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In this study, a portable radioactive plume monitor using a silicon photodiode was developed for the detection of a radioactive plume (e.g. ^I, ^Cs and ^Cs) in an emergency situation. It was found that the background count rate was proportional to ambient dose equivalent rate and the detection limit for the monitor at 20 μSv h^ as an ambient dose equivalent rate was evaluated to be 187 Bq m^ using the ISO11929 method. These results suggest that the detection limit for the system can be decreased effectively by lead shielding with optimized thickness., 論文

This paper will discuss the films of the “lost decades” of Japan’s Heisei period (1989–2019)—three decades of economic stagnation, social malaise, and natural disaster. Through an examination of the work of major Heisei filmmakers—including Kurosawa Kiyoshi, Ichikawa Jun, Sono Shion, and others—it explores the dissonance between the dominant history of Japan’s recent past and the representation of this past in the popular imagination of the period. Along with posing a challenge to normative accounts of history, Heisei film, this paper will also suggest, explores social issues that Japan continues to contend with as it enters the Reiwa period (2019–). In particular, this paper will discuss the work of Kore-eda Hirokazu, situating his films within neoliberal transformations over the last twenty years that have shaped social and cultural conditions in Japan., MINIKOMI: Austrian Journal of Japanese Studies, Nr. 88 (2020): Schwerpunkt: Heisei

Summary The Integrated Life Science Database Project of Japan funded a group of glycoscientists to carry out a project to integrate glycoscience databases using Semantic Web technologies. As a continuation of the previous project period, the Japan Consortium for Glycobiology and Glycotechnology Database (JCGGDB) developed several glycoscience-related databases. The GlycoProtDB database is among those being integrated, providing an important resource to understand protein glycosylation. Another database being integrated is GlycoEpitope, a comprehensive database of carbohydrate epitopes and antibodies. In the current project period, we started the development of GlyTouCan, the international glycan structure repository providing unique accession numbers to all glycan structures. Although such databases are sufficiently important in and of themselves, their integration with other—omics data such as the protein information in UniProt will be crucial to bring glycosciences to the forefront of life sciences. However, to integrate such disparate sets of data among different fields in a way such that future maintenance costs are minimal, standardized ontologies and formats must be established. Our latest project has attempted to define the minimal standards that are necessary to enable this integration. The technical challenges to integrate all these databases and the technologies to overcome these challenges will be described.

Wenn Sie in Standardwerken über Südostasien nach Einträgen über »zeitgenössische Literatur in Kambodscha« suchen, werden Sie wahrscheinlich nichts finden. Es gibt natürlich Schriftsteller- und DichterInnen, die literarische Werke produzieren. Doch sie schreiben von den Rändern der öffentlichen Kultur. Warum?, südostasien – Zeitschrift für Politik • Kultur • Dialog, Bd. 31 Nr. 3 (2015): Räume der Imagination: Literatur im (Kon)text

特集: 隠喩 = Metapher (Metaphor), 現代ドイツにおけるゲルマニスティクの文化科学的な研究は、あらゆる文化現象を「テクストとして読む」、という構想に基づいている。いうまでもなく、このメタファーは、自然を書物として読解するという、ヨーロッパ・キリスト教文化圏に特徴的な認識パラダイムの系譜に連なっている。ニーチェやデリダの徹底的な形而上学批判以来、こうした世界の読解性というメタファーはすでにその有効性を失っている筈であるが、ポストモダンといわれる現代において、この種のメタフォーリク（隠喩法）がなおも文学・文化研究の枠組みとして中心的な役割を果たしている状況はどのように理解したらよいのであろうか。本稿は、こうした問題意識を起点とし、神の原テクストとも言える聖書に立ち返って、メタファーのもつ意味とその機能について考察する。ユダヤ教の原典であるトーラのタルムード的な解釈が、S.ハンデルマンが明らかにしたように、言葉の記号性を重視し、差異と隣接関係に基づくメトニミーを基本原理（tertium non datur）として行われるのに対し、新約聖書の教説と解釈においては、メタファーが決定的な役割を果たしている。聖書の言葉を「文字どおり」に読む者は、「記号の奴隷」（アウグスティヌス）となるのであり、そのメタフォーリカルな意味 ― 神の恩寵と真理― を読み取ることはできない。「文字は殺し、霊は生かす」からである。言葉は、イエス・キリストにおいて「受肉」し、彼の信徒はみな、この生ける神の霊によって心の中に書き記された「一通の手紙」とみなされる。そこに言葉の記号性が介在する余地はない。そして受肉した言葉においては、あらゆる民族が「一者」となる。イエス・キリストは、いわばメタファーの「比較の第三項」（tertium comparationis）として統合的な機能を行使し、究極的には「絶対的な第三者」として新約の世界に君臨する。こうしたメタファーの統合機能は、一つの秩序体系を前提としており、時としてその秩序に統合しえないものを、「他者」（das Fremde）、あるいは「異常なもの」（das Außer-Ordentliche）として暴力的に排除する。レヴィナスの言葉 ― 神よりもトーラを愛することは、聖なるものとの一体化から生じる狂気への防御である ― は、そうした危険性に対する警鐘と言えるだろう。「テクストとしての文化」というメタファーを基本的なコンセプトにしている文化科学は、「他者」、「未知なるもの」、「真に発見されるべきもの」に視線を向け、それを読み解かなければならないと言う。しかし、他者とは、見知らぬ土地のように、どこかに発見されうるものであろうか? 伝統的な世界の読解性というメタファーに拘泥する限り、その読み方は、むしろ他者の文化の多様性や差異を「比較の第三項」に縮減させてしまう結果を招来するであろう。

