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This paper investigates the relationship between authentic assessment tools and the acquisition of generic competencies among undergraduate science student-teachers in Tanzanian universities. Employing a quantitative research approach, data were gathered through questionnaires and document reviews. A sample of 231 undergraduate science student-teachers was selected using stratified proportional random sampling. The collected data underwent analysis using a multiple linear regression model. Results revealed a significant relationship between authentic assessment tools and generic competencies, with variations in generic competencies accounting for 50 per cent of the variations in authentic assessment tools. The study underscores the necessity of establishing an authentic assessment policy within universities to ensure its comprehensive implementation.

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This paper presents the details of a virtual exchange project conducted with 14 university students from Brazil and 14 university students from the US during the US spring quarter of 2019. This virtual exchange was part of the Teletandem Brasil Project, which has been developed by São Paulo State University (UNESP) in Brazil and aims at promoting cultural and language learning in tandem. Students watched videos about current topics in Brazil and in the US and discussed them with their international partners. After the mediation sessions, the participants analyzed the results of their conversations through the Global Competence Matrix, a set of guidelines created by the US global competence task force in 2011. The results point to the importance of using an educational tool to promote a deeper cultural understanding, which in this paper focused on the issue of feminism in Brazil and in the US.

In the official documents that regulate certain segments of education in Croatia, the terms Europe and European (identity) appear. In this paper the authors analyse the concept of European identity and reach the conclusion that it has not been unambiguously defined. The term European identity is closely connected within the European Union with multilingualism. Through a policy of multilingualism, the European Unionstrives to preserve language diversity in Europe. The authors of this paper start from the question of whether foreign language learning increases the feeling of being connected to Europe and present the results of a study that was conducted at the Faculty of Teacher Education in Zagreb in 2018/19.

Although there is a move toward open data, with research funding bodies more frequently requiring data management plans and dissemination strategies, the data management challenges inherently linked to virtual exchange research are understudied. Data collection is often reported upon in papers addressing interaction analysis or language development, but little attention has been paid to offering critical discussion of data collection and structuration methods or practical advice to encourage data/corpora dissemination. This paper reports on two phases of the Multimodal Teletandem Corpus project (Aranha & Lopes, 2019) that structured 581 hours of video data from Portuguese-English teletandem sessions, 351 chat logs, 956 written productions exchanged between the partners (original, revised, and corrected versions), 91 initial and 41 final questionnaires, and 666 learning diaries. We describe the data management problems faced that included the organization of data collected, ethical consent, management of a large quantity of data, inclusion of sociolinguistic information, expansion of learning theories, and the solutions found. We then outline data management planning steps that, consequently, are being introduced for future telecollaboration instantiations.

The paper is a comprehensive summary of the history of one of the most important imperial monasteries and original institution of bishop Thiddag. Author provides a very deep study of the development of the monastery during the age of the Carolingians and the Ottonians. The relationship between the abbey and the ruler was always somewhat good and important, although sometimes (especially during the rule of Otto I) not uncomplicated. The paper evaluates the information we can get from the both major saxon chronicles of the age – Widukind’s and Thietmar’s. The last part of the article summarises the information we posses about the possible role Corvey as a scholar institution of given period.

In this paper, the influence of the respondents’ level of education, and that of their parents, on the development of musical taste is analyzed. The analyses are based on the survey research into the cultural practices of the citizens of Serbia from 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2017, headed by the author. The introductory part of the text provides a brief overview of the three sociological standpoints on the relation between taste and belonging to social collectives, whose applicability has been tested in the research on cultural practices in Serbia. The following section provides the results of longitudinal research on the manifested preferences for various types of music genres in Serbia and attitudes which the respondents had towards numerous music genres which were analyzed in these studies. In the third part of the paper, following the presentation of the concept of the cultural capital of the French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu, we focus on the research results related to classical music and the opera and explore which social factors influence the formation of esthetic preferences for these music genres. The conclusion contains a brief presentation of the implications of the findings on the activities of audience development for classical music that is mostly studied in the course “Musical Culture” in elementary and secondary schools.

