protein can be based on a modification of the DNA by means of gene replacement, cell-based therapy (iPS cells), regulation by compensatory proteins or pharmacological treatment with so-called small molecules. Each method has advantages and complex disadvantages that must be individually evaluated. Phenotypic peculiarities of a rare disease often only become apparent through specific translational therapy. It is already becoming obvious that a very early point in timing of gene therapy is probably the most effective. Newborn screening is therefore gaining additional importance as early diagnosis can achieve the best possible success of therapies, possibly even preventively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
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4. Von Kräutern zu Pillen, Biologics und Nukleinsäuren: Das Lipid-Management der Zukunft [The lipid management of the future: From herbs to pills, biologics and nucleic acids]
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Lüscher, Thomas F., von Eckardstein, Arnold, Beer, Jürg Hans, Räber, Lorenz, Sudano, Isabella, Nanchen, David, Mueller, Christian, Mach, François, and Landmesser, Ul
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cardiovascular disease ,controlled study ,drug efficacy ,drug safety ,drug therapy ,fungus ,gene expression ,gene silencing ,heart infarction ,herb ,human ,human tissue ,hypertriglyceridemia ,liver cell ,nonhuman ,pill ,protein blood level ,protein expression ,protein synthesis ,randomized controlled trial (topic) ,review ,Switzerland ,triacylglycerol level ,angiopoietin related protein 3 ,antisense oligonucleotide ,apolipoprotein A1 ,apolipoprotein C3 ,asialoglycoprotein ,biological product ,endogenous compound ,inclisiran ,lipid ,lipoprotein A ,n acetylgalactosamine ,new drug ,nucleic acid ,nucleotide ,proprotein convertase 9 ,protein - Abstract
Pharmacotherapy has made massive advances: what began with herbs and fungi led to synthetic pills that interfered ever more precisely with receptors and metabolic pathways. Finally, antibodies against specific proteins became part of our therapeutic armamentarium. But none of these measures get to the heart of the matter: The latest revolutionary chapter in pharmacotherapy uses organ-specific nucleotides, short RNAsequences that intervene in pathogenic metabolic pathways even before proteins are formed and sometimes exert a very targeted effect over surprisingly long periods of time. In cardiovascular medicine, this pharmacotherapy of the future is mainly used in the treatment of lipometabolic disorders. RNAinterference technology involving the modified small interfering RNAtherapeutic inclisiran against the messenger RNAof proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) couples the therapeutic RNAwith N-acetylgalactosamine in order to achieve liver-specific silencing of the protein formation of PCSK9 by binding to the asialoglycoprotein receptors on the surface of hepatocytes. Thus, a marked and consistent reduction of PCSK9 and LDLcholesterol levels in plasma can be achieved over more than 6 months. Other developments use antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) against angiopoietin-like protein 3 (ANGPTL3) or apolipoprotein C-III(apoC-III) to specifically lower triglyceride levels, and the ISIS-APO(a) Rx ASO, massively reduces (>70%) the formation of lipoprotein (a). These new RNA-targeted therapeutics have key advantages, such as a long duration of action, which relates to patient compliance, the specificity of their action in certain cells or organs and metabolic pathways, and they allow for the first time an effective treatment of hypertriglyceridaemia and the mostly genetically determined elevated levels of lipoprotein (a). Large randomised clinical trials testing the effect of these new nucleic acids on cardiovascular events such as myocardial infarction and death are currently underway, including in Switzerland, and will further determine the efficacy and safety of these new drugs. This will certainly herald a new era in the treatment of various cardiovascular diseases.
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- 2022
5. Morbus Huntington.
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Rollnik, J.D.
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HUNTINGTON disease , *HUNTINGTIN protein , *CELL death , *GENE silencing , *PROTEIN-tyrosine kinases - Abstract
Background: Huntington's disease (HD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by hyperkinetic movements, psychiatric (e.g. depression and psychosis) and cognitive symptoms (frontal lobe dementia). In Germany approximately 8000 patients suffer from HD. Objectives: The paper reviews the clinical course, epidemiology, genetics, differential diagnoses, pathophysiology, symptomatics and causal treatment options. Methods: Publications on animal and human HD studies and trials and reviews available in Medline have been taken into account. Results: Only genetic testing allows diagnostic certainty. The CAG repeat length influences age of onset, disease course and life expectancy. The mechanism by which mutant huntingtin protein (mHTT) causes HD is complex and poorly understood but leads to cell death, in particular in striatal neurons. In clinical trials antioxidants (e.g. coenzyme Q10), selisistat, PBT2, cysteamine, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-receptor antagonists and tyrosine kinase B receptor agonists have been studied in HD. Conclusion: No disease-modifying therapy is currently available for HD; however, gene silencing, e.g. through RNA interference, is a promising technique which could lead to effective therapies in due course. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2015
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6. siRNA bei Makuladegeneration.
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Callizo, J. and Agostini, H.T.
- Abstract
Copyright of Der Ophthalmologe is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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- 2010
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7. The Diversity of Plant Small RNAs Silencing Mechanisms
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Jens A Schröder and Pauline E. Jullien
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Small RNA ,Dna methylation ,Computational biology ,580 Plants (Botany) ,Translational Inhibition ,Biology ,010402 general chemistry ,01 natural sciences ,Small rna ,Arabidopsis thaliana ,Gene silencing ,Gene Silencing ,QD1-999 ,Regulation of gene expression ,Silencing ,Mechanism (biology) ,fungi ,RNA ,food and beverages ,General Medicine ,General Chemistry ,Plant ,Plants ,biology.organism_classification ,0104 chemical sciences ,Argonaute ,Chemistry ,RNA, Plant ,DNA methylation - Abstract
Small RNAs gene regulation was first discovered about 20 years ago. It represents a conserve gene regulation mechanism across eukaryotes and is associated to key regulatory processes. In plants, small RNAs tightly regulate development, but also maintain genome stability and protect the plant against pathogens. Small RNA gene regulation in plants can be divided in two canonical pathways: Post-transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) that results in transcript degradation and/or translational inhibition or Transcriptional Gene Silencing (TGS) that results in DNA methylation. In this review, we will focus on the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. We will provide a brief overview of the molecular mechanisms involved in canonical small RNA pathways as well as introducing more atypical pathways recently discovered.
- Published
- 2019
8. SU(VAR)2-1, ein Regulator genomweiter Histon-Deacetylierung, ist essentiell für die Bildung von Heterochromatin in Drosophila
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Walther, Matthias
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epigenetic ,position effect variegation (PEV) ,su(var) ,histone modification ,chromatin ,oogenesis ,gene silencing ,Drosophila melanogaster ,Epigenetik ,Positionseffekt-Variegation (PEV) ,Su(var) ,Histonmodifikationen ,Chromatin ,Oogenese ,Gensilencing - Abstract
Su(var)-Gene identifizieren epigenetische Faktoren, die am Aufbau von Heterochromatin und bei Prozessen zur Stilllegung von Genen in Drosophila melanogaster von besonderer Bedeutung sind. Sie kodieren für Proteine die Bestandteile des Chromatins modifizieren und oftmals eine funktionell evolutionäre Konservierung aufweisen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde das Su(var)2-1 Gen, welches ein dominanter Suppressor für das In(1)wm4h-PEV-Rearrangement ist, molekular untersucht und charakterisiert. Su(var)2-1 Mutationen besitzen ein breites Spektrum an phänotypischen Effekten, wie weiblicher Sterilität, Hyperacetylierung von Histonen, letaler Wechselwirkung mit Y-Heterochromatin und Butyrat-Empfindlichkeit. Su(var)2-1 kodiert für ein neues Chromatinprotein mit einer EWG Domäne (NLS- bzw. DNA-Binde und Dimerisationsdomäne) sowie einem C2H2-Zink-Finger-Motiv. Mapping- und Komplementationsanalyse mit isolierten Mutanten lassen auf eine komplexe Proteinfunktion von SU(VAR)2-1 beim Chromatinaufbau in der frühen Embryogenese von Drosophila melanogaster schließen. Dabei spielt die Regulation der Acetylierung, in Abhängigkeit von SU(VAR)2-1, eine zentrale Rolle. Besonders wichtig erscheint SU(VAR)2-1 bei der Etablierung einer normalen Oogenese in Drosophila melanogaster zu sein, da durch einen Verlust von SU(VAR)2-1 die späten Stadien der Oogenese nicht ausgebildet werden und dieses in homozygoten Weibchen zu einer weiblichen Sterilität führt., Su(var) genes identify epigenetic factors that are of particular importance in the construction of heterochromatin and in gene silencing processes in Drosophila melanogaster. These epigenetic factors that modify the components of chromatin often show up an evolutionary conserved functionality. In the present work the epigenetic factor Su(var)2-1 as a dominant suppressor for In(1)wm4h-PEV rearrangement has been molecularly analyzed and characterized. Su(var)2-1 mutations possess a broad spectrum of phenotypic effects, such as female sterility, hyperacetylation of histones, lethal interaction with Y heterochromatin and butyrate sensitivity. Su(var)2-1 encodes a novel chromatin protein with an EWG domain (NLS or DNA binding and dimerization domain) and a C2H2 zinc finger motif. Mapping and complementation analyzes with isolated mutants suggest a complex protein function of SU(VAR)2-1 in chromatin assembly in early embryogenesis of Drosophila melanogaster. The regulation of acetylation depending on SU(VAR)2-1 plays a central role in early chromatin assembly. SU(VAR) 2-1 also appears to be an important factor for the establishment of normal oogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster since the loss of SU(VAR)2-1 does not complete the late stages of oogenesis and the homozygous females show sterility in consequence.
- Published
- 2018
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9. Chromatin-remodeling factor SPOC1 acts as a cellular restriction factor against human cytomegalovirus by repressing the major immediate early promoter
- Author
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Thomas Stamminger, Nina Reuter, Bahram Kasmapour, Andreas Winterpacht, Luka Cicin-Sain, Anne-Charlotte Stilp, Soeren Lukassen, Anna Reichel, Sabrina Schreiner, Myriam Scherer, and Helmholtz-Zentrum für Infektionsforschung GmbH, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
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0301 basic medicine ,Human cytomegalovirus ,Intrinsic immunity ,viruses ,Immunology ,Chromatin Remodeling Factor ,Cytomegalovirus ,Biology ,Virus Replication ,Microbiology ,Immediate early protein ,Immediate-Early Proteins ,03 medical and health sciences ,Multiplicity of infection ,Human Cytomegalovirus ,Immediate Early ,Intrinsic Immunity ,Restriction Factor ,Virology ,medicine ,Gene silencing ,Humans ,Promoter Regions, Genetic ,Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta ,IFI16 ,medicine.disease ,Chromatin ,Cell biology ,Virus-Cell Interactions ,DNA-Binding Proteins ,030104 developmental biology ,HEK293 Cells ,Insect Science ,Cytomegalovirus Infections ,Host-Pathogen Interactions ,Transcription Factors - Abstract
The cellular protein SPOC1 (survival time-associated PHD [plant homeodomain] finger protein in ovarian cancer 1) acts as a regulator of chromatin structure and the DNA damage response. It binds H3K4me2/3-containing chromatin and promotes DNA condensation by recruiting corepressors such as KAP-1 and H3K9 methyltransferases. Previous studies identified SPOC1 as a restriction factor against human adenovirus (HAdV) infection that is antagonized by E1B-55K/E4-orf6-dependent proteasomal degradation. Here, we demonstrate that, in contrast to HAdV-infected cells, SPOC1 is transiently upregulated during the early phase of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) replication. We show that the expression of immediate early protein 1 (IE1) is sufficient and necessary to induce SPOC1. Additionally, we discovered that during later stages of infection, SPOC1 is downregulated in a glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β)-dependent manner. We provide evidence that SPOC1 overexpression severely impairs HCMV replication by repressing the initiation of viral immediate early (IE) gene expression. Consistently, we observed that SPOC1-depleted primary human fibroblasts displayed an augmented initiation of viral IE gene expression. This occurs in a multiplicity of infection (MOI)-dependent manner, a defining hallmark of intrinsic immunity. Interestingly, repression requires the presence of high SPOC1 levels at the start of infection, while later upregulation had no negative impact, suggesting distinct temporal roles of SPOC1 during the HCMV replicative cycle. Mechanistically, we observed a highly specific association of SPOC1 with the major immediate early promoter (MIEP), strongly suggesting that SPOC1 inhibits HCMV replication by MIEP binding and the subsequent recruitment of heterochromatin-building factors. Thus, our data add SPOC1 as a novel factor to the endowment of a host cell to restrict cytomegalovirus infections. IMPORTANCE Accumulating evidence indicates that during millennia of coevolution, host cells have developed a sophisticated compilation of cellular factors to restrict cytomegalovirus infections. Defining this equipment is important to understand cellular barriers against viral infection and to develop strategies to utilize these factors for antiviral approaches. So far, constituents of PML nuclear bodies and interferon gamma-inducible protein 16 (IFI16) were known to mediate intrinsic immunity against HCMV. In this study, we identify the chromatin modulator SPOC1 as a novel restriction factor against HCMV. We show that preexisting high SPOC1 protein levels mediate a silencing of HCMV gene expression via a specific association with an important viral cis -regulatory element, the major immediate early promoter. Since SPOC1 expression varies between cell types, this factor may play an important role in tissue-specific defense against HCMV.
