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Copyright of Wittgenstein Studien. Neue Folge is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Info DaF: Informationen Deutsch als Fremdsprache is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Info DaF: Informationen Deutsch als Fremdsprache is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Wittgenstein Studien. Neue Folge is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Wittgenstein Studien. Neue Folge is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Glottotheory is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Info DaF: Informationen Deutsch als Fremdsprache is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Glottotheory is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Wittgenstein Studien. Neue Folge is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Info DaF: Informationen Deutsch als Fremdsprache is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Wittgenstein Studien. Neue Folge is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Info DaF: Informationen Deutsch als Fremdsprache is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Info DaF: Informationen Deutsch als Fremdsprache is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In comparison to the contributions that address interlingual phraseological equivalence, the number of papers about the topic of phraseological false friends is relatively low. This is probably explained by the fact that this is a marginal phenomenon from a quantitative point of view. Nonetheless, there are relevant contributions in the field of foreign German Studies. The aim of this article is, on the one hand, to discuss theoretical questions about tertium comparationis and terminology and, on the other hand, to develop a classification of the types of potential phraseological false friends. This paper must therefore be understood as a preliminary stage for applied work in the areas of foreign language teaching, (not only) bilingual lexicography and translation theory and practice. Based on a comprehensive empirical basis, the present article studies nominal, adjectival and especially verbal idioms. For the collection of both corpora and the codification of the lemmas various methods were used: the consultation of specialized dictionaries, the use of the author's own foreign and native language competence, the search of context examples from the databases Corpus de referencia del espanol actual (CREA) and Deutsches Referenzkorpus (DeReKo), and the consultation of informants. Through this methodological approach, the article tackles the levels of the language system and also of the language usage. In this respect, and due to the problem of the so-called broad or complex meaning of idioms, difficulties associated with the analysis of lexicographic definitions are of particular relevance. Depending on the lexicographic sources, differences in questions such as the complexity of the definitions or the number of sememes are noticeable. On the level of meaning, componential analysis represents the theoretical framework. Thus, the semantic structures of the idioms to be compared are analyzed in order to discover to what extent the whole meaning (sememe) or some [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Valence orientation is a phenomenon much discussed and debated in typology. Diachronic tendencies of individual languages have so far only been considered en passant in typological approaches such as Comrie (2006). This paper presents a preliminary pilot study on the expression and marking of the causative anticausative alternation in the history of German in a microtypological comparison with data from two other continental West-Germanic varieties, i. e. Dutch and Yiddish. This is intended to highlight possibilities, limitations, and difficulties for a research program of diachronic analysis of a possible language change process of valence orientation and valence marking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Germanistische Linguistik is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Angewandte Linguistik is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Internationales Archiv für Sozialgeschichte der deutschen Literatur is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Slawistik is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper focusses on case marking in informal Namibian German (so called Namdeutsch). Whilst the use of nominative and accusative case is stable and similar to Standard German, there is a considerable amount of variation with regard to the dative case. This phenomenon is analysed in detail using corpus and questionnaire data. Multifactorial analyses reveal that several sociolinguistic and grammatical factors have a significant impact on the language use in this particular domain. Subsequently, the results are compared with other extraterritorial varieties of German and various similarities are found. This supports the idea that there are variety/language overarching principles at work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper looks into the question of whether Romanian is a mono- or a pluricentric language and investigates its relation to so-called Moldovan. The first part outlines the formation of the Romanian Academy as a standardizing authority. It was founded in the second half of the 19th century when the territory of today's Republic of Moldova did not belong to Romania but to Russia. The second part therefore casts an eye over the linguistic situation in this region which has gone through a varied history during the last 200 years. As a result, it appears that the efforts to establish Moldovan as a separate language were politically motivated. The question - if we have to deal with two languages (Romanian, Moldovan), one (Romanian) with two centres (Bucharest, Chişinău), or one language with only one centre (Bucharest) - is therefore also a