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Copyright of Zeithistorische Forschungen is the property of Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co. KG and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In World War II American intelligence proved to be a place where German-Jewish émigré intellectuals not only warred against Germany but also connected successfully to their American-born comrades. This paper is dealing with a post-war intellectual network contributing to the intellectual foundations of the New Left in the United States. The origins of this circle of intellectuals can be traced back to the wartime Office of Strategic Services. In the early Cold War period intellectual analysts of Nazi Germany continued their cooperation in academic settings, and with support from philanthropic institutions such as the Rockefeller Foundation. In this context their leftist political discourse and activism took shape. Their Cold War politics, however, was associated with their concept of intellectual history as well as with a "decontaminated" version of Weimar thought. A close reading of archival sources with regard to Herbert Marcuse will exemplify the main argument of this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sexual violence created an utterly asymmetric constellation between the offender and the violated person, as well as between the accuser and the court. This paper differentiates and criticises this simple and static view. With a comparative perspective on European examples and based on court records of the communal state of Zurich, the paper discusses how to dealwith the conceptual and empirical problems arising in a historical analysis: How can we make pre-modern and modern sources relate to each other? How can we approach what “rape" and “abuse" meant for the contemporaries?What can we find out about the constellations between the accusers, the defendants and the court? How can we understand the sentences which seem extremely unjust to us today as being fair at that time? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The paper deals with a challenging issue of cooperation between civic organizations in Europe that are engaged in anti-extremist activities. The author defines and conceptualizes transnational cooperation of civic society against extremism, briefly outlines the historical development of transnational non-governmental anti-extremist cooperation in Europe, analyses contemporary pan-European anti-extremist networks in Europe, and selects other forms of anti-extremist cooperation in Europe. The case study is dedicated to the Platform of European Memory and Conscience

The notion of a "third world" rose to prominence in international political discourse around 1960 and vanished around 1990. It designated a group of countries aligned with neither of the two other worlds. I argue in this article that the term needs to be situated in a larger history of the perception of global difference at least as old as the Enlightenment. The peculiar career of the concept of the "third world" is connected both to changes in the order of knowledge and, more specifically, to the history of economic thought, of which it is an effect. The paper thus focuses on the emergence of the term around 1960 and investigates the irrelevance of economics in late colonialism as opposed to the prominence of economic experts in the post-1945 world order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the continuity of personal interlocks among German major companies from 1914 to 1938. Continuity in economic transactions together with concentration, cartelization and a corporative system is regarded as a main characteristic of the German production system. The paper analyses the continuity assumption concerning interlocks in a period of critical economic shifts and multiple changes of the political system. As a result, the extreme economic cuts after the First World War had lower impact on network change compared to the global economic crisis after 1929. Generally, the structure of the production system remained flexible. It was after 1933 when the National Socialists came into power that stability increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the topic of parliamentary debates in the aftermath of the dictatorship in Poland. Analysing the parliament's lustration debates as a case study, the paper demonstrates how the Polish model of coming to terms with the past had been influenced by the experiences of other European countries. This is achieved by employing the concept of “translation" and examining when that concept was put into practice by the Polish parliament. Thereby the following questions are discussed: What was drawn from the original foreign experience? What became lost in the process of translation and which factors determined this practice? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In contemporary research, the history of Protestant mission societies is often studied as a constitutive element of political, social, and cultural developments within the broader frame of non-European and colonial history. Mission societies are viewed as translocal enterprises and analysed as multi levelled, interactive, and dialogical phenomena. The paper focuses on specific forms of mediation within the mission context in eighteenth century South India carried out by intermediaries (middlemen/interpreters/translators) who had developed the skills and knowledge required for these processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the importance of address books of British exile in World War II. It states that address books are an integral part of people's lives as they tend to maintain memory aids by writing down on paper or on digital devices since early times. It also states that maintaining a memory aid by writing helps manage and assist one's memory through spellings.

The article reports on the possibilities and limits of computer-aided historical semantics using the example of the GDR press. Electronic publishing and online source material have changed the science of history. Lowered access hurdles and simple search options accelerate the look in sources and literature and broaden the empirical basis. Programs for bibliography, research and excerpts replace the paper box.

