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Es hat sich viel getan in der Welt der Schlafmedizin in der Kardiologie, weshalb eine vollwertige Uberarbeitung des Positionspapiers „Schlafmedizin in der Kardiologie“ erforderlich wurde. In der aktuellen neuartigen Version finden sich nicht nur alle verfugbaren Studien, Literaturstellen und Updates zu Pathophysiologie, Diagnostik- und Therapieempfehlungen, sondern auch Ausblicke auf neue Entwicklungen und zukunftige Forschungserkenntnisse. Dieses uberarbeitete Positionspapier gibt Empfehlungen fur Diagnostik und Therapie von Patienten mit kardiovaskularen Erkrankungen mit schlafassoziierten Atmungsstorungen und erteilt daruber hinaus einen fundierten Uberblick uber verfugbare Therapien und Evidenzen, gibt aber ebenso Ratschlage wie mit Komorbiditaten umzugehen ist. Insbesondere enthalt dieses uberarbeitete Positionspapier aktualisierte Stellungnahmen zu schlafassoziierten Atmungsstorungen bei Patienten mit koronarer Herzerkrankung, Herzinsuffizienz, arterieller Hypertonie, aber auch fur Patienten mit Vorhofflimmern. Daruber hinaus finden sich erstmals Empfehlungen zur Telemedizin als eigenes, neues Kapitel. Dieses Positionspapier bietet Kardiologen sowie Arzten in der Behandlung von kardiovaskularen Patienten die Moglichkeit einer evidenzbasierten Behandlung der wachsend bedeutsamen und mit zunehmender Aufmerksamkeit behafteten Komorbiditat schlafassoziierter Atmungsstorungen. Und nicht zuletzt besteht mit diesem neuen Positionspapier eine enge Verknupfung mit dem neuen Curriculum Schlafmedizin der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Kardiologie, weshalb dieses Positionspapier eine Orientierung fur die erworbenen Fahigkeiten des Curriculums im Umgang von kardiovaskularen Patienten mit schlafassoziierten Atmungsstorungen darstellt.

ZusammenfassungDie Digitalisierung im Gesundheitswesen ist für die Rheumatologie eine ebenso große Herausforderung wie für andere medizinische Fachgebiete. Die Deutsche Gesellschaft für Rheumatologie e. V. (DGRh) will diesen Prozess aktiv gestalten und davon profitieren. Mit der Gründung der Kommission Digitale Rheumatologie hat sie ein Gremium geschaffen, das die damit verbundenen Aufgaben bearbeitet, die DGRh zu Fragestellungen berät und sich positioniert. Für die DGRh berührt dies verschiedenste Bereiche der Digitalisierung in Medizin und Rheumatologie. Dieses Positionspapier legt die aktuell von der Kommission bearbeiteten Themengebiete, Entwicklungen und identifizierten Aufgaben dar.

ZusammenfassungHintergrund Die chronische Rhinosinusitis mit Nasenpolypen (CRSwNP) ist eine multifaktorielle entzündliche Erkrankung der nasalen und paranasalen Schleimhaut, der oftmals eine Typ-2-Inflammation zugrunde liegt. Durch die Entwicklung von Biologika, die in diese Entzündungsmechanismen eingreifen können, steht eine neuartige Therapiemöglichkeit zur Verfügung.Methoden Auf Grundlage des aktuellen Wissensstandes zur Immunologie der CRSwNP und der Wirkung von Biologika sowie deren mögliche unerwünschte Wirkungen werden Empfehlungen für die Patienteninformation entwickelt.Ergebnisse Basierend auf der internationalen Literatur und bisherigen Erfahrungen hat ein Expertengremium Empfehlungen für die Patienteninformation und -aufklärung zur Anwendung von Biologika bei CRSwNP entwickelt und auf dieser Grundlage einen Aufklärungsbogen erstellt.Schlussfolgerung Die Information und Einwilligung des Patienten ist vor der Verordnung bzw. Verabreichung von Biologika erforderlich. Das vorliegende Positionspapier enthält wichtige Informationen hierzu und einen Vorschlag für eine Patienteninformation.

Terminal lucidity is a term used in the medical literature to determine the improvement of mental functioning shortly before death, even among patients with serious and long-term disorders. In 19th century, cases of mind clarity recovery shortly before death, were often recognized by doctors and interpreted as a sign of an impending death. In 20th century, the interest in this phenomenon decreased and then, virtually disappear. In recent years, on the wave of publications concerning near death experiences and related events such as the end of life experiences, papers about the improvement of mental functioning shortly before death, exponentially grew and got a new name, terminal lucidity. In this paper, an overview of the available literature is presented to outline the historical, phenomenological and clinical picture of this phenomenon and its possible implications for medical care and future studies.

The objective of the study was to assess the level of patients' need for information about the planned gynecologic surgery. Material and Methods. The number of 173 patients preparing to undergo planned gynecological procedure were qualified for the study. The participation in the survey was entirely voluntary. Each patient was asked to fulfill the survey conducted using the Amsterdam Preoperative Anxiety and Information Scale- APAIS that enables the estimation of the patient’s need for surgery-related information. Furthermore patients’ clinical and demographic data was collected. Results were analyzed using appropriate statistical tools: the Shapiro-Wilk W-test (for distribution of the studied parameters) and the Mann-Whitney U-test (for comparing two independent groups). P value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results. It was shown that premenopausal women have a greater need for information about the planned surgery than postmenopausal patients (p0.05). Conclusions. The high level of the need for information about the planned surgery characterizes premenopausal patients and those operated for the first time.

Introduction: In the last decades, researchers' attention has been focused on cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia. Numerous studies indicate the existence of neurodegenerative deficits in schizophrenia including, but not limited to, motor functions, learning and memory, executive functions, attention, language, spatial skills and general intelligence. Method: A review of available literature on the topic of the past two decades, available in the Pubmed, EBSCO, SCOPUS databases has been made using the keywords: schizophrenia, cognition, early intervention. Results: Cognitive dysfunction is an important feature of the prodromal phase and the first episode of schizophrenia. Researchers have thus proposed to initiate early therapeutic interventions for people with so-called risky mental conditions. The article includes the reference to research on neurocognitive disorders essence in schizophrenia, the definition and review of methods used to identify specific cognitive deficits and issues related to risk of developing psychosis and early therapeutic intervention in high-risk states. Conclusions: Researchers report the importance of detecting cognitive disorders in the early stages of schizophrenia. This broadens the range of therapeutic interventions and enables early intervention in the increased risk of psychosis.

