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Background Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) is an effective treatment for allergic rhinoconjunctivitis (AR) with or without asthma. It is important to note that due to the complex interaction between patient, allergy triggers, symptomatology and vaccines used for AIT, some patients do not respond optimally to the treatment. Furthermore, there are no validated or generally accepted candidate biomarkers that are predictive of the clinical response to AIT. Clinical management of patients receiving AIT and efficacy in randomised controlled trials for drug development could be enhanced by predictive biomarkers. Method The EAACI taskforce reviewed all candidate biomarkers used in clinical trials of AR patients with/without asthma in a literature review. Biomarkers were grouped into seven domains: (i) IgE (total IgE, specific IgE and sIgE/Total IgE ratio), (ii) IgG-subclasses (sIgG1, sIgG4 including SIgE/IgG4 ratio), (iii) Serum inhibitory activity for IgE (IgE-FAB and IgE-BF), (iv) Basophil activation, (v) Cytokines and Chemokines, (vi) Cellular markers (T regulatory cells, B regulatory cells and dendritic cells) and (vii) In vivo biomarkers (including provocation tests?). Results All biomarkers were reviewed in the light of their potential advantages as well as their respective drawbacks. Unmet needs and specific recommendations on all seven domains were addressed. Conclusions It is recommended to explore the use of allergen-specific IgG4 as a biomarker for compliance. sIgE/tIgE and IgE-FAB are considered as potential surrogate candidate biomarkers. Cytokine/chemokines and cellular reponses provided insight into the mechanisms of AIT. More studies for confirmation and interpretation of the possible association with the clinical response to AIT are needed.

Aim NADPH oxidases are important sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Several Nox homologues are present together in the vascular system but whether they exhibit crosstalk at the activity level is unknown. To address this, vessel function of knockout mice for the cytosolic Nox organizer proteins p47phox, NoxO1 and a p47phox-NoxO1-double knockout were studied under normal condition and during streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Results In the mouse aorta, mRNA expression for NoxO1 was predominant in smooth muscle and endothelial cells, whereas p47phox was markedly expressed in adventitial cells comprising leukocytes and tissue resident macrophages. Knockout of either NoxO1 or p47phox resulted in lower basal blood pressure. Deletion of any of the two subunits also prevented diabetes-induced vascular dysfunction. mRNA expression analysis by MACE (Massive Analysis of cDNA ends) identified substantial gene expression differences between the mouse lines and in response to diabetes. Deletion of p47phox induced inflammatory activation with increased markers of myeloid cells and cytokine and chemokine induction. In contrast, deletion of NoxO1 resulted in an attenuated interferon gamma signature and reduced expression of genes related to antigen presentation. This aspect was also reflected by a reduced number of circulating lymphocytes in NoxO1-/- mice. Innovation and conclusion ROS production stimulated by NoxO1 and p47phox limit endothelium-dependent relaxation and maintain blood pressure in mice. However, NoxO1 and p47phox cannot substitute each other despite their similar effect on vascular function. Deletion of NoxO1 induced an anti-inflammatory phenotype, whereas p47phox deletion rather elicited a hyper-inflammatory response., Graphical abstract fx1

The decay resistance of European (Populus tremula L.) and hybrid (P. tremula x tremuloides) aspen wood against brown-rot fungi was investigated after three different treatments, i.e. conventional drying, press drying and heat treatment. For both aspen species, the mass loss after exposure to Gloeophyllum trabeum was higher than after exposure to Coniophora puteana, regardless of the wood treatment. Conventionally and press dried aspen wood had similar mass losses. However, heat treatment appears to be an effective method to improve the decay resistance of aspen wood, reducing the mass loss by about 30% compared with conventional and press drying. As a function of mass loss, wood exposed to G. trabeum had lower moisture content than wood exposed to C. puteana. This is thought to be due to differences in the degradation pattern between the two brown-rot fungi. On the other hand, European aspen appears to be slightly more resistant to decay than hybrid aspen.

International audience; Surface coating and bulk treatment of wood are two effective measures which can, individually or conjointly, protect exterior wood from deterioration. This paper reports on the blue stain attack in coated wood, untreated and modified with DMDHEU, after six years of natural exposure.

Residues of Bagasse (Saccharum officinarum L.), canola (Brassica napus L.) and hemp (Cannabissativa L.) as well as industrial wood chips in various proportions from 0–100% were used as raw materials for the main component of the middle layer in urea formaldehyde bonded particle boards. peerReviewed

The authors of this paper report on a satellited large acrocentric chromosome showing abnormally lengthened short arms. This chromosome was found in a mongoloid child (GLD-Trisomy), her mother, and the dizygotic twin sister of the mother, both phenotypically normal. The chromosome abnormality may have originated from a duplication of the short arms or from insertion of a piece of another chromosome between the short arms and the satellites. Since the total length of this chromosome exceeds that of the other D’s, a pericentric inversion is improbable. Normal variability and structural heterozygosity coinciding with non-disjunction are discussed.