This paper deals with the political and social conflicts in 18th century Val de Bagnes. The existence of a large genealogical database of its population provides new insights into the mobilization patterns of an early modern rural area. Our prosopographical approach, which attempts to identify the protagonists of the different conflicts, reveals the existence of well-organized and relatively stable political factions. Rather than simply being shaped by personal solidarities, they had a coherent political program. Comparison with genealogical data reveals the influence of kinship ties within the political factions, which are responsible for continuities within the structure of political conflicts. However, kinship alone does not explain the logic of political mobilization, other social networks like spiritual kinship or village solidarities also need to be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most early modern instances of migration are connected to the emergence of the modern state, and/or to the different confessional cultures in Europe following the Reformation. Since the onset of modern times and, contrary to recent trends in migration research, early modern migrations have mainly been analyzed as a challenge to the order and stability of early modern society. Migrants were furthermore looked upon as part of somewhat “given" groups (for instance “the" Huguenots, Salzburgers etc.) defined by geographical, ethnic, or religious characteristics. The paper argues for a more thorough analysis of the historical dimension of such presuppositions, and challenges older dichotomies in research of early modern migrations. It advocates a view based on the communicational opportunities and individual options of migrants within the contemporary political and confessional frameworks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a recent paper, Gerhard Schildt has argued that we suffer from mass unemployment today because technical progress has caused structural change that has led to a long-term decrease of working opportunities. By showing the secular decline of hours worked per year, Schildt concludes that this trend is irreversible and causes increasing unemployment. We argue that this conclusion is based on the confusion of a statistical observation with a causal explanation. Schildt's thesis is not compatible with the empirical fact that every advanced country has experienced the same decline of hours worked whereas many do not suffer from unemployment today. Moreover, Schildt focuses only on the labour demand of firms without taking into account the labour supply of households. It is not that technological progress has rendered human work obsolete, but rather the other way round: it allows us a life that is not fully devoted to work in order to survive and even comes along with a much higher standard of living. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of memory had great impact on cultural history during the last two decades.However, due to the influence of theorists such asMaurice Halbwachs and Pierre Nora, it is often used in a very limited way only: either as a denomination for collective interpretations of the past or as a synonym for historical myths. Individual memory is often construed as a mere function of such collective patterns of historical perception. Several studies using the method of oral history, though, have demonstrated the tensions and the discrepancies that can exist between individualmemory and hegemonic discourses of remembrance. In this paper, I will argue that the use of the oral history methodology bears a considerable social historical potential for the history of recollection and [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

East Germany is one of the most secularized regions in the world. The paper argues that this development was the result of not only a political conflict, fought with repression and pure power, but also an ideological conflict. The institutional conflicts between churches and the state were intertwined with ideological conflicts, above all the devaluation of religion by scientistic arguments. Since the second half of the 19th century numerous organisations engaged in the promotion of science as an explicit counterpart to traditional religion. During the existence of the German Democratic Republic (GDR), thismovement took off in the country's institutions.The article outlines this development by focussing on the Urania. Founded in 1888 to provide scientific knowledge without an anti-religious agenda, in 1954 the Urania was resurrected in the GDR to propagate the “ScientificWorld-View." The Urania tried to combine popular scientific themes (astronomy, aerospace) with a particular interpretation referring to theWissenschaftlicheWeltanschauung. The article analyses the program and work of the Urania until the end of the GDR. Finally it presents research results to show how this promotion of scientism contributed to the East German secularization process on an individual level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The communist commitment of intellectuals in West Germany during the period from the end of the Second World War until the Hungarian crisis in 1956 was based on a secular form of political faith. This paper will first discuss the term "intellectual" and develop - using Paul Tillich's and Max Weber's thoughts on religious theory - a particular concept of "political faith". On this basis, the causes and motives for the conversions of the intellectuals of the West German KPD will be investigated. These conversions had mostly already occurred during the Weimar Republic or during the Nazi period. Further, the change in the intellectuals' political faith in the epoch from 1945 to 1956 will be traced. In this context it will become apparent that the intellectuals 'understanding of their role and the forms of their political commitment were closely connected to the specific nature of their faith in communism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the early 20th century onwards, US-American foundations played an important role as exponents of worldwide philanthropic engagement. The Rockefeller Foundation (RF) gained special significance as it promoted research in Europe in general and sponsored the social sciences in Germany, France and Great Britain in particular. This paper first sets out central links of the topic with current research on international „scientific diplomacy", Americanization, Philanthropy and Cultural Transfer. Then it drafts major aspects of the concrete historical setting of the RF's philanthropic engagement in Europe in the interwar years. Finally it discusses main features of the academic infrastructure in Germany, France and Britain that shaped the Foundation's funding strategies. Thus it offers a rough comparative outline of - partly similar, partly peculiar - Western European preconditions of transatlantic knowledge transfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studying the history of German foundations since 1945 meets with a number of methodological difficulties. Empirical and historical studies have been very rare for nearly a century. The paper therefore concentrates on a number of post-1945 creations and asks whether they may be seen as matching the development of an overall conception of civic engagement. It shows that donors gradually move from strict subservience to the state to a vision of an independent pursuit of public purposes, while retaining a strong interaction with the state, which by creations of its own and political and regulatory measures remains highly influential. The findings suggest that foundations present a good case for the peculiarly German corporatist paradigm of society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the German Kaiserreich, urban expansion and social segregation fostered new mechanisms of indirect and delegated gift-exchange in which the mediations between donors and recipients became increasingly important. In urban societies, mediators were in greater demand than ever before to act as system builders in forging connections between civil society, the municipality, and the state, coordinating private philanthropic initiatives and institutionalizing the resources available for patronage. This paper draws on theories of gift exchange and of social recognition in order to overcome the false dichotomy of interest v. morality in philanthropic action. The cases of failed patrons, competing mediators of culture and disregarded outsiders may illustrate why the history of philanthropy in the late 19th and early 20th centuries cannot simply be regarded as a success story of middle-class civil society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper explores representations of economic reform in Czechoslovakia immediately before and after the fall of the centrally planned economy in 1989/90. By what means was the concept of rapid economic transition towards a liberal market setting mediated into the academic and the public sphere? How did it achieve wide public consent? In the first part, the paper analyzes the Czechoslovak academic discussion about perestroika in the late 1980s, where a rapid liberal transition was cast by a distinct group of younger scholars as the only possible way of reforming the socialist economy. Their training was based above all on Paul A. Samuelson’s canonical textbook Economics, which presented this discipline almost as a natural science with universal standards. Immediately after 1989/90, when some of these scholars assumed executive positions within the new Czechoslovak government, what were at first purely economic ways of reasoning merged with certain images of the national past, creating a mixture of liberal economic knowledge and national exceptionalism. ∗ ∗ ∗ Der Aufsatz beschäftigt sich mit den Begriffen, Konzepten und Darstellungen der ökonomischen Reform in der Tschechoslowakei unmittelbar vor und nach dem Ende der zentralen Planwirtschaft 1989/90. Wie wurde das Konzept eines schnellen Übergangs zur liberalen Marktordnung vermittelt – zum einen in der akademischen Sphäre, zum anderen in der größeren Öffentlichkeit? Wie kam es, dass dieses Konzept breite Unterstützung erhielt? Im ersten Teil geht die Studie der akademischen »Perestroika«-Diskussion in der Tschechoslowakei der späten 1980er-Jahre nach, wo das Konzept einer raschen liberalen Transformation Fuß fasste, vermittelt von einer kohärenten Gruppe jüngerer Wissenschaftler. Besonders geprägt waren sie von Paul A. Samuelsons vielfach aufgelegtem Lehrbuch »Economics«, das die Wirtschaftswissenschaften als eine Art Naturwissenschaft mit universellen Standards präsentierte. Nach 1989/90, als einige dieser Ökonomen Positionen in der neuen tschechoslowakischen Regierung übernahmen, erweiterte sich die zunächst allein auf die Wirtschaft bezogene Argumentation, indem sie bestimmte Interpretationen der nationalen Vergangenheit mit einbezog. So entstand eine Mischung von ökonomischem Wissen und historischen Narrativen, die die stattfindende Transformation als den einzig möglichen Weg zu legitimieren half.