The purpose of this paper is to emphasize the importance of «inculturation» in the religious images drawn by Monica Liu (Ho-Pei), a unique artist who promoted Religious Art and Education in Taiwan. Monica Liu adopted Western Christianity into Chinese art to create paintings that reflect her love for nature as well as Our Lady who is deeply venerated in the Catholic Church and regarded as the mother of humanity. This paper is a qualitative research based on an interview conducted with Huang Wan-Yun, a protégée of Monica Liu who had a very close relationship with the latter during the last ten years of her life. This research is also based on some writings that Monica left behind and several articles written about her by acquaintances. The culture and faith expressed by Monica Liu through Our Lady’s images help us to deeply understand the value and relationship between religious art and faith. In addressing the needs of the secular world, religious art has encountered difficulties in terms of contemporary aesthetics. Monica’s distinct aesthetic considered «moral virtues» important to modern or contemporary art and their absence could result in distorted values. Therefore, true mission work in the field of religious art has to be close to everyone’s heart, as well as emphasize the importance of inculturation through natural representations and create awareness of taboo in art, which involves «additional and supplementary» elements in original artworks.

The paper presents media culture in the area of education as a dominant culture in the world whose careful study is necessary in order to understand social trends. Youth needs to be introduced to different types of mass media such as film, theatre, radio, television, print media, the Internet, and library. The main role of the media education is to enable students to use key media-related vocabulary. A media literate person will be able to recognize the true value of the media. The choice of teaching methods, aids, and resources depends on the aim of the lesson. Media education is part of first language education, as well as art education. Based on a case study, in this paper we tried to answer the following questions: 1. To what extent is media education present in the first language education? 2. Has the media education been neglected? 3. To what extent are students interested in media education ? The analysis was conducted by applying heuristic method of analysis, descriptive analysis, and theoretical analysis

The Educational Technology Quarterly (ETQ) is a new Diamond Open Access peer-reviewed journal by the Academy of Cognitive and Natural Sciences. The journal focuses on the ways in which digital technology can enhance education and welcomes research papers on the pedagogical uses of digital technology where the focus is broad enough to be of interest to a wider education community. In addition to empirical work, ETQ also welcomes systematic reviews and meta-analyses that include clear research questions, a framework of analysis, and conclusions that reflect the aims of the paper. The journal is published four times a year in March, June, September, and December. The first issue of ETQ was published in March 2021.

Organizational, governmental structures and institutions have always been guided by established policies which are expected to foster development. Policies have not been stagnant and there abounds occasions where slight or major adjustments were made to existing policies with the aim of achieving increased value and development. Unfortunately, the reforms made by Governor Aregbesola in the years 2011–2018 in the Osun state education sector brought disagreements rather than progress. There have been divergent views on the intention and prospect of the reform to achieving the desired end. Using the historical and analytical approach, the paper seeks to investigate the reforms made and also to point out the lapses of these reforms. However, findings indicated that the reforms, though have their gains, they were largely retrogressive. The paper, thus, concluded that the reforms only came to disrupt the peaceful process of the existing policy which was in place.

The paper analyzes the results of the introduction of the distance learning form (DLF) using electronic educational resources (EER) and the teacher’s virtual classroom in primary school. The experiment took place within the framework of the “Smart Kids” All-Ukrainian project during the long quarantine caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The educational process took place both synchronously and asynchronously. The present paper substantiates the model of organization of distance learning of primary school students using EER and outlines its three main components: the organization of learning; conducting online classes (explaining new material or practicing skills by students) and monitoring the quality of students’ independent performance of tasks. The results of the experiment prove that it is necessary to provide teachers and students with computer equipment, Internet access, digital resources for teaching and assessment to implement DLF. It has been established that EER in distance learning can be used both on a regular basis – in each class, and periodically – to explain new material or train skills; the quality of tasks performed by students can be monitored in the virtual office of the teacher and shape an individual trajectory of students’ development. The teachers identified the following main problems of DLF implementation: internet interruptions; problems with providing new computer equipment to students and some teachers; lack of state aid in providing EER to all participants in the educational process; limited access to students’ computers during complete isolation due to online work of parents. Despite the outlined problems, the quality of distance learning of primary school students during the pandemic using EER was positively and highly assessed by teachers.