Hackschnitzel aus fünfjährigem, entrindetem Pappelholz der Klone "Mule-Larsen" (ML), "Scott Pauley" (SP) und "Androscoggin" (AS) eines Standortes wurden nach dem Sulfatverfahren aufgeschlossen. Zum Vergleich wurden Buchenholzhackschnitzel unter den gleichen Bedingungen aufgeschlossen. Aus den ungebleichten Zellstoffen wurden Prüfblätter angefertigt und diese auf ihre physikalisch-technologischen Eigenschaften geprüft. Die Ergebnisse lassen erkennen, daß die Aufschlußbedingungen an den jeweiligen Klon angepaßt werden müssen, da sich Pappelholz unterschiedlicher Klone in der morphologischen und chemischen Zusammensetzung unterscheidet. Der Sulfatzellstoff des Klones "Androscoggin" hatte die höchsten Festigkeiten, aber die niedrigste Ausbeute. Dies ist vermutlich darauf zurückzuführen, daß dieser Zellstoff stark heruntergekocht wurde. Bei geringerer Aufschlußdauer wurden die Ausbeute und die Festigkeiten des Zellstoffes deutlich erhöht. Die Fortreißfestigkeit und die Reißlänge der aus Pap pel- und Buchensulfatzellstoffen hergestellten Prüfblätter sind ähnlich. Dagegen sind die Falz- und Berstfestigkeiten, der Weißgrad und das Wasserrückhaltevermögen der Pappelsulfatzellstoffe höher als die eines aus Buchenholz unter gleichen Bedinungen hergestellten Sulfatzellstoffes.

Background Introgression of a quantitative trait locus (QTL) by successive backcrosses is used to improve elite lines (recurrent parent) by introducing alleles from exotic material (donor parent). In the absence of selection, the proportion of the donor genome decreases by half at each generation. However, since selection is for the donor allele at the QTL, elimination of the donor genome around that QTL will be much slower than in the rest of the genome (i.e. linkage drag). Using markers to monitor the genome around the QTL and in the genetic background can accelerate the return to the recurrent parent genome. Successful introgression of a locus depends partly on the occurrence of crossovers at favorable positions. However, the number of crossovers per generation is limited and their distribution along the genome is heterogeneous. Recently, techniques have been developed to modify these two recombination parameters. Results In this paper, we assess, by simulations in the context of Brassicaceae, the effect of increased recombination on the efficiency of introgression programs by studying the decrease in linkage drag and the recovery of the recurrent genome. The simulated selection schemes begin by two generations of foreground selection and continue with one or more generations of background selection. Our results show that, when the QTL is in a region that initially lacked crossovers, an increase in recombination rate can decrease linkage drag by nearly ten-fold after the foreground selection and improves the return to the recurrent parent. However, if the QTL is in a region that is already rich in crossovers, an increase in recombination rate is detrimental. Conclusions Depending on the recombination rate in the region targeted for introgression, increasing it can be beneficial or detrimental. Thus, the simulations analysed in this paper help us understand how an increase in recombination rate can be beneficial. They also highlight the best methods that can be used to increase recombination rate, depending on the situation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12711-021-00619-0.

The paper addresses the military-administrative activities of Constantius Gallus, a nephew of Emperor Constantius II (337–361), who administered the Late Roman Empire’s eastern provinces from 351 to 354 on behalf of Constantius II, holding the title of caesar. Constantius Gallus’ military policies in the east has been studied against the background of Greek and Latin sources along with the Talmudic texts written in Hebrew (in translations into modern Western European languages). This paper is aimed at the analysis of the main directions of Constantius Gallus’ military policy and his reform of the command structure of the troops stationed in the Roman provinces in the Near East in the period in question. This study allowed the author to clarify Constantius Gallus’ contribution to the general development of the Late Roman military organization in the eastern provinces of the Empire. The author has researched Constantius Gallus’ military polices by three topics: the struggle against the Persians in Syria and Mesopotamia; the military campaign against the rebellious Jews in Palestine; and the struggle against the Arab invaders into Arabia Petraea in 353. The research of these issues allows the author to conclude that, in his works, Constantius Gallus followed the separation of powers principle: he did not command the troops, neither he personally conducted military operations or interfered into the course of combat operations. He followed a simpler task of creating the mechanisms providing coordinated relations between commanders of expeditionary and frontier troops, coordinating joint actions of the commanders, and keeping conditions for effective collaboration of different kinds of troops.