Copyright of Zeithistorische Forschungen is the property of Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co. KG and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Based on a protest survey conducted in October 2021, this paper will have a close look at a Corona protest organized by the Polish antivaccination movement. The focus of interest is the question of who joins such an event and why. In doing so, the data paint a picture of protesters who place their individual rights above pandemic-related restrictions. The attitude felt by many in this movement is one of disdain for the danger posed by the virus, which stems from a greater distrust towards established institutions and, not least, finds expression by a strong approval of Corona- related conspiracy narratives.

The paper examines expertise and policy in the field of plague prevention in the Soviet Union from the 1920s to the 1950s. It argues that anti-plague schemes underwent significant transformations during that period due to the gradual development and establishment of new research institutions and practices. During the early years of Bolshevik power, reactive intervention figured as the core strategy in anti-plague policy. In cases of plague epidemics, the state intervened in the daily lives of people using brute methods, similar to those of the forced collectivisation. Military and police forces as well as medical experts played a key role in the early history of anti-plague policy. After World War II, prevention became the strategy of choice. As a network of research institutions developed, new representations of the plague emerged. Plague, which had been considered as an alien disease for a long time, now became acknowledged as an endemic burden. The paper presents sources from state and party archives in Russia and Azerbaijan. ∗ ∗ ∗ Der Aufsatz entwirft eine Zeitgeschichte der Vorsorge, die sich für den hygienepolitischen Übergang von Praktiken der Intervention und Krisenbewältigung zu Praktiken der Prävention interessiert. Am Beispiel der Pestvorsorge in der Sowjetunion wird erstens ein Prozess der Institutionalisierung, Professionalisierung und Verwissenschaftlichung dargestellt. Zweitens werden die Eigenheiten des sowjetischen Falls herausgearbeitet. Die dortige Pestbekämpfung war bis in die 1930er-Jahre von Interventionen geprägt, die aus einem Repertoire repressiver, im Kontext der Zwangskollektivierung etablierter Maßnahmen schöpften. Der Umgang mit der Pest war nicht mit Aufklärung verknüpft, sondern mit Geheimhaltung. Die Einrichtung eines Netzwerks wissenschaftlicher Forschungsstätten führte zu einem Wandel im Umgang mit der Seuche. Dies war eingebettet in parallele Diskurse über administrative Grenzen und geographisches Wissen. Der Aufsatz stützt sich auf Quellen aus Staats- und Partei-Archiven in der Russischen Föderation und der Republik Aserbaidschan.