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Copyright of Zeitschrift für Pädagogik is the property of Julius Beltz GmbH & Co. KG Beltz Juventa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal for Sociology of Education & Socialization / Zeitschrift für Soziologie der Erziehung & Sozialisation is the property of Julius Beltz GmbH & Co. KG Beltz Juventa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Pädagogik is the property of Julius Beltz GmbH & Co. KG Beltz Juventa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Arendt speaks of responsibility throughout her work in important contexts. Surprisingly, there exists no thorough study on responsibility in Arendt's writings to date. This analysis attempts to take the concept of responsibility in her books and papers from 1945 to 1970 philologically-historically into account. Against the backdrop of these reflections one can assume the philosophical relevance of the term ›responsibility‹ for Arendt's think ing about guilt, forgiveness, politics, morality, totalitarianism, education, profession, and role of the intellectual. However, the philosophical dimension of responsibility in Arendt's work can only be sketched in the following and needs to be articulated in another paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Colloquia Germanica Stetinensia is the property of University of Szczecin Press / Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecinskiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Gruppenpsychotherapie und Gruppendynamik: Beiträge zur Sozialpsychologie und therapeutischen Praxis is the property of Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co. KG and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper discusses the potential of virtual exchange (VE) to promote the development of Internationalization at Home (IaH) approaches. With that aim, the GAZUFES VE project was undertaken in the COVID-19/post-pandemic scenario between two universities in the Global South: one in Brazil and another one in Turkey. The theoretical framework informing the research is that of VE as a strategy to internationalize higher education and English teacher education. The methodology employed is qualitative, using content analysis to analyze data collected through reflection reports, interviews, journals, and observations produced by the project informants: preservice English teachers, researchers, teacher trainers and international relations office (IRO) staff in the two institutions involved in the GAZUFES project. Results of the analysis suggest that the GAZUFES project made a significant contribution to English Language Teaching (ELT) education and IaH in the contexts researched, not least by raising the awareness at the IRO offices and the two institutions about the potential of VE for IaH approaches. The implementation of the GAZUFES project was a teacher-led innovation in the two institutions involved and more work is required to institutionalize VE projects beyond individual teachers’ efforts. Results are discussed in terms of the challenges and benefits of VE for ELT education in general and IaH in particular through the inclusion of voices and perspectives of different agents in the two institutions (student teachers, researchers, teacher trainers and IRO staff) involved in the GAZUFES project.

The paper deals with the field of participatory action of individuals placed in professional centres, which represents a special conceptual challenge in both the theory and practice of such engagement. We present the results of a quantitative study involving 231 children/adolescents from all professional centres (more specifically, residential treatment institutions and housing groups) in Slovenia, which provide education for children/adolescents with emotional and behavioural difficulties and/or disorders. The results show that the participatory involvement of children/adolescents in such institution – especially in support processes that have a significant impact on their personal and school/professional biographies – is not encouraging and that, to a greater extent than in traditional forms of residential treatment institutions, it is in the domain of individuals placed in housing groups.

Research shows that children aged 3 to 6 years do not fully grasp the concept of geometric shapes. This paper aims to examine children’s intuitive knowledge of triangles and squares. We analysed the effects of distractors on identification and the neglected properties of (non)examples. The purpose of the study was to establish the developmental path in the identification of shapes. It was operationalized by determining types of interfering distractors in shape recognition and properties neglected. The data obtained from individual interviews were processed by the method of statistical and descriptive qualitative analysis. A classification was made of distractors and properties of non-examples affecting identification.