The life and career of Arturo Mezzedimi are the rare tale of an immigrant who conquered the main stage of his adoptive motherland. This paper reconstructs the trajectory of a young technical surveyor who became the semi-official architect of Ethiopia’s last emperor, Haile Selassie. From his apprenticeship in Asmara’s Italian bourgeois society to the construction of “Selassie’s gifts” to Eritrea, Mezzedimi reached the highest levels of achievement, building the Africa Hall and the United Nations headquarters in Africa, and shaping the modern face of Addis Ababa as the moral capital of a continent. The paper reassesses Mezzedimi as a cosmopolitan global expert with a gift for interpreting Haile Selassie’s ambitions to mix European modernity and resilient Ethiopian traditions. This process of cross-pollination led the Italian architect to interpret Ethiopian millennial history and future aspirations while acquiring a self-taught professionalism that allowed him to design and build more than 250 constructions at an impressive pace of hyper-production. Leben und Werk Arturo Mezzedimis sind Stoff der seltenen Geschichte eines Einwanderers, der es in seiner Wahlheimat zu höchstem Ansehen brachte. Der Artikel zeichnet den Lebensweg eines jungen technischen Gutachters nach, der später zum halboffiziellen Hofarchitekten des letzten Kaisers von Äthiopien, Haile Selassie, avancierte. Von seiner Lehre in den bürgerlichen italienischen Kreisen Asmaras bis zum Bau von „Selassies Geschenken“ an Eritrea erzielte Mezzedimi Höchstleistungen: er baute die Africa Hall und den Sitz der Vereinten Nationen in Afrika und verlieh Addis Abeba als moralischer Hauptstadt eines ganzen Kontinents ihr modernes Antlitz. Der Beitrag bewertet Mezzedimi erstmals als kosmopolitischen, weltweiten Experten, dem es gegeben war, Haile Selassies Ambitionen mit europäischer Moderne und beständigen äthiopischen Traditionen in Einklang zu bringen. Angeregt durch diesen gegenseitigen Befruchtungsprozess interpretierte der italienische Architekt sowohl die tausendjährige Geschichte als auch die Zukunftsziele Äthiopiens und erwarb dabei autodidaktisch eine Professionalität, die ihn dazu befähigte, in einem atemberaubenden Tempo extremer Produktivität über 250 Bauten zu entwerfen und zu errichten. La vida y la carrera de Arturo Mezzedimi son el relato inusual de un inmigrante que ocupó la primera fila en su país de adopción. Este artículo traza la trayectoria de un joven ingeniero técnico que se convierte en el arquitecto semioficial del último emperador de Etiopía, Hailé Sélassié. Desde su aprendizaje en el seno de la sociedad burguesa italiana de Asmara a la construcción de los «regalos de Sélassié» a Eritrea, Mezzedimi conoció un éxito vertiginoso, construyendo el Africa Hall o la sede de Naciones Unidas en África y dando a Addis Abeba un aspecto digno de su estatus de capital moral del continente africano. Este artículo reevalúa la contribución de Mezzedimi, un experto cosmopolita de proyección mundial capaz de dar forma a las ambiciones de Hailé Sélassié aspirando a integrar modernidad europea y milenarias tradiciones etíopes. Este proceso fecundo de intercambios empujó al arquitecto italiano a interpretar el largo pasado histórico de Etiopía y las ambiciones futuras del país, haciendo prueba de una profesionalidad de autodidacta que dio lugar a un arquitecto de una hiperproductividad impresionante, con más de 250 actuaciones. La vie et la carrière d’Arturo Mezzedimi offrent un récit rare, celui d’un immigré ayant occupé le devant de la scène de son pays adoptif. Cet article retrace la trajectoire d’un jeune géomètre qui devint l’architecte semi-officiel du dernier empereur d’Éthiopie, Hailé Sélassié. De son apprentissage au sein de la société bourgeoise italienne d’Asmara à la construction des « cadeaux de Sélassié » à l’Érythrée, Mezzedimi a connu un succès vertigineux, construisant le Africa Hall et le siège des Nations Unies en Afrique et donnant à Addis Abeba un aspect digne de son statut de capitale morale du continent africain. Cet article réévalue la contribution de Mezzedimi, un expert cosmopolite d’envergure mondiale capable de donner forme aux ambitions d’Hailé Sélassié visant à combiner la modernité européenne avec les traditions éthiopiennes ancestrales. Ce processus fécond d’échanges poussa l’architecte italien à interpréter l’histoire millénaire de l’Éthiopie et les ambitions futures du pays. Bien qu’autodidacte, son travail est celui d’un professionnel confirmé et d’une productivité impressionnante, puisqu’il est l’auteur de plus de de 250 réalisations. La vita e la carriera di Arturo Mezzedimi raccontano la singolare storia di un immigrato che si è conquistato un posto di primo piano nel suo paese adottivo. Questo articolo ricostituisce il percorso di un giovane geometra, divenuto architetto semi ufficiale dell’ultimo imperatore etiope Hailé Selassié. Dal tirocinio negli ambienti della borghesia italiana di Asmara alla costruzione dei “doni di Selassié” all’Eritrea, Mezzedini riuscì in una straordinaria impresa: progettò l’Africa Hall, sede permanente dell’ONU in Africa e conferì ad Addis Abeba il suo volto moderno di capitale morale del continente. L’articolo rivaluta Mezzedimi come l’esperto cosmopolita che seppe interpretare le ambizioni di Hailé Selassié: unire la modenità europea alle affermate tradizioni etiopi. Un processo di contaminazione che portò l’architetto italiano ad interpretare la storia millenaria dell’Etiopia e le aspirazioni future, acquisendo una professionalità da autodidatta che gli permise di progettare e costruire più di 250 edifici ad un ritmo impressionante.