This paper deals with the concept of the universe and belief in spiritual beings among contemporary Sakha (Yakut) shamans. It is based on field data collected in 1994 among several shamans of the Sakha Republic (Yakutia). Since Soviet atheistic policy prohibited shamanic traditions, the idea of the universe and spiritual beings varies depending on the shaman’s own interpretations based on his or her own supernatural experiences. The paper argues that the concepts of spiritual beings reintegrated into a new worldview, and that animistic beliefs can be formed by an interpretation of individual experiences. This also suggests that the belief in spiritual beings is closely related to a shaman’s tradition and influences its forms., В работе рассматриваются представления современных якутских шаманов о вселенной и духах, главным образом по материалам полевых исследований в Республике Саха (Якутия) в 1994 г. Основной метод исследования – сбор интервью среди носителей шаманской традиции. Так как шаманские ритуалы долгое время были запрещены в СССР, произошло частичное разрушение целостной концепции мироустройства. Представления о вселенной и духах у каждого отдельного шамана отличны от других и основываются на личном сверхъестественном опыте. На основе проведенных исследований сделан вывод о том, что анимистические представления могут быть сформированы исходя из индивидуального опыта и миропонимания отдельного человека, а вера в духов тесно связанная с шаманской традицией, влияет на формы ее воплощения.

Background: Among the Model of Human Occupation (MOHO) assessments, the Role Checklist is one of the most established. In spite of its widespread use, no studies have examined role examples and their association with the three embedded levels of doing, as established in the MOHO theory. Method: A cross-sectional survey of 293 respondents from the US, the UK, Japan, Switzerland, Sweden, and Norway produced 7,182 role examples. The respondents completed Part I of the Role Checklist and provided examples of each internalized role they performed. Responses were classified as occupational skill, occupational performance, or occupational participation. Results: Thirty-three percent of the examples were classified as examples of occupational participation, whereas 65% were classified as examples of occupational performance. Four roles linked mostly with occupational participation, another four roles linked mostly with occupational performance, and the two remaining roles were mixed between occupational participation and occupational performance. Discussion: The Role Checklist assesses a person’s involvement in internalized roles at the level of both occupational participation and occupational performance. There are differences among countries with regard to how roles are perceived and exemplified, and different roles relate differently to the occupational performance and occupational participation levels of doing. There are related implications for occupational therapists.

We investigate whether spontaneous movements, which initiate and guide early development in animals, can be accounted for by the properties underlying embodiment. We constructed computer and robotic models of several biological species with biologically plausible musculoskeletal bodies and nervous systems, and extracted the embodied and motor networks based on inter-muscle connectivities. In computer simulations and robot experiments, we found that the embodied and motor networks had similar global and local topologies, suggesting the key role of embodiment in generating spontaneous movements in animals., Post-Graduate Conference on Robotics and Development of Cognition: Proceedings, Proceedings of the Post-Graduate Conference on Robotics and Development of Cognition, 10-12 September 2012 Lausanne, Switzerland