- Published
- 2018
10. [Hope for Huntington's disease patients: first clinical gene silencing study in progress]
- Author
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Jens D, Rollnik
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Huntington Disease ,Animals ,Humans ,Gene Silencing ,Genetic Therapy - Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal-dominant inherited neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by motor, psychiatric and cognitive symptoms for which as yet no causal treatment is available. It has a prevalence of 1 : 10 000 in Germany. Its cause is a mutation in the Huntington gene (CAG-repeat). The mutation induces a polyglutamine expansion in the huntingtin protein (HTT). Mutant HTT (mHTT) has cytotoxic properties, aggregates in the cell and leads to complex pathophysiological disturbances ending in cell death. This review explains the principles of gene silencing which suppresses transcription and translation of huntingtin. One way to achieve gene silencing is the use of antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) that bind to pre-mRNA. Since August 2015, a first clinical trial with ASO (study drug: IONIS-HTTRx) in early manifest HD patients is in progress (NCT02519036). Results from this study could lead to a first causal treatment option in HD.Bei der Huntington-Erkrankung handelt es sich um eine bisher nicht kausal behandelbare neurodegenerative Erkrankung, die mit motorischen, psychiatrischen und kognitiven Symptomen einhergehen kann.Die Ursache der in Deutschland mit einer Häufigkeit von etwa 1:10 000 auftretenden, autosomal-dominant vererbten Erkrankung, ist eine Mutation im Huntingtin-Gen (CAG-Expansion). Diese führt zu einer Polyglutamin-Expansion im Huntingtin-Protein (HTT). Das so veränderte HTT (mHTT) hat eine zytotoxische Wirkung, ist schlecht löslich, neigt zur Aggregation in der Zelle und löst eine komplexe pathophysiologische Kaskade aus, an deren Ende eine gestörte Zellfunktion und schließlich der Zelltod stehen. In dem vorliegenden Artikel wird das Prinzip des Gene Silencing erklärt, mit dem Transkription bzw. Translation des Huntingtins gehemmt werden können. Ein Ansatz, der zu einer Suppression der Translation führt, ist der Einsatz von Antisense Oligonukleotiden (ASO), welche an prä-mRNA andocken. Eine erste klinische Studie bei frühmanifesten Huntington-Patienten wird seit August 2015 mit ASO (Studiensubstanz: IONIS-HTTRx) durchgeführt (NCT02519036). Auch wenn Ergebnisse noch abgewartet werden müssen, könnte die Studie den Weg zu einer ersten kausalen Therapie der Huntington-Erkrankung ebnen.
- Published
- 2017
11. C-reaktives Protein und Arteriosklerose: Untersuchungen zur Proteinkinase-C-vermittelten CRP-Synthese in HepG2-Zellen und zur Rolle des Thrombins
- Author
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Codagnone, Marco, Zimmermann, Oliver, and Möpps, Barbara
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Geninaktivierung ,Proteinkinase C ,Protein kinase C ,C-reaktives Protein ,Gene silencing ,ddc:610 ,Atherosclerosis ,DDC 610 / Medicine & health ,Atherogenese ,C-reactive protein - Abstract
Die Arteriosklerose und ihre Folgeerkrankungen sind für über 50% aller Todesfälle weltweit verantwortlich. Erkrankungen wie z.B. arterielle Hypertonie, Hyperlipidämie und Diabetes mellitus sind als Risikofaktoren eindeutig belegt und etabliert. Seit Jahrzehnten bestehen kontroverse Meinungen bezüglich der Beteiligung des CRP an der Arteriosklerose. Ist es ein reiner Risikomarker ohne direkten Einfluss oder doch ein kausaler Spieler, d.h. ein Risikofaktor. Mehrere Studien bestätigten einen hohen prädiktiven Wert für zukünftige kardiovaskuläre Ereignisse bei erhöhten hsCRP-Werten im oberen Drittel des Normbereichs. Trotz Indizien konnte eine kausale Beteiligung bisher aber nicht zweifelsfrei nachgewiesen werden. So konnte CRP gemeinsam mit Komplement in den Wänden arteriosklerotischer Läsionen nachgewiesen werden. CRP ist weiterhin in der Lage Komplement zu aktivieren welches wiederum durch Freisetzung von Chemokinen zur Proliferation von SMC führen kann. Ein weiterer Hinweis für eine mögliche kausale Beteiligung des CRP an der Arteriosklerose ist seine Eigenschaft, die Schaumzellbildung aus Monozyten, durch Opsonierung des LDLs zur besseren Aufnahme, zu fördern. In dieser Arbeit wurde versucht, eine hepatische CRP-Synthese-Hemmung über den Knockdown der Proteinkinase C zu erreichen. Aufgrund der vielfältigen und noch nicht vollständig bekannten Wirkungen bzw. Interaktionen des CRPs erschien eine Hemmung der Synthese in der Leber am sinnvollsten und einfachsten durchführbar. Die Beteiligung der Proteinkinase C an der Synthese des C-reaktiven Proteins ist bekannt. Mit Hilfe der Methode der RNA-Interferenz zum Knockdown der PKC-Isoformen δ und ε sollte ihre Beteiligung am Syntheseweg eruiert und ein möglicher medikamentöser Ansatzpunkt untersucht werden. Als Zellreihe dienten HepG2-ABEK14-Zellen. Sie sind eine stabil mit einem 1kbp CRP Promotorkonstrukt und dem Luciferase Gen transfizierte Hepatoma-Zelllinie. Es zeigte sich in den Versuchen eine signifikant verminderte Aktivität der CRP-Promoter-Aktivität in HepG2-ABEK14-Zellen nach Gen-silencing der Proteinkinasen δ und ε. Dieser vielversprechende medikamentöse Ansatz muss weiter untersucht werden. Es ist bekannt, dass Thrombin in der akuten Phase vermehrt gebildet wird und evtl. eine stimulierende Wirkung auf die CRP-Synthese hat. Durch die bereits kommerziell verfügbaren Thrombininhibitoren wäre hier ein interessanter Ansatzpunkt gegeben. Nach Stimulation mit Thrombin wurde in den HepG2-ABEK14-Zellen keine signifikante Steigerung der CRP-Promoteraktivität erreicht. Eine medikamentöse Hemmung von Thrombin zur Senkung der CRP-Spiegel erscheint damit nicht sinnvoll zu sein. Es ist jedoch zu beachten, dass die Versuche an einer mit CRP-Luziferase stabil transifizierte Hepatom-Zelllinie durchgeführt wurden. Diese sind PHH in Struktur, Form, Syntheseapparat und Eigenschaften sehr ähnlich, jedoch nicht identisch. Auch bestehen Unterschiede der HepG2-ABEK14-Zellen und PHH gegenüber den Leberzellen in vivo. Es müssen weitere Studien erfolgen, die diese Unterschiede berücksichtigen.
- Published
- 2017
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12. Inhibierung von Adenovirusinfektion mittels siRNA vermittelter Blockade adenoviraler Regulations- und Verpackungsgene
- Author
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Bode, Anne
- Subjects
gene silencing ,adenoviruses ,siRNA ,RNAi ,small interfering RNAs ,co-silencing of adenoviral genes ,RNA-interference ,600 Technik, Medizin, angewandte Wissenschaften::610 Medizin und Gesundheit - Abstract
Adenoviren gelten allgemein als Verursacher milder gastrointestinaler und respiratorischer Infektionen sowie von Infektionen der Konjunktiven. In jüngerer Zeit haben sie jedoch zunehmend als Pathogene an Bedeutung gewonnen. So wurden Adenoviren beispielsweise als Verursacher der viralen Myokarditis isoliert. Des Weiteren ist eine Vielzahl von Fällen berichtet worden, in denen Infektionen mit Adenoviren bei immunsupprimierten Patienten, darunter häufig Kinder, zu fulminanten Verläufen mit nicht selten letalem Ausgang führten. Dennoch gibt es bisher keine suffiziente, allgemein anwendbare anti- adenovirale Therapie. Das posttranskriptionelle Gen-Silencing mittels RNA- Interferenz (RNAi) konnte in den letzten Jahren als potenter und vielversprechender Ansatz zur antiviralen Therapie etabliert werden. Dabei vermitteln kurze doppelsträngige RNA-Moleküle, die small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), im Zytoplasma die Bindung ihrer sequenzhomologen Ziel-mRNA und die darauffolgende enzymatische Spaltung. An vielen Beispielen wurde bereits gezeigt, dass sich virale Infektionen durch den Einsatz von synthetisch hergestellten siRNAs oder den verwandten shRNAs (short-hairpin RNAs) effizient inhibieren lassen. Darunter auch bedeutende humanpathogene Viren wie das Hepatitis C Virus, das Hepatitis B Virus oder das HI-Virus. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde in vitro untersucht inwieweit sich die Infektion mit Adenovirus Typ 5 durch siRNAs gegen die adenoviralen Gene E1A, Hexon und IVa2 inhibieren lässt. Initial wurde dazu unter vier verschiedenen gegen jedes Zielgen vorliegenden synthetischen siRNAs die effizienteste evaluiert und weiteren Analysen zugeführt. Die sequenzspezifische Wirkung der siRNAs konnte in einem nächsten Schritt nachgewiesen werden. In der vergleichenden Untersuchung der siRNAs zeigten die siRNAs gegen die späten adenoviralen Gene, siHexon und siIVa2, ein deutlich stärkeren inhibitorischen Effekt auf die adenovirale Replikation als die siRNA gegen das frühe Gen E1A, vor allem da sie bereits in niedriger Dosierung effizient wirkten. Kombinationen von siHexon und siIVa2 zeigten zwar additive Effekt, führten jedoch bei dosisäquivalentem Einsatz nicht zu einer verstärkten Inhibierung der adenoviralen Replikation im Vergleich mit Einzelkomponenten. Überraschenderweise konnten bei Betrachtung des zytopathischen Effekts hingegen nur die Kombinationen aus siE1A und siHexon bzw. siIVa2 die Adenovirus vemittelte Zelllyse effizient inhibieren und einen zytoprotektiven Effekt demonstrieren. Eine Kombination aus den siRNAs gegen das frühe Gen E1A und den siRNAs gegen die späten Gene Hexon bzw. IVa2 ist folglich in Bezug auf den anti-adenoviralen Effekt insgesamt überlegen gegenüber der einzelnen Applikation der siRNAs., Adenoviruses are generally referred to as mild pathogens for they are commonly known as causative agents of mild respiratory infections of the upper airways, common gastrointestinal infections or conjunctivitis. Anyhow in younger times Adenoviruses gained a certain attention by having been determined as one of the main pathogens to cause viral myocarditis as well as having been reported to induce severe infections of liver and lung in the immunocompromised patient often taking a fulminant course and leading to subsequent death. Nevertheless there is currently no curative and specific pharmaceutical approach to treat Adenovirus infection. Gene Silencing by RNA Interference (RNAi) however has been shown to be a potent tool in treatment of viral infections as has been proven in principle for example for HC-, HB- and HI-Virus. The goal of the present thesis therefore was to examine the potential of RNAi-mediated inhibition of Adenovirus 5 infection by the use of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) targeting both early (E1A) and late (IVa2 and Hexon) adenoviral genes. Several of the initially analyzed siRNAs directed against E1A, IVa2 and Hexon showed a distinct antiviral activity. Further investigations were performed to select the most effective siRNAs against each target. In a next step comparative analysis was conducted. The siRNAs against late adenoviral genes proved to be more effective in inhibiting adenoviral replication than silencing of the E1A early gene. A combination strategy involving downregulation of any two or all three of the targeted viral genes did not result in an enhanced inhibition of adenoviral replication compared to the single siRNA approaches targeting the late genes. However protection against adenovirus mediated cytotoxicity could only be achieved by combining siRNAs against either of the two late genes with the siRNA against the E1A early gene. Thus, an enhanced anti-adenoviral efficiency of RNAi-based inhibition strategies can be achieved by co-silencing of early and late adenoviral genes with down regulation of E1A as a crucial factor.