This paper examines Edith Wharton's Ethan Frome as a work depicting the female confinement/entrapment in traditional roles, as well as of the limitations and expectations placed on women who are raised to become nothing more than domestic servants and companions for men in nineteenth-century American society, and also argues that young women, like Mattie Silver, are treated as beautiful objects for the male aesthetic appreciation and whether they are married or not they are expected to conform to the ideals of nineteenth century American womanhood. Set in the fictional New England town of Starkfield, Massachusetts, Ethan Frome tells the story of a taciturn farmer, Ethan Frome, whose dreams and desires end in a tragic way. Neither his wife Zeena Frome nor her distant cousin Mattie Silver is a center of interest in Ethan Frome as they are mostly excluded from the narration. Accordingly, an attractive young woman who has been recently orphaned, Mattie Silver is introduced as a weak, vulnerable person who is forced to move in to help Zeena with the household chores, and she is Financially dependent on the Fromes for existence. This paper further argues that, Mattie's economic dependence has obvious narrative effects as she is not given an individual narrative section or point of view to articulate her own story; instead in the eyes of her admirer, she emerges vividly against the infertility, sickness and ugliness of the older Zeena. In other words, as Gilbert and Gubar (79) contend, Mattie is portrayed as an angel, a charming young woman full of joy and life with a sparkling personality in line with her name as if to justify Ethan's infatuation with her while Zeena is depicted as a monster, a witch or a madwoman., Bu çalışma, Edith Wharton'un Ethan Frome isimli romanını on dokuzuncu yüzyıl Amerikan toplumunda kadınların geleneksel rollere sıkışıp kalmalarının yanı sıra erkeklere hizmet etmek üzere yetiştirildikleri ve yaşamlarını bir dizi kısıtlama ve beklentiler çerçevesinde geçirmek zorunda oluşlarının anlatıldığı bir eser olarak incelemektedir. Ayrıca bu romanın, Mattie Silver gibi genç kadınların erkeklerin estetik beğenisini karşılayan güzel objeler olarak değerlendirildiği ve ister evli ister bekâr olsunlar kadınların on dokuzuncu yüzyıl Amerikan kadınlık kriterlerine/kurallarına uymak zorunda oluşlarını yansıttığı düşünülmektedir. Massachusetts'te Starkfield isimli kurgusal bir New England kasabasında geçen Ethan Frome isimli kısa roman, hayalleri ve arzuları trajik bir şekilde sona eren ketum bir çiftçinin, Ethan Frome'un, hikâyesini anlatır. Romanda ne çiftçinin eşi Zeena Frome ne de eşinin uzak bir akrabası olan Mattie Silver ön plandadır ki zaten anlatıda çoğunlukla yer almazlar. Buna uygun olarak da, yakın zamanda anne ve babası vefat eden Mattie Silver, Zeena'ya ev işlerinde yardımcı olmak üzere Frome çiftliğine gelmek zorunda kalmış, hayatta kalmak için ekonomik olarak Frome'lara bağımlı zayıf, korunmasız bir kişi olarak tanıtılır. İlaveten, bu çalışma, kendi hikayesini aktarabileceği bir bakış açısına ya da ayrı bir bölüme sahip olmadığı için Mattie'nin ekonomik bağımlılığının romanın anlatısında gözle görünen etkileri olduğunu savunur: kendi hikayesini anlatmak yerine, hayranının gözünde adeta kendisinden çok daha yaşlı Zeena'nın kısırlığı, hastalıklı hali ve çirkinliğini ön plana çıkarırcasına vücut bulur. Diğer bir değişle, Gilbert ve Gubar'ın (79) kavramlaştırmasına uygun olarak, adı belirsiz erkek anlatıcı, Ethan'ın Mattie'ye olan yasak aşkını haklı çıkarmaya çalışırcasına Mattie'yi bir melek, neşe ve hayat dolu, Silver (Gümüş) soyadına uygun olarak göz alıcı bir kişilikte, genç bir kadın olarak tasvir ederken, Zeena'yı ise bir canavar, cadı ve hatta deli bir kadın olarak gösterir.

In his portentous article “Logic and Conversation” (1975), British linguist and philosopher, Paul Grice, shows that prudence and intellect empower human kind in an obliging way to successfully generate messages that are sent via conversational implicatures. If this notion is strictly observed by translators, it would transpire that letters on paper have a deeper meaning and several strata hidden from a cursory glance. Text becomes a palimpsest of intended messages, each laden with implicature upon implicature. In such a concoction of callings, the translator progresses into a plenipotentiary judge of meanings, sending some to oblivion while bestowing preeminence upon others. It is this dichotomist facet of the translation process that this paper aims to explore, taking a broad, wide-ranging approach to the common, underpinning cultural issues, while at the same time observing their specific manifestations in the two subject languages: English and Serbian.

The scientific heritage of the Romanian arachnologist Alexandru Roşca (publications, spider collection, and described species) was surveyed. For almost 40 years Alexandru Roşca studied the spiders from territories that are now parts of Romania, Ukraine, Bulgaria, and Moldova. Despite political repression, Roşca made a significant contribution to the study of the spiders of Romania and bordering countries, reflected in his 19 papers including the Ph.D. thesis. A complete list of Roşca’s papers is presented. The ‘Alexandru Roşca’ spider collection is deposited in the Grigore Antipa National Museum of Natural History (Bucharest, Romania). According to the register it includes 596 species (1526 specimens) of spiders. Part of the collection was revised by different scientists and later by the present authors. During the period 1931–1939, Roşca described 13 spider species. To date, five species names have been synonymised. We propose that six species should be treated as nomina dubia because of their poor descriptions and lack of availability of types and/or other specimens. For two of Roşca’s species, Pardosa roscai (Roewer, 1951) and Tetragnatha reimoseri (Roşca, 1939), data and figures are presented and information on them is updated.

