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Die eingehende Analyse der bisher erforschten frühmittelalterlichen Nekro[1]polen im Gebiet des byzantinischen Istriens (Taf. 1) hat das Bestehen zweier Gruppen von Nekropolen festgestellt. Die erste gehört zweifellos den romanischenEinwohnern an, während die zweite das Resultat der neuen politischen, gesell[1]schaftlichen, kulturellen und ethnischen Verhältnisse ist, die sich in Istrien zur Zeit der Völkerwanderung ergaben. Die Nekropolen der zweiten Gruppe sind an hochgelegenen Stellen (auf Hügeln und Anhöhen) oder in den Ruinen antiker Bauten angelegt. In ihrem Komplex wurde kein gleichzeitiger Sakralbau gefunden, doch befinden sich häufig auf ihrem Gebiet romanische oder noch jüngere Kirchlein. Was die Konstruktion der Gräber anlangt, sind in den ältesten Teilen der Nekropolen in den Erdboden oder Mergel gegrabene einfache Gruben vorherrschend, in den jüngsten Teilen hingegen Plattengräber. Am zahlreichsten sind Gräber, die nur teilweise mit Platten oder Steinen belegt sind; gänzlich fehlen gemauerte Gräber oder solche mit Giebeldach. Antike und spätantike Einflüsse zeigen sich in den häufigen Steinkissen unter Kopf und Füßen, in der Kennzeichnung der Gräber durch steinerne Stelen, in der Einfriedung von Grabgruppen durch Trockenmauern und im sichtbaren Steinbelag einzelner Gräber. Außer den Reihengräberfeldern mit ostwärts orientierten Skeletten (Taf. 2) sind auch Nekropolen mit verschiedenartig orientierten Skeletten und Etage[1]gräbern festgestellt worden; in beiden Fällen kommt fast ausschließlich die in[1]dividuelle Bestattung vor, und Nachbestattungen sind Ausnahmen. In den Nekropolen der zweiten Gruppe sind folgende Bestattungsbräuche von ausgeprägt heidnischem Charakter festgestellt worden: a) verschiedene Grabbei[1]gaben (Abb. 1—3) ; b) Steinplatten unmittelbar auf einizelnen Körperteilen des Verstorbenen: c) Totenfeuer um die Gräber und in ihnen; d) rituelle Enthauptung, und e) der Grabobolus. In den 547 erforschten Gräbern wurden 632 Gegenstände gefunden, zu denen noch 95 Grabfunde aus zerstörten Gräbern zu zählen sind. Zum Vorschein kamen Waffen (Taf. 3), Werkzeuge. Tontöpfe und Glasgefäfie, Schmuck und Metallteile der Tracht (Taf. 4—6). D as Vorkommen der durchbohrten H albsiliqua Konstantins V. (741—775) im Grab 65 an der Peripherie der Nekropole in Veli Mlun beweist, dass die jüngsten Gräber der Nekropolen der zweiten Gruppe am Ende des VIIT. Jh. gehören. Die Mehrzahl der typischen Funde kann auf Grund der Ergebnisse zahlreicher Analysen ins VII. und an den Anfang des VIII. Jh. angesetzt werden. D as gilt für den Langsachs mit langem G riff (J. Werner), den Glasbecher mit Fäden (F. Fremersdorf), die bayrisch-alpinen Ohrringe mit Schleife (W. Bott, J. Kastelic), die byzantinischen Schnallen (J. Werner, G. Csallany), die Haarnadeln mit fächer[1]förmigem Köpfchen (H. Mitscha-Märheim), die Kämme mit abgerundeten Leistchen (FI. Mitscha-Märheim) und die Fibeln (J. Werner). Ausschließlich dem VI. Jh. zugehörige Funde der Nekropolen der zweiten Gruppe nicht ans Tageslicht gelangt und demzufolge sind sie zwischen Beginn des VII. und Ende des V ili. Jh. zudatieren, was einerseits im Einklang steht mit dem Aufhören der awaro-sla[1]wischen Einfälle in Istrien (599—611) und anderseits mehr oder weniger mit dem Ende der byzantinischen Ilerschaft im Istrien (im J.770 oder 778). Die durchgeführten Analysen der Nekropolen und Funde gestatten eine vor[1]läufige Hypothese, wonach die bisher erforschten Gräber der zweiten Gruppe dem ethnisch gemischten Komplex der byzantinischen Grenzer angehören, welche eine beträchtliche Anzahl autochthoner romanisierter Einwohner umfaßten; allerdings barbarisierten sich deren Bestattungsbräuche im Kontakt mit den neuangesiedeltenSlawen, was neben den heidnischen Bestattungssitten auch aus einigen kerami[1]schen Funden hervorgeht. Dieses Element ist außerordentlich wichtig, denn die Fundorte liegen im Bereich der damaligen Diözesen in den byzantinischen Civi[1]tates Tergeste, Emonia und Parentium, während anderseits die Slawen von der romanisierten Bevölkerung sehr rasch die Errungenschaften der höherentwickelten, auf antiken Überlieferungen aufgebauten Zivilisation übernahmen.