political question which creates different answers depending on political constellations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops a corpus-driven analysis of wh-interrogatives in Castilian Spanish. Combining methods from variationist and interactional linguistics, it is demonstrated that both the distribution of the variants and their discourse functions can be described in terms of the degree of mental accessibility of the interrogative proposition (P) and the referent of the interrogative pronoun/ adverb (X). In contexts in which both P and X have a low degree of accessibility, wh-interrogatives establish a new Question under Discussion; in contexts in which P has a high and X a low degree of accessibility, wh-interrogatives are used to elaborate a current Question under Discussion; in contexts in which both P and X have a high degree of accessibility, wh-interrogatives are used to repeat, clarify or challenge a previous utterance. Given that the wh-interrogative variants differ in their restrictions regarding the accessibility of P and X, they typically also fulfil different discourse functions. The analysis moreover demonstrates that due to these functional differences, the type of response to the interrogatives produced by the listeners differs systematically depending on the wh-interrogative type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both in Guadeloupe and in the Seychelles a French-based Creole coexists with French. In addition to this shared main ecological parameter, the two areas diverge in several other points of their contact ecology: First, due to the different timing of French colonization, the French variety exported to Guadeloupe in the 17th century differed from the variety exported to the Seychelles a century later. Second, while the Seychelles were a British colony from 1814 to independence in 1976, Guadeloupe always remained French and is still a French overseas department. Therefore, the contact ecology in Guadeloupe may be characterized as a reciprocally dominant monocontact situation (see Gadet/Ludwig/ Pfänder 2009), while the situation in the Seychelles is one of polycontact (Seychelles' Creole-English-French), with Seychelles' Creole and English being dominant in their influence on French (while the reverse is not the case). Using data from several corpora of spoken and written French in the Seychelles and Guadeloupe, this paper shows instances of code copying (e.g. Johanson 2002, Kriegel/Ludwig/Henri 2009) from the two Creole languages (and English) on the morphosyntactical level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the functions and different frequency of blendwords in contemporary German, English and Japanese, respectively. It is shown that blendwords in the three languages investigated have a role that extends far beyond the simple filling of lexical gaps, particularly concerning Japanese. In addition, blendwords frequently take the place of an existing equivalent in the respective mother tongue where they perform various functions such as attention seeking or getting devices and for euphemistic effect. Drawing largely on the evaluation of data from internet corpora and their frequency as well as on the specific characteristics of the three languages and their speakers' attitudes towards them, this paper attempts to conclusively prove different extents of tendency concerning the formation and usage of blendwords. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Processes of language standardization are discussed in the context of the standardization of German. Special attention is paid to the social aspects of normalization and codification. The contact with other standard languages, especially French, English, Italian, and Latin, is discussed with respect to its impact on the standardization of German. In recent times, the development of the standard language has taken somewhat different paths in the various German-speaking countries. One aspect discussed in this paper is language loyalty. In this connection some observations are reported on the changing situation of local dialects, city dialects, youth registers, and languages for special purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an overview of the present-day system of varieties of German with a focus on linguistic usage in the Federal Republic of Germany. The interaction of social and regional factors underlying these varieties is discussed with special reference to the sociosituational conditions determining their existence and use. On the basis of this analysis, the second part of the paper examines three developmental tendencies and the effect they have on a restructuring of the system of varieties: dialect decay, dialect revival, and regionalization of the standard language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Angewandte Linguistik is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the current pilot study, we analyse the Rusyn minority language (or po-našomu 'our way of speaking', as its speakers usually call it) from the perspective of non-expert vernacular speakers of the Zakarpattia region in Western Ukraine. As an addition to traditional dialectological studies, the paper aims at investigating attitudes and folk beliefs towards the mother tongue. Using different methods from the area of perceptual dialectology, we compare the individual representations of speech areas in Zakarpattia. To explore what ordinary people believe about the geographical distribution of linguistic varieties, we make use of, among others, draw-a-map tasks. Additionally, we conducted interviews and applied methods such as correct or pleasant ratings in order to measure the speakers' regard on the previously identified regional varieties. The results show a mainly negative concept of language perception and of Rusyn self-identification within it. Gradual language shift towards Standard Ukrainian occurs, since Rusyn speakers