The following introductory seminar paper fans out the perception of Emperor Francis Joseph I. and his reign in two regions of the Cisleithanian part of the k.u.k. Monarchy at the dawn of the 20th century. In this closing epoch of the Empire, the perceptions of the relationship between the Emperor and his various german-speaking peoples can be reflected exemplarily by articles published in occasion of the emperor���s birthday on August 18th; the Czernowitzer Allgemeine Zeitung and the Neue Freie Presse reveal an interesting insight to the contemporary reception of the dying Monarchy and this emperor, who seemed to stiffen in his function in order to protect the declining glow of his family���s heritage ��� an attitude which was laid out in heroizing as well as critical views, as this paper will show hereafter., historia.scribere, iss. 10, p. 13

Die Arbeit gliedert sich in einen fachwissenschaftlichen und einen fachdidaktischen Teil. Im fachwissenschaftlichen Teil erlangt die Leserin bzw. der Leser einen grundlegenden Überblick über die Evolution der Pilze in die Gruppen Chytridiomycota, Glomeromycota, Basidiomycota und Ascomycota, und die Morphologie der Pilze, wobei hier besonders in Hut, Stiel und Fruchtschicht gegliederte Fruchtkörper berücksichtigt werden. Dann folgt sowohl eine Vorstellung der wichtigsten Hyphentypen, als auch eine Darstellung der geschlechtlichen Fortpflanzung eines Pilzes mittels Sporen. Es wird eine Einführung in die Ernährung der Pilze gegeben, wobei besonders die Ektomykorrhiza, die Arbuskuläre Mykorrhiza, die saprobiontische und die parasitäre Ernährungsweise betrachtet werden. Im Anschluss werden einige Meilensteine der historischen Bedeutung der Pilze für den Menschen von der Steinzeit bis in die Gegenwart vorgestellt. Es werden Grundlagen für den Umgang mit essbaren, giftigen und ungenießbaren Pilzen gelegt und einige Giftwirkungen vorgestellt. Den fachwissenschaftlichen Teil schließt eine Vorstellung von sieben Arten ab, die leicht erkennbar sind und sich für naturwissenschaftlichen Grundschulunterricht eignen. Der darauf folgende fachdidaktische Teil ordnet Pilze zunächst in die Curricula von Rheinland-Pfalz und Baden-Württemberg ein. Im Gegensatz zu Pflanzen und Tieren werden Pilze in den Lehrplänen nie explizit erwähnt. Den Kern des fachdidaktischen Teils stellt eine siebenstündige Unterrichtsreihe, in der Grundschülerinnen und -schülern verschiedene mykologische Phänomene mit Hilfe von Exkursionen, Kurzvorträgen, Spielen und Versuchen erklärt und erfahrbar gemacht werden. Inhaltlich baut sich die vorgeschlagene Unterrichtsreihe aus einer Pilzexkursion einer damit einhergehenden Orientierung im Thema, einer Unterrichtsstunde über Aufbau und Fortpflanzung der Pilze, einer Stunde zur Ökologie und einer zu Speise- und Giftpilzen auf. Weiterhin wird durch die Konzipierung eines individuellen Pilzbuches die Artenkenntnis ausgebaut und zuletzt eine Unterrichtsstunde über das Färben von Wolle oder Seide mittels Pilzen vorgestellt. Der Ausblick stellt eine engere Vernetzung zwischen Pilzexpertinnen und -experten mit Grundschullehrerinnen und Grundschullehrern in den Fokus und skizziert weiteren Forschungsbedarf zu mykologischer Fachdidaktik. (Autor), The paper is divided into a mycological and a didactical part about fungi in elementary school. The mycological scientific part introduces the reader into the fungal evolution specially the groups Chytridiomycota, Glomeromycota, Basidiomycota and Ascomycota, followed the morphology of fruit bodys, structured in stipe, cap and sporophore. Afterwards an introduction into types of hyphae and the sexual reproduction of fungi via spores is given. Another topic of the paper is the fungal nutrition through ectomycorrhizal, arbuscular mycorhizal, saprotrophic, parasitic way as well. The historical importance of fungi for humans from Stone Age until nowadays and basics about the dealings with eatable and poisonous mushrooms as well as information about effects of some fungal poisons will be presented. The mycological part will be closed with the presentation of seven fungal species, which are easy to determine and mean a valuable impulse for scientific elementary school classes. The didactical part will be opened with an insight the subject of fungi in the curriculum of Rhineland-Palatinate and Baden-Wuerttemberg. Although animals and plants are a crucial part of the curriculum, mushrooms are never explicit mentioned. The crux of the didactical part is an exemplary teaching unit, which will intodruce pupils into fungi via excursions, short-lectures made by the pupils themselfes, games and experiments. After the excursion and the overview about fungi in the first lesson, the second one gives information about the structure and reproduction of fungi, then follows a lesson about ecology, and one about eatable and poisonous mushrooms. In the next lesson, the pupils create their own individual fungal book, to increases their knowledge of species. The teaching unit will be closed with the dyeing of silk scarfs with fungi. In the prospect the paper demands a closer exchange between fungi experts and elementary school teachers and addictional research in mycological didactics. (Author)