- Published
- 2016
13. [EEF1A2 inhibits the p53 function in hepatocellular carcinoma via PI3K/AKT/mTOR-dependent stabilization of MDM4]
- Author
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T, Longerich
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Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ,TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases ,Liver Neoplasms ,Nuclear Proteins ,Cell Cycle Proteins ,Hep G2 Cells ,Up-Regulation ,Mice ,Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases ,Peptide Elongation Factor 1 ,Liver ,Cell Line, Tumor ,Proto-Oncogene Proteins ,Animals ,Humans ,Gene Silencing ,Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 ,Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt ,Signal Transduction - Abstract
Upregulation of mouse double minute 4 (MDM4) is a frequent event in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) but the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly characterized. In this study a potential role of the phosphoinositide-3-kinase/v-AKT murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/AKT/mTOR) cascade was investigated in the regulation of MDM4 in HCC. Inhibition of the PI3K-AKT and/or mTOR pathways lowered MDM4 protein levels in HCC cells. Mechanistic protection from proteasomal degradation resulted from de-ubiquitination by ubiquitin-specific protease 2a and AKT-mediated phosphorylation of MDM4, thus increasing MDM4 protein levels. These findings were corroborated in a chimeric AKT mouse model. Upregulation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling may result from overexpression of the eukaryotic elongation factor 1A2 (EEF1A2). Finally, a strong association between the expression of EEF1A2, phosphorylated AKT and MDM4 was observed in human HCC samples. Strong activation of the EEF1A2/PI3K/AKT/mTOR/MDM4 signaling pathway was observed in HCC patients with short survival suggesting that targeting this axis might be a promising approach in a subset of HCC patients.
- Published
- 2014
14. [Epigenetics: between genes and environment]
- Author
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Wiebke, Kathmann
- Subjects
Adult ,Leukemia ,DNA Mutational Analysis ,Epigenesis, Genetic ,Life Change Events ,Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant ,Phenotype ,Gene Expression Regulation ,Pregnancy ,Neoplasms ,Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects ,Diabetes Mellitus ,Humans ,Female ,Gene-Environment Interaction ,Genetic Predisposition to Disease ,Gene Silencing ,Child - Published
- 2014
15. Do TE activity and counteracting genome defenses, RNAi and methylation, shape the sex lives of smut fungi?
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John D. Laurie, Philip C. Wong, Guus Bakkeren, and Rob Linning
- Subjects
Genetics ,Recombination, Genetic ,biology ,Ustilago hordei ,Ustilago ,Reproduction ,Sporisorium ,gene silencing ,genome research ,plant pathogen ,Selfing ,RNA, Fungal ,Plant Science ,DNA Methylation ,biology.organism_classification ,Mating system ,Genome ,RNA interference ,Mutation ,DNA Transposable Elements ,RNA Interference ,Mating ,Genome, Fungal ,Repeated sequence ,DNA, Fungal - Abstract
The availability of three genomes from smut fungi differing in mating, TE load, and genome defense mechanisms, allowed a comparative analyses and a discussion on evolutionary forces shaping them. A complex balance of selective forces seems at play. A bipolar mating system in Ustilago hordei promotes selfing, advantageous for successful niche occupation but favoring accumulation of repetitive DNA, including TEs. TE activity may have caused genome variations necessary for these obligate parasites under high host selection pressures. Higher TE activity is balanced by genome defenses through recombination, RNAi, methylation and RIP mutagenesis. In tetrapolar U. maydis, lacking silencing and possibly methylation mechanisms, reduced inbreeding potential favors removal of repetitive DNA, presumably by its highly-efficient recombination system.
- Published
- 2013
16. [Translational research and diagnosis in GIST]
- Author
-
E, Wardelmann
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Transcriptional Activation ,Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor alpha ,Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors ,DNA Mutational Analysis ,Antineoplastic Agents ,Piperazines ,Translational Research, Biomedical ,Young Adult ,Mitotic Index ,Humans ,Gene Silencing ,Germ-Line Mutation ,Gastrointestinal Neoplasms ,Prognosis ,Tumor Burden ,Succinate Dehydrogenase ,Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit ,Pyrimidines ,Drug Resistance, Neoplasm ,Lymphatic Metastasis ,Benzamides ,Disease Progression ,Imatinib Mesylate ,Female - Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are the most common mesenchymal tumors in the digestive tract. In up to 90% of cases, they are characterized by activating mutations in the KIT or the PDGFRA gene. GIST represent a paradigm for successful targeted treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). Since the approval of the TKI imatinib in 2002 the survival of patients with metastatic GIST has tripled. The next logical step was the concept of using imatinib in an adjuvant approach, which was recently shown to increase overall survival significantly. In both settings, the mutational status has high predictive implications. In detail, GIST with KIT exon 11 mutations show the best response rates with partial remission rates of up to 80%. In KIT exon 9 mutations, a doubled daily dose of 800 mg imatinib is now standard. The PDGFRA exon 18 mutation D842V has been shown to lead to primary resistance. The treatment strategy in GIST is driven by their molecular characterisation. Further research has increased our knowledge on resistance mechanisms in solid tumors against TKI. The number of patients with secondary resistance due to acquired KIT mutations is increasing with treatment duration. Strategies to address this situation are the introduction of novel pathway inhibitors targeting different levels of signal transduction pathways, such as the mTOR/Akt pathway, the RAS/RAF pathway, histone deacetylation, among others. Among the GIST without mutations in the common hot spot regions of KIT and PDGFRA, the so-called wildtype GIST, further genomic subgroups have been identified. One such subgroup carries inactivating germline mutations in the genes encoding succinate dehydrogenase B, C, or D. They are associated with the occurrence of paragangliomas, so-called Carney-Stratakis syndrome. Most frequently, these GIST are located in the stomach, showing an epithelioid phenotype and a multinodular growth pattern. They preferentially occur in young females and often show lymph node metastases, the latter being very unusual in sporadic GIST. In sporadic Carney's triad additional pulmonary chondromas are observed and there are no SDH mutations. Another small subgroup of sporadic GIST present with BRAF mutations as an alternative genomic event. Finally, very rare kindreds with germline mutations in either KIT or PDGFRA have been described who develop multiple GIST and depending on the mutational subtype mastocytosis, hyperpigmentation and/or dysphagia. In summary, the molecular characterisation of GIST has revolutionized their treatment due to increasing knowledge about the high relevance of predictive molecular typing in solid tumors.
- Published
- 2012
17. [Genome-wide molecular screening for the identification of new targets in human hepatocellular carcinoma]
- Author
-
T, Longerich
- Subjects
Male ,Comparative Genomic Hybridization ,Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ,Tumor Suppressor Proteins ,Liver Neoplasms ,Nuclear Proteins ,Cell Cycle Proteins ,Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases ,Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ,Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1 ,Proto-Oncogene Proteins ,Humans ,Female ,Gene Silencing ,Genes, Suppressor ,Promoter Regions, Genetic ,Genome-Wide Association Study - Abstract
Molecular hepatocarcinogenesis represents a step-wise process which in most cases is associated with a well-defined chronic liver disease. By meta-analysis of classical comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) data an oncogenetic progression model could be generated (1q gain→ 8q gain → 4q loss → 16q loss → 13q loss). Array-based CGH allows the identification of etiology-dependent and independent genomic alterations. The Mouse Double Minute homologue 4 (MDM4) was shown to act as an oncogene of 1q32.1 gains in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Integration of genomic and epigenomic data facilitated the identification of tumor suppressor gene candidates in human HCC. For instance, Polo-like kinase 3 (PLK3) is frequently inactivated via promoter hypermethylation in combination with a loss of the second allele at 1p34.1. Both MDM4 overexpression and methylation-dependent inactivation of PLK3 represent potential targets for future therapeutic approaches.
- Published
- 2012
18. [Basics of tumor development and importance of human papilloma virus (HPV) for head and neck cancer]
- Author
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C, Wittekindt, S, Wagner, C S, Mayer, and J P, Klußmann
- Subjects
Genetic Markers ,Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck ,Papillomavirus Infections ,Oncogene Proteins, Viral ,Cell Transformation, Viral ,Prognosis ,Combined Modality Therapy ,Oropharyngeal Neoplasms ,Otorhinolaryngologic Neoplasms ,Cell Transformation, Neoplastic ,Head and Neck Neoplasms ,DNA, Viral ,Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ,Humans ,Genes, Tumor Suppressor ,Gene Silencing ,DNA Damage - Abstract
Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) are the 6th most common cancers worldwide. While the incidence of larynx-hypopharynx carcinoma decreases, actually an increase in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is observed. Classical risk factors for HNSCC are smoking and alcohol. Though, it was shown recently for 25 to 60% of OSCC, to be associated with an infection by oncogenic human papilloma virus (HPV). The development of "common" head-neck-tumors is substantially enhanced by an accumulation of genetic changes, which lead to an inactivation of tumor suppressor genes or to an activation of proto-oncogenes. A more or less uniform sequence of different DNA-damages leads to genetic instability. In this context, an early and frequent event is deletion on the short arm of chromosome 9, which results in inactivation of the p16-gene. On the contrary, for HPV-induced carcinogenesis, expression of the viral proteins E6 and E7 is most important, since E6 and E7 lead to inactivation of the cellular tumor-suppressor-proteins p53 and Rb. The process of natural transoral infection is not yet clear. However, as a matter of fact peroral HPV-infection is not seldom and in most cases such an infection heals completely and uneventfully. Smoking seems to increases the probability for developing an HPV-associated tumor. The association of HNSCC with HPV can be proven with established methods in clinical diagnostics. In addition to classical prognostic factors, diagnosis of an HPV-association may become important for future therapies. Prognostic relevance of HPV probably surmounts many known risk-factors, for instance regional metastasis. Until now, no other molecular markers are established in clinical routine. Future therapy concepts may vary for the two subgroups of patients, especially patients with HPV-associated OSCC may take advantage of a less aggressive postoperative treatment. Finally an outlook will be given on possible target-aimed therapies, of which so far only antibodies against EGF-receptors are established in clinical practice.