Copyright of Zeithistorische Forschungen is the property of Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co. KG and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Dieser Beitrag geht der Frage nach, wie Migration durch Statistik sozial relevant wird. Welche Kategorien kommen dabei zum Einsatz? Zuerst wird die historische und wissenssoziologische Perspektive erläutert. Im zweiten und dritten Teil werden historische Umbrüche in der Kategorisierung von Migration am Beispiel der amtlichen Statistik im Deutschen Kaiserreich und in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland skizziert. Der Fokus verschob sich von Migration als Ein- und Ausreisebewegung zu Migration als Alteritätszuschreibung (gestützt auf die Kategorie »Migrationshintergrund« ab 2005). Vor diesem Hintergrund wird im letzten Teil gezeigt, wie sich vergangene und aktuelle Kategorisierungen von Geflüchteten mit der Migrations- und Integrationssemantik verbanden bzw. verbinden. Über die Rekonstruktion der semantischen Brüche und Kontinuitäten hinaus dient die historische Kontextualisierung dem Ziel, heute gängige Kategorien für Migration und Flucht besser reflektieren zu können, die in der Wissenschaft, Politik und Verwaltung verwendet werden. * * * How do statistics contribute to the social making of migration? What categories are involved in this process? The first part of the article outlines the historical and sociological perspective on knowledge adopted here. In the second and third parts, historical ruptures and continuities in migration categorisation are traced, looking at official statistics in the German Empire and the Federal Republic of Germany. In the German Empire, migration was used in official statistics as a category describing the movement and mobility of people. Since 2005, the term ›migration background‹ (Migrations­hintergrund) has been used in Germany as a category for the description of people themselves. The final part of the article therefore analyses the connections between this semantics of migration and integration on the one hand and past and present categorisations for refugees on the other. Besides reconstructing historical and semantic shifts, the paper aims to historically contextualise and thus reflect on the categories that are used to speak about migration and flight in research, administration and politics today.

This article is based on a new archival find from the papers of foreign correspondent Louis P. Lochner. It proves the existence of a secret German-American cooperation between Associated Press (AP) and the ›Bureau Laux‹, an agency of the SS and the German Foreign Office, during the war years 1942–1945. With the permission of the Roosevelt administration, AP and the Bureau Laux exchanged photos via diplomatic pouch on a daily basis until spring 1945, first via Lisbon and from 1944 via Stockholm as well. Approximately 40,000 photos were swapped in this way between the war enemies while the battles of the Second World War were fought and the Holocaust was taking place. In Berlin, the AP photos were presented daily to the highest Nazi leadership. They were then also used for anti-American and anti-Semitic propaganda in the German press. Conversely, thousands of Nazi photos received by AP New York via Lisbon and Stockholm were printed in the American and international press. This article sheds new light on both AP as a news and picture agency and on foreign reporting during the Nazi era and the Second World War. * * * Der im vorliegenden Aufsatz präsentierte Quellenfund aus dem Nachlass des Auslandskorrespondenten Louis P. Lochner belegt eine geheime deutsch-amerikanische Kooperation zwischen Associated Press (AP) und dem »Büro Laux«, einer Agentur von SS und Auswärtigem Amt, während der Kriegsjahre 1942–1945. Mit Genehmigung der Roosevelt-Administration tauschten AP und Büro Laux bis zum Frühjahr 1945 täglich per Diplomatenpost Fotomaterial aus – zunächst via Lissabon, ab 1944 auch via Stockholm. Schätzungsweise 40.000 Fotos wurden so zwischen den Feinden übermittelt, während die Schlachten des Zweiten Weltkrieges geschlagen wurden und der Holocaust stattfand. In Berlin war das AP-Fotomaterial für die oberste Führung des NS-Regimes bestimmt; zudem wurde es für antiamerikanische und antisemitische Propaganda in der NS-Presse genutzt. Umgekehrt gelangten durch den Austausch Tausende Fotos aus der NS-Bildproduktion jener Jahre in die amerikanische und internationale Presse. Der Aufsatz gibt neue Einblicke in die Unternehmensgeschichte der Bild- und Nachrichtenagentur AP sowie in die Mechanismen des Auslandsjournalismus der NS-Zeit.

After 1989, commentators heralded the ultimate triumph of the capitalist market over its last major opponent, the socialist plan. However, crisis-ridden economic transformations in the former GDR and Eastern (Central) Europe were still to come. What did economists, politicians and the managers of these processes mean when they spoke about the introduction of markets? This paper focuses on conceptions of markets in the context of the German Treuhandanstalt (Trust Agency, founded in 1990) and analyzes a group of historical actors that are traditionally criticized as ›executors‹ of Western ›neoliberalism‹ on an ›experimental ground‹ in Eastern Europe. Their concepts and understanding of markets were not homogeneous; some of them conceived markets as an idealized final state, while others viewed marketization as a radical, destructive process. A closer analysis of contemporary Treuhand expert interviews, which were commissioned by the Treuhand in 1992/93 and recently rediscovered, reveals a broad spectrum of individual conceptions of markets within the practices of daily life during Eastern Germany’s transformation. ∗ ∗ ∗ Nach 1989 feierten Kommentatoren den finalen Triumph des kapitalistischen Marktes über seinen letzten Widersacher, den sozialistischen Plan. Aber die krisenhaften Wirtschaftsumbauten in der ehemaligen DDR und in Ost(mittel)europa standen noch bevor. Was meinten Ökonomen, Wirtschaftspolitiker oder Manager dieser Umbauprozesse eigentlich, wenn sie von Märkten sprachen? Der Beitrag richtet den Blick auf Vorstellungen im Kontext der 1990 gegründeten Treuhandanstalt und fokussiert Akteure, die in der Rückschau oft als marktgläubige »Exekutoren« des westlichen »Neoliberalismus« auf einem östlichen »Experimentierfeld« kritisiert werden. Deren Marktkonzeptionen fielen keineswegs einheitlich aus; sie konnten einen idealen Endzustand oder aber einen radikalen Prozess meinen. Auch der Glaube an die Gestaltbarkeit von Marktmechanismen erwies sich als wechselhaft. Eine Analyse zeitgenössischer Experteninterviews, die 1992/93 im Auftrag der Treuhand geführt wurden und jetzt wiederentdeckt werden konnten, offenbart schließlich ein breites Spektrum an individuellen Marktdeutungen aus der Alltagspraxis der ostdeutschen Transformation.