Contributions to Anatolian History and Numismatics 11. Eagle omens: Foundations of Cities and Cults at the behest of Zeus This paper deals with a mythological motif that we fairly frequently come across both in ancient literature and on coin images. Unfortunately, in the case of the coins the representation of this motif is mostly overlooked, not recognised or misinterpreted, so that it may be helpful for historians as well as for numismatists to take another look at such coins. The motif in question is linked with the foundation of cities: an eagle sent by Zeus swoops down from heaven, robs some sacrificial meat or bones burning on an altar and carries its prey away to a place, where Zeus wants a city to be founded by the very man who is offering the sacrifice. The motif of an eagle purloining sacrificial meat is very old; evidence for it takes us back to the times of the Greek poet Archilochos who may have got knowledge about it from Aesop's fables, which have their roots partly in Near Eastern traditions. The use of the motif in connection with the establishment of a city, however, was particularly used in the Hellenistic epoch. In some way or other the founding of Alexandria near Egypt by Alexander the Great may have been the model, after which elsewhere similar stories were formed and came into circulation. Local legendry traditions of Alexandria, which may have come up already in Alexander's lifetime, tell us the story that Alexander was led by an eagle stealing sacrificial meat to a place, where, since time immemorial, Serapis had been venerated. With the establishment of this cult the founding of Alexandria was complete: the city had got its tutelary god. A similar story about the foundation of the city, probably unhistorical, emerged in Alexandria Troas. An eagle, strangely enough sent not by Zeus but by the local god Apollo Smintheus, guided Alexander to the place where he established this Alexandria. An eagle perching on thigh bones of a sacrificial animal is depicted on coins of the Phrygian cities of Blaundos and Amorion. This shows for sure that local lore associates the founding of these cities with the appearance of Zeus' eagle. In both cases Alexander the Great may be the founder of these cities, but this cannot be proved definitively. The example of Alexander the Great was soon after used for mythical stories about the establishment of cities by Seleucid kings. There are literal traditions reflected by coins that Antiocheia in Syria, its harbour Seleukeia Pieria and the nearby Laodikeia were founded by king Seleukos I, who was guided by Zeus' eagle to the right places. In the case of Laodikeia this mythological motif was combined with that of a city foundation after a successful hunt: after having slain a huge boar, Seleukos was led by an eagle and founded this harbour town. Also, the citizens of Antiocheia in Caria used the eagle motif to claim that their city, established by king Antiochos I, was founded at the behest of Zeus. The Hellenistic kings of Bithynia, too, made intensive use of such tales. King Nikomedes I founded his new residence town of Nikomedeia with the guidance of an eagle sent by a Zeus and of a snake, the sacred animal of Demeter. The corn goddess was the mistress of the area, where the new city was founded. Prusa near Mount Olympos was established by King Prusias I, after a successful hunt and an eagle portent. Perhaps already in Hellenistic times some cities, not founded by kings but by heroes, also made use of this eagle motif. One of them is Aphrodisias in Caria, whose local tradition about its establishment by the Assyrian king Ninos after an eagle portent, occurs only on scupltural reliefs, but can be clearly understood with the help of the parallel traditions discussed here. The city coinage of the small Lycian city of Arykanda reflects a foundation story, according to which the two eponymous heroes Arys and Kandys succeeded in taking a boar. When the two heroes were offering its head as a sacrifice, an eagle stole it and took it to the place where these two warriors founded Arykanda and named it after themselves. The use of the eagle story also has a very long tradition in Byzantion. The local legends record a myth about the foundation of Byzantion by the Thracian hero Byzas, who was led by an eagle to a rocky place, where he should found a new city. Previously the eagle had robbed the heart of Byzas's sacrificial animal. A city coin, that shows the head of Byzas on its obverse, depicts this eagle sitting on the rocks of soon-to-be Byzantion on its reverse. This coin was minted in the time of Caracalla, who became a ‹New Byzasâ€o by his support for the mutilated and humilated city. Later on the eagle motif was used for Constantine's foundation of Constantinople. Finally, an example from the small Peloponnesian town of Kleonai reminds us that the eagle myth was also circulating in the Greek motherland. In conclusion, this paper discusses the question what these mythic tales were used for and how Greek city-founders combined or blended rational and mythic thought with each other.

Marie Antoinette of France and Maria Carolina of Naples, both consorts, contributed to a flourishing of matronage, reproducing conceptions of royal femininity that embraced both the private and public roles they were expected to fulfil. However, while the political role of the first Queen has been largely reconsidered, her sister Maria Carolina has not yet been adjudicated impartially. This is somewhat curious, because Maria Carolina inherited from her sister the same disregard towards the Revolution and this, as perceived by the Jacobins, was duly proposed in their acrimonious criticism of her political role.This paper aims to focus on this criticism, analysing how the charges against Maria Carolina in the post-French revolutionary period, were a political duplication of the Jacobin attacks on Marie Antoinette from 1791 onwards. From this point of view, the paper will focus on the portrait of Maria Carolina in 1793 revolutionary Parisby Giuseppe Gorani, an Italian Jacobin noble. His Mémoires Secrets – where Maria Carolina was represented as a wicked woman in the same terms previously employed to denounce her sister Marie Antoinette by the French Republicans – was well known across Italy. This subject dominated the main pamphlets and brochures published in Naples in 1799, during the brief duration of the Neapolitan Republic, because it legitimised the rebellion against the monarchy. After the fall of the Neapolitan Republic, the political attacks on Maria Carolina continued likewise in France, where many Neapolitan patriots were obliged to flee. Analysing Giuseppe Gorani’s Mémoires we gather that the portrait of Marie Antoinette’s sister was painted according to the main stereotypes of French revolutionary political culture.

The aim of this paper is to outline a genealogy of the concept of Lebensraum. It will focus on the way that Darwinian evolutionary thought was translated into 19th Century German geography, particularly in the work of Friedrich Ratzel and his formulation of the concept of Lebensraum. The paper argues that the Ratzelian Lebensraum must be viewed as a concept aimed towards a synthesis between biogeography and anthropogeography. The paper will also trace how the Ratzelian Lebensraum came to play a vital part in Rudolf Kjellén's later formulation of an organic theory of the state. Here the paper will focus specifically on Kjellén's organic taxonomy of the political system. The paper will end with a short discussion on the synthetic aspects of the Lebensraum concept, focusing on the seemingly divergent ways that the Lebensraum concept was mobilised within National socialist ideology and planning.

