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The treatment of chronic wounds is usually a major challenge for the involved medical staff. Various different treatment options have to be tested achieving a satisfactory result. In this retrospective case report, we describe successful treatments with hyaluronan acid ester fleece in six patients with chronic wounds of different origins. Furthermore, all patients received compression bandages or compression stockings, two patients were treated additionally with pressure relief devices and all were debrided if necessary. The chronic wounds of five out of the six patients healed completely over a period of 1.5-11 months or only with a minimal residual defect. However, one patient was still resistant to therapy over five months. In summary, the treatment with hyaluronan esters achieved good results especially in patients with complex medical history that makes a successful therapy particularly difficult.Die Behandlung von chronischen Wunden ist meist eine große Herausforderung für alle Beteiligten. Oft ist der Weg bis zur Heilung langwierig und frustran, sodass verschiedene Therapieversuche durchgeführt werden müssen, bis eine Heilung erzielt wird. In dieser retrospektiven Fallbeschreibung berichten wir über den Behandlungserfolg durch die Therapie mit einem Hyaluronsäureester-Flies, den wir bei 6 Patient*innen mit chronischen Wunden unterschiedlicher Genese erzielen konnten. Alle Patient*innen bekamen zusätzlich Kompressionsbandagen oder Kompressionsstrümpfe, zwei zusätzlich eine Druckentlastung und alle wurden, wenn nötig, debridiert. Die chronischen Wunden von 5 der 6 Patient*innen heilten vollständig oder nur mit einem minimalen Restdefekt ab, 1 Patient war weiterhin therapieresistent. Speziell bei Patient*innen mit Grunderkrankungen, welche eine erfolgreiche Therapie besonders erschweren, konnten wir feststellen, dass durch eine Behandlung mit Hyaluronsäureestern dennoch gute Erfolge erzielt werden können.

The German Ad-hoc Working Group on Indoor Guidelines of the Indoor Air Hygiene Committee and of the Supreme State Health Authorities is issuing indoor air guide values to protect public health. For health evaluation of glycol ethers and glycol esters in air, the entire group of substances with data for 47 compounds was analysed in order to gain a unique assessment. For some glycol ethers reproductive and haematological effects are of central interest, whereas for others effects on liver and kidneys are crucial. Moreover, some glycol ethers were also shown to cause irritation of the respiratory tract. Fourteen compounds could be characterized either by relevant inhalation studies or by analogies drawn to strongly related substances. For these compounds individual guide values were derived, the respective guide value I ranging from 0.02-2 mg/m(3) (Tab. 2). The derivation of guide values considered the time exposure of the population as compared to working people or animal studies. The duration of the respective study, the interindividual variability--by a factor of 10--and the enhanced respiratory rate in children as compared to adults--by a factor of 2--were further taken into account. To allow for extrapolation from animal to human exposure differences in toxicodynamics were considered by a factor of usually 2.5. For compounds with insufficient data a default guide value II and I of 0.05 and 0.005 ppm, respectively, was recommended based on the statistical analysis of the available data of all glycol ethers. In order to achieve a total evaluation of all glycol ethers and glycol esters found in indoor air the proportional concentrations of each compound divided by the respective guide value were aggregated to give a total guide value. The total guide values are regarded to be complied with if their respective value falls below 1.

Granulomatous cheilitis is a rare granulomatous inflammation of the lips of unknown origin; mainly young adults are affected. So far, there is no generally effectual treatment available for this disfiguring dermatosis. We show the efficacy of a treatment with fumaric acid esters reporting the case of a 14-year-old girl with granulomatous cheilitis resistant to previous therapy. Our successful therapy consisted of fumaric acid esters according to the therapeutic schedule for psoriasis and showed a good tolerance subjectively and objectively.

This article discusses the screening of chemical reactions using a microreactor equipped with infrared spectroscopy as online analytics. An esterification reaction has been optimized in continuous mode with the proposed setup. The esterification did not work well due to the material of the microreactor (stainless-steel 316Ti) that catalyzed the decomposition of formic acid. However, despite the occurrence of decomposition, an optimization could be achieved with this system.