are afraid of being stigmatised as uneducated and rurally conservative. Nonetheless, there is no clear division between language use in official and nonofficial domains, i.e., speakers continue to use po-našomu even in semi-official domains. Rusyn can, thus, be classified as still vital in Zakarpattia. One of the crucial variables for perception as well as production of and regard on the native variety is the educational background of the test persons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Wittgenstein Studien. Neue Folge is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The subject of this paper is the presentation of the analysis of details of various German phraseologisms containing the constituent Hand [ hand]. It will be shown that a considerable improvement in clarity can be achieved by analyzing these phraseolgisms as belonging to a specific construction family. The analysis follows in its classification previous studies from the project 'Linguistik des Körpers' [ Linguistics of the Human Body]. The essential objectives of this project are: As considered from a methodological point of view (II) would be the conditio sine qua non with regard to (I). The thesis is the following: Although phraseologisms - following Goldberg - are not absolutely predictable, the body part terms still allow the identification of a specific contribution to the phraseological meaning. To a certain extent the phraseological meaning turns out to be compositional as if moved along a metonymic guide. Analysis of the meaning will be the main focus of this investigation. Meanings occur in daily use. The only way to get further knowledge about the meaning(s) of linguistic entities is by analyzing their (actual) use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides an overview of valence lexicography and focuses especially on the Spanish- German case. Based on valence dictionaries and ongoing projects that describe the languages mentioned, this paper addresses the question of equivalence considering both quantitative and qualitative parameters and the various difficulties found out through the process of description. A central role is ascribed to the problems surrounding the selection and description of equivalence in non-standard cases. Discussion of new theoretical and practical proposals is also included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following article gives a brief outline of the historical lexicography of Spanish, focusing on its history which has been dominated by the Royal Spanish Academy's attempts to realize a Diccionario Histórico, an endeavor which has unfortunately remained fragmentary. In addition, this paper also deals with the present and future perspectives of the historical lexicography of Spanish, namely the RAE's project of a new lexicographical thesaurus (Nuevo diccionario histórico de la lengua española), which will, it is to be expected, benefit largely from the huge electronic corpora accessible today. Moreover, the most outstanding etymological and period dictionaries (e. g. Joan Coromines, Bodo Müller or research done by the Hispanic Seminary of Medieval Studies) will be treated, although it needs to be said that Spanish historical lexicography has not drawn as much scholarly attention as one might hope, particularly when compared with French and Italian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the critical analysis of a specific dictionary, the present paper argues that the comment on semantics in contemporary dictionaries of language contact has to be set up in a completely different manner than that which has been used to date. Dictionaries of this type, which omit the evaluation of corpora as primary sources in favor of secondary sources, reveal systematic shortcomings in the semantic description of contact phenomena. The article focuses specifically on the temporal dimension of marking and the contemporary relevance of the semantic items. The discussed methodological issues are for the most part independent from the respective contact languages, in this case German and Italian, so that the results might be generalized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper looks at a question that has up to now not yet been put, namely which textual dictionary structure elements with which features, by the use of which the user can find semantic and pragmatic knowledge within an article can systematically be differentiated. In order to do this the following four dictionary structure elements are introduced: items, item texts, functional item additions and item symbols. Then the dictionary structure elements for enabling knowledge regarding meaning are treated by means of examples, e.g. different types of items giving the meaning, different types of items giving semantically related expressions, different types of pragmatically enriched items giving the paraphrase of meaning, etc. Finally, the dictionary structure elements enabling pragmatic knowledge are discussed, e.g. different types of diasystematic labelling items and pragmatic labelling symbols. In conclusion, a brief perspective is given on the relevant approach to meaning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sociolinguistic variation in Austria and the German-speaking part of Switzerland has traditionally been described in very different terms. In Austria, the linguistic range between the standard language and the local dialects has been referred to as a ‘standard-dialect-continuum’, whereas the German-speaking part of Switzerland has often been cited as the typical example of a ‘diglossic’ language community. The sociolinguistic situation in the Austrian state of Vorarlberg, which is part of a primarily Bavarian-speaking country but also of the Alemannic dialect region, has not been thoroughly examined in any studies up to date. In this paper, we present results from an online-survey in Austria and Switzerland on the everyday use