The effects of Quassia extract on eggs and larvae of the apple sawfly Hoplocampa testudinea were studied in the laboratory. The efficacy of this extract was mainly due to an oral toxicity to neonate sawfly larvae. The main active ingredients, Quassin and Neoquassin, were tested sepa-rately as pure substances. While Quassin had a considerable efficacy also on older larvae, Neo-quassin was less efficient in this case. Since Quassin and Neoquassin were found in different Quassia sources in varying relations to each other and had different efficacy, they have to be considered separately in the definition of extract quality by the content of active ingredients. This requires the application of Quassia extracts before larval hatch. It was shown that low concentra-tions of Quassin (4-6 g/ha) can achieve very good control in the field, in other cases the concentra-tions for good efficacy are much higher. These varying results seem to be connected with applica-tion technique and application date. Trials in 2004 showed that the best way of application is with plenty of water (500 to 1000 l/ha) and the best date is during the stage when blossom is fading. The side effects of Quassin, Neoquassin and Quassia extract on Aphelinus mali and other benefi-cial arthropods were tested. Quassia is harmless to all organisms tested.

The effect of Quassia extract on eggs and larvae of the apple sawfly Hoplocampa testudinea was studied. The efficacy of this extract is mainly due to an oral toxicity to the neonate sawfly larvae. The main active ingredients, Quassin and Neoquassin, were tested separately. Wheras Quassin has a considerable efficacy also on older larvae, Neoquassin is less efficient in this case. While Quassin and Neoquassin are found in different Quassia sources in varying relations to each other and have different efficacy, they have to be considered separately in the definition of extract quality by the content of active ingredients. These findings mean, that the “egg maturity” is not important for application date. Nevertheless, the application must take place before the larvae hatch. It was shown that low rates of Quassin (4-6 g/ha) can show very good results in the field, in other cases the rates necessary for good efficacy are much higher. This corresponds to farmers experience. Several factors as application technique and the condition of the blossom must be taken in consideration and will be object of further studies. The side effects of Quassin, Neoquassin and Quassia extract on Aphelinus mali and other beneficial arthropods were tested. Quassia is harmless to all organisms tested.

The present dissertation focuses on religious and mythological beliefs, customs and traditions of the Austronesian peoples in Taiwan. The peoples in question have been studied in such various fields as anthropology (including ethnology or ethnography), linguistics, archaeology and so on since the 17th century. Chapter 1 is a brief survey of its research history. Chapter 2 discusses religious notions and practices like supernatural beings, deities and spirits, soul, right and left, and shamanism. Some mythological themes are treated also in this chapter. In chapter 3 “Notions and rituals concerning subsistence economy” is the core of the thesis, which relates religion and mythology of these peoples to subsistence activities of them. As regards hunting: “master of animals,” hunting rituals, religious treatment of bones, and similarity between hunting and headhunting; fishing and livestock keeping; in relation to horticulture: myths of the origin of crops, great rituals, the role of miscanthus and alder, distinction of inner and outer parts of the village, ritual hunting, rain making, ritual plays (swing, top spinning, ball games, stone fights, tug-of-war, running, wrestling, archery and ritual coitus), and headhunting. The 4th chapter describes briefly the rites of passage among the Taiwan aborigines. Finally the appendices include a list of village names in vernacular, Chinese and Japanese languages, and a type index of myths and folktales.