This paper reviews the current research on AI-assisted language education (AILE). AI has greatly influenced education, especially language learning. AILE, an interdisciplinary field combining AI technology and language education theory, aims to improve foreign language learners’ experiences through personalized, interactive, and collaborative learning. This review classifies AILE research into four key domains: language-specific applications, comprehensive teaching modes, new educational ecosystems, and identification technology integration. It analyzes the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and challenges of AILE. The paper emphasizes the importance of ethical considerations and data quality in AILE endeavors. While acknowledging the achievements and potential of AILE, the review suggests future directions, promotes interdisciplinary collaboration, and highlights the need for empirical studies for an effective and ethical integration of AI in language education.

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Transaktionsanalyse is the property of Julius Beltz GmbH & Co. KG Beltz Juventa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper focuses on the importance of visual arts in the education of students, while also analyzing the need for using a work of visual art as material in teaching visual arts. The works of Marc Chagall, one of the most significant artists of the 20th century, were chosen for the purpose of the research. The aim of the paper was to reveal the visual and verbal reactions of students to the works of Marc Chagall in teaching visual arts, using the method of aesthetic transfer and game activities during contact between the students and the artworks. For this purpose, we conducted a study involving students in the first and third grades of the “Spinut” primary school in Split, the Republic of Croatia. Based on the works they made, we confirmed the hypotheses that students would gladly accept the works of Marc Chagall and successfully express themselves when inspired by this artist.

The theoretical part of the paper presents the project Slovenščina na dlani (Slovene in the palm of your hand), which is intended for the establishment of an interactive learning environment for the Slovene language (as mother tongue) in elementary and secondary schools. In this paper we limit the research to elementary school. In the empirical section, we focus on freely available e-learning materials for the Slovene language from the 6th to the 9th grade of elementary school and present the results of an analysis of 10,118 tasks according to their types. The findings indicate an unbalanced representation of different types of tasks, with short answer types in the majority, the task type that is least popular among students. By introducing the most advanced linguistic technology into learning processes, we try to overcome the limitations of existing e-resources for learning the Slovene language.

This paper explores my on-going collaborative research journey that began in 2009 with a critical ethnographic investigation into the ways one early years school in Bristol was working to advance a pedagogy of respect that drew on the multilingual and multiliterate out of school practices of children and their parents in order to open possibilities for in-school learning. The project was framed within a critical ethnographic approach that is underpinned by a philosophy of democratic and collaborative ways of working within the field; acknowledging identities, positionalities and relations of power as constructed within and across institutional settings. In this paper, I present the collaborative learning trajectories and relationships between myself, as researcher, and Lara, the Head Teacher, a key participant within this project. I situate this within a critical reading of researcher identities, collaboration and research-community partnerships within a scholarship that draws on arguments for the democratizing of knowledge production, the re-evaluation and transformation of field relationships through reflexive practice (Byrd-Clark & Dervin, 2014; Facer & Enright, 2016; Giampapa, 2011) and the intellectual and emotional commitment involved in shaping them. What evolved through this unfinished critical ethnographic journey is an understanding of the underlying «practical, personal and symbolic» reasons (Facer & Enright, 2016, p. 59) for field relationships as a starting point in order to build deeper forms of engagement. These deeper forms of engagement generate different ways of knowing that are co-created, ethically grounded, socially responsible and action oriented (Campbell & Lassiter, 2010). I stress the transformative power of these field conversations that were able to evolve and shape new ways of understanding as a result of the longevity of being in the field and working beyond it.

In this paper, we would like to rethink the basic problems of the philosophy of education by keeping in mind the message of faith as it is understood based on the Gospel by the tradition of the Christian West. First, we would like to see if we can discuss Christianity in the modern society as an inspiration for educational activity, and second, can this inspiration be mediated by dialogue with those who do not recognize themselves in confessional structures and doctrinal patterns. We examine if what has been said can contribute to building a pluralistic society that would be based on respect for diversity and on “grasping” into the future in dialogue. It is these concepts that define the phenomenon of education, specifically its essence, which is so often let down by the educational practice. This paper seeks to point out the fact that the Gospel message can be an instigator of educational activity even in situations when the educational activity is viewed outside the confessional framework. We also aim to show that insisting on the doctrine, in this case religiously marked educational messages, would destroy the very essence of educational activity and open the way for manipulation.