Background Clinical efficacy of pollen allergen immunotherapy has been broadly documented in randomized controlled trials. The underlying clinical endpoints are analysed in seasonal time periods pre-defined on the basis of the background pollen concentration. However, any validated or generally accepted definition from academia or regulatory authorities for this relevant pollen-exposure intensity or period of time (season) is currently not available. Therefore, this Task Force initiative of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) aimed to propose definitions based on expert-consensus. Methods A Task Force of the Immunotherapy and Aerobiology and Pollution Interest Groups of the EAACI reviewed the literature on pollen-exposure in the context of defining relevant time intervals for evaluation of efficacy in allergen immunotherapy trials. Underlying principles in measuring pollen exposure and associated methodological problems and limitations were considered in order to achieve a consensus. Results The Task Force achieved a comprehensive position in defining pollen exposure times for different pollen types. Definitions are presented for ‘pollen season’, ‘high pollen season’ (or ‘Peak pollen period’) and ‘high pollen days’. Conclusion This EAACI position paper provides definitions of pollen exposures for different pollen types for use in Allergen Immunotherapy trials. Their validity as standards remains to be tested in future studies. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

In diesem gemeinsamen Konsensuspapier der Deutschen Rontgengesellschaft und der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Kardiologie werden der MR-physikalische und elektrophysiologische Hintergrund sowie das prozedurale Management fur MR-Untersuchungen von Patienten mit Herzschrittmachern und implantierbaren Kardioverter-Defibrillatoren dargestellt. Es werden detaillierte Handlungsanweisungen bezuglich Indikationsstellung, den spezifischen Untersuchungsbedingungen mit Umprogrammierung des SM/ICD- Systems, Modifikation der MR-Sequenzen und Monitoring gegeben sowie die Verantwortlichkeiten und Aufklarungsnotwendigkeiten zwischen Radiologie und Kardiologie definiert. Ziel ist es, ein Maximum an Patientensicherheit zu gewahrleisten sowie Rechtssicherheit fur die beteiligten Arzte herzustellen, um insgesamt den Zugang von Patienten mit aktiven kardialen Implantaten zu notwendigen MR-Untersuchungen zu verbessern. Die Kernaussagen dieses Konsensus-Papiers sind wie folgt: 1. Konventionelle SM- und ICD-Systeme sind nicht mehr als eine absolute, sondern als eine relative Kontraindikation fur die Durchfuhrung einer MR-Untersuchung anzusehen. Entscheidend bei Indikationsstellung und Untersuchungsdurchfuhrung sind die Abschatzung des individuellen Nutzen/Risiko-Verhaltnisses, eine umfassende Aufklarung uber „off-label use“ und spezifische Risiken, dezidierte SM-/ICD-bezogene und MR-bezogene Sicherheitsmasnahmen zur weitestgehenden Reduzierung dieser Risiken sowie adaquate Monitortechniken wahrend der MR-Untersuchung. 2. Bedingt MR-sichere („MR conditional“) SM- und ICD-Systeme sind fur eine MR-Untersuchung unter dezidierten Rahmenbedingungen getestet und zugelassen. Entscheidend fur die Patientensicherheit sind hier die genaue Kenntnis und die Einhaltung der fur das jeweilige SM/ICD-System spezifischen Nutzungsbedingungen. 3. Das Risiko eines ICD-Patienten wahrend einer MR-Untersuchung ist aufgrund der hoheren elektrophysiologischen Vulnerabilitat des per se strukturell geschadigten Myokards sowie des hoheren Risikos irreversibler Funktionsstorungen konventioneller ICD-Systeme im Vergleich zu SM-Patienten als deutlich hoher einzuschatzen. Die Indikationsstellung zu einer MR-Untersuchung eines ICD-Patienten sollte somit strenger erfolgen und kritisch hinterfragt werden, ob der zu erwartende Nutzen der MR-Untersuchung in einem adaquaten Verhaltnis zum Risiko steht. 4. Die komplexe Thematik erfordert eine enge und abgestimmte Kooperation zwischen Radiologie und Kardiologie.

Background Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) is an effective treatment for allergic rhinoconjunctivitis (AR) with or without asthma. It is important to note that due to the complex interaction between patient, allergy triggers, symptomatology and vaccines used for AIT, some patients do not respond optimally to the treatment. Furthermore, there are no validated or generally accepted candidate biomarkers that are predictive of the clinical response to AIT. Clinical management of patients receiving AIT and efficacy in randomised controlled trials for drug development could be enhanced by predictive biomarkers. Method The EAACI taskforce reviewed all candidate biomarkers used in clinical trials of AR patients with/without asthma in a literature review. Biomarkers were grouped into seven domains: (i) IgE (total IgE, specific IgE and sIgE/Total IgE ratio), (ii) IgG-subclasses (sIgG1, sIgG4 including SIgE/IgG4 ratio), (iii) Serum inhibitory activity for IgE (IgE-FAB and IgE-BF), (iv) Basophil activation, (v) Cytokines and Chemokines, (vi) Cellular markers (T regulatory cells, B regulatory cells and dendritic cells) and (vii) In vivo biomarkers (including provocation tests?). Results All biomarkers were reviewed in the light of their potential advantages as well as their respective drawbacks. Unmet needs and specific recommendations on all seven domains were addressed. Conclusions It is recommended to explore the use of allergen-specific IgG4 as a biomarker for compliance. sIgE/tIgE and IgE-FAB are considered as potential surrogate candidate biomarkers. Cytokine/chemokines and cellular reponses provided insight into the mechanisms of AIT. More studies for confirmation and interpretation of the possible association with the clinical response to AIT are needed.