Ziel des Projekts war es, die bestehenden großen Unsicherheiten bezüglich Qualität und Terminierung, Kombinationsmöglichkeit mit anderen Präparaten sowie Nebenwirkungen auf die Blutlauszehrwespe und andere Nützlinge des traditionell zur Regulierung der Sägewespe eingesetzten Quassiaholzauszuges auszuräumen. Des weiteren sollten mögliche Managementstrategien für eine Förderung der Blutlauszehrwespe auf ihre Praxistauglichkeit überprüft und gegebenenfalls optimiert werden. Folgende Erkenntnisse wurden aus dem Projekt gewonnen und sind für die Praxis relevant: - Quassia wirkt vor allem auf die Larven der Apfelsägewespe. Wichtig ist daher, dass Quassia ausgebracht wird, bevor die ersten Larven schlüpfen. Das Eistadium zum Ausbringtermin ist nicht von Bedeutung, die Eier müssen auch nicht direkt getroffen werden (d.h. eine Ausbringung kann, wenn die Blüte offen ist, auch vor Ende der Eiablage erfolgen). - Die wichtigsten aktiven Inhaltsstoffe Quassin und Neoquassin wirken unterschiedlich stark: Besonders bei älteren Larven ist die Wirkung von Neoquassin schlechter. Sie lässt sich auch durch eine höhere Aufwandmenge nicht verbessern. - In verschiedenen Hölzern waren Quassin und Neoquassin in unterschiedlichem Verhältnis vorhanden. - Zur Beurteilung der Qualität von Quassiaholz müssen Quassin und Neoquassin daher getrennt bewertet werden (Sekundärbefall!). - Eine Empfehlung für die Selbstherstellung von Quassia mit möglichst hoher Ausbeute wurde erarbeitet. - Eine Behandlung mit Quassia-Extrakt vor starkem Regen ist wirksam. - Es gibt einerseits Hinweise, dass auch geringe Aufwandmengen schon sehr gut wirken, andererseits gibt es auch Fälle, wo erst sehr hohe Aufwandmengen (18 g/ha) eine ausreichende Wirkung zeigten. Hier sind noch weiterführende Untersuchungen notwendig, um der Praxis gesicherte Empfehlungen für den Einsatz niedrigerer Aufwandmengen geben zu können (Spritztechnik!). - Zwei Behandlungen sind wohl in den meisten Fällen nicht notwendig, es muss aber noch untersucht werden, inwieweit zweimal behandelt werden muss, wenn bei der ersten Spritzung ein Teil der Blüten noch geschlossen ist. - Die Kombination von Quassia mit NeemAzal-T/S scheint wenig sinnvoll, da Quassia auch den Sekundärbefall reduziert - Bei Quassia-Behandlungen sind im Freiland keine Nebenwirkungen auf die Blutlaus zehrwespe sowie den Gemeinen Ohrwurm, den Siebenpunkt-Marienkäfer und die Flor-fliege zu erwarten. - Die Strategie, Blutlauszehrwespen bereits im Sommer in den Anlagen zu sammeln und ins Kühllager zu bringen, ist nicht praxistauglich, da diese Tiere im Kühllager die Zeit bis zum Frühling nicht überdauern können. - Eine Induktion der Diapause und darauffolgende Lagerung früher Stadien, die im Freiland gesammelt wurden, ist auch unter den Bedingungen eines professionellen Nützlingszüchters nicht möglich, da die Temperatur bei der Eiablage bereits die Induktion der Diapause massgeblich beeinflusst, so dass mit Freilandmaterial aus dem Spätsommer fast nie eine Diapauseinduktion erreicht werden kann. - Die Nebenwirkungen weiterer im Ökologischen Obstbau verwendeter Präparate auf Blutlauszehrwespen wurden in einem ersten Versuch abgeschätzt. Bei Netzschwefel- und Kupferpräparaten kann eine starke Nebenwirkung im Freiland weitgehend ausgeschlossen werden. Bei Schwefel-Kalk-Brühe sind weitere Untersuchungen notwendig, um eine Aussage über eine mögliche Schädigung der Zehrwespen im Freiland zu ermöglichen. - Die Populationen der Blutlauszehrwespe aus verschiedenen Regionen in Deutschland, Holland und Kanada sind genetisch weitgehend homogen. Nur die holländische Population unterschied sich etwas von den anderen Herkünften. Es gibt bisher keine Hinweise auf stark unterschiedliche regionale Biotypen.

The use of a limited incision for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair was evaluated, and its outcome was analyzed in comparison to standard open repair.Between February 2000 and August 2001, 20 patients with an AAA underwent minimal incision repair (MINI) for tube graft implantation. The minimal skin incision was made after localization of aneurysm neck and aortic bifurcation by CT and DSA. For repair of the upper part of the AAA the abdominal incision was retracted toward the head of the patient who was in a jackknife decubitus position. Conversely, when the peripheral portion of the AAA was treated, the abdominal incision was retracted caudally with the patient in a flat or slightly bent decubitus position. The operation itself was performed using the standard conventional technique. The length of the abdominal incision was 10 cm. Clinical characteristics and in-hospital outcome of this procedure were compared to a group of patients who underwent repair of AAA by means of a standard open technique (OPEN).Patients age in the MINI and OPEN groups were similar (69 +/- 11 vs. 69 +/- 9 years). However, there were significant differences between the MINI and OPEN groups in the time for starting oral intake of food (2,4 +/- 1,2 vs. 7,4 +/- 5,5 postoperative days, p = 0,003), time for starting to walk outside the room (2,2 +/- 0,7 vs. 4,6 +/- 2,2 postoperative days, p = 0,01) and operation times (197 +/- 37 vs. 294 +/- 83 min, p = 0,0004).Minimal incision repair is technically feasible and combines the benefits of a minimal incision with those of conventional open repair, reducing patient recovery time.