- Published
- 2012
19. [Molecular mechanisms of atrial fibrillation: potential role of microRNAs as new therapeutic targets and potential biomarkers]
- Author
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R, Wakili, S, Clauß, and S, Kääb
- Subjects
MicroRNAs ,Atrial Fibrillation ,Gene Targeting ,Humans ,Gene Silencing ,Genetic Therapy ,Biomarkers - Abstract
Atrial fibrillation represents the most common form of clinical arrhythmia in daily routine. However, current therapeutic options are still limited and a better understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms is expected to contribute to the development of new therapeutic strategies. The scientific field of microRNA research has received a lot of attention in recent years, especially regarding cardiovascular research. This article gives a brief overview of the most recent developments in microRNA research in the field of atrial fibrillation and atrial remodelling processes. Furthermore, the clinical perspective of microRNAs as new therapeutic targets and as potential biomarkers is discussed.
- Published
- 2012
20. The actin subfamily PtAct4, out of many subfamilies, is differentially localized for specific local functions in Paramecium tetraurelia cells
- Author
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Helmut Plattner, Ivonne Margarete Sehring, and Christoph Reiner
- Subjects
Electrophoresis ,Oral apparatus ,Histology ,Paramecium ,Cell division ,Blotting, Western ,Green Fluorescent Proteins ,Protozoan Proteins ,Biology ,Endocytosis ,Models, Biological ,Exocytosis ,Pathology and Forensic Medicine ,Phagocytosis ,ddc:570 ,Cleavage furrow ,Gene Silencing ,Actin ,Macronucleus ,phagocytosis ,Cell Biology ,General Medicine ,biology.organism_classification ,Actins ,Cell biology ,Microscopy, Fluorescence ,Paramecium tetraurelia - Abstract
Paramecium tetraurelia possesses more actin isoforms than most other cells. With monospecific antibodies against actin subfamily 4 members, we could label cleavage furrow, nascent food vacuoles, oral apparatus, cilia, cell surface and macronucleus. Expression as green fluorescent protein- (GFP-) fusion protein now allowed us to localize more stringently actin4, e.g., in the macronucleus, particularly when enhanced with anti-GFP antibodies. Posttranscriptional gene silencing of actin4 resulted in disturbances at sites where actin4 has been localized. Cell division was impaired already early on, occasionally resulting in deformed cells. Both micro- and macronuclear development during vegetative cell fission were disturbed. Over longer periods, actin4 silencing entailed reduced phagocytotic activity, paralleled by accumulation of “acidosomes” (late endosomes) near the cytopharynx where they normally fuse with nascent phagosomes. In addition, near the cell surface, extensively misshapen “terminal cisternae” (early endosomes) occurred. In deformed cells, both constitutive endocytosis and stimulated trichocyst exocytosis were impaired. Thus, actin4 exerts pleiotropic effects at widely different sites of the Paramecium cell and disturbances generally coincide with sites where actin4 is normally enriched. Evidently the loss of actin4 cannot easily be compensated for by any other of the large number of actin isoforms occurring in a Paramecium cell.
- Published
- 2010
21. [Nucleic acids can be administered orally for infections]
- Author
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Thomas, Winckler
- Subjects
Macrophages ,Nucleic Acids ,Administration, Oral ,Humans ,Gene Silencing ,RNA, Small Interfering ,Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases ,Infections - Published
- 2009
22. [Novel prognostic marker in invasive breast cancer. ITIH5 expression is abrogated by aberrant promoter methylation]
- Author
-
J, Veeck, E, Breuer, M, Rose, M, Chorovicer, A, Naami, N, Bektas, S, Alkaya, S, von Serényi, F, Horn, A, Hartmann, R, Knüchel, and E, Dahl
- Subjects
Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ,Proteinase Inhibitory Proteins, Secretory ,Breast Neoplasms ,DNA Methylation ,Prognosis ,Carcinoma, Ductal ,Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ,Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating ,Phenotype ,Cell Line, Tumor ,Biomarkers, Tumor ,Disease Progression ,Humans ,Female ,Neoplasm Invasiveness ,Gene Silencing ,RNA, Messenger ,Promoter Regions, Genetic ,Follow-Up Studies ,Neoplasm Staging ,Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis - Abstract
We have recently characterized ITIH5 as a new extracellular matrix protein that exhibits clear expression loss in a variety of human tumour entities, including breast cancer. The aim of the present study was to decipher the molecular cause of ITIH5 expression loss in breast cancer and to learn more about the possible role of this molecule in cancer diseases. ITIH5 protein expression was found to be strongly reduced in 42% of invasive breast carcinomas-interestingly, with significant association with poor patient outcome. ITIH5 promoter methylation was frequently detected in breast cell lines and in primary carcinomas (40%), and it was functionally correlated with loss of ITIH5 mRNA expression. Moreover, ITIH5 promoter methylation was also significantly associated with poor clinical patient outcome and also with the occurrence of lymph node and distant metastases. In conclusion, we propose that ITIH5 may represent a novel metastasis repressor in human breast cancer. Both ITIH5 protein expression and ITIH5 promoter methylation may serve as prognostic biomarkers, thereby helping improve clinical patient outcome.
- Published
- 2008
23. [Methylation of the RASSF1A tumor suppressor gene promoter. Risk factor for carcinogenesis of urological tumors]
- Author
-
J, Serth, H, Tezval, I, Peters, F, Atschekzei, K, Rehmet, S, Jurk, K, Albrecht, M A, Kuczyk, and A S, Merseburger
- Subjects
Male ,Tumor Suppressor Proteins ,Prostate ,Prostatic Neoplasms ,DNA Methylation ,Kidney ,Kidney Neoplasms ,Cell Transformation, Neoplastic ,Microscopy, Fluorescence ,Risk Factors ,Humans ,Genes, Tumor Suppressor ,Gene Silencing ,Promoter Regions, Genetic ,Carcinoma, Renal Cell - Abstract
Molecular targets of known risk factors for the development of urological tumors, such as age, smoking, and adiposity, have not yet been elucidated. Hypermethylation of CpG islands in promoters can lead to silencing of gene expression and has frequently been detected in tumors. Age-dependent accumulation of methylation of gene promoters has been observed in various normal tissues and is discussed as a common risk factor for carcinogenesis.Here we describe the RASSF1A tumor suppressor gene as exhibiting an age-dependent promoter methylation in normal kidney tissue, which is additionally affected by the risk factors of anthracosis and adiposity. Furthermore, we found significantly increased methylation of the RASSF1A promoter when comparing peripheral versus central zone prostatic tissue samples.Preliminary expression analysis indicates that RASSF1A could be involved in early tumorigenesis. Our results support the hypothesis that age and other lifestyle-dependent factors may influence promoter methylation of specific genes, possibly serving as future individual tumor risk markers.
- Published
- 2008
24. Einfluss experimentell modifizierter LTBP-4-Genexpression auf das Expressionsprofil von TGF-β1, p21 und c-myc in HEK293T Zellen
- Author
-
Niggemeyer, Marie Nicola
- Subjects
gene silencing ,neoplasms ,gene expression ,cell lines ,proto-oncogenes ,epithelium ,carcinogenesis ,genes, tumor suppressor (MeSH) - Abstract
Die Expression von Genen, die Zellwachstum und -proliferation regulieren, ist bei Krebserkrankungen verändert oder mutiert und führt zu unkontrollierter Zellzyklus-Progression. Zu den potentesten Wachstumsregulatoren zählen sowohl TGF-β1 als auch p21 und c-myc. TGF-β1 (Transforming Growth Factor beta 1) reguliert in Assoziation mit seinem Bindungsprotein sLTBP-4 (»short form« des Latent TGF-β Binding Protein 4), das als wichtigster Modulator der TGF-β1-Bioverfügbarkeit gilt, verschiedenste Funktionen in epithelialen Zellen, wobei seine antiproliferative und somit tumorsuppressive Wirkung eine Hauptfunktion darstellt. Ein Mangel an TGF-β1 führt sowohl zu einer reduzierten Expression des tumorsuppressiven CDKI (Cyclin-abhängigen Kinaseinhibitoren) p21, als auch zu einer vermehrten Expression des Protoonkogens c-myc. Beide Mechanismen bedingen sich gegenseitig, sind somit prokanzerogen und induzieren eine verstärkte und ungehemmte Proliferation epithelialer Zellen. In einem in vitro-Modell mit der epithelialen Zelllinie HEK293T wurde in der vorliegenden Arbeit mittels quantitativer Expressionsanalyse untersucht, inwiefern p21 und c-myc in Zellen mit einer modulierten LTBP-4-Expression einer differentiellen Expression unterliegen. Ziel war hierbei das nähere Verständnis der Korrelation des TGF-β1-Bindungsproteins LTBP-4 mit dem CDKI p21 und dem Protoonkogen c-myc in der Karzinogenese epithelialer Zellen. Im Rahmen der molekularbiologischen Untersuchungen wurde zunächst das Genesilencing sowie die Überexpression des sLTBP-4-Gens in HEK293T-Zellen etabliert. Die Ergebnisse der proteinbiochemischen Untersuchungen ergänzten auf qualitativer Basis den molekularbiologischen, quantitativen Nachweis einer erfolgreichen sLTBP-4-Überexpression in HEK293T Zellen. In diesen Zellen wurde das sL4-V5-Fusionsprotein regelmäßig detektiert, was eine erfolgreiche Translation dokumentiert. In den folgenden qPCR-Analysen unterlagen die Gene TGF-β1, p21 und c-myc im vorliegenden in vitro - Modell des sLTBP-4-knock-down entgegen den Erwartungen keiner Expressionsregulation. In sLTBP-4-überexprimierten Zellen wurde eine vermehrte Genexpression von TGF-β1 und p21 sowie eine verminderte c-myc-Expression wie erwartet festgestellt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen somit eine Wechselbeziehung der untersuchten Zielgene im sLTBP-4-Überexpressionsmodell und verdeutlichen deren Expressionskorrelation in der Karzinogenese epithelialer Tumoren., The expression of genes regulating cell growth and proliferation, such as TGF-β1, p21, and c-myc, can be altered or modified in the process of carcinogenesis in epithelial tumors and therefore results in uncontrolled cell cycle progression. TGF-β1 (transforming growth factor beta 1) in association to its binding protein sLTBP-4 (»short form« of latent TGF-β binding protein 4) which is an important modulator of TGF-β1-bioavailability regulates different functions in epithelial cells. Its antiproliferative and therefore tumorsuppressive effects represent a major cellular function. A reduced availability of TGF-β1 results in reduced expression of tumorsuppressive CDKI`s (cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors), in particular p21, as well as in augmented expression of protooncogenes, in particular c-myc. Both mechanisms depend on each other, are procancerogenic and induce enhanced and unarrested proliferation of epithelial cells. In the present project it was analyzed using an in vitro model with the epithelial cell line HEK293T, wether p21 and c-myc in cells with altered LTBP-4-expression undergo a differential expression pattern themselves. The aim of this project was to get a closer insight into the correlation of the TGF-β binding protein LTBP-4 with the CDKI p21 and the protooncogene c-myc during the carcinogenic process of epithelial cells. Gene silencing as well as transient overexpression of the sLTBP-4-gene in HEK293T cells was established under in vitro conditions. The quantitative molecular biological proof of sLTBP-4 overexpression in HEK293T cells through qPCR inquisition was supported by western blot analysis. These proteinbiochemical investigations completed the qPCR survey on a qualitative basis. The sL4-V5 fusion protein was regularly detected, which documents a successful translation. The following qPCR analysis showed contrary to the expectations that there was no regulation of expression of the genes TGF-β1, p21, and c-myc in the model of sLTBP-4-knock-down. Further on it was expected to detect an enhanced gene expression of TGF-β1 and p21, as well as a reduced expression of c-myc in sLTBP-4-overexpressed cells. In this case the analysis showed an upregulation of TGF-β1- as well as p21-expression and a slightly reduced expression of the c-myc-gene. The results of this study indicate a correlation of the tested target genes in the model of sLTBP-4-overexpression and clarify their interdependency in the process of carcinogenesis in epithelial neoplasia.