Arzneimittelüberempfindlichkeit – Hautmanifestationen – Klassifikation – Nomenklatur – Anaphylaxie – Exanthem – Positionspapier

Levosimendan is a calcium sensitizer and ATP-dependent potassium channel opener which exerts sustained hemodynamic, symptomatic and organ-protective effects. It is registered for the treatment of acute heart failure, and when inotropic support is considered appropriate. In the past fifteen years, levosimendan has been widely used in clinical practice, and has also been tested in clinical trials to stabilize at-risk patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Recently, three randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter studies (LICORN, CHEETAH and LEVO-CTS) have been published reporting on the peri-operative use of levosimendan in patients with compromised cardiac ventricular function. Taken together, many smaller trials conducted in the past suggested beneficial outcomes with levosimendan in peri-operative settings. In contrast, the latest three studies were neutral or inconclusive. In order to understand the reasons for such dissimilarity, a group of experts from Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Switzerland, and Russia, including investigators from the three most recent studies, met to discuss the study results in the light of both the previous literature and current clinical practice. Despite the fact that the null hypothesis could not be ruled out in the recent multicenter trials, we conclude that levosimendan can still be viewed as a safe and effective inodilator in cardiac surgery.This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CCBY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Background The aim of the study was to check the validity of the electronic patient records for hospital-acquired pneumonia and to estimate their reliability. Patients and methods On reviewing 23,356 inpatients with admission from 1st April 2005 and discharge up to the 30th September 2005, we identified 211 cases with hospital-acquired pneumonia in the electronic patient records whereby 70 cases taken at random were included in the calculation of the positive predictive value. A second random sample of 130 cases under risk was used to calculate its sensitivity. Positive predictive value and sensitivity were combined to estimate the true rate of hospital-acquired pneumonia. Results In 64.3 % of the cases hospital-acquired pneumonia was confirmed in the paper-based patient records (45 cases, 95 % confidence interval 51.9 - 75.4 %). Sensitivity was calculated as 42.9 % and specificity as 99.0 %. Estimation for the University Clinics Essen revealed a true rate of hospital-acquired pneumonia of 1.32 %. The estimated true rate was higher than the measured rate of 0.90 % which is covered, nevertheless, by the 95 % confidence interval. Conclusions Results from electronic and paper-based patient records are similar for hospital-acquired pneumonia, in spite of relevant differences on the level of the individual cases. However, data quality is not sufficient for special claims of supervision, clinical hygiene and prevention, for which a further optimisation is required.

In September 2004 Lonza (Visp, Switzerland) started operations in a new state of the art facility for cGMP manufacture of injectable grade microbially derived biopharmaceuticals. Both intracellular and secreted products can be processed in the new production line, which delivers bulk drug substances. cGMP conformity, including clean room classification, was cross-checked during the design phase with the Swiss regulatory authorities. The layout of the highly automated multi-product line is based on a high performance 1000 l bioreactor suitable for high cell density fermentation. Besides standard chromatography and ultrafiltration, the ex-proof design in upstream and downstream areas allows for solvent feeds in fermentation and for implementation of HPLC purification steps in protein and peptide purification.

The current global political, economic, and social challenges urge the need to cultivate global citizenship among students in their learning process. This paper presents the role of Collaboration Online International Learning (COIL) using theProject-Based Learning (PBL) approach in cultivating global citizenship among university students. The paper explains the different implementation challenges of a COIL course on the different levels and core design elements of the COIL-PBL model to overcome such challenges. Empirically, this paper presents a primary case study of the Great Debates course that was implemented in different forms by three partner universities, which are the University of Washington Bothell (UWB), the University of North Carolina Asheville (UNCA) in the USA, and the Future University in Egypt (FUE). The implementation showed a positive impact on cultivating global citizenship among participating students, which isclear from developments in students’ skills in the areas of cross-cultural communication and negotiation, cultural sensitivity and tolerance, teamwork and coordination across virtual global teams, analytical skills, and perception toward other cultures and society. Notably, the COIL-PBL model has started to gain further popularity after the COVID-19pandemic as an alternative for physical mobility, which encourages future research in this area using other implemented courses using the COIL-PBL model.

The aim of this paper is to present a part of an ongoing research into the roles food plays in the present-day communication. It provides an interdisciplinary insight into those aspects of intercultural communication that occupy significant role in the changing relationship between public and private spheres. These spheres represent spaces where the aspects of gender become more visible if combined with the elements of food. The author tries to argue that women and food act as ones of the most intriguing features in the ‘Circuit of Culture’ and their participation in intercultural communication is very complex and worth more detailed investigation. The concept of code-switching is often viewed as the one applied in the situations where multilingual communication takes place. The discussion in this paper focuses on those cultural communication contexts in which the cultural code-switching is used as a response to various gender facets in both public and private spheres. Food, that has become one of the most visible parts of both public and private domains of the human existence in the 21st century enters all aspects of the intercultural communication that is performed in smaller and larger social groups and its existence, production, distribution, consumption and representation are directly linked with gender perspectives.

Especially relevant at the present time is the study of the impact of the global crisis – a pandemic caused by the infection COVID-19 on the countries and the world's sustainable development. The consequences of the popular trend of globalization, a certain closedness of the principles of capitalization, and, of course, the impact of the global crisis caused by COVID-19 were investigated in the scientific work. The study aims to confirm the transformation of sustainable development trends and the transition from worldwide globalization to national capitalization of the agricultural entrepreneurship potential in the modern conditions of the global crisis of Covid-19. The goal will be achieved by tasks through accounting and analytical support and mathematical analysis of the quadratic correlation and regression dependence of the integrated indicator of sustainable development. Research methodology consist of analysis and collection of economic, environmental, and social data of agriculture in European countries. At this stage, the most significant indicators of six countries were selected: Ukraine, Germany, Hungary, Romania, Poland and Belarus. Index analysis was used for formation of an integral indicator – a sustainable development index. Also Microsoft Excel tools were used. An index analysis of the main indicators of sustainable development is provided in the paper. On the basis of the integrated index of sustainable development of agriculture, a trend line was built and a forecast of the vector of globalization/capitalization was made. An upward forecast of the integrated index of agriculture sustainable development, which indicates a continuous process of globalization was proved in the paper. This pattern corresponds to Belarus and Romania and was proved by the basis of imperial studies. The calculation and forecast of the transition from global globalization to national capitalization as a result of the impact of the pandemic and quarantine were presented in the scientific work too. This pattern is inherent in Hungary, Germany, Poland and Ukraine.

