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Schüler*innen mit externalisierenden Verhaltensproblemen im inklusiven Unterricht stellen ihre Lehrkräfte und Mitschüler*innen vor große Herausforderungen. Damit Lehrkräfte diesen Herausforderungen adaptiv begegnen können, benötigen sie umfassendes und spezifisches pädagogisches Wissen. Bislang existiert jedoch kein spezifisches Testinstrument zur standardisierten Erfassung. Im Beitrag präsentieren wir daher die Konstruktion und psychometrische Güte eines Tests zur Erfassung des pädagogischen Wissens zu inklusivem Unterricht mit Fokus auf emotionale und soziale Entwicklung (General Pedagogical Knowledge for Inclusive Teaching focusing Social and Emotional Learning, GPK-IT-SEL). Auf Basis einer Stichprobe von n = 355 Lehrkräften aus Grundschulen analysieren wir die Reliabilität und Kriteriumsvalidität des Instruments. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass der Test eine reliable Messung erlaubt. Erwartungsgemäß verfügen Förderschullehrkräfte über umfangreicheres Wissen als Regelschullehrkräfte, was auf die Kriteriumsvalidität des Instruments hinweist. (DIPF/Orig.), Students with external behaviour problems in inclusive classes pose great challenges to their teachers and classmates. In order for teachers to be able to meet these challenges adaptively, they need extensive specific pedagogical knowledge. So far, however, there is no test instrument for standardized recording. In this paper we present the construction and psychometric quality of a test for the assessment of the General Pedagogical Knowledge for Inclusive Teaching focusing Social and Emotional Learning (GPK-IT-SEL). Based on a sample of n = 355 teachers from primary schools, we analyse the reliability and criterion validity of the instrument. The results show that the test allows a reliable measurement. As expected, special needs teachers have more extensive knowledge than regular teachers, which indicates the criterion validity of the instrument. (DIPF/Orig.)

Syncope is defined as a transient, self-limited loss of consciousness due to insufficient cerebral blood perfusion. In a clinical setting, syncopal events usually present a diagnostic dilemma due to its broad differential diagnosis ranging from banal to potentially harmful causes. In the absence of a working hypothesis, multiple tests are ordered that result in high costs but are of questionable diagnostic and therapeutic value. This article provides a practical overview and, based on international guidelines and selected studies, proposes a standardized approach to patients with syncope. Initial evaluation of these patients includes taking a careful medical history, physical examination and ECG. These tests result in an individual risk assessment that supports decision-making whether further analysis should be performed in an outpatient or inpatient setting. Additional tests including echocardiography, laboratory analysis, cardiac monitoring, CT-scans, are ordered according to prior evaluation. This article reviews the most common diagnostic tests, their indications and the clinical relevance for the evaluation of patients with syncopal events. Therapeutic options are not within the focus of this article.

To compare the ward atmosphere, safety, therapeutic hold, and patients' coherence on recently opened (1 year), opened (4 years) and open ( 20 years) psychiatric wards in a longitudinal naturalistic study design. The question was if a patient shift from formerly locked to open wards might deteriorate the ward atmosphere on the open and opened wards.Ward atmosphere on two recently opened (n = 2), opened (n = 2) and open (n = 2) wards was examined using the Essen Climate Evaluation Schema (EssenCES) in a follow-up study after 4 years. Structural as well as clinical data were extracted.Global ward atmosphere, safety, and patients' coherence on the recently opened wards was significantly increased; on always opened wards and long-term opened wards it remained unchanged. Coercive measures and discharges against medical advice decreased during the open door process.Opening locked psychiatric wards can help to establish a positive therapeutic atmosphere without changing the therapeutic climate on the other already open wards. A better ward atmosphere might be connected with a better therapeutic quality.ZIEL DER STUDIE: war es, die Veränderung des Stationsklimas während eines Türöffnungsprozesses zu untersuchen.Die Essen Climate Evaluation Schema (EssenCES) wurde auf neu geöffneten (n = 2, 1 Jahr), geöffneten (n = 2, 4 Jahre) und langjährig offenen (n = 2, 20 Jahre) Stationen untersucht.Die Stationsatmosphäre auf den neu geöffneten Stationen verbesserte sich signifikant. Zwangsmaßnahmen und Entlassungen gegen ärztlichen Rat wurden reduziert.Die Öffnung von Akutstationen kann zu einem günstigeren Stationsklima führen.

Human pharmaceuticals and their residues are constantly detected in our waterbodies, due to poor elimination rates, even in the most advanced waste water treatment plants. Their impact on the environment and human health still remains unclear. When phytoremediation is applied to aid water treatment, plants may transform and degrade xenobiotic contaminants through phase I and phase II metabolism to more water soluble and less toxic intermediates. In this context, peroxidases play a major role in activating compounds during phase I via oxidation. In the present work, the ability of a plant peroxidase to oxidize the human painkiller diclofenac was confirmed using stopped flow spectroscopy in combination with LC-MS analysis. Analysis of an orange colored product revealed the structure of the highly reactive Diclofenac-2,5-Iminoquinone, which may be the precursor of several biological conjugates and breakdown products in planta.

The auscultation of the lungs is - among anamnesis - the most important part in the assessment of patients presenting with pulmonary symptoms. The lung auscultation is reproducible, cost efficient and very helpful to distinguish between differential diagnoses, in particular in emergency situations. Detection and description of lung sounds requires experience and should be performed by strict adherence to the internationally accepted terminology.

Im Mittelpunkt der vorliegenden Studie steht die Forderung der sozialen Akzeptanz von Schulerinnen und Schulern in der Grundschule. Es wird von der Hypothese ausgegangen, dass offentliches Lehrkraftfeedback in der Grundschule die soziale Akzeptanz des Feedbackadressaten beeinflussen kann. Theoretische Grundlage ist die Theorie sozialer Referenzierungsprozesse (social referencing). Die Studie untersucht in einem PC-gestutzten Experiment, inwieweit gezielt variiertes Lehrkraftfeedback die soziale Akzeptanz von vier fiktiven Kindern starker beeinflussen kann als eine parallel variierte Vergleichsvariable (Spas beim UNO-Spiel). Mittels einer Varianzanalyse wurden grose Effekte fur das Lehrkraftfeedback h p2 = 0.60 und UNO-Feedback h p2 = 0.35 gemessen. Lehrkraftfeedback hatte jedoch einen signifikant groseren Einfluss als die Vergleichsvariable. Zudem zeigte sich, dass das negative Feedback einen groseren Einfluss auf die Veranderung der sozialen Akzeptanz hatte als positives Feedback.