The purpose of this paper is to give insight into an ongoing ePorfolio (ePF) implementation for students of a five semester Master’s Programme for Business Education and Development. An accompanying study of this ePF implementation aims at evaluating the students’ self-perception of their competence development. At six points of time throughout their Master’s Programme, students fill in questionnaires totalling up to 2,326 questionnaires by March 2020. The focus of this paper lies on the triggering factors for (self-)reflection. The results show, that obligation is a main triggering factor for (self-)reflection, thus indicating the importance of curricular integration of the ePF work for a successful (self-)reflection process.

The benefits of service-learning are explicitly mentioned in plenty development plans of different Austrian universities. To proof those benefits, effects of service-learning courses are often measured at the end of a specific course. Studies measuring effects a few years after completion of the course are rather rare. In this paper results of a study are presented, that focus on long-term effects. After a literature review focusing on service-learning as an instructional intervention as well as on the effectiveness of different Service-Learning courses, the implementation of the service-learning course discussed in this paper is described. 82 students, who had participated in service-learning-courses at the University of Graz, were interviewed three years after completing the course by means of a questionnaire. The results indicate the impact the service-learning-course had on the students in a long term run. The paper ends with the limitations of the presented research and the resulting outlook on further research.

Cultural Historical Activity Theory (CHAT) serves as an effective theoretical framework for analysing post-method pedagogy, providing valuable insights into the complexities of educational practices. This framework integrates social, cultural, and historical contexts, allowing for a comprehensive perspective that examines patterns influencing educational processes, cognitive development, and equitable education. At the heart of CHAT is the concept of expansive learning, which emphasises the continuous improvement and evolution of teaching methods over time. This approach advocates for adaptive and innovative practices that respond to the dynamic needs of learners and the ever-changing educational environment. By incorporating CHAT into post-method pedagogy, educators can significantly enhance their teaching practices, fostering more democratic, versatile, and effective methods that engage all students. This paper delves into the impact of CHAT on education, tracing the foundational narrative of its development through the contributions of three generations of influential scholars, from Lev Vygotsky to Yrjö Engeström. CHAT distinguishes itself by moving beyond mere rote cognitive accumulation, offering a conceptual toolkit for refining, and leveling pedagogical practices. Key elements of CHAT include the division of labour, which defines roles within the teaching and learning process, and mediating means, which involves the tools and resources utilised in learning. The central theme of expansive learning underscores the ongoing improvement of teaching methods, illustrating CHAT's practical application in English language instruction. By fostering inclusive learning environments, CHAT effectively addresses real challenges faced today in education. For educators seeking to strengthen their teaching methods, adopting CHAT offers a transformative pathway which is accessible to everyday teachers striving for positive change in their instructional practices. Integrating CHAT dynamics into teaching holds significant promise for those committed to continuous improvement in the field of education.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The main aim is to show the narrative of a woman who experienced critical events in her personal life. THE RESEARCH PROBLEMS AND METHODS: 1. How does the narrator describe critical events based on her family experience? 2. What meaning does she ascribe to the events experienced in retrospect? The presented research is situated in the interpretative research tradition. A descriptive‑theoretical type of case study was used. Empirical data was collected using Fritz Schütze’s narrative interview technique. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The interview began by presenting the narrator’s life story from her childhood to the present day. Attention was paid to her understanding of herself and her life, her relationship with her parents, and critical events that occurred in her family. The empirical material was then interpreted based on Schütze’s process structures, which revealed her current life course, critical events in the family and landmark events in the narrator’s individual biography. RESEARCH RESULTS: The interpretation of the empirical material showed the narrator in the process of change, internal metamorphoses. It revealed poor intra‑family relations, which became the cause of illness, lack of self‑acceptance, and depressive and anxious states. The therapy that she underwent, satisfying professional work and mutual feelings of love allowed the narrator to overcome her limitations, weaknesses and take a critical look at the family relationships that were the cause of her pain and suffering. CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND APPLICABLE VALUE OF RESEARCH: The narrative presented in the paper can become a stimulus for change in people who are currently struggling with family problems, illness or suffering: all those people who experience anxiety and loneliness in the space of family life.