The paper covers a range of issues related to the specifics of Russian language mastering by Indian students studying in English and Russian. The research is based on an integrative methodological platform that combines approaches to multilingualism formation from the standpoint of psychological linguistics, cognitive linguistics, the theory of language contacts, discourse and communication science. The research involves the techniques of psychological and semantic analyses and verbal associations, the methods of contextual analysis and comparison. The material of the paper is the data obtained from online surveys of Indian students who have been studying at universities in North Ossetia-Alania for six years (elementary and pre-intermediate levels of Russian language proficiency). The study is aimed at identifying perception channels that represent the features of foreign students cognitive style in the Russian natural environment, descripting level-by-level interfering influence of native languages and weak interference of English. Based on text fragments and lexical units, vectors and methods of interlingual interference were demonstrated, its leading types were determined, that are phonetic, phonemic, graphemic, phonemic-graphemic, morphological and lexical. The role of English as a communicative mediator is defined. The analysis done confirmed complex application of auditory, visual and kinesthetic channels at the information input, and revealed the dominance of the auditory perception channel at the information output while learning the Russian language by Indian students. The Indian students cognitive style tends to be simplified through contamination of written and oral speech, compression, abbreviations usage, intensification of associative and semantic links. Strategies for using Internet translation, imitation of mastering the Russian language, literal translation from English into Russian, strategies for the implementation of graphic, phonetic-graphic principles of writing, phonemic and grammatical reduction were identified as the basic communication strategies of Indian students learning Russian.

The COVID-19 pandemic, or better known as the coronavirus pandemic, brought many challenges in education, and one of them was the transition to online teaching, that is. use of information and communication technologies in teaching. Information technology is a term that describes parts (hardware) and programs (software) that allow access to download, organize, manipulate and present information electronically, and communication technology (CT) is a term that describes telecommunications equipment that can send, receive information, search and access them. This research aimed to examine the subjective experience of teachers about personal competencies in the use of information and communication technology in teaching. The population of this research consists of primary school teachers in the area of Tuzla Canton, and the total sample consists of 138 respondents. An anonymous internet survey was used, which is distributed with the help of social networks “Facebook” and a Facebook group called “Prosvjeta TK”, which brings together educators from the Tuzla Canton area. In this paper, we assume that teachers assess their information and communication competencies as positive and they consider themselves competent in their use in the teaching process. It also explores aspects of teachers’ digital competencies as essential competencies for 21st-century education. The paper will provide insight into the personal perception of teachers regarding ICT competence, which is included in the fund of previous knowledge and theoretical knowledge. The results of this research could help understand and analyze further practices, decide on further steps to build teachers’ ICT competencies in and for the future of the school.

This paper follows the already existing literature to address three main pressing concerns that Romania is currently facing with respect to sustainable development and economic growth, which has likely been impeded as a direct consequence of the ongoing sanitary crisis. The research questions of this paper were asked with the consideration of finding possible solutions to the current developments. These questions were “How will the global health crisis project on Romania’s GDP growth in 2021 and going forward?”, “To what extent can Romania face its current challenges with respect to the budgetary pressures?”. The research itself was conducted using the R programming language with quantitative data, namely quarterly GDP starting from 2005 Q1 onwards and its main objective is to simulate Romania’s GDP to answer the aforementioned questions. Therefore, this research is empirical in the sense that it derives the simulated data from real data which was taken from Eurostat. The main findings of this research were that Romania’s GDP could grow by a mean 3.2% in 2021, which is more conservative than the existing institutional forecasts made by the European Commission, the International Monetary Fund, World Bank and the Romanian National Commission for Strategy and Forecasting, implying that the majority of the simulated outcomes have been in that respective range of values. Moreover, this research also finds that consumption is expected to increase by approximately 4.2% and that the budget deficit relative to GDP could go as low as to negative 7.8%. This paper creates value for future policymaking as it proposes solutions which could help Romania going forward. Thus, this paper creates value for not only the policymakers but the society as a whole.

This paper points out the importance of a sociological approach to the study of journalism and media. The focus is on the sociological view of the news production process. How do organizational and professional requirements shape and limit journalistic work in news production? Some of the main concepts and interests of the sociological approach are presented, such as gatekeeping, personal characteristics of journalists, social control in newsrooms, relations between journalists and their sources, the issue of journalistic paraideology, and then these issues are discussed in the context of current journalism and media in BiH. The findings of this paper suggest that the meaning of the concept of gatekeeping in light of the dominance of Internet platforms needs to be explored; that we still don’t have a good enough picture of the people who produce the news in BiH; that the issue of social control in newsrooms should be reconsidered in the light of newsroom cutbacks. In addition, research is needed on the nature of the links between journalists and their sources, and the issue of journalistic paraideology in BiH should be examined in the context of reducing the gap between professional journalism and other forms of content production, but also through examination of inherited forms of patriotic journalism.

Social work, in the theoretical discourse, is an interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary occupation. This fact has been confirmed throughout the history of the development of social work and has inevitably been reflected in practice. Social workers need to collaborate and coordinate, in everyday practice, with different services, agencies, institutions, and organizations. There is a legal framework for a multi-sector approach, namely for the participation of stakeholders from the governmental, non-governmental, civil, and private sectors, but also from the ranks of religious communities and individuals. The focus of this paper is to analyze the role of collaboration and coordination through the scope of theory and practice, in different areas of professional practice of social work. Collaboration is important on many different levels, as well as coordination of agendas designed by different stakeholders. Perceived as connective elements, collaboration and coordination make way for more efficient social activities, optimal use of resources, and timely social reaction to different issues and social needs of a specific local community. In a wider context, this also leads to raising the level of efficiency, which is a significant issue in contemporary social work practice. Furthermore, this paper will also shed a light on possibilities and limitations, causes, and reasons for collaboration, as well as on different kinds of collaboration and problems in the process of establishing and maintaining the collaboration. The paper also includes legal background and research focused on collaboration and coordination in social work.

Uncertainty, unfolding in the most extreme forms in the period of one of the greatest global challenges– a threat to the health and wellbeing of people, caused by the pandemic, is gaining a form difficult to conceive in temporal and conceptual terms. In the perception of students, the young people on the brink of the first employment, the uncertainty primarily reflects in the estimate of possibilities of finding a job and opportunities to construct a professional identity. This paper examines the potential role of personal branding in the improvement of student opportunities to find the desired job, as well as the importance of higher education institutions as strategic partners in the process. This paper, among others, also emphasizes the importance of empowering students towards the recognition of the role of their knowledge and competencies acquired during the studies; the role which does not correspond to banal, oversimplified reduction of the role of education as means to meet the labour market needs.