Modeled after the Soviet propaganda magazine SSSR na stroike (›USSR in Construction‹, published 1930–1941, 1949), the Japanese overseas propaganda photo magazine FRONT (1942–1945) provided visual propaganda for the so-called ›Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere‹, a concept that was proclaimed in 1940 and served to disguise Japan’s quest for hegemony in Asia. Employing the aesthetics of Russian Constructivism and Socialist Realism of SSSR na stroike, FRONT created a visual aesthetic that could be termed Japanese Co-Prosperity Realism. Its dynamic and modernistic design was a transculturally inspired practice by Japanese photographers, graphic designers, journalists and producers of visual media, some of whom had been left-wing intellectuals or had lived and worked in the Soviet Union. In a comparative perspective, this paper carves out the political, cultural and gendered semantics of the (in)visibility of power, political religion and ethnic diversity that such aesthetics entailed. It explores some of the shifting backgrounds against which photographic techniques were enacted, from their avant-garde beginnings to their application in authoritarian regimes. ∗ ∗ ∗ Die sowjetische Propagandazeitschrift »SSSR na stroike« (»UdSSR im Bau«, 1930–1941, 1949) diente als Vorbild für die japanische Auslands- und Fotoillustrierte »FRONT« (1942–1945). Letztere lieferte die visuelle Propaganda für die »Großostasiatische Wohlstandssphäre«, ein Konzept, das 1940 verkündet wurde und den japanischen Herrschaftsanspruch in Asien verschleiern bzw. beschönigen sollte. Mit Anleihen des Russischen Konstruktivismus und Sozialistischen Realismus aus »SSSR na stroike« schufen die Macher von »FRONT« eine visuelle Ästhetik, die man »Realismus der japanischen Wohlstandssphäre« nennen könnte. Dessen dynamisches und modernistisches Design war das Ergebnis einer transkulturell inspirierten Praxis japanischer Fotografen, Grafikdesigner, Journalisten und Produzenten visueller Medien, von denen einige ehemals linke Intellektuelle waren oder in der Sowjetunion gelebt hatten. In vergleichender Perspektive arbeitet der Aufsatz die politischen, kulturellen und geschlechtlichen Semantiken der (Un-)Sichtbarkeit der Macht, politischer Religion und ethnischer Vielfalt dieser visuellen Ästhetik heraus. Die sich wandelnden fotografischen Techniken werden im jeweiligen Kontext diskutiert, von ihren Avantgarde-Anfängen bis zu ihrer Nutzung in autoritären Regimen.

In the 1970s, resilience appeared as a way of describing the ability of a system to respond flexibly to stresses. Instead of following the linear ideal of recovery, the resilient system would reorganise. The concepts of stress and resilience emerged in the material sciences in the early 19th century and found their way into psychology and ecology in the 20th century. The article sketches the development of the ideal of the multi-stable system that can cope with incalculable and discontinuous changes. Following the history of fracture mechanics in the 19th century, of trauma research in the 1950s and of stress ecology in the 1970s, the paper traces how stress and resilience became systemic concepts that embraced quantities as diverse as human personality and the physical environment. Special attention is paid to the concept of anticipated failure. Whether human being, technology or environment – system failure became the condition for the self-optimisation of the system that would emerge stronger from crises and catastrophes. Collapse was no longer seen as a problem undermining the modern identity but as the engine of evolution. ∗ ∗ ∗ In den 1970er-Jahren wurde Resilienz zu einem Begriff für die Fähigkeit eines Systems, flexibel auf Stress zu reagieren. Statt nach einer Störung dem linearen Ideal der Erholung zu folgen, sollte sich das resiliente System neu organisieren. Die Konzepte Stress und Resilienz stammen aus der Materialforschung des 19. Jahrhunderts; im 20. Jahrhundert wanderten sie in die Psychologie und in die Ökologie. Der Beitrag skizziert die Entstehung des Ideals multistabiler Systeme, die auch unberechenbare, diskontinuierliche Veränderungen bewältigen sollten. Entlang der Geschichte der Bruchmechanik des 19. Jahrhunderts, der Traumaforschung der 1950er-Jahre sowie der Stressökologie der 1970er-Jahre wird gezeigt, wie sich Stress und Resilienz zu Systembegriffen ausweiteten, die so unterschiedliche Größen wie die menschliche Persönlichkeit und die irdische Umwelt erfassten. Diskutiert wird insbesondere die Vorstellung des antizipierten Versagens. Ob Mensch, Technik oder Umwelt – das einkalkulierte Systemversagen wurde zur Bedingung für die Selbstoptimierung des Systems, das aus Krisen und Katastrophen gestärkt hervorgehen sollte. Der Kollaps wurde nicht mehr als ein das moderne Selbstverständnis unterlaufendes Problem gedeutet, sondern als der Motor der Evolution.