Over the past few years, smartphones have grown exponentially in popularity, especially in education. As part of a new pedagogical trend, many educational institutions are integrating smartphones into the classroom as a learning tool. This paper investigates students' different use of smartphones during lessons, both with and without their teacher's permission. The study also examines the duration of smartphone use by students in these two cases. A quantitative research design was employed, and data from a random sample of 195 students in the Setif district (east of Algeria) was collected using a questionnaire. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics in SPSS v26. The findings revealed that 97.4\% of students own a smartphone, and 77\% use it daily for more than three hours. Only 27.2\% of teachers allow their students to use smartphones during lessons. The findings also indicated that 60\% of learners spent more than 10 minutes using their smartphones during lessons without the teacher's permission for non-educational purposes. Additionally, 23\% of learners spent more than 10 minutes using their smartphones during lessons with the teacher's permission for educational purposes. The study concluded that there is a link between the amount of time learners spend on their smartphones in classrooms and teacher decisions. Learners use their smartphones more for non-educational purposes if the teacher does not allow them to use them for educational purposes. The most important recommendation is to understand how students use and think about their smartphones.

Augmented reality (AR) and machine learning (ML) are rapidly growing technologies with immense potential for transforming education. Web-based augmented reality (WebAR) provides a promising approach to delivering immersive learning experiences on mobile devices. Integrating machine learning models into WebAR applications can enable advanced interactive effects by responding to user actions, thus enhancing the educational content. However, there is a lack of effective methodologies to teach students WebAR development with integrated machine learning. This paper proposes a methodology with three main steps: (1) Integrating standard TensorFlow.js models like handpose into WebAR scenes for gestures and interactions; (2) Developing custom image classification models with Teachable Machine and exporting to TensorFlow.js; (3) Modifying WebAR applications to load and use exported custom models, displaying model outputs as augmented reality content. The proposed methodology is designed to incrementally introduce machine learning integration, build an understanding of model training and usage, and spark ideas for using machine learning to augment educational content. The methodology provides a starting point for further research into pedagogical frameworks, assessments, and empirical studies on teaching WebAR development with embedded intelligence.

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During the institutional consolidation of German literary studies at the end of the 19th century, contemporary literature slowly emerged as a field of academic study, and challenged the traditional separation between academic scholars and literary critics. This challenge was astutely perceived and commented on at the time, engendering a set of theoretical and methodological reflections on the possibility of treating contemporary literature in a discipline whose traditional operations were historical. This paper focuses on the critical account of the inclusion of contemporary literature into literary historiography given by the editor, writer, and literary critic Rudolf von Gottschall; in particular his account of the work of Berthold Litzmann - a professor at the University of Bonn, and early advocate for the integration of contemporary literature into academic curricula. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Discourse: Journal of Childhood & Adolescense Research / Diskurs Kindheits- und Jugendforschung is the property of Verlag Barbara Budrich GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The predominant goal of this article is to put emphasis on issues only children face in the modern world. The theoretical scope of the paper incorporates the specificity of the only child phenomenon, the familial situation of only children, as well as the possibility of maintaining social contacts and developing in the current pandemic-driven situation. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: Research problems have the form of the following questions: What is the familial situation of children not having any siblings? How does the pandemic affect the upbringing of only children? What conditions for development and opportunities for establishing social contacts does the age of pandemic create for only children? The analytical and synthetic method of the literature approach to the subject has been applied. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: Basing on scientific studies, the specificity of the only child phenomenon has been identified, most important features of the family-oriented educational environment have been distinguished, as well as the nature of functioning of a family having a single child only has been elaborated on. RESEARCH RESULTS: Consideration on the issues raised within the scope of this paper has indicated that the only child’s interactions with adults should have an appropriate form and nature. It is necessary to keep a healthy balance between the world of children and the world of adults. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS: It has been noticed that the modern perception of only children is changing, which is the result of expanding interpersonal relations and the development of technology. Contemporary only children do not remain in absolute isolation from the environment.