of dialect and the standard language. According to our informants' estimates, the sociolinguistic situation in both Austria and German-speaking Switzerland is characterised by a significant percentage of dialect use. Still, the standard language is regarded quite differently in the two countries. A considerable proportion of the Swiss informants perceive the standard language as a ‘foreign language’. However, this does not seem to be a common attitude among the Austrian informants. The main difference between the two countries lies in the observation that Austrians feel they use an intermediate form between dialect and the standard language, a so-called ‘Umgangssprache’, in many situations, whereas the Swiss indicate that they speak their local dialect or the standard language under specific communicative circumstances. However, the German-speaking Swiss population, as well as the informants from Vorarlberg, do not seem to use an intermediate form. The situation in Vorarlberg is particularly interesting. On the one hand, as far as the status of dialect and the dichotomy of dialect and standard are concerned, Vorarlberg patterns similarly to the German-speaking part of Switzerland. On the other hand, people from Vorarlberg have to adapt to their Bavarian-speaking fellow countrymen and women and switch to standard German in intra-national communication (e.g. at the workplace or on national help lines). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the second half of the eighteenth century, a far-reaching change took place in the language of Southern Germany and Austria. This change from the traditional baroque Upper German written language [oberdeutsche Schreibsprache] to modern High German occurred not only in the language of printing, but also in private letters. One result of this transition is a broad variety of linguistic forms. The extensive correspondence between members of the Mozart family (father, mother, daughter, son) is an extremely useful subject for the investigation of this language variation. After a series of introductory sections, the usage of written language by the different members of the family will be analyzed in part one of this paper. The range of variety reaches from Leopold Mozart's modern, educated German to the traditional, partly colloquial language of Mozart's mother. A separate chapter deals with W. A. Mozart's creative use of language (and varieties), his fancy for artificial jokes and word play [Sprachspiele]. Part two deals with the question of what we can learn from the written language of the letters about how the Mozarts spoke with each other and with other members of their society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Which varieties can be distinguished in present-day German? How can we make a distinction between them? A discussion of the traditional notions Standardsprache (standard), Umgangssprache (vernacular), and Dialekte leads us to the problem of a finer differentiation of spoken standard varieties of German, their structure, and their distinction from vernacular varieties. The written standard of German has no exact equivalent in the spoken language, and it is therefore difficult to distinguish the spoken standardfrom regional vernaculars. For historical reasons the description of vernacular varieties in German is very incomplete. However, the description of their grammar and lexicon is an important task because these varieties are in the process of superseding the local dialects of German. A clear distinction between standard and regional vernaculars in spoken German can only be made on the basis of detailed research in this field, especially studies in the sociolinguistics of urban vernaculars. In this paper we discuss some selected details of these problems concerning the lexicon of standard and vernaculars, as well as some new proposals for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses various books on the topic of German as a foreign language for the workplace. The anthology "Der Betrieb als Sprachlernort" by Sander and Efing examines the significance of the workplace as a place for language learning. The monograph "Deutsch für den Beruf. Eine Einführung" by Niederhaus is a standard work in the field of professional and subject-specific German instruction. Another book covers various chapters on reading, writing, speaking, and listening in a professional context, as well as methodological and didactic approaches for language instruction. All of these books contribute to the enrichment of the field of German for the workplace. [Extracted from the article]

Early Modern foreign language textbooks and especially the model dialogues that are typical of such manuals are particularly valuable sources for historical pragmatics due to the imitation of oral communication. However, the potential of this source has hardly been exploited, especially for historical speech act analysis. This study will now, first, empirically investigate the realization patterns for directive speech acts in selected model dialogues from the 16th to 18th century. Second, on the basis of the results, a data-based evaluation of the authenticity and thus the potential of language learning dialogues as a source for historical linguistics will be made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the importance of linguistic nuances in (Post-)Yugoslav Studies, emphasizing how a minor mistranslation of 'galeb' from 'seagull' to 'dove' alters the interpretation significantly. It delves into power structures in academia, advocating for more substantial involvement of native speakers to enhance knowledge production, drawing parallels with the struggles of other marginalized groups in academia. Topics covered include the significance of language nuances, power imbalances in academic research, and the need for inclusion and engagement of heritage scholars in Post-Yugoslav Studies for more equitable knowledge production.