How do human beings behave in a disaster? How can populations be governed in extreme situations? These were some of the questions that drove the activities of several American, partly army-funded, research groups during the 1950s, ’60s and ’70s. These groups were interdisciplinary but mainly interested in sociological questions. In the US and abroad, they studied the stress reactions of individuals and groups in tornados, blizzards and racial riots, as well as during laboratory simulations. Analysing some of their publications and internal documents, this article explores the research goals and findings of social science disaster research and their application. The researchers’ activities must be interpreted in the context of the Cold War and of changing conceptions of danger. However, the paper shows that their work was by no means fully determined by the political agenda of their sponsors – they followed their own research interests, producing results that sometimes deeply questioned the intentions and policies of their patrons. ∗ ∗ ∗ Wie reagieren Menschen auf Katastrophen? Wie lassen sich Bevölkerungen in Extremsituationen führen? Mit diesen Fragen beschäftigten sich in den 1950er-, 1960er- und 1970er-Jahren mehrere US-amerikanische, teilweise durch die Armee finanzierte Forschungsgruppen. Sie waren interdisziplinär zusammengesetzt, aber mehrheitlich soziologisch ausgerichtet. Innerhalb wie außerhalb der USA studierten sie das Stressverhalten von Individuen und Gruppen in Tornados, eingeschneiten Autobahnraststätten und »racial riots« sowie ergänzend in Laborsimulationen. Anhand zeitgenössischer Publikationen und interner Akten werden in diesem Aufsatz die Erkenntnisinteressen und Untersuchungsfelder der sozialwissenschaftlichen Katastrophenforschung, ihre Befunde und deren Nutzung dargestellt. Die Tätigkeit der Wissenschaftler/innen stand im Kontext des Kalten Kriegs und eines sich verschiebenden Gefahrensinns. Dabei ließen sich die Forscher/innen keineswegs vollständig politisch vereinnahmen, sondern verfolgten durchaus eigene Interessen und gaben mitunter Antworten, die den Intentionen der Auftraggeber zuwiderliefen.

The automation of industrial production has received surprisingly little attention among historians. Based on a case study of Hall 54 at the Volkswagen plant in Wolfsburg, this article considers the limits of (complete) automation in the 1980s. Hall 54, opened in 1983, was at the time heralded as a ›model of technological progress‹. In a move followed with great interest around the world, VW promised to automate 25 percent of the complicated final assembly. However, the robots, initially celebrated, quickly proved deficient. This paper analyses the relationship between man and machine and how it was assessed at the time. The case study illustrates the ostensible rediscovery of human superiority compared to machines and shows the limits of complete automation in final assembly, which to this day is considered too complicated for robots. Nevertheless, these experiences did not lead to the renunciation of automation in principle, but rather to an ›adjusted automation‹. ∗ ∗ ∗ Die Automatisierung der industriellen Produktion hat innerhalb der Geschichtswissenschaften bislang erstaunlich wenig Aufmerksamkeit gefunden. An einem Fallbeispiel, der Halle 54 bei Volkswagen in Wolfsburg, widmet sich der Aufsatz den Grenzen der (Voll-)Automatisierung, wie sie in den 1980er-Jahren sichtbar wurden. Die Halle 54, eröffnet 1983, wurde zeitgenössisch als »Modell des technischen Fortschritts« bezeichnet. Hier hatte VW in einem weltweit beachteten Versuch die komplizierte Endmontage zu 25 Prozent automatisiert. Die anfangs gefeierten Roboter erwiesen sich jedoch schnell als fehlerhaft. Der Beitrag analysiert insbesondere das Mensch-Maschine-Verhältnis und dessen damalige Bewertung. Das Fallbeispiel verdeutlicht zum einen die aufgeregten Diskurse der 1980er-Jahre um eine scheinbare Wiederentdeckung menschlicher Überlegenheit gegenüber der Maschine; zum anderen zeigt es die Grenzen der Vollautomatisierung in der Endmontage, die bis heute als zu schwierig für Roboter gilt. Gleichwohl führten diese Erfahrungen nicht zu einer prinzipiellen Abkehr von der Automatisierung, sondern vielmehr zu einer »angepassten Automatisierung«.