The system of education is challenged by need to prepare a new generation of professionals who would not only master a field-required skill but also harness soft skill. The paper reviews definition and characteristics of formal, non-formal and informal education models and defines the possibilities to address the education challenges in combination of forms. The Summer school as a form of non-formal education is defined and proposed to fill the gap in formal education. The paper presents a framework of how to develop a curriculum for a summer school centered around a competency-based approach. The three key components – profile of participant, expected result, and real-life problem, form a set of skills and knowledge that define learning outcomes and shape the program. Finally, the paper reviews the case study of summer school hold in Kharkiv to demonstrate how the approach can be applied to practice. Summer school is a useful tool to establish and test new forms of education that contribute to learning process of both students and educators.

After municipalities (local governments) and county level governments were established in Hungary in 1990, public education was operated, governed and financed by these elected bodies with the financial support of the central government until the end of 2012. In this decentralised system differences in local wealth and income of municipalities led to significant inequalities in the funding and performance of their schools, and the learning outcomes of the children studying in these. The FIDESZ-KDNP coalition government that took office in 2010 radically centralised the system of governance and funding of schools, claiming that this will be a remedy to the problems of the system. Based on a large set of research interviews and previous research results our paper investigates the declared goals of this reform, and tries to explore its motives as well. According to our research interviews granting equal opportunity in education to every child seems to be the overarching goal of centralisation, and there are three more other goals as well, including the creation of a more efficient and cost-effective system of institutional management. However, some characteristics of the selection of these goals and the seemingly complete lack of the monitoring of their fulfilment, together with the fact that independent research already proved that the centralisation was definitely unable to achieve its main declared goal, may substantiate the claim that this just served as a cover or pretext, and there probably exists a hidden agenda that is more important for the government than the publicly declared goals. Based on interviews with former politicians, education researchers, advisors and school headmasters we tried to find some of the possible real motives and hidden goals. Although the existence of such goals is impossible to prove exactly, we found several circumstances that may substantiate their existence.

Education is a basic human category and need. Man is born without any knowledge and experience, and in the process of upbringing and education, he needs to realize himself as an autonomous being. Therefore, it is the task of participants and creators of educational policies to provide methods to achieve this goal. Also, it is necessary to provide a competent teacher who will be able to ensure the fulfillment of educational intentions. Education is dealt with by philosophy and pedagogy. Pedagogy deals with specific issues related to education, and philosophy, within the framework of the philosophy of education, deals with phenomena related to education and educational practice, approaching holistically. In this paper, we will present certain educational attitudes from antiquity, the pragmatist theory of J. Dewey, and indicate which competencies a teacher should possess in modern teaching.

En aquest article analitzem la política lingüística en dos països que compten amb diverses llengües oficials, Suïssa i Sud-àfrica, i en els quals el paper de la llengua anglesa ha evolucionat respecte a les llengües "nacionals" locals des de la dècada de 1990. Ens centrem en la política lingüística com a manifestació de les lluites socials i, fent especial èmfasi en l’anglès, estudiem els documents polítics actuals en aquests dos contextos tan diferents. L’ús de la “neutralitat” com a lent analítica ens permet demostrar que la política lingüística va més enllà dels plans d’estudi i de la inclusió o exclusió de les llengües i, al seu lloc, neutralitza les idees socials que estan en consonància amb la concepció d’un futur “d’èxit” en una conjuntura sociohistòrica determinada. Per acabar, reflexionem sobre la neutralitat com a component de les ideologies lingüístiques, en virtut de les quals s’autoritzen llengües específiques per a objectius polítics contingents i canviants, cosa que té conseqüències com ara la inclusió en la política educativa o l’exclusió de la política educativa de determinades llengües i la distribució desigual del coneixement, els recursos i l’autoritat.

This paper illustrates the important contribution of Italian university musicology to the training of future music educators, emphasizing the formative role of the history of music (or musics) not only for future musicians or musicologists, but for the training of all students. It also highlights some problematic aspects of the current regulatory framework for the teaching of music history.