- Published
- 2008
25. Untersuchungen zur Anwendbarkeit der siRNA-Methode in der mechanistischen Toxkologie
- Author
-
Strupp, Christian
- Subjects
electroporation ,Diclofenac ,RNS-Interferenz ,hydrodynamische Injektion ,Leberepithelzelle ,Apoptosis ,Farnesylpyrophosphat-Synthase ,Caspase ,Nephrotoxizit ,gene silencing ,zoledronic acid ,In vitro ,transfection ,Toxikologie ,RNAi ,siRNA ,ddc:540 ,In vivo ,SDZ IMM125 ,Wasserstoff-ATPase ,Hepatotoxizität - Abstract
The RNAi method plays a great role in target validation in drug discovery. However its usage for toxicology has not been systematically investigated. The aim of this work was to evaluate the RNAi-method for toxicological mechanistic studies and to demonstrate the impact of gene-silencing on biochemical cellular endpoints. SiRNAs were selected by a computer-supported algorithm. Efficient and reproducible delivery of siRNAs to the target cells in vitro was achieved by electroporation. The molecular knockdown of the target was monitored by mRNA- and protein expression or protein activity between 24 and 144 hours after treatment. SiRNAs were tested in vitro before application in vivo. Intraperitoneal administration of siRNA was evaluated versus hydrodynamic injection into the tail vein as a method for in vivo targeting of the liver. The following enzymes were targeted by RNAi in cell culture: ATP synthase in HepG2, farnesylpyrophosphate-synthase (FPPS) in human kidney (HK-2) cells and caspase-3 in rat primary hepatocytes. In all experiments, RNAi decreased mRNA levels and protein expression or enzymatic activities, which demonstrates the successful gene silencing. The silencing of the mitochondrial F1-ATP synthase β-subunit had no significant influence on the survival and energy metabolism of HepG2-cells. Although Oligomycin B-treatment resulted in ATP depletion and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, the silencing did not sensitise the cells towards Oligomycin B- or Diclofenac-induced alterations of mitochondrial functions and cytotoxicity. Silencing of ATP synthase in HepG2 cells resulted in a similar transcriptional signature as Diclofenac treatments in vivo, suggesting a potential link between ATP synthase and Hepcidin, BiP and ALAS-1 by co-regulation. The FPPS silencing resulted in tendentially increased cytotoxicity of Zoledronic Acid, but had no influence on the prenylation status of small GTPases. The caspase-3/-7 inhibitor Ac-DEVD-CHO inhibited SDZ-IMM 125-mediated apoptosis. Specific gene silencing of caspase-3 resulted in reduction of SDZ IMM125-induced caspase-activation, while silencing of caspase-7 had no influence in this regard. The threshold effect of gene silencing was assessed by comparing caspase-3 silencing with the chemical caspase-inhibitor Ac-DEVD-CHO on caspase-3 activities and potential cytoprotective effects. The effect of caspase-3 silencing was equivalent to the activity of 1 μM inhibitor. The inhibitor-mediated protection on SDZ-IMM125-induced cytotoxicity was exclusively achieved at higher inhibitor concentrations, indicating that the achieved silencing effect was not sufficient for cytoprotection. In general, siRNAs have higher specificity compared to enzyme inhibitors. Chemical inhibitors are less specific and can influence enzymatic activities quantitative, in many cases irreversible and fast, thus interfering directly with the targeted pathways. SiRNAs differ in this respect, since decreases in protein expression are incomplete, only transient and slow over a period, during which cells can adapt by compensatory mechanisms and by which primary effects can be masked. Gene silencing in the liver of CD-1-mice by means of hydrodynamic injection of non-complexed chemically stabilised siRNA was possible and decreased CYP2E1 protein expression significantly. Single or repeated high-dose intraperitoneal injection of siRNAs did not lead to significant effects on either mRNA- or protein level. Further research on stability and efficient delivery of siRNAs to the target cell is inevitable before in vivo gene silencing by means of siRNAs can be applied in mechanistic toxicology. In conclusion, in vitro siRNA application is a universal and suitable specific method, which can be used in many mechanistic toxicological studies as a tool for pathway analysis and target validation. The level of inhibition achieved by application of chemical inhibitors cannot be attained by means of siRNA-mediated gene silencing. In vivo gene silencing can be achieved, but the invasive hydrodynamic method of siRNA application is not suitable for animal toxicity testing. The delivery of siRNA to specific target organs needs significant improvement. Die RNAi–Methode spielt eine grosse Rolle in der Wirkstoffentwicklung bei der Validierung eines pharmakologischen Ziels. Die Anwendbarkeit in der Toxikologie wurde noch nicht systematisch untersucht. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Evaluierung der RNAi-Methode für mechanistisch-toxikologische Studien und den Einfluss von posttranskriptioneller Genunterdrückung auf biochemisch-zelluläre Endpunkte zu zeigen. Die siRNAs wurden mit Hilfe eines computerunterstützten Algorithmus ausgewählt. Effiziente und reproduzierbare Einschleusung der siRNA in vitro wurde durch Elektroporation erreicht. Die molekulare Reduktion der Expression des Zielgens wurde auf mRNA- und Proteinexpressionslevel oder auf Proteinaktivitätsebene zwischen 24 und 144 Stunden nach Behandlung überwacht. Die siRNAs wurden in vitro getestet bevor sie in vivo angewandt wurden. Als Methode zum Erreichen der Leber in vivo wurde die intraperitoneale Gabe von siRNAs gegenüber hydrodynamischer Injektion in die Schwanzvene evaluiert. Auf folgenden Enzyme wurde mit RNAi in der Zellkultur abgezielt: ATP-Synthase in HepG2, Farnesylpyrophosphat-Synthase (FPPS) in humanen Nierenzellen (HK-2) und Caspase-3 in Primärhepatozyten der Ratte. In allen Experimenten war RNAi in der Lage, das mRNA- und Proteinexpressions- oder Proteinaktivitäts-Niveau zu reduzieren, wodurch die erfolgreiche Genunterdrückung gezeigt werden konnte. Die Unterdrückung der mitochondrialen ATP- Synthase β-Untereinheit hatte keinen signifikanten Einfluss auf die Überlebensrate und den Energiestoffwechsel von HepG2-Zellen. Obwohl Oligomycin B-Behandlung zu ATP- Depletion und Verlust des mitochondiralen Membranpotentials führte, war keine Sensitivierung der Zellen gegenüber Oligomycin B- oder Diclofenac-induzierten Veränderungen des mitochondrialen Membranpotentials oder Zytotoxizität zu beobachten. Die Genunterdrückung der ATP-Synthase in HepG2-Zellen führte zu einer ähnlichen transkriptionellen Signatur wie Diclofenac-Behandlung in vivo, so dass eine mögliche Verbindung zwischen ATP-Synthase und Hepcidin, BiP und ALAS-1 durch Koregulation nahegelegt wird. Die Genunterdrückung von FPPS führte zu tendenziell erhöhter Zytotoxizität von Zoledronsäure, hatte aber keinen Einfluss auf den Prenylierungsstatus der kleinen GTPasen. Der Caspase-3/7-Inhibitor Ac-DEVD-CHO verhinderte SDZ IMM125-vermittelte Apoptose. Spezifische Genunterdrückung von Caspase-3 führte zur Reduktion der SDZ IMM125-induzierten Caspaseaktivität, während die Unterdrückung von Caspase-7 in dieser Hinsicht keinen Einfluss hatte. Die Effektschwelle des Genunterdrückung wurde durch Vergleich zwischen Caspase-3-silencing und Behandlung mit dem chemischen Caspase-Inhibitor Ac-DEVD-CHO auf Ebene der Caspase-3-Aktivität und der zytoprotektiven Wirksamkeit bestimmt. Der Effekt von Caspase-3-Unterdrückung war equivalent zur Wirkung von 1 μM Inhibitor. Die inhibitorvermittelte Schutzwirkung im Hinblick auf die Zytotoxizität wurde ausschliesslich bei höheren Inhibitorkonzentrationen erreicht, wodurch gezeigt wurde, dass die erreichte Genunterdrückung für zytoprotektive Wirkungen nicht ausreichend war. SiRNAs haben verglichen mit Enzyminhibitoren generell eine höhere Spezifität. Chemische Inhibitoren sind weniger spezifisch und können enzymatische Aktivitäten vollständig, in manchen Fällen irreversibel und schnell beeinflussen, so dass sie direkten Einfluss auf die zu untersuchenden Signalwege haben. SiRNAs unterscheiden sich in dieser Hinsicht, da die Abnahme des Proteins nicht vollständig, nur transient und langsam über eine Periode hinweg erfolgt, innerhalb welcher sich die Zellen durch kompensatorische Mechanismen anpassen und Primäreffekte maskiert werden können. Hydrodynamische Einschleusung von nicht-komplexierter siRNA in die Leber von CD-1-Mäusen war möglich und reduzierte die CYP2E1-Proteinexpression signifikant. Ein- oder mehrfache hochdosierte intraperitoneale Gabe von siRNA führte weder auf mRNA- noch auf Proteinebene zu signifikanten Effekten. Weitere Untersuchungen im Hinblick auf Stabilität und effiziente Einschleusung von siRNAs ist unvermeidlich, bevor siRNAs in vivo in der mechanistischen Toxikologie angewandt werden können. Zusammenfassend kann ausgesagt werden, dass die Anwendung von siRNAs in vitro eine universelle und spezifische Methode darstellt, welche in vielen mechanistisch-toxikologischen Studien als Werkzeug zur Signalweganalyse und zur Validierung von Zielproteinen eingesetzt werden kann. Die Stärke der enzymatischen Inhibition, die mit Hilfe eines chemischen Inhibitors erreicht werden kann, ist durch siRNA-vermittelte Genunterdrückung nicht zu erreichen. Genunterdrückung in vivo kann erreicht werden, doch die invasive hydrodynamische Methode ist nicht geeignet für Toxizitätsprüfungen im Tier. Die Einschleusung von siRNA in spezifische Zielorgane benötigt signifikante Verbesserung.
- Published
- 2007
26. [Research into the human genome driven by improved methods]
- Author
-
J, Bullerdiek
- Subjects
Mice, Knockout ,Genetic Research ,Polymorphism, Genetic ,Genome, Human ,Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ,DNA Methylation ,Medical Oncology ,Polymerase Chain Reaction ,Mass Spectrometry ,Disease Models, Animal ,Genomic Imprinting ,Mice ,Neoplasms ,Animals ,Humans ,Gene Silencing ,Cells, Cultured ,In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence ,Forecasting ,Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis - Abstract
The enormous progress made by research of the human genome is mainly driven by newly established or improved methods for the analysis of nucleic acids and proteins. Among the methods that have gained a wide-spread use within a comparably short time are fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), polymerase chain reaction (PCR) including methods for quantitative PCR, and the use of short interfering RNA (siRNA) molecules aimed at gene silencing. The increasing significance of the analysis of secondary modifications of nucleic acids and proteins (genomic imprinting by DNA methylation, posttranslational protein modification) is reflected by an increasing use of mass spectrometry for the analysis and characterization of these biomolecules. Overall, in the future the research into the human genome and the interpretation of data will further benefit from these and other refined tools.