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The leaf shape of the mutant filiformis (fil) of Hyoscyamus niger L. is strongly modified by external factors (like nutrition and light) as well as by the height of insertion. The name ' filiformis' refers to thread-like leaves which always occur in the inflorencence; they may also be formed in the vegetative region, especially under short day conditions. Other leaves may have a small rhombic blade or a larger blade with irregular edges and deep incisions. Even pinnate leaves have been found. In contrast to the leaves of normal Hyoscyamus, all mutant leaves (hypsophylls included) have a stalk-like basal portion that seems to be homologous to the basal part of the normal blade. This mutant is caused by one recessive factor which is linked neither to ann nor to pall. the submarginal initials of the normal Hyoscyamus blade were always found dividing according to the periclinal-anticlinal type, while in the mutant the activity of the submarginal initials frequently resulted in a primarily biseriate mesophyll (so-called double-edged segmentation). This is apparently the first time that gene control of the mode of submarginal blade growth has been observed. Further differences between mutant and normal Hyoscyamus concern the venation, the lengths of palisade cells and of stomata guard cells, the frequency of stomata per mm, and the thickness of the blade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Ljeti 1958. godine pronađeni su ostaci rimskog brodoloma s teretom amfora u Špinutu, zaljevu sa sjeverne strane Marjana u Splitu. Teret je ležao na dubini od 3,5 metra i te je godine nestao sav površinski sloj amfora. Kasnije je za tim amforama tragao autor i uspio pronaći 10 komada (4 u Arheološkom muzeju u Splitu, a ostali u privatnim zbirkama u Splitu). Sve amfore iz Špinuta pripadaju tipu Dressel 20 koji je karakterističan po svom loptastom tijelu, relativno velike širine. Ove amfore su važne zbog toga što na drškama imaju žigove, a na tijelu slikane natpise (titulipicti) koji su, na žalost, zbog skidanja površinskog dijela amfore brzo propali. Repertoar žigova na pronađenim amforama je slijedeći: 1) SAXO FERR ili razriješen [Figtinae] SAXO FERRIco ili Ferri] Ovaj žig sigurno pripada španjolskim amforama, jer je na Monte Testaccio pronađena jedna amfora koja se prema slikanom natpisu datira u 149 god. n. e. (CIL XV, 2 br. 4171), u kojem se spominje grad Corduba u južnoj Španjolskoj. Na osnovi toga Saxum Ferreum se smješta po svoj prilici u dolinu rijeke Baetisa (današnji Gaudalquivir). 2) FSF'A'QVA ili razrješen Ex F(JgUnis) S{axis) F(erreis) A’QVA se ne može pročitati sa sigurnošću. Ovaj žig je jedna varijanta gore spomenutog i to je daljnja potvrda da oni vremenski spadaju zajedno i da pripadaju jednoj te istoj radionici. Mišljenje autora je da se kraj natpisa treba dešifrirati kao praenomen i nomen, odnosno nomen ili cognomen vlasnika imanja ili figline. 3) SCOROBRES. Razrješen [Figlinae] SCOROBR(ens)ES Veoma je mali broj loptastih amfora s tim žigom sačuvano. Naših nekoliko primjera su dokaz ranije postavljene pretpostavke da taj žig mora pripadati južno španjolskom tipu amfore. 