Generation Z falls into the internet generation because it is the first generation born after the popularisation of the internet. Even though scientists don’t agree on when this generation starts and when it ends, after all, it is believed that the generation Z is made of people that are born in the nineties until today. Their parents belong to the millennial generation that is born in the eighties. Generation Z is the first generation that was raised as a part of the trend of being in the publics' eye, always posting about their lives on social networks. This potentially makes them an egocentric generation and a generation that does not have enough empathy. Although empathy is one of the key characteristics for happiness, generation Z finds happiness in their personal appearance and they care a lot about the opinions of others, that is, they care about the number of likes and the number of followers on social networks. Even though empathy is a key trait of happiness, generation Z finds happiness in physical appearance, and in others' opinion, that is they care about how many likes and how many followers on social networks they have. The purpose of this paper is to examine emotional empathy with the generation that is born in the late nineties, until generations 2006-2007, on a sample of 200 primary and high school students with an assumption that later generations are more empathic and that there is a difference between male and female subjects, that is that females are more empathic. Also, the paper provides case reports that represent the clinical population and not the average representatives of this generation and whose psychological problems may be associated with excessive use of the Internet and social networks. The results of the research indicate that the feeling of insecurity and lack of empathy in this generation is a risk factor for the development of low self-esteem and self-confidence, and ultimately more severe mental disorders, which can be reduced and prevented by a different approach to this generation.

This review paper offers a definition and explanation of the self-care concept as one of the basic ways of developing and nurturing professional and personal capacities and maintaining healthy boundaries between the professional and personal life of helpers. The paper also emphasizes the ethical components of self-care as an imperative for helpers to take care of their own mental and physical health. Challenges for the development and maintenance of skills and conditions for the sustainability of self-care in the helping professions are described and analyzed from the perspective of personal responsibility and the institution’s obligation to ensure healthy working conditions and professional growth and development. Introduction to the self-care concept and comparative analysis is presented through the presentation of various, mostly foreign studies that have monitored the effects of self-care on the overall health of helpers and their professional effects. The paper also describes the adverse consequences of the lack of self-care skills and activities that encourage it. It also emphasizes the negative effects on the health of the helpers and their work potential. In conclusion, guidelines are defined for the development and maintenance of the helper's self-care, important both for his satisfaction in personal life and especially in professional success and self-actualization.

The article introduces collaborative comic creation (CCC) as a methodological tool. The central question it addresses is how marginalised imaginations of futures can be made visible in the context of the planned Lamu Port-South Sudan-Ethiopia-Transport (LAPSSET) in Kenya. The question assumes that infrastructure projects such as the LAPSSET corridor inscribe not only particular ways of moving into a landscape but also one specific temporality that marginalises other future-making practices. The paper participates in the ongoing debate about how imagined futures and future-making practices can be appreciated and analysed methodologically. It thus contributes to the literature on geographies of the future by drawing together conceptual insights from anthropology, infrastructure studies, and critical cartography. Based on these different approaches, the paper proposes to regard future-making practices not only in relation to contentious timelines but also in terms of lines made by moving and drawing on landscapes and surfaces. Using a review of existing social foresight methods as a basis, we describe the practical implementation of CCC. Subsequently, the analysis of one collaboratively produced comic illustrates how the method can help to visualise ambivalent and uncertain imaginations of different futures that oppose the unitary vision of modernity produced by dominant infrastructural visions of a single future. We conclude by reflecting on possible ways of developing the method further.

This paper introduces two courses making use of performing arts at university level. The first course, taught by Prof. Simon Henein and his colleagues, called Improgineering, aims to teach collective creation through improvisation to master’s degree students in engineering at the EPFL (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland). The second course, taught by Prof. Laure Kloetzer and her colleagues, aims to introduce the Psychology of Migration via a sociocultural approach to bachelor’s degree students in psychology and education at the University of Neuchâtel (Switzerland). After briefly introducing the topic of performing arts in higher education (section 1), the paper offers a description of the two courses (sections 2 and 3). These are complemented by teachers’ and students’ impressions of the course, as analyzed from individual interviews, focus groups and students’ learning diary entries (section 4). The conclusion presents some reflections on the convergences of the pedagogical designs of the courses, drafting a pedagogical model for using performing arts within higher education (section 5).

In 2020 the Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded to the American poet and essayist Louise Glück. Glück was recognized “for her unmistakable poetic voice that with austere beauty makes individual existence universal”. Born in 1943 in New York, Louise Glück belongs to the poetic generation of the late 1960s – 1970s with their balancing between describing personal experience and an exact reproduction of the external world. The paper includes the analysis of the imagery in Glück’s poetry: it considers the ways mythological characters and archetypes transmit ‘universal’ through ‘individual’. The paper mentions the most representative poems and essays by Louise Glück, outlines the peculiarities of her work and her creative evolution, demonstrates the connection of her poetry with the language of psychoanalysis. Louise Glück’s most notable poetry collections are The Triumph of Achilles (1985), The Wild Iris (1992), Averno (2006), she is the author of two books of essays (Proofs and Theories: Essays on Poetry, 1994; American Originality: Essays on Poetry, 2017). Louise Glück is also Professor (Adjunct) of English, Rosenkranz Writer-in-Residence at Yale University and has previously won the Pulitzer prize (1993), Bollingen Prize (2001), National Book Award (2014) and National Humanities Medal (2015), among others. The essay presents the new Nobel laureate to the readers and traces the poetic manner of the author.

In this article, it has been discussed on the place and importance of the art of writing and painting, which transforms soul to image and image to soul, in Alawi-Bektashi method. These works had been produced by the Babagan (Mucerret) branch of Bektashi order, which was distributed in 1826. They had been entered private collections and museums in 1925 and majority of this works had been falsified. In this paper, it has been clarified that it does not emerge from the Hurūfīsm effect; they are not pictograms or good writing calligraphy, but a manifestation of pantheism. Although the art of writing and painting produced by the Alawi and Bektashi method has been called Hurūfīsm because of writing in letters, it has been explained in the article that it is not a product of Hurūfīsm, but rather a reflection of the pantheism. It has been discussed why with a symmetrical understanding realized writing-paintings are preferred, which has been known as a type of writing in calligraphy as musannā (dual) mirrored writing. The relation of the pantheism to the art of writing-painting, which has a symbolic reference to the apparent (outer) and abdominal (inner) images of being, has been explained. This paper also tackles with the plastic values of the works made in the form of human, which have an important place in the text and pictures, how to be a human in the Alawi-Bektashi way, and how to transform the human image into a soul. It evaluates how the names of Allah-Muhammad-Ali images in human form have been transformed from invisible to visible. Besides, the information have been given about why the prostration to Man has been done since the day of prostration to Adam and what it meant in the Alawi-Bektashi way. Keywords: Alawi, Bektashi, pantheism, writing-painting art, human.