Die Arbeitsrinder waren die zahlreichsten Arbeitstiere überhaupt, in einer Gesellschaft, die in hohem Masse von der Arbeit der Tiere abhängig war. Die Pferde waren wohl leistungsfähiger, weil sie täglich länger arbeiten konnten als die meisten Rinder. Dafür war die Rinderarbeit wegen der vielseitigen anderen Nutzung und der vorherrschenden Haltung der Tiere in Familienwirtschaften konkurrenzlos billig.

This paper reports the characterization of 82 amphorae fragments discovered in archaeological contexts at Tropaeum Traiani (Adamclisi, Constanţa County, Romania), in Sector A (north of the Basilica A), from 2005 to 2016, dated between the 4th– 6th centuries AD, in an attempt to understand the consumption and circulation of different commodities, as well as the trade connections of this settlement from the Lower Danube with the rest of the Roman world during the Late Antiquity period. The 82 fragments of Late Roman amphorae presented in this study belong to an assemblage including a total number of 283 amphorae fragments. The ceramic material is divided into 15 types, subtypes and variants of amphorae. The statistics based on the entire amphorae assemblage show the predominance of LRA 2 (38%) and LRA 1 (33%), while LRA 3 is less represented. The imports of olive oil represent 76% of the total imports, while wine only 24%., În încercarea de a înțelege consumul și circulația diferitelor mărfuri, precum și legăturile comerciale ale așezării de la Tropaeum Traiani (Adamclisi, județul Constanța, România), de la Dunărea de Jos cu restul lumii romane în perioada antică târzie, un lot de 82 de fragmente de amfore descoperite în diverse contexte arheologice în această aşezare, în sectorul A (la nord de Basilica A), între anii 2005– 2016, datate între secolele IV– VI d. Hr. este analizat în articolul de față. Cele 82 de fragmente de amfore romane târzii prezentate în acest studiu aparțin unui ansamblu care include un număr total de 283 de fragmente de amfore. Materialul ceramic este împărțit în 15 tipuri, subtipuri și variante de amfore. Statisticile bazate pe întregul ansamblu de amfore arată predominanța tipurilor LRA 2 (38%) și LRA 1 (33%), în timp ce LRA 3 este mai puțin reprezentat. Importurile de ulei de măsline reprezintă 76% din totalul importurilor, iar cele de vin doar 24%., Grigoraș Bianca, Panaite Adriana. The Late Roman Amphorae from Tropaeum Traiani, Sector A (north of the Basilica A), 2005–2016. In: Materiale şi cercetãri arheologice (Serie nouã), N°17 2021. pp. 87-114.

Biology is the most extensive field in the Corpus Aristotelicum. In his fundamental work De anima, Aristotle tries to fix the borders of this life science. The term ψυχή has a twofold explanatory status. On the one hand, ψυχή is understood as a principle of all living beings. On the other hand, it is understood as a cause of the fact that all living beings are alive. The paper is divided into three sections. (1) The first part shows why Aristotle discusses these issues in a work entitled Περὶ ψυχῆς. Since Pythagoras and Heraclitus, ψυχή was understood as a life principle: Pythagoras believed that men, animals and plants share the same nature: they are all ἔμψυχα and they are homogenous qua ψυχή. (2) The second part of this article deals with Aristotle’s definition of the soul in DA II: ψυχή is the principle of all living things. This establishes (i) the external criteria to divide living and non-living beings and (ii) the internal criteria to divide living beings. (3) The third part of this paper is concerned with the methodological consequences of this definition: the life functions (δυνάμεις τῆς ψυχῆς) are the central explanandum in Aristotle’s biology. De anima II defines such various life-functions as nourishment, sense-perception and locomotion. These capacities contour the main fields of the philosopher’s biological investigation. For Aristotle, the faculty of reproduction is a subtype of nourishment. Reproduction is the most important and most natural function of all living beings. Genetics is, therefore, the most important field in Aristotle’s biology.

This paper examines the tradition about Bias of Priene, one of the Seven Wise Men of Greece about whom many stories were told, his background and the meaning of his name. In the absence of reliable historical sources, testimonia mostly come from a variety of disparate sources compiled in Hellenistic times or later and we may only suppose that local anecdotes, proverbs and short sayings reflect historical events. The paper provides detailed treatment of the several conflicting traditions about Bias of Priene. Nevertheless, the surviving biographical information about Bias point to the period of the reign of King Croesus and the Persian conquest of Asia Minor (ca. 560–540 BC), as the best time of his political activity. For this reason he might be designated as the sixth-century philosopher and statesman who was a generation younger than most others from among the Seven Sages (e.g. Solon of Athens, Thales of Miletus, Pittacus of Mytilene, Periander of Corinth). In the second part of the paper the possible meaning of the name Bias has been examined. This name as a personal name was almost certainly taken from the heroic repertoire of Greek names with an intention of connecting Bias’s family, who obviously belonged to the aristocracy of Priene, with the world of heroes, and through them, with the world of gods. The most famous mythical bearer of the name Bias was the hero Bias, the son of Amythaon and the brother of the legendary seer and healer Melampus. This Bias married Pero, the daughter of Neleus, the founder of Pylos in Messenia, and he had with her glorious offspring, before he settled in Argos. The choice of that heroic name as a personal name in the family of the wise Prienian might not be by chance, and it can be best explained with possible Neleid and Messenian connections generally existing among the local aristocracy in the Ionian poleis of the Archaic period. These connections were quite expected because the Neleids were ubiquitous in foundation myths throughout the Ionian East. Moreover, Messenian associations about Bias of Priene were preserved in the strange story on the Messenian maidens (Diog. Laert. I 82), obviously not well understood by later tradition. This story could allude to an alleged Neleid and Messenian background of the Bias’s family. The existence of the Bias River in Messenia also indicates that the personal name Bias could have been perceived by the Greeks as a good Messenian and Neleid name.