- Published
- 2006
27. [Investigations to the influence of tumor supressor gene p16 inactivation on the prognosis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma]
- Author
-
S, Koscielny, F, V Eggeling, and R, Dahse
- Subjects
Loss of Heterozygosity ,Exons ,Sequence Analysis, DNA ,DNA Methylation ,Polymerase Chain Reaction ,Risk Assessment ,Survival Analysis ,Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ,Otorhinolaryngologic Neoplasms ,Cell Transformation, Neoplastic ,Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ,Humans ,Point Mutation ,Genes, Tumor Suppressor ,Gene Silencing ,Prospective Studies ,Neoplasm Recurrence, Local ,Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9 ,Promoter Regions, Genetic ,Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16 ,Microsatellite Repeats ,Neoplasm Staging - Abstract
The inactivation of the tumor suppressor gene p16 plays an important role in the development of malignant tumors. P16 loss can result from point mutations, loss of heterozygosity (LOH) or methylation of the promoter region.A total of 67 samples of tumor tissue from squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity, the pharynx and the larynx were analysed for an inactivation of p16. The samples were obtained during surgery. In all cases there was a curative intention. Point mutations were detected by DNA sequencing. Methylation of the promotor region was explored with a methylation-specific PCR. A microsatellite analysis of the tumor tissue was used to search for LOH.The results of the molecularbiological investigations were correlated to the known clinical prognostic parameters (tumor stadium, grading, patho-histological differentiation, local and regional recurrence) after a follow-up period of approximately 3 years. Methylation of the promotor region and LOH were the main mechanisms of p16 inactivation encountered in this study. Point mutations presented as rare events. The methylation of the promotor region appeared frequently parallel with an LOH. An inactivation of p16 did not have any statistical influence on the tumor dependent survival, the lymphatic spread, the number and time delay of local and regional recurrences. Patients with an inactivated p16 gene by promotor methylation appeared to have a slightly lower tendency for local and regional recurrences.The inactivation of the tumor suppressor gene p16 plays a role in the carcinogenesis of squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity, the pharynx and the larynx. There is no influence on the tumor dependent prognosis. Tumors with an inactivated p16 gene tend to have a lower recurrence rate.
- Published
- 2004
28. [Examinations on the importance of the inactivation of the tumor suppressor gene p16, reactivation of the telomerase and mutation of p53 in the pathogenesis of head and neck tumors]
- Author
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S, Koscielny
- Subjects
Genes, p16 ,Cell Cycle ,Genes, p53 ,Prognosis ,Otorhinolaryngologic Neoplasms ,Cell Transformation, Neoplastic ,Gene Expression Regulation ,Lymphatic Metastasis ,Mutation ,Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ,Humans ,Gene Silencing ,Lymph Nodes ,Telomerase ,Neoplasm Staging - Published
- 2003
29. Molecular analysis of the Raspberry Ringspot Nepovirus (RpRSV) and establishing of a construct for the induction of a RpRSV resistance in vine
- Author
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Ebel, Rainer
- Subjects
Genkonstrukt ,Nepoviren ,infektiöser Klon ,Vine, Nepoviruses, Gene Construct, Gene Silencing, Infectious Clone ,ddc:630 ,Agriculture ,Gene Silencing ,Reben - Abstract
Das Himbeerringflecken Nepovirus (RpRSV) ist eines der Viren, welches in den Komplex der Reisigkrankheit an Reben involviert ist. Es existieren zwei verschiedene Stämme von RpRSV: den ?grapevine? ? Stamm (RpRSV-g) und den in Deutschland bedeutenderen ?cherry? ? Stamm (RpRSV-ch). Beide Stämme haben zwei RNA Stränge (RNA1 und RNA2). Beide Stränge haben ein Genom gebundenes Protein am 5' Ende und sind am 3' Ende polyadenyliert. Die RNA Stränge haben ein großes offenes Leseraster flankiert von einer 5' und 3' nicht kodierenden Region. Die offenen Leseraster kodieren für ein großes Polyprotein, welches proteolytisch in kleinere funktionelle Proteine gespaltet wird. Die Ziele der Arbeit waren die Herstellung von RpRSV resistenten Unterlagsreben sowie die genauere Charakterisierung von RpRSV. Die Strategie der Virusresistenz war die Herstellung eine Genkonstruktes, welches ein ?Gene Silencing? der Virusgene induzieren sollte. Nicotiana benthamiana wurde hierzu als Testsystem verwendet. Da keine RpRSV Sequenzdaten existierten, wurden beide Stämme von RpRSV sequenziert. Die RpRSV Stämme wurden in Chenopodium quinoa vermehrt. Die virale RNA wurde isoliert, doppelsträngige cDNA synthetisiert, kloniert und sequenziert. Die erhaltenen Sequenzen wurden intensiv miteinander verglichen. Eine Sequenz der 3' nicht kodierenden Region der RNA2 von RpRSV-ch wurde für die Herstellung eines Genkonstruktes ausgewählt. Mit der Sequenz wurde ein ?inverted repeat?, separiert von einem pflanzlichen Intron, hergestellt. Dieses Konstrukt wurde unter der Kontrolle eines 35S Promotors in die Transformationsvektoren pPZPnptII und pPZPbar kloniert. Nicotiana benthamiana wurden mittels Agrobakterien vermittelter Transformation transformiert. Die T2 Generationen der regenerierten transgenen Pflanzen wurden hinsichtlich ihrer RpRSV ? Resistenz getestet. Weiterhin wurden ?full length? Klone der RNA1 und RNA2 von RpRSV-g hergestellt. Hierzu wurde die doppelsträngige cDNA beider RNA Stränge unter der Kontrolle eines 35S Promotors kloniert. Mit den Klonen wurden erfolgreiche Infektionsexperimente durchgeführt in Chenopodium quinoa durchgeführt. The Raspberry Ringspot Nepovirus (RpRsV) is one of the viruses responsible for the fanleaf disease of grapevine. Two different serological strains of RpRSV exist: the grapevine strain (RpRSV-g) and the cherry strain (RpRSV-ch), which occurs in Germany and Switzerland. RpRSV has two RNAs (RNA1 and RNA2). Both have a genome-linked protein at the 5' ends and are polyadenylated at the 3' ends. RNA1 and RNA2 have one open reading frame flanked by 5' and 3' non-coding regions. The ORFs encode for one large polyprotein which is proteolytically cleaved in smaller functional proteins. The aims of the work were to produce RpRSV grapevine plants and the closer characterisation of RpRSV. The strategy was to create a gene construct, which should induce a gene silencing against the viruses in the grapevine rootstocks. Nicotiana benthamiana was chosen as a test system for the constructs. Because there was no sequence data available both strains were sequenced. The RpRSV strains were propagated in Chenopodium quinoa. The viral RNAs were purified, cDNA synthesized, cloned and sequenced. The sequences were compared and multiple alignments were performed. A sequence from the RNA2 3' non-coding region of RpRSV-ch was selected for the gene construct. An inverted repeat of this sequence was generateted, separated by a plant intron sequence. This construct under the control of a 35S promotor was cloned in the transformation vectors pPZPnptII (antibiotic resistance) and pPZPbar (herbicide resistance). Agrobacterium mediated transformation of Nicotiana benthamiana has been carried out. The T2 generation of the regenerated transgenic tobacco lines were tested for RpRSV resistance. Furthermore full-length clones of the RNA1 and RNA2 of RpRSV-g were produced. Therefore the full-length ds cDNA of both RNA strains were cloned under the control of a 35S promotor. Infection experiments in Chenopodium quinoa with the full clones have successfully been carried out.
- Published
- 2003
30. Untersuchungen zur Geninaktivierung innerhalb einer Generationsanalyse transgener homozygoter Vicia narbonensis-Linien
- Author
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Brinkmann, Sabine
- Subjects
gene silencing ,environmental effects ,methylation ,single-copy transgenes - Abstract
Nach stabiler Integration von Transgenen kommt es häufig zu Veränderungen in der Expression der Transgene bis hin zur vollständigen Geninaktivierung. In den meisten Forschungsarbeiten über Inaktivierung von Genen in höheren Pflanzen wurde in diesem Zusammenhang in der Regel das Vorhandensein von homologen DNA-Sequenzen beobachtet. Diese Homologien und das damit einhergehende "gene silencing" betraf entweder die ins pflanzliche Genom eingebrachten Fremdgene selbst, wenn mehrere Kopien ins Genom integriert wurden, oder endogene Gene, wenn zusätzlich homologe Sequenzen ins Genom integriert wurden. Nur in wenigen Fällen wurde der Verlust oder die Reduktion der Genexpression nach der Integration einer Kopie der Fremd-DNA beschrieben. Basierend auf diesen Forschungsstand wurden für die Generationsanalyse Pflanzen ausgewählt, die jeweils nur eine Kopie der T-DNA integriert hatten. Für die Untersuchungen zur Stabilität und Expression von zwei Transgenen in mehreren aufeinanderfolgenden Selbstungsgenerationen wurden Samen von zwei unabhängigen transgenen Vicia narbonensis-Linien verwendet. Die transgenen Linien wurden durch Agrobakterien vermittelte Transformation mit dem Agrobakterium tumefaciens-Stamm C58CI, der das kointegrative Plasmid pGV3850Hygro enthielt, hergestellt. Das Plasmid trägt ein in höheren Pflanzen aktives Hygromycinphosphotransferasegen (HPT-Gen) mit dem CaMV 35S-Promotor und ein Nopalinsynthasegen (NOS-Gen) mit vorgeschaltetem NOS-Promotor. Im Laufe der ersten Untersuchungen zur Kosegregation der Expression der beiden Transgene zeigte sich, daß einige Nachkommen beider Linien einen Verlust der Expression des HPT-Gens aufwiesen, während das NOS-Gen über alle untersuchten Generationen in beiden Linien stabil exprimiert wurde. Im weiteren Verlauf dieser Arbeit galt die besondere Aufmerksamkeit dem Phänomen des "gene silencing" und den in diesem Zusammenhang beobachteten DNA-Methylierungen. Mit Hilfe der Bisulfit-Modifikation der DNA wurden vergleichende Analysen zum Methylierungsstatus der vorgeschalteten Promotoren und einer 200bp-Sequenz der 5'-Enden beider Strukturgene durchgeführt. Insbesondere wurde der Einfluß von starken Temperaturdifferenzen während der Entwicklung der Pflanzen auf die Expression der beiden Fremdgene untersucht. Im Zusammenhang mit dem "gene silencing" des HPT-Gens von Pflanzen, welche unter klimatisierten Gewächshausbedingungen kultiviert wurden, konnten Hypermethylierungen innerhalb des 35S-Promotors beobachtet werden. Erstaunlicherweise fand sich jedoch keine Korrelation zwischen der Inaktivierung des HPT-Gens und Hypermethylierungen innerhalb der 35S-Promotorsequenz bei Pflanzen, welche im nicht klimatisierten Gewächshaus starken Temperaturschwankungen und hohen Temperaturen ausgesetzt waren. Unabhängig davon, ob das HPT-Gen stabil exprimiert oder inaktiviert wurde, zeigten alle Pflanzen beider Linien Hypermethylierungen innerhalb der 35S-Promotorregion und der analysierten Sequenz des HPT-Gens. Diese Ergebnisse weisen daraufhin, daß DNA- Methylierungen nicht allein die Ursache von Geninaktivierungen sind, sondern daß andere Faktoren maßgeblich beteiligt sein müssen., Insertion of foreign DNA into plant genomes frequently results in the identification of transgenic plants with silenced transgenes. This stable but potentially reversible loss of gene activity resembles epigenetic changes. In most studies of genetically transformed plants, transgene inactivation has been correlated with multiple (complete or incomplete) copies of the transgene. The expression of single-copy transgene loci may also be negativly influenced, e.g. by chromosomal location. In order to study the presence and the inheritance of genes introduced into the grain legume Vicia narbonensis, the progeny of two independent homozygous transgenic lines that were obtained by transformation with Agrobacterium-strain C58CI carrying the plasmid pGV3850Hygro was analysed. This cointegrate vector contains the coding sequence for the hygromycin-phosphotransferase gene (HPT-gene) driven by the CaMV 35S promoter, and the nopaline-synthase gene (NOS-gene) driven by the nos-promoter. Initial transformants harbouring a single copy integration of the T-DNA and the progeny of two such clones was analysed in detail. The transgenes were inherited in the first generation according to Mendelian laws. During self-pollination prozesses, homozygous sublines were obtained and further characterised. In order to follow the transmission of the two foreign genes for a long period, biochemical and molecular analyses were performed up to the seventh generation. To examine the influence of environmental effects, plants were grown up in glasshouses with and without air-condition (high temperatur stress). Methylation-analyses at the 35S promoter and the HPT-gene of plants with silenced HPT-gene which were raised in air-conditioned glasshouses showed hypermethylation within the 35S promoter sequenz. Surprisingly, no correlation was found between hypermethylation within the promoter region and gene silencing in plants grown up under high temperatur stress in non-airconditioned glasshouses. All these plants regardless whether the HPT-gene was inactivated or not showed hypermethylation at the 35S promoter and the analysed HPT sequence. This results indicates that DNA methylation alone is not required for gene inactivation.