Safe Museums, Safe Collections. A Selection of Articles by Piotr Ogrodzki is a publication discussing the contemporary problems of crimes against heritage objects. The essays written over the period of 20 years were systematically published in the ‘Cenne, Bezcenne/Utracone’ journal, the only periodical dedicated to the recovery and restitutions of the lost national heritage. The publication is composed of 18 papers characterizing selected threats to museums and collections. All the presented texts oscillate within the semantic concepts related to crime and theft in museums and sacral facilities. The essays aptly juxtapose legal aspects with the practices of the protection of national heritage, while the described examples of security measures have been and will remain applicable also in the future. The additional value of the publication of Piotr Ogrodzki’s texts is their translation into English. Although many of the described thefts of art works have taken place in Poland, the Author also points to similar circumstances of such crimes in Europe. Enriched with Piotr Ogrodzki’s short biography and bibliography, the book begins with the papers by Piotr Majewski, Paulina Florjanowicz, Kamil Zeidler, and Jacek Rulewicz. It concludes with the message of Chief Inspector Adam Grajewski of the Polish Police Headquarters under a meaningful title In Lieu of an Afterword. Museum Collection Safety. The publisher of the book, the National Institute for Museums and Public Collections, NIMOZ, should be acknowledge for the noble idea of publishing this book, thus commemorating the outstanding individual that Piotr Ogrodzki was.

Introduction: Workaholism as a psychological and social phenomenon is the object of only a few empirical studies. Despite the fact that the phenomenon of addiction to work was not specified in the ICD-10 or DSM-5 Classifications, the authors of this paper have decided that it is worth considering its preconditions. Materials and method: Based on the review of the available literature, the topic of work addiction was discussed and the main determinants of workaholism and the so-called workaholic personality were presented. Results: The paper presents the author’s theoretical proposition of workaholism notion which postulates the existence of a form of addiction to work, which has its source in personality and motivation. Conclusions: Undoubtedly, workaholism is addictive, but only obsessive-compulsive components may not be sufficient to determine its nature. Workaholism adopts a three-dimensional structure including behavioral, cognitive and affective aspects. Further research on this issue is needed.

The objective of this paper is to gain insight into the importance of English in conducting business efficiently in the banking sector. Also, the conclusions have been made after consideration of relevant research as well as its comparison with research conducted in certain banks in Serbia. The conclusions address the level of usage of the English language in this sector and the opinions that employees have regarding it. Due to the development of e-commerce and daily use of the Internet, the English language has become lingua franca in the banking sector. Also, in order to operate effectively and communicate between banks of different countries, it is important to begin with English language learning in a timely manner. In this paper, the emphasis is primarily placed on written correspondence since it is highly present in banking operations. Employees who perform a more complex type of business and who use English every day should improve their writing skills by gaining greater familiarity with, and putting into use more frequently, certain banking terms and initials/acronyms in the English language.

Corporate governance is the system by which companies are directed and controlled. Board of directors are responsible for the governance of a Nigerian company. However, the shareholders of a Nigeria company have power of oversight over the board. This power is exercised by a majority of shareholders. It is this separation of ownership and control that makes good corporate governance imperative to protect shareholders against corporate board misbehaviour, as well as to protect minority shareholders against the opportunism of corporate insiders (board of directors and majority shareholders). Even though corporate law is the primary legislation that regulates the corporation, corporate governance codes have become important corporate governance standards that helps to guide the board and promote effective managerial engagement with shareholders to promote corporate accountability. The Financial Reporting Council of Nigeria (FRCN) issued two corporate governance codes in two years - the National Code of Corporate Governance 2016 and the Nigerian Code of Corporate Governance 2018. This shows a clear intention to promote good corporate governance in the country. This essay identifies the peculiar corporate governance challenges in Nigeria, and reviews the two corporate governance codes to show how they address the peculiar challenges. The paper undertakes a criticism of the 2018 and compares to the 2016 Code and corporate governance regulations in other regulations. This criticism highlights the weaknesses in the code and the need for a review. The essay thus suggests a review of the 2018 to provide for Independent Non-Executive Directors dedicated to the interest of minority shareholders as an important first step towards providing access to corporate boards for minority shareholders, as a strategy for promoting corporate accountability. The paper concludes that since the very essence of a corporate governance code is to promote good corporate governance and accountability, any corporate governance Code for Nigeria must address the peculiarity of the Nigerian corporate environment for it to be able to achieve this purpose.

The paper deals with the history of art censorship in the Russian Empire, which started with the reform of 1865 and lasted until the Revolution of 1905 when the restrictive measure was officially abolished. The paper summarizes the legislative measures that were taken by the government to control the distribution and display of the works of fine art. The authors point out that the censorship disapproved images that represented the Russian monarchy in an unfavourable way, that glorified nationalist and revolutionary movements as well as those considered as threatening to the Orthodox Church or public morality. The authors come to the conclusion that the government attempted to implement a system of screening all the paintings, lithographs, and photographs before they were published or displayed. However, it achieved only limited success.

Modern performance measurement systems include customer satisfaction as an important performance indicator. From the standpoint of the Higher Education Institution (hereinafter HEI) in Serbia, key performance indicators are quality indicators used to assess the current situation; to identify service failures and to take on service recovery; to improve total quality of the institution and to determine the future development of the institution. In increasingly competitive and dynamic educational environment, the management of a HEI is aware of the importance of student satisfaction in the context of student motivation and retention, recommendations to potential freshmen, recruiting efforts and funding, as well as performance management. There are numerous direct and indirect indicators of student satisfaction. The main objective of this paper is to identify the parameters of educational process and non-teaching support that have the greatest impact on student satisfaction. Data analysis, conducted in this paper, provide information on the degree of student satisfaction and possible improvements in this area. This study uses standard and hierarchical regression to examine possible causes of student satisfaction. It is based on answers of 1541 students of the College of Professional Studies – Belgrade Polytechnic, collected during a four-year research.