It is now nearly a year and a half since the journal Genetics Selection Evolution (GSE) is published as an open access journal and it is time for an update on its activity and to share some changes on the editorial board. Comparing statistics between 2008 and 2009 provides some initial indication on the consequences of the "Open Access" conversion. The total number of manuscripts submitted in 2008/2009 was similar i.e. 98/93. Except for manuscripts originating from China (22 in 2008/12 in 2009), there was little variation between 2008 and 2009: origin and number of manuscripts were quite stable with a large range of origins concentrating over Norway (8 in 2008/10 in 2009), USA (8/9), the Netherlands(7/10), France (7/8), Spain (6/5), Australia (3/6), UK (3/4), Germany (2/4) and Italy (1/4). Thus, in 2009 introduction of an author pay charge (APC) had little effect. The total number of manuscripts published was higher in 2009 (54) than in 2008 (40), which is partly due to the success of the call for sponsored papers in spring 2008 to promote new Open Access GSE i.e. eight sponsored papers were published. The increase in number of published papers is made possible by the fact that with the Open Access online model, there is no restriction in page number as before with the paper version. Over 2008 and 2009, the number of submissions per field was as follows: methodological and quantitative genetics (25 in 2008/37 in 2009), applied and experimental genetics (25/29), population genetics and genetic diversity (24/12), molecular genetics (16/7) and others (8/8). Thus, about three quarters of the submitted manuscripts concerned in equal proportions methodological, applied and population genetics in 2008 while in 2009, we observed a clear increase in manuscripts dealing with methodological and quantitative genetics and a clear decrease in manuscripts on genetic diversity. Clearly, GSE is established as a journal specialized on the quantitative and applied aspects of genetics and selection in farm animals. GSE works with many peer reviewers all experts in their own field. Thorough peer reviewing is essential to guaranty the quality and the relevance of the papers published in GSE. We are well aware that reviewing manuscripts is a heavy and time-consuming task and we are grateful to all the referees for supporting GSE in this way. We have decided to go further and to offer referees, sending back their review on time, a 20% discount on author pay charge if they publish an article in Genetics Selection Evolution. This offer will hold for a year after submission of the review. Another change is the possibility for referees to upload an attached file with their evaluation report, which is useful in cases where special symbols and mathematical equations are necessary. Over 2009 and 2010, several changes have taken place on the editorial board: - (1) three associate editors Andre Eggen (Jouy-en-Josas, France), Catherine Montchamp-Moreau (Gif-sur-Yvette, France) and Miguel Perez-Enciso (Bellatera, Spain) have retired from the editorial board and we thank them warmly for their active collaboration with the journal during many years - (2) seven new associate editors have joined us bringing their expertise in their respective fields of interest: ▪ Paolo Ajmone-Marsan (Piacenza, Italy): animal molecular genetics applied to the investigation of genetic diversity and to the identification of genes and QTL controlling economic traits ▪ Armando Caballero (Vigo, Spain): strategies for controlling rates of inbreeding in selection and conservation programs, genetic variability in natural populations, estimation of mutational parameters in quantitative traits and their evolutionary consequences ▪ Mario Calus (Lelystad, The Netherlands): statistical and quantitative genetics, QTL detection, genomic selection, genomic breeding value estimation ▪ Christa Kuhn (Dummerstorf, Germany): molecular bovine genetics, QTL identification, association of polymorphism with breeding traits ▪ Ricardo Pong-Wong (Edinburgh, UK): statistical and quantitative genetics, marker assisted selection, inbreeding ▪ Alain Vignal (Castanet-Tolosan, France): avian molecular genetics, QTL detection, genome mapping ▪ Lusheng Huang (Jiangxi, P.R. China): pig genetics and genomics, QTL analysis for production traits. Last but not least, a new executive co-editor for GSE! After four and a half years as scientific and now executive editor of GSE, Philippe Baret will step down from this position to devote more time to his research and academic activities. Over the period, he has been actively involved in all the editorial decisions of GSE and especially in the successful adventure of moving GSE to Open Access. It has been a great pleasure to work with Philippe and we thank him for contributing his time and effort to the good management of GSE and for bringing GSE to where it is today. We are pleased to announce that Jack Dekkers from Iowa State University (USA) has agreed to join the editorial board of GSE as our new executive editor. Jack Dekkers is professor of animal breeding and genetics and is internationally recognized for his work on quantitative genetics and animal breeding applied to dairy cattle, swine and poultry. In his own words: "I am excited to join the GSE team because I agree with the philosophy and focus of GSE and hope I can do my part to ensure its continued success". Jack Dekkers will take up his position with GSE from mid-May 2010. We welcome him to the journal and look forward to working with him.

International audience; For the production of spliced veneers the veneers are coated with thin cellulose fleece or special paper layers, and thereby thin composites are generated. This article describes the mechanical properties of such a composite material consisting of 0.35 mm beech ( L.) veneer and a 0.12 mm cellulose fleece bonded with a PVAc adhesive.