- Published
- 2003
31. [Hope for Huntington's disease patients: first clinical gene silencing study in progress].
- Author
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Rollnik JD
- Subjects
- Animals, Humans, Huntington Disease physiopathology, Gene Silencing, Genetic Therapy methods, Huntington Disease genetics, Huntington Disease therapy
- Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal-dominant inherited neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by motor, psychiatric and cognitive symptoms for which as yet no causal treatment is available. It has a prevalence of 1 : 10 000 in Germany. Its cause is a mutation in the Huntington gene (CAG-repeat). The mutation induces a polyglutamine expansion in the huntingtin protein (HTT). Mutant HTT (mHTT) has cytotoxic properties, aggregates in the cell and leads to complex pathophysiological disturbances ending in cell death. This review explains the principles of gene silencing which suppresses transcription and translation of huntingtin. One way to achieve gene silencing is the use of antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) that bind to pre-mRNA. Since August 2015, a first clinical trial with ASO (study drug: IONIS-HTTRx) in early manifest HD patients is in progress (NCT02519036). Results from this study could lead to a first causal treatment option in HD., Competing Interests: Interessenkonflikt: Der Autor gibt an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht., (Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.)
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. [Epigenetics: between genes and environment].
- Author
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Kathmann W
- Subjects
- Adult, Child, DNA Mutational Analysis, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant genetics, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant therapy, Diabetes Mellitus genetics, Diabetes Mellitus therapy, Female, Gene Silencing, Gene-Environment Interaction, Genetic Predisposition to Disease genetics, Humans, Leukemia genetics, Leukemia mortality, Leukemia therapy, Life Change Events, Neoplasms genetics, Neoplasms mortality, Neoplasms therapy, Phenotype, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Epigenesis, Genetic genetics, Gene Expression Regulation genetics
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. [Genome-wide molecular screening for the identification of new targets in human hepatocellular carcinoma].
- Author
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Longerich T
- Subjects
- Cell Cycle Proteins, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1 genetics, Comparative Genomic Hybridization, Female, Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic genetics, Gene Silencing, Genes, Suppressor, Humans, Male, Nuclear Proteins genetics, Promoter Regions, Genetic genetics, Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases genetics, Proto-Oncogene Proteins genetics, Tumor Suppressor Proteins, Carcinoma, Hepatocellular genetics, Genome-Wide Association Study, Liver Neoplasms genetics
- Abstract
Molecular hepatocarcinogenesis represents a step-wise process which in most cases is associated with a well-defined chronic liver disease. By meta-analysis of classical comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) data an oncogenetic progression model could be generated (1q gain→ 8q gain → 4q loss → 16q loss → 13q loss). Array-based CGH allows the identification of etiology-dependent and independent genomic alterations. The Mouse Double Minute homologue 4 (MDM4) was shown to act as an oncogene of 1q32.1 gains in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Integration of genomic and epigenomic data facilitated the identification of tumor suppressor gene candidates in human HCC. For instance, Polo-like kinase 3 (PLK3) is frequently inactivated via promoter hypermethylation in combination with a loss of the second allele at 1p34.1. Both MDM4 overexpression and methylation-dependent inactivation of PLK3 represent potential targets for future therapeutic approaches.
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. [Translational research and diagnosis in GIST].
- Author
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Wardelmann E
- Subjects
- Adult, Antineoplastic Agents therapeutic use, Benzamides therapeutic use, DNA Mutational Analysis, Disease Progression, Drug Resistance, Neoplasm genetics, Female, Gastrointestinal Neoplasms pathology, Gastrointestinal Neoplasms surgery, Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors pathology, Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors surgery, Gene Silencing, Germ-Line Mutation, Humans, Imatinib Mesylate, Lymphatic Metastasis pathology, Male, Mitotic Index, Piperazines therapeutic use, Prognosis, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit genetics, Pyrimidines therapeutic use, Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor alpha genetics, Succinate Dehydrogenase genetics, Transcriptional Activation genetics, Tumor Burden, Young Adult, Gastrointestinal Neoplasms diagnosis, Gastrointestinal Neoplasms genetics, Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors diagnosis, Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors genetics, Translational Research, Biomedical
- Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are the most common mesenchymal tumors in the digestive tract. In up to 90% of cases, they are characterized by activating mutations in the KIT or the PDGFRA gene. GIST represent a paradigm for successful targeted treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). Since the approval of the TKI imatinib in 2002 the survival of patients with metastatic GIST has tripled. The next logical step was the concept of using imatinib in an adjuvant approach, which was recently shown to increase overall survival significantly. In both settings, the mutational status has high predictive implications. In detail, GIST with KIT exon 11 mutations show the best response rates with partial remission rates of up to 80%. In KIT exon 9 mutations, a doubled daily dose of 800 mg imatinib is now standard. The PDGFRA exon 18 mutation D842V has been shown to lead to primary resistance. The treatment strategy in GIST is driven by their molecular characterisation. Further research has increased our knowledge on resistance mechanisms in solid tumors against TKI. The number of patients with secondary resistance due to acquired KIT mutations is increasing with treatment duration. Strategies to address this situation are the introduction of novel pathway inhibitors targeting different levels of signal transduction pathways, such as the mTOR/Akt pathway, the RAS/RAF pathway, histone deacetylation, among others. Among the GIST without mutations in the common hot spot regions of KIT and PDGFRA, the so-called wildtype GIST, further genomic subgroups have been identified. One such subgroup carries inactivating germline mutations in the genes encoding succinate dehydrogenase B, C, or D. They are associated with the occurrence of paragangliomas, so-called Carney-Stratakis syndrome. Most frequently, these GIST are located in the stomach, showing an epithelioid phenotype and a multinodular growth pattern. They preferentially occur in young females and often show lymph node metastases, the latter being very unusual in sporadic GIST. In sporadic Carney's triad additional pulmonary chondromas are observed and there are no SDH mutations. Another small subgroup of sporadic GIST present with BRAF mutations as an alternative genomic event. Finally, very rare kindreds with germline mutations in either KIT or PDGFRA have been described who develop multiple GIST and depending on the mutational subtype mastocytosis, hyperpigmentation and/or dysphagia. In summary, the molecular characterisation of GIST has revolutionized their treatment due to increasing knowledge about the high relevance of predictive molecular typing in solid tumors.
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. [Cardiac two-pore-domain potassium channels (K2P): Physiology, pharmacology, and therapeutic potential].
- Author
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Schmidt C, Wiedmann F, Schweizer PA, Katus HA, and Thomas D
- Subjects
- Animals, Anti-Arrhythmia Agents adverse effects, Anti-Arrhythmia Agents therapeutic use, Arrhythmias, Cardiac drug therapy, Arrhythmias, Cardiac genetics, Atrial Fibrillation drug therapy, Atrial Fibrillation genetics, Atrial Fibrillation physiopathology, Gene Silencing, Heart Atria drug effects, Heart Atria physiopathology, Heart Conduction System drug effects, Heart Conduction System physiopathology, Heart Ventricles drug effects, Heart Ventricles physiopathology, Humans, Mice, Potassium Channels, Tandem Pore Domain drug effects, Potassium Channels, Tandem Pore Domain genetics, Rats, Arrhythmias, Cardiac physiopathology, Electrocardiography drug effects, Potassium Channels, Tandem Pore Domain physiology
- Abstract
Uncontrolled electrical activity caused by ion channel dysfunction produces arrhythmia in the heart. Despite recent advances in pharmaceutical research and development, effective and safe pharmacological management of cardiac arrhythmia still remains an unmet medical need. The emerging family of two-pore-domain potassium (K2P) channels stabilizes the resting membrane potential and facilitates action potential repolarization. In the heart, genetic inactivation or inhibition of two-pore-domain K + (K2P) currents by class III antiarrhythmic drugs results in action potential prolongation. In particular, human K2P3.1 channels are selectively expressed in the atria and represent targets for the pharmacological management of atrial fibrillation. Furthermore, stretch-sensitive K2P2.1 channels are implicated in mechanoelectrical feedback and arrhythmogenesis. The current knowledge on function, regulation, and cardiac significance of K2P channels is summarized in this work, and potential therapeutic implications are highlighted., (© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.)
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. [Molecular mechanisms of atrial fibrillation: potential role of microRNAs as new therapeutic targets and potential biomarkers].
- Author
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Wakili R, Clauß S, and Kääb S
- Subjects
- Biomarkers blood, Humans, Atrial Fibrillation diagnosis, Atrial Fibrillation genetics, Atrial Fibrillation therapy, Gene Silencing, Gene Targeting trends, Genetic Therapy trends, MicroRNAs genetics, MicroRNAs therapeutic use
- Abstract
Atrial fibrillation represents the most common form of clinical arrhythmia in daily routine. However, current therapeutic options are still limited and a better understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms is expected to contribute to the development of new therapeutic strategies. The scientific field of microRNA research has received a lot of attention in recent years, especially regarding cardiovascular research. This article gives a brief overview of the most recent developments in microRNA research in the field of atrial fibrillation and atrial remodelling processes. Furthermore, the clinical perspective of microRNAs as new therapeutic targets and as potential biomarkers is discussed.
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. [Basics of tumor development and importance of human papilloma virus (HPV) for head and neck cancer].