The empirical literature on credit risk is mainly based on modelling the probability of default, omitting the modelling of the loss given default. This paper is aimed to predict recovery rates on the rarely applied nonparametric method of Bayesian Model Averaging and Quantile Regression, developed on the basis of individual prudential monthly panel data in the 2007–2018. The models were created on financial and behavioural data that present the history of the credit relationship of the enterprise with financial institutions. Two approaches are presented in the paper: Point in Time (PIT) and Through-the-Cycle (TTC). A comparison of the Quantile Regression which get a comprehensive view on the entire probability distribution of losses with alternatives reveals advantages when evaluating downturn and expected credit losses. A correct estimation of LGD parameter affects the appropriate amounts of held reserves, which is crucial for the proper functioning of the bank and not exposing itself to the risk of insolvency if such losses occur.

The main purpose of my Ph.D. project is to describe and understand the way television-programmes and video-films are being used by the very youngest viewers, and how they interpret and interact with especially television (and video) narratives. This particular audience-group has been vastly neglected in both Nordic and European media studies, even though several programmes and concepts over the last decade have been aimed directly at the youngest viewers and despite the fact that they represent a considerable consumer-segment. I have as a main thesis that children are constituted as television viewers during early childhood and that they, at this early age, develop preferences for specific genres, programs or concepts. Also, this age period is characterized by huge developments; cognitive, linguistic, bodily and socially, in which television texts plays an important role in providing narratives and other forms of raw-material. In the presentation of my paper I will include some of the very first findings from the empirical part of my study and discuss initial problems and challenges regarding design.My paper will emphasize the methodological challenges of the project, in trying to grasp children’s meaning-making (which is usually what traditional reception analysis does) by using methods originated in media ethnography. Mixing the two hitherto separated research traditions is partly determined by necessity, but also provides new insights, which will be discussed in my paper.

Despite a large number of available techniques around Deep Learning in Natural Language Processing (NLP), no holistic framework exists which supports researchers and practitioners to organise knowledge when designing, comparing and evaluating NLP applications. This paper addresses this lack of a holistic framework by developing a taxonomy for Deep Learning in Natural Language Processing. Based on a systematic literature review as proposed by Webster and Watson [1] and vom Brocke et al. [2] and the iterative taxonomy development process of Nickerson et al. [3] we derived five novel dimensions and 38 characteristics based on a sample of 205 papers. Our research suggests, that a Deep Learning NLP approach can be distinguished by five dimensions which were partly derived from the CRISP-DM methodology: application understanding, data preparation, modeling, learning technique and evaluation. We, therefore, hope to provide guidance and support for researchers and practitioners when using Deep Learning for NLP to design, compare and evaluate NLP applications.

In Studien mit Sekundärdaten wie Abrechnungsdaten von Krankenkassen wird man häufig vor methodische Herausforderungen gestellt, die v. a. durch die Zeitabhängigkeit, aber auch durch ungemessenes Confounding entstehen. In diesem Paper stellen wir Strategien vor, um verschiedene Biasquellen zu vermeiden und um den durch ungemessenes Confounding entstehenden Bias abzuschätzen. Wir illustrieren das Prinzip der Targets Trials, marginale Strukturmodelle und instrumentelle Variablen anhand von Studien mit der GePaRD Datenbank. Abschließend werden die Chancen und Limitationen von Record Linkage diskutiert, um fehlende Information in den Daten zu ergänzen. Studies using secondary data such as health care claims data are often faced with methodological challenges due to the time-dependence of key quantities or unmeasured confounding. In the present paper, we discuss approaches to avoid or suitably address various sources of potential bias. In particular, we illustrate the target trial principle, marginal structural models, and instrumental variables with examples from the “GePaRD” database. Finally, we discuss the strengths and limitations of record linkage which can sometimes be used to supply missing information.

The Divine Child was introduced by Carl Gustav Jung as an archetype closely linked to the process of individuation. Beyond the realm of analytical psychology, this peculiar child figure has been observed in myths and folklore and eventually evolved into a literary archetype known alternatively as das fremde Kind (the strange/alien child). Numerous child figures have since been regarded as representations of this archetype, with the titular character of Michael Ende’s novel Momo (1973) being one of them. While her initial appearance is evocative of the Divine Child, over the course of the story Momo has to accept her fate as the chosen one in a battle against a mysterious foe, ultimately finding herself in the role of the hero of the story. This paper examines the traits of both the archetype of the Divine Child, as well as that of the Hero – including a variation specific to child characters – with the goal of reconsidering if Momo is truly exemplary of the archetype of the Divine Child. This is done with particular regard to Christopher Vogler’s observation that literary archetypes are character functions, rather than fixed types, and as such this paper will discuss how Ende’s protagonist is ultimately an example of this fluidity of functions.

Owing to its widespread accessibility, the online press influences the opinions of its readers to a considerable extent; this also applies to creating the image of the religion teacher. It is noticeable that a key role in the presentation of issues related to this profession is played by certain specific values to which the authors of press comments on the Internet refer and which they recognise. This study analyses the contents of online editions of selected Catholic (“Gośc Niedzielny”, “Niedziela”), right-wing (“Do Rzeczy”, “Sieci”) and left-wing (“Gazeta Wyborcza”, “Polityka”) newspapers and weeklies of the past five years, i.e. from 2015 to the latest issue (November 2019). The analysis revealed both similarities and differences in the presentation of the subject matter in question between these groups of papers. One-sidedness and subjectivity of opinions is a striking feature of opinions presented in the leftist press. According to the study author, these papers wrongly bring up such issues as poor professional qualifications of religion teachers, a waste of the two hours a week for teaching religion; at the same time, they disregard the educational role of religion teachers and their commitment to students’ holistic development. This image is probably largely affected by the negative attitude to the Catholic Church and to teaching religion in Polish schools, resulting from the journalists’ viewpoint. On the other hand, the Catholic press presents a positive attitude and its journalists make efforts to provide reliable information, e.g. by emphasising the professional qualifications and various educational activities of religion teachers and by appreciating their role in the school educational mission. The right-wing press did not publish articles on a religion teacher.