The article focuses on the author's experience as a Romanian researcher in the former Yugoslav space, highlighting their extensive research spanning over a decade. It explores the complexities of bridging the perceived "island" of Romania with the distinct identities of the former Yugoslav region, detailing the researcher's immersion in post-war urban reconstruction, heritage, memory processes, and linguistic dynamics, ultimately reflecting on the affective, phenomenological, and nested orientalist dimensions of their positionality in this field.

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Slawistik is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Recently, it has been argued that verb-first (V1) conditionals are not, as traditionally assumed, integrated into their matrix clauses, but (quasi-)paratactically adjoined to their host clause (Axel & Wööllstein, German verb-first conditionals as unintegrated clauses. A case study in converging synchronic and diachronic evidence, Mouton de Gruyter, 2009 and Reis & Wööllstein, Zeitschrift füür Sprachwissenschaft, 29: 111--179, 2010). As a consequence, the host clause of a left-peripheral V1-conditional clause is considered to be either a V1-declarative sentence or an elliptical V2-declarative sentence. The authors argue with semantic and syntactic properties of V1-clauses and also present diachronic evidence for their views. It is the aim of this paper to take a close look at their arguments in order to show that some do not withstand close scrutiny and that some of the facts presented are at least compatible with other interpretations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the adjective "national" which is being considered to be probably one of the words in many languages that bears a heavy ideological burden. The different idioms that expresses the notions of "nation" and "national" are being presented in the paper. Lexical entries of the said word found in various dictionaries and encyclopedias are also tackled. A synoptical overview over the headwords found are presented. After which, regularities and exceptions are being demonstrated based on the examples of the German, Russian and Serbian/Croatian languages.

The article presents results of a project studying the codes witching (CS) phenomenon in the Sardic-Italian language. The status of the linguistic minority results from their socio-cultural subordination by a majority. The subordinated status results from the often-limited material and immaterial resources as well as from the conditions of the emergence of the minority, whereby a society based on the concept of nation-state gives rise to the classical context for the differentiation of linguistic minority and the majority. The stratification of the status of language and the languages as well as the asymmetry of the contact situations as a rule leads to the fact that the minority language, which is appropriate at the most as a language spoken only within the confines of a household, is often attached with the social stigma and therefore they are abandoned by its speakers.

The article focuses on nitty-gritty of legislation and their tension with the spirit of the Hungarian Nationalities Act and German and Romanian occupied in some counties should not be generalised to other minority languages and other counties. It mentions eastern parts of Dualist Hungary different were the heavier counterweights to Magyarising efforts and the more embedded official use of non-dominant languages than elsewhere, which translated into a more diverse practice. It also mentions declared linguistic rights for Hungary's national minorities and defined the space for non-dominant languages in the official sphere.

Presents a list of books and information resources related to linguistics.