Angela Davis was one of the leading intellectual figures in the African American movement for freedom and equality in the United States. When Davis was imprisoned between 1970 and 1972, the GDR organized a broad solidarity campaign for her, which was initiated by the SED regime and mobilized by its mass organizations. This campaign illustrates an important transnational dimension in the history of the GDR, in which Davis was appropriated as ‘our comrade’. The paper shows the significance the campaign attained in the context of East German efforts for international recognition as well as internal legitimacy. After her acquittal, Davis visited the GDR in 1972 and 1973 and was staged as a socialist heroine. However, this should not only be understood as an expression of propagandistic efforts, but also as part of a genuine Cold War everyday culture in the GDR. ∗ ∗ ∗ Angela Davis war eine der intellektuellen Leitfiguren der afroamerikanischen Bewegungen für Freiheit und Gleichheit in den USA. Als sie von 1970 bis 1972 inhaftiert war, gab es in der DDR eine breite Solidaritätskampagne, initiiert von der SED-Führung und mobilisiert durch die Massenorganisationen. Diese Kampagne verweist auf eine transnationale Dimension in der Geschichte der DDR; Davis wurde als „unsere Genossin“ vereinnahmt. Der Beitrag zeigt, welche Bedeutung die Kampagne im Rahmen der internationalen Anerkennungsbestrebungen der DDR hatte, welchen Stellenwert sie aber auch innenpolitisch gewann. Nach ihrer Freilassung besuchte Davis 1972 und 1973 die DDR und wurde als sozialistische Heldin präsentiert. Dies ist nicht allein als Ausdruck propagandistischer Steuerung zu verstehen, sondern zugleich als Teil einer genuinen Alltagskultur des Kalten Kriegs in der DDR.

How did the technological ability to manipulate the sounds of weapons affect warfare in Europe during the twentieth century? The article first observes the role of warfare sounds in Europe prior to the First World War. The focus here is on the connection between the large-scale use of artillery and rapid-fire technologies and the development of sonic perceptions of ‘sounded power’ during the late nineteenth century. The second part discusses the introduction of ‘soundless weapons’ during the First World War. The horror of ‘silenced power’ as a force undermining the long-term tradition of ‘sounded power’ on the battlefield is exemplified by the case of gas warfare in the First World War and its long-term influence in Germany during the Weimar Republic and National Socialism. The paper points to existing gaps in research regarding the role of sound and silence on the battlefield, and further argues that although the notion of ‘silenced power’ was more prevalent in the first half of the twentieth century its potential horror could not be ignored after 1945. ∗ ∗ ∗ Wie hat die technische Möglichkeit der Manipulation von Waffengeräuschen die Kriegführung im 20. Jahrhundert beeinflusst? Der Artikel beschäftigt sich zunächst mit der Rolle von Kriegsgeräuschen in Europa vor 1914. Der Schwerpunkt liegt dabei auf der Verbindung zwischen dem umfänglichen Einsatz von Artilleriefeuer und der auditiven Wahrnehmung klanglicher Macht (sounded power) im 19. Jahrhundert. Sodann wird die Einführung geräuschloser Waffen im Ersten Weltkrieg diskutiert. Die schreckliche Wirkung schallgedämpfter Macht (silenced power) wird am Beispiel des Gaskriegs im Ersten Weltkrieg und dessen Nachwirkungen während der Weimarer Republik und der NS-Herrschaft erläutert. Der Artikel nennt zudem Lücken in der Forschung zur Rolle von Klang und Stille auf dem Schlachtfeld und argumentiert, dass die erschreckende Bedeutung schallgedämpfter Macht, die vor allen Dingen in der ersten Jahrhunderthälfte präsent war, auch nach 1945 nicht ignoriert werden konnte.

In the history of development there has been a tendency to attribute developmental initiatives to coordinating centres in the global north and view countries in the south as recipients, a phenomenon that continues to the present day. The Central American Nutrition Institute (INCAP) is by contrast an example of a regional institution that not only generated a considerable body of knowledge concerning the nutritional state of the region and policy proposals but also advocated an alternative development model emphasizing local resources. Although INCAP enjoyed some success in disseminating a number of its ideas through international organisations, the implementation of its vision was ultimately hampered by the unstable political situation prevailing in Central America in the time period analyzed in this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the role awarded to agriculture and the rural sector in international development thinking over the course of the twentieth century, focusing especially on the modernization approaches promoted by development agents to reform agricultural practices and rural life according to the problems they believed they had identified. The majority of the countries that came to be understood through the prism of development were predominantly rural, agricultural, or both. The article thus argues that it is vital that we better understand the ways in which development experts and policymakers conceptualized rural life and agricultural production with an eye to identifying both similarities and differences across temporal and spatial distances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historically, the causes and events that have ultimately led to states being unable to service their debts have often been remarkably similar. This article adopts a different perspective and investigates how assumptions about economic uncertainty determine future expectations and influence decision-making in public debt crises. The article explores these questions through an analysis of the postwar shift in the global market for public loans, and the role of financial organizations such as the IMF, the World Bank, and the Bank for International Settlements. The findings suggest that the crisis of the 1980s caused the ideas and practices of international debt settlement to be rewritten due to changes made in the market for national-debt instruments, which was established as a direct response to the crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the rise of public debt in Italy since the 1970s. It argues that Italy's path into debt differed from other countries of Southern Europe. Rather than historical path-dependencies, both the macro-economic conditions during the 1970s and the specific interests of the institutions involved in the debt management can explain the countries growing deficits. The article shows how the Italian central bank was able to increase its institutional power, while the financial sector profited from the trade in government bonds and treasury certificates. The high saving rates of private households, which financed a huge part of the public debt, explain why there have been no dramatic bank insolvencies or external debt crises in Italy since the 1970s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When, how and why did the expectation of exponential economic growth emerge historically? This article explores this question through a transnational historical analysis of economic and policy-making expertise within the debates of the industrialized countries' think tank, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and its predecessor, the OEEC. It focuses in particular on the setting of growth targets in the years 1952, 1961, and 1970. These targets not only illustrate the escalatory logic of exponential growth but also highlight the changing concepts, justifications, and implications that mark the (re-) making of the economic growth paradigm at key junctures in postwar history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article introduces the topics of the January 2015 issue of the social history periodical "Geschichte und Gesellschaft" with a focus on the use of counterworlds as a research tool with case studies including the Kurt and Erna Kretschmann environmental protection center in East Germany, encounters between clergy and liberals in late 19th-century Poland, and the influence of idealized Native American values on the Protestant church in West Germany during the 1960s and 1970s.