Despite optimal treatment of high low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol with statins many cardiovascular events are not prevented. Additional therapeutic strategies are required to reduce the residual cardiovascular risk. Large epidemiological studies show an inverse correlation between the plasma concentration of high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and the incidence of cardiovascular events. Under physiological conditions, HDL is vasculoprotective and mediates the reverse cholesterol transport. However, new studies suggest that HDL particles represent a heterogeneous population. Under several pathophysiological conditions, HDL was shown to promote atherogenesis and inflammation. Interventional studies and metaanalyses examining the effect of increasing HDL cholesterol have reported mixed results. Inhibition of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) is a new and potent strategy to increase HDL concentrations. However, the first CETP-inhibitor torcetrapib increased blood-pressure and increased cardiovascular events despite increasing HDL. The blood-pressure increasing effects are not known for more recently developed CETP inhibitors such as dalcetrapib and anacetrapib nor in patients with genetic CETP deficiency. An increase of HDL cholesterol does not necessarily imply an improvement of the functional properties of HDL such as reverse cholesterol transport. An important open question remains the functional characterization of HDL generated by CETP inhibition. Important current clinical endpoint studies with new CETP inhibitors will elucidate whether increasing HDL by CETP inhibition leads to a reduction of cardiovascular events.

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The currently licensed medications for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) are only partially effective and require a parenteral route of administration. Thus there is a need for new, preferably orally available therapeutics. Such a substance could be fumaric acid and its esters (FAE). These compounds are already in use for treatment of psoriasis and are known to have an immunomodulatory effect. In addition there is a potential for neuroprotective effects as suggested by in vitro studies and experiments in the animal model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. A phase II clinical study in RRMS patients with the modified fumaric acid ester BG-12 showed as "proof of principle" in a frequent MRI design that FAE significantly reduce the number of gadolinium-enhancing lesions after 24 weeks of treatment. Further phase III studies have been started to explore the long-term efficacy of this substance. The results of these studies will show if FAE can be another treatment option, maybe for combination therapy, in patients with MS.

Die Steuerung der Aromastoffausstattung in Weißbieren durch gezielte Auswahl von Rohstoffen und der Parametrierung der Sudhausarbeit und Gärung stellt den Kern der Arbeit dar. Durch Reihenuntersuchungen konnte unter anderem nachgewiesen werden, dass auch Weizenmalze sehr große 4-Vinylguaikolkonzentrationen verursachen können, während die Esterbildung stark von der Eiweißlösung beeinflusst wird. Die Entwicklung eines neuen Maischverfahrens erlaubt die gezielte Steuerung der Glucose-/Maltoseverhältnisse und somit die gezielte Steuerung der Estergehalte. Durch Erhöhung der Glucosekonzentration kommt es zu einer Verschiebung des diauxischen Punktes, der wiederum über Signalwege die verstärkte Bildung der Alkohol-Acetyl-Transferasen initialisiert. Zudem wurden mit Hilfe der Aromaextraktverdünnungsanalyse neue Indikatoren der Hefealterung, wie 3-Methlybuttersäure, in Weißbieren gefunden. Die aus diesen Indikatoren gewonnen Erkenntnisse konnten mit Erfolg zur Steigerung der Geschmackstabilität von Weißbieren in die Praxis umgesetzt werden. The keys to this paper are the control of flavour compounds through determined choice of raw materials and the variation of the process parameters of mashing, boiling, fermentation and lagering. A survey has shown that wheat malts do not necessarily lead to lower 4-Vinylguaiacol concentrations in finished beer. Ester levels are less dependant on the raw material and show a slight correlation to the Kolbach-index. The development of a new mashing regime allows the controlled adjustment of the glucose to maltose ratio and thus a controlled adjustment of ester levels. A new indicator for the analytical assessment of the ageing of wheat beers has been determined by means of Aroma Extract Dilution Analysis (AEDA) and been put to test. Further studies within this paper show new results in the fields of mash and wort acidification, infusion and decoction mashes, fermentation parameters, lagering conditions and ageing.

Eight new 4-aryl-2,6-dimethyl-4H-pyrane-3,5-dicarboxylic acid esters 2 and a new 2-amino-2-nor derivative 7 are synthesized using known methods, whose limitations are shown. In contrast to the isoelectronic 4-aryl-1,4-dihydro-pyridines (DHP) 1 the compounds 2e, g possess a nearly planar heterocycle, as found by X-ray crystal structure analysis. The 4H-pyrane-3,5-dicarboxylic acid ester 2e with m-substitution exhibits s-cis/s-cis-conformation, while compound 2g with o-substitution of the aromatic ring represents s-cis/s-trans-conformation. The half-wave potentials (E1/2) show that 4H-pyranes are more stable than the DHP 1. The substitution of the 4-phenyl ring with an electron donating group decreases the potential considerably, whereas an electron acceptor group slightly increases the potential. Replacement of the 2-methyl group by the amino function causes a dramatic loss of stability.