The primacy of sunlight over shade is a relatively recent historical phenomenon in Australian architecture. In this paper, it is argued that shade was a priority for northern Australian settlers in the state of Queensland and evident in their architecture until the 1920s when ideas about thermal comfort, race and climate elevated the desirability of sun exposure. This paper considers the cross-cultural exchange of colonial shade and the increasing avoidance of sun exposure linked to European beliefs about human health, derived from the field of tropical medicine and evidenced by northern Australian clothing styles and the Queensland house. Later sections consider the social and cultural underpinnings of a Modernist shift in architecture prioritizing sun exposure over deep shade. Finally, the paper will consider a refocus on shade provision since the 1990s, linked to rising rates of preventable skin cancer. Historisch betrachtet ist die Vorrangstellung des Sonnenlichts vor dem Schatten eine relativ neue Erscheinung in der Architektur Australiens. Der Artikel erläutert, dass für Siedler im nordaustralischen Bundesstaat Queensland der Schatten eine Priorität darstellte, die ihrer Architektur deutlich anzusehen ist, bis in den 1920er Jahren neue Vorstellungen von behaglichen Temperaturen, Ethnie und Klima den Wunsch nach Kontakt mit Sonnenlicht verstärkten. Der Artikel untersucht den interkulturellen Austausch zwischen kolonialem Schatten und der zunehmenden Vermeidung von Sonneneinstrahlung aufgrund europäischer Annahmen über die menschliche Gesundheit, welche aus dem Bereich der Tropenmedizin stammten und an nordaustralischen Kleidungsstilen und am Hausbau in Queensland offenkundig werden. Die folgenden Abschnitte betrachten die sozialen und kulturellen Bedingungen für den architektonischen Prioritätenwechsel der Moderne von tiefer Verschattung hin zu mehr Sonnenlicht. Abschließend wendet sich der Artikel der seit den 1990er Jahren erneut im Vordergrund stehenden Abschattung zu, die sich aus den steigenden Raten von vermeidbarem Hautkrebs erklärt. Cambio de orientación: la sombra en la arquitectura del norte de Australia y las implantaciones coloniales antes del 1920. La prevalencia de la luz sobre la sombra es un fenómeno relativamente reciente en la historia de la arquitectura australiana. Hasta los años 1920 era una prioridad para los colones del norte de Australia, que se ha inscrito en la arquitectura del estado de Queensland, antes que las consideraciones raciales, climáticas, y de confort, que no incitaban a exponerse más ampliamente al sol. Este articulo trata del choque cultural del periodo colonial, y de la aversión creciente por el sol, resultado de las teorías europeas en materia de la salud y de la medicina tropical, puestas en evidencia por las costumbres vestimentarias y el hábitat de Queensland. Nos interesamos después a los cambios sociales y culturales, al origen del cambio modernista en la arquitectura, valorizando la luz y la exposición al sol, antes de abordar el aumento de interés por la sombra desde los años 1990, ligada a la prevención del cáncer de la piel. La primauté de la lumière sur l'ombre est un phénomène relativement récent dans l’histoire de l'architecture australienne. Jusqu’aux années 1920, l’ombre était une priorité pour les colons du nord de l’Australie et s’est inscrite dans l’architecture de l'État du Queensland, avant que des considérations raciales, climatiques, et de confort, n’incitent à s’exposer plus largement au soleil. Cet article traite du choc culturel de la période coloniale, et de l’aversion croissante pour le soleil résultant des théories européennes en matière de santé et de médecine tropicale, mises en évidence par les habitudes vestimentaires et l’habitat du Queensland. On s’intéresse ensuite aux changements sociaux et culturels à l’origine du tournant moderniste dans l’architecture valorisant la lumière et l’exposition au soleil, avant d’aborder le regain d’intérêt pour l’ombre depuis les années 1990, lié à la prévention des cancers de la peau. Nella storia dell’architettura australiana, la preminenza della luce sull’ombra è un fenomeno relativamente recente. Come testimonia l’architettura dello Stato del Queensland, per i coloni dell’Australia settentrionale l’ombra è stata una priorità fino agli anni Venti, quando le considerazioni sul comfort termico, la razza e il clima hanno condotto a una rivalutazione dell’esposizione solare. Questo articolo prende in esame gli scambi interculturali dell’ombra coloniale e la crescente avversione nei confronti dell’esposizione solare, legata alle credenze europee in materia di salute derivate dalla medicina tropicale e dimostrata dagli stili di abbigliamento dell’Australia settentrionale e dall’edilizia abitativa del Queensland. L’articolo si concentra quindi sulle origini socioculturali della svolta modernista dell’architettura, che ha restituito importanza all’esposizione solare, per poi interessarsi al ritorno in auge dell’ombra a partire dagli anni Novanta, in seguito a un aumento dell’incidenza dei tumori della pelle prevenibili.

The aim of the paper is to present a by now underestimated fact in the history of Polish codicology: the nineteenth-century studies in the manuscripts of Annals by Jan Dlugosz (1415-80). A large number of codices as well as eminent position of Dlugosz in Polish medieval literature has for long drawn attention of both general and professional opinion to this textual heritage. In the paper four periods of intensive inquiry into copies of Annals were identified. The first one, of the second half of 18th century, was marked by biographical and bibliographical studies of Jan D. Janocki. He came across the manuscripts of Annals in Zaluscian Library in Warsaw, where he was prefect (librarian). He described them, along with other copies from outside of this library. In the second period, when literary history was also a basis of research, the number of known copies was expanded by Michal Wiszniewski, who scrupulously collected information about manuscripts discovered during the first four decades of the 19th century, as well as those which had been known earlier. A new research trend was launched during the years 1840-1850 by Aleksander Batowski and Jozef Muczkowski. Their work belongs to the third period of Annals studies. Batowski described codices form the libraries of Galicia (Lemberg, Cracow, and Sieniawa); Muczkowski also collected information about them, and in addition about copies deposited at other Polish territories and abroad. Due to the professional background of both scholars profound codicological findings are the feature of this period. It was inspiring the last, fourth one, marked by the labour of publishing Dlugosz's Opera omnia, including Annals. A 1858 announcement of the intended publication aroused unprecedented commitment, which led to collecting information on nearly 100 manuscript versions. This was used by Aleksander Przeździecki, who took up an initiative to publish Dlugosz's works, and who discovered the autograph of Annals, and a little later by Henryk Zeissberg in his textbook on Polish medieval historiography. At the early seventies of the nineteenth century explres the period of intensive research and study of Annals. Later some separate discoveries were made, but they were not linked to the systematic study of Dlugosz's work. Author attempted also to reveal methods of an eighteenth and nineteenth century manuscript student in Poland, their origin and early stage of development.