The article examines the historical reduction of social and economic inequality in Western Europe during the 1960s and 1970s. Alleged increases of equality in the realms of housing, medical care, and education are questioned, taxation, education reform, and welfare in 20th-century Western Europe are analyzed, and information is offered on the role of socialist democratic governments in reducing the inequalities inherent in industrialized capitalist economic systems. The role of the government in increasing equality is questioned.

The article discusses government regulation of prostitution during the early Allied occupation of Japan as well as laws and policies designed to curb the spread of sexually-transmitted infections among members of the American armed forces who consorted with prostitutes. The influence of Japanese imperialism on the prostitution industry is examined, the reinforcement of traditional gender roles and heterosexuality in Japanese government policy is described, and analysis is offered of the symbolism of women's bodies, soldiers' bodies, and the Japanese national body.

The article examines political and legal debates about the economic exploitation and strategic significance of the international seabed in the mid-twentieth century. The author particularly focuses on the development of underwater laboratories in the context of the overall policies of the United States and West Germany with regard to international waters. Issues discussed include proposals for the internationalization of the sea and the seabed in the context of the Cold War, the history of oceanography and government aid to it, and the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea.

The article examines the role of foreign expert advisers from West Germany in the fishing industry in Thailand from 1959 to 1975. The author analyzes the social and symbolic dimensions of German development aid aimed at the economic modernization of developing countries. Issues discussed include German and Thai understandings of fish as livestock and as a natural resource, conflicts between economic interests and environmental concerns, for example with regard to the problem of overfishing, and the symbolic capital of economic development.

The article presents a political history of the Islamic countries that emerged from the Ottoman and Russian Empires in the aftermath of World War I. The author highlights Muslim attitudes toward republicanism, parliamentary government, and constitutionalism. Examples discussed in detail include the brief independence of majority-Muslim areas of the former Russian Empire in Central Asia and their reintegration into the Soviet Union, the Kemalist revolution in Turkey between 1918 and 1923, and the short-lived Socialist revolution in the province of Gilan, Iran, led by Iranian military officer Mirza Kuchak Khan from 1920-1921.

The article examines debates about the respective utility of railroads and roads as cargo transportation means in Great Britain and Germany in the interwar period. The author highlights the competition between railways and trucking as the primary mode of freight transport and that this competition was indicative of broader social changes in the two countries. Among other topics, she also discusses the work of transportation planners, state policies concerning transportation, and transportation management as a form of social engineering.

The article traces the history of the Bretton Woods monetary system from its inception in the mid-1940s to its collapse in the early 1970s. Focusing particularly on economic, monetary, and fiscal policy in the Federal Republic of Germany during this time period, the authors chart debates in West German politics, in the European Economic Community (EWG/EEC), and internationally on such questions as currency revaluations, the global market for gold, and the contribution of competing interest rate policies, particularly of the German Bundesbank and the U.S. Federal Reserve System, to the breakdown of the monetary system. The influence of the Bretton Woods System on the subsequent system of cooperative monetary policy in the EEC, known as the Snake in the Tunnel, is also considered.

The article attempts to explain the rise of international human rights politics in the 1970s and to assess what difference they made in the international relations of that era. The author argues that in order to understand the reasons for the surge of human rights a polycentric approach is needed, focusing on the changed moral and political attitudes of civil activists, the distinct foreign policy needs of Western governments and the new experiences of oppression among victims of state terror. He further demonstrates how initiatives in the name of human rights notably transformed international politics. They narrowed the space of action of repressive regimes, albeit slightly and indirectly, and gave individual suffering an unprecedented salience in the international realm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European tradition of what became known as “classical" music is unique among Western arts because it resisted influences from non-Western civilisations. In the contemporary world, both the European canon of musical masterpieces and the social setting of western musical life have been exported to many different parts of the world with few changes. This tradition of European musicmaking should not obscure the global contexts in which music evolved, in particular from the mid-nineteenth century onwards. This article outlines several of these contexts, including exoticism, colonial rule, the mobility of musicians, the impact of new reproductive technologies, and the concept of “world music". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]