4) OC PA. Vjerojatno čitanje OC(tavii) Paterni) [Figlino] Ovaj žig je možda najvažniji od svih pronađenih u Špinutu. On je do sada jedinstveni primjerak na jednom primjerku loptaste amfore. Sličan žig je poznat na jednoj amfori iz Diè u Francuskoj, ali nije poznato na kojem tipu amfore (CIL XII, br. 204). Žig vjerojatno daje ime vlasnika figline ili posjeda. Amfora prikazana na pečatu između dva člana onomastičke forme vjerojatno radije označava figlimi nego posjed. Globularne amfore poznate su prvenstveno u zapadnom dijelu antičkog svijeta od početka I st. pa do sredine III st. n. e. Poznate su postale nakon istraživanja H. Dressela na Monte Testaccio u Rimu. Ovaj naš nalaz na osnovi žigova datira se pouzdano u prvu polovicu II st. n. e. Njegova važnost je u tome što, budući da se radi o zatvorenom nalazu daje siguran oslonac i za dalaciju žigova koje nije bilo moguće, precizno vremenski determinirati (Scorobres i Oc Pa). Nalaz iz Špinuta dokazuje postojanje trgovine španjolskim uljem u Dalmaciji u II st. n. e. Do sada se općenito nije znalo da je import toga ulja stigao i u krajeve istočno od linije AIpe-Apenini. Da je taj import postojao dokazuju i još neki drugi nalazi tih amfora, kao što su ležajevi potonulih brodova u prolazu između otoka Žuta i Dugog otoka (primjerak amfore iz tog lokaliteta nalazi se u Biogradu u restoranu »Mornar«), te između Fažane i Briona u Istri (primjerak amfore u podzemnim prostorijama amfiteatra u Puli). Jedan primjerak loptaste amfore nalazi se i u Muzeju u Akvileji. Osobito je važan, međutim, nalaz tri žiga hispanskih amfora u Vinkovcima što dokazuje import i u Panoniju, za koju se općenito smatralo da spada u domenu istarskog izvoza ulja. Žigovi iz Vinkovaca su LIVNIM u prvom retku i ELISSI[P] u drugom u dva slučaja. Taj žig se razrješava L(uci) IVNI[M]ELISSI [P]. Treći žig je LFCCVCA koji se po svoj prilici razrješava L(ucius) F(abius) C(rescens) CVCA (figlino). Postojanje trgovačkih veza sa Hispanijom u antičko doba potvrđuju i neki drugi nalazi koje autor također navodi. Na koncu autor raspravlja zbog čega je bilo potrebno uvoziti ulje u jedan kraj koji je imao dosta razvijeno maslinarstvo. On dolazi do zaključka da je to vjerojatno uvjetovala nedovoljna količina ulja za podmirenje domaćih potreba, a možda i činjenica da je dalmatinsko ulje bilo uvijek pomalo žestoko pa ga je trebalo miješati s nekim drugim blažim. Očito je, po autorovu mišljenju, da je španjolsko ulje moralo biti rival za tržište s istarskim, koje je po starim piscima bilo jednake kvalitete.

Alternativna upotreba dve ili više sintaksičkih oznaka česta je pojava u jeziku. Ona predstavlja dosta složen problem kome se u lingvistici poklanja, i mora se poklanjati, sve više pažnje. Ovaj se problem tretira kao problem sintaksičkih opozicija, opozituma, pod ovim imenom ili pod imenom sintaksičkih sinonima; govori se o naporednoj upotrebi više oblika u istoj funkciji i istom značenju, o mogućnosti njihove međusobne zamene uz čuvanje istog smisla većih jezičkih celina u kojima se ti znaći javljaju. U nauci, međutim, bar koliko je nama poznato, malo je u kome slučaju ovo pitanju u celini proučeno. O alternativnosti upotrebe dva ili više znaka najčešce se govori uzgredno, kada se raspravlja o nekome od njih, bilo samom za sebe, bilo u pregledima jezičkih priručnika, i to izuzetno retko kad sasvim isćrpno. U naući o srpskohrvatskom jeziku skoro da i nemarno, ili bar do skora nismo imali, precizno definisanih slučajeva alternativne upotrebe bilo koja dva jezička znaka.

It is demonstrated that the abnormally high respiratory quotient of the green tobacco leaf as described by various authors is due to an insufficient supply of oxygen to the tissues. In pure oxygen the quotient is 1.0. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]