- Author
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Wittekindt C, Wagner S, Mayer CS, and Klußmann JP
- Subjects
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell genetics, Cell Transformation, Neoplastic genetics, Combined Modality Therapy, DNA Damage genetics, DNA, Viral genetics, Gene Silencing, Genes, Tumor Suppressor, Genetic Markers genetics, Head and Neck Neoplasms genetics, Humans, Oncogene Proteins, Viral genetics, Oropharyngeal Neoplasms genetics, Oropharyngeal Neoplasms pathology, Oropharyngeal Neoplasms therapy, Otorhinolaryngologic Neoplasms therapy, Papillomavirus Infections genetics, Prognosis, Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck, Carcinoma, Squamous Cell pathology, Cell Transformation, Neoplastic pathology, Cell Transformation, Viral genetics, Head and Neck Neoplasms pathology, Otorhinolaryngologic Neoplasms pathology, Papillomavirus Infections pathology
- Abstract
Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) are the 6th most common cancers worldwide. While the incidence of larynx-hypopharynx carcinoma decreases, actually an increase in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is observed. Classical risk factors for HNSCC are smoking and alcohol. Though, it was shown recently for 25 to 60% of OSCC, to be associated with an infection by oncogenic human papilloma virus (HPV). The development of "common" head-neck-tumors is substantially enhanced by an accumulation of genetic changes, which lead to an inactivation of tumor suppressor genes or to an activation of proto-oncogenes. A more or less uniform sequence of different DNA-damages leads to genetic instability. In this context, an early and frequent event is deletion on the short arm of chromosome 9, which results in inactivation of the p16-gene. On the contrary, for HPV-induced carcinogenesis, expression of the viral proteins E6 and E7 is most important, since E6 and E7 lead to inactivation of the cellular tumor-suppressor-proteins p53 and Rb. The process of natural transoral infection is not yet clear. However, as a matter of fact peroral HPV-infection is not seldom and in most cases such an infection heals completely and uneventfully. Smoking seems to increases the probability for developing an HPV-associated tumor. The association of HNSCC with HPV can be proven with established methods in clinical diagnostics. In addition to classical prognostic factors, diagnosis of an HPV-association may become important for future therapies. Prognostic relevance of HPV probably surmounts many known risk-factors, for instance regional metastasis. Until now, no other molecular markers are established in clinical routine. Future therapy concepts may vary for the two subgroups of patients, especially patients with HPV-associated OSCC may take advantage of a less aggressive postoperative treatment. Finally an outlook will be given on possible target-aimed therapies, of which so far only antibodies against EGF-receptors are established in clinical practice., (© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.)
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. [Clinical application of gene therapy. Previous experience and the future].
- Author
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Langer B and Cichutek K
- Subjects
- Adenosine Deaminase genetics, Adrenoleukodystrophy genetics, Adrenoleukodystrophy therapy, Alzheimer Disease genetics, Alzheimer Disease therapy, Animals, Clinical Trials as Topic, Gene Silencing, Gene Transfer Techniques, Genetic Therapy adverse effects, Genetic Vectors adverse effects, Granuloma therapy, Hemophilia A genetics, Hemophilia A therapy, Humans, Leber Congenital Amaurosis genetics, Leber Congenital Amaurosis therapy, Melanoma genetics, Melanoma therapy, Mutagenesis, Insertional, Parkinson Disease genetics, Parkinson Disease therapy, Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome genetics, Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome therapy, Genetic Therapy trends
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. [siRNA in macular degeneration].
- Author
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Callizo J and Agostini HT
- Subjects
- Animals, Humans, Choroidal Neovascularization genetics, Choroidal Neovascularization therapy, Gene Silencing, Genetic Therapy methods, RNA, Small Interfering therapeutic use, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A antagonists & inhibitors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A genetics, Wet Macular Degeneration genetics, Wet Macular Degeneration therapy
- Abstract
To date aptamers, recombinant antibodies and antibody fragments which interfere specifically in cellular signal transmission by binding transmitters before a signal can be triggered, are the approved therapeutics agents for treatment of ocular angiogenesis. These substances achieve an effective but in most cases temporary inhibition of vascular growth and permeability. Other alternatives to inhibit cellular communication, such as tyrosine kinase inhibition or especially post-transcriptional gene silencing by degradation of messenger RNA (mRNA) induced by small interfering RNA (siRNA) are being evaluated in ongoing studies. In this overview issues related to mechanisms and molecule design, as well as clinical applications and the first clinical experience in ophthalmology reported on siRNA will be discussed.
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. [Nucleic acids can be administered orally for infections].
- Author
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Winckler T
- Subjects
- Administration, Oral, Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases antagonists & inhibitors, Humans, Macrophages drug effects, Macrophages enzymology, Gene Silencing, Infections drug therapy, Nucleic Acids administration & dosage, Nucleic Acids therapeutic use, RNA, Small Interfering administration & dosage, RNA, Small Interfering therapeutic use
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. [Novel prognostic marker in invasive breast cancer. ITIH5 expression is abrogated by aberrant promoter methylation].
- Author
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Veeck J, Breuer E, Rose M, Chorovicer M, Naami A, Bektas N, Alkaya S, von Serényi S, Horn F, Hartmann A, Knüchel R, and Dahl E
- Subjects
- Breast Neoplasms pathology, Carcinoma, Ductal pathology, Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating pathology, Cell Line, Tumor, Disease Progression, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic genetics, Humans, Neoplasm Invasiveness, Neoplasm Staging, Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis, Phenotype, Prognosis, RNA, Messenger genetics, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Biomarkers, Tumor genetics, Breast Neoplasms genetics, Carcinoma, Ductal genetics, Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating genetics, DNA Methylation genetics, Gene Silencing, Promoter Regions, Genetic genetics, Proteinase Inhibitory Proteins, Secretory genetics
- Abstract
We have recently characterized ITIH5 as a new extracellular matrix protein that exhibits clear expression loss in a variety of human tumour entities, including breast cancer. The aim of the present study was to decipher the molecular cause of ITIH5 expression loss in breast cancer and to learn more about the possible role of this molecule in cancer diseases. ITIH5 protein expression was found to be strongly reduced in 42% of invasive breast carcinomas-interestingly, with significant association with poor patient outcome. ITIH5 promoter methylation was frequently detected in breast cell lines and in primary carcinomas (40%), and it was functionally correlated with loss of ITIH5 mRNA expression. Moreover, ITIH5 promoter methylation was also significantly associated with poor clinical patient outcome and also with the occurrence of lymph node and distant metastases. In conclusion, we propose that ITIH5 may represent a novel metastasis repressor in human breast cancer. Both ITIH5 protein expression and ITIH5 promoter methylation may serve as prognostic biomarkers, thereby helping improve clinical patient outcome.
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. [Methylation of the RASSF1A tumor suppressor gene promoter. Risk factor for carcinogenesis of urological tumors].
- Author
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Serth J, Tezval H, Peters I, Atschekzei F, Rehmet K, Jurk S, Albrecht K, Kuczyk MA, and Merseburger AS
- Subjects
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell pathology, Cell Transformation, Neoplastic pathology, Gene Silencing, Humans, Kidney pathology, Kidney Neoplasms pathology, Male, Microscopy, Fluorescence, Prostate pathology, Prostatic Neoplasms pathology, Risk Factors, Carcinoma, Renal Cell genetics, Cell Transformation, Neoplastic genetics, DNA Methylation genetics, Genes, Tumor Suppressor physiology, Kidney Neoplasms genetics, Promoter Regions, Genetic genetics, Prostatic Neoplasms genetics, Tumor Suppressor Proteins genetics
- Abstract
Molecular targets of known risk factors for the development of urological tumors, such as age, smoking, and adiposity, have not yet been elucidated. Hypermethylation of CpG islands in promoters can lead to silencing of gene expression and has frequently been detected in tumors. Age-dependent accumulation of methylation of gene promoters has been observed in various normal tissues and is discussed as a common risk factor for carcinogenesis.Here we describe the RASSF1A tumor suppressor gene as exhibiting an age-dependent promoter methylation in normal kidney tissue, which is additionally affected by the risk factors of anthracosis and adiposity. Furthermore, we found significantly increased methylation of the RASSF1A promoter when comparing peripheral versus central zone prostatic tissue samples.Preliminary expression analysis indicates that RASSF1A could be involved in early tumorigenesis. Our results support the hypothesis that age and other lifestyle-dependent factors may influence promoter methylation of specific genes, possibly serving as future individual tumor risk markers.
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. [Epigenetic inactivation of microRNA genes in mammary carcinoma].
- Author
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Lehmann U, Hasemeier B, Römermann D, Müller M, Länger F, and Kreipe H
- Subjects
- Base Sequence, DNA, Neoplasm genetics, DNA, Neoplasm isolation & purification, Female, Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic, Humans, RNA, Neoplasm genetics, RNA, Neoplasm isolation & purification, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Breast Neoplasms genetics, Gene Silencing, MicroRNAs genetics
- Abstract
Aims: This study addresses the question whether microRNA genes are affected by aberrant hypermethylation and subsequent transcriptional repression in human breast cancer., Methods: All known human microRNA genes were screened for the association with CpG islands using different algorithms. Methylation status of candidate genes was assessed in a panel of breast cancer cell lines, various normal tissue samples and primary breast cancer specimen using COBRA, bisulfite sequencing and pyrosequencing. Transcriptional silencing was measured by real-time RT-PCR. The effect of demethylation on microRNA gene expression was analysed in breast cancer cell lines after treatment with the DNMT inhibitor 5'-deoxy-2-azacytidine., Results: Aberrant hypermethylation was shown for mir-9-1, mir-124a3, mir-148, mir-152, and mir-663 in 34-86% of cases in a series of 71 primary human breast cancer specimens. miRNA gene hypermethylation correlated strongly with methylation of known tumour suppressor genes (p = 0.003). After treatment of various breast cancer cell lines with the demethylating agent 5-aza-2'deoxycytidine, reduction of mir-9-1 gene methylation and concomitant reactivation of expression could be observed. For the mir-9-1 gene, which is already hypermethylated in preinvasive intraductal lesions, a good correlation between quantitative methylation level and reduction of expression could be demonstrated in a subset of primary human breast cancer specimen (r = 0.8)., Conclusions: In addition to deletion and mutation, microRNA genes are also affected by aberrant hypermethylation in human breast cancer. This epigenetic inactivation is frequent and occurs early during breast cancer progression.
- Published
- 2007
44. [Research into the human genome driven by improved methods].
- Author
-
Bullerdiek J
- Subjects
- Animals, Cells, Cultured, DNA Methylation, Disease Models, Animal, Forecasting, Gene Silencing, Genomic Imprinting, Humans, In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence, Mass Spectrometry, Mice, Mice, Knockout, Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Polymorphism, Genetic, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Genetic Research, Genome, Human, Medical Oncology methods, Neoplasms genetics
- Abstract
The enormous progress made by research of the human genome is mainly driven by newly established or improved methods for the analysis of nucleic acids and proteins. Among the methods that have gained a wide-spread use within a comparably short time are fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), polymerase chain reaction (PCR) including methods for quantitative PCR, and the use of short interfering RNA (siRNA) molecules aimed at gene silencing. The increasing significance of the analysis of secondary modifications of nucleic acids and proteins (genomic imprinting by DNA methylation, posttranslational protein modification) is reflected by an increasing use of mass spectrometry for the analysis and characterization of these biomolecules. Overall, in the future the research into the human genome and the interpretation of data will further benefit from these and other refined tools.
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. [Examinations on the importance of the inactivation of the tumor suppressor gene p16, reactivation of the telomerase and mutation of p53 in the pathogenesis of head and neck tumors].
- Author
-
Koscielny S
- Subjects
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell pathology, Cell Cycle genetics, Cell Transformation, Neoplastic genetics, Cell Transformation, Neoplastic pathology, Humans, Lymph Nodes pathology, Lymphatic Metastasis genetics, Lymphatic Metastasis pathology, Neoplasm Staging, Otorhinolaryngologic Neoplasms pathology, Prognosis, Carcinoma, Squamous Cell genetics, Gene Expression Regulation genetics, Gene Silencing, Genes, p16, Genes, p53 genetics, Mutation genetics, Otorhinolaryngologic Neoplasms genetics, Telomerase genetics
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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