Search

The author introduces the January 1962 issue of "Sociologia Ruralis." This special issue contains the addresses given and the discussions which took place, at the Third Congress of the European Society for Rural Sociology in September 1962. In this way the author hopes to make known the results of this international exchange of experience, in the field of rural sociology and rural planning, to those members who were unable to attend the congress, as well as to the wider public which is interested in this subject. Some papers published in this issue have had to be shortened. All contributions to discussions were not committed to paper by the speakers. The order of the official programme has been followed in the following pages and modifications which were made during the Congress for expediency are ignored. The author tanks those who have contributed for the publication of this issue.

The paper describes the mode of infection and subsequent deterioration of spruce root wood by Forties annosus using light and electronmicroscopic observations. In the secondary xylem the overall penetration of cell walls is effected by means of microhyphae which produce boreholes. The degradation of cell walls is initiated in the S2 layer by diffusion of enzymes along the cellulose fibrils with subsequent hydrolysis of the amorphic incrusting substances.

During investigations of their metabolism fragments of plant tissue are most commonly incubated in watery solutions in order to replace the conditions within the intact organ approximately. -- This paper reports experiments performed to investigate the influence of a hypotonic medium on several parameters of importance in cell metabolism (protein synthesis, enzymatic activity, concentrations of metabolic intermediates, respiration, and cell division). -- It could be shown that protein synthesis is severely inhibited in hypotonically exposed potato tuber discs. As a consequence the activities of two dehydrogenases of the pentose phosphate shunt (glucose-6-phosphate- and 6-phosphogluconate-dehydrogenase) are very low as compared with tissue in air. Since the activated pentose shunt evidently contributes to the respiratory reaction after derepression of the tissue, lowered activities of these dehydrogenases must consequently result in lower respiratory activity. This is actually realized in washed tissue, Likewise the mitotic activity is inhibited to a considerable extent. -- The destruction of permeability barriers within the cell as a consequence of slicing causes leakage of a variety of metabolites such as glucose, glucose-6-phosphate, fructose-6-phosphate and pyruvate. Thus leaching of metabolic active substances is certainly one of the causal factors in the complex reaction of tissue slices exposed to a hypotonic medium, although such important parameters as changes gas conditions and the various effects of altered hydration of cell cytoplasm must be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Row 3 of Table 1 gives the times required to kill the leaf protoplasts of Eiodea densa in solutions containing 0.05 M of different acids and 0.05 M of their primary sodium salts per litre. A priori there are, of course, two conceivable alternatives regarding the killing effects of the acids: (a) the plasmalemma is directly damaged by the H+-ions of the external solution, (b) the acid penetrates the undamaged plasmalemma and then exerts its toxic effects in the interior of the protoplasm. In our experiments, the first alternative was largely eliminated by avoiding too low pH values of the test solutions. On the other hand, the intracellular toxic actions may depend either (b1) on the H+-ions or (b2.3) on the acid molecules, or acid anions or both. In the experiments on which the present paper is based, however, the intracellular action of the H+-ions appears to dominate in most cases. Taking into account that all the solutions tested contained the same concentration of undissociated acid molecules, it may be inferred that the death rates observed are probably, on the whole, fairly reliable measures of the permeability of the plasma-lemma towards the acid molecules in question. The death rates observed are correlated with the relative ether solubilities and molecular sizes of the acids in much the same way as the permeation power of non-electrolytes towards Nitella protoplasts is correlated with their ether solubility and molecular size. It thus seems that the diffusion resistance offered by the plasmalemma towards acids is fairly similar to that offered by the protoplast as a whole. When nutrient solutions containing increasing concentrations of different acids were inoculated with conidia of Aspergillus niger, it was found that there exists a fairly close correlation between the killing velocities of different acids towards Elodea cells, on the one hand, and their power to prevent the germination of the conidia of Aspergillus, on the other. This suggests a certain resemblance between these two organisms regarding the permeability of their plasmalemmas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper reports the results obtained in examining 191 freshly isolated saccharolytic Clostridium strains for growth under anaerobic conditions in a synthetic nutrient solution with or without addition of (+) -biotin and p-aminobenzoic acid. Further, the pH of the substrates was determined electrometrically after completed fermentation. The strains were isolated from soil, sewage, green plants, silage, potato-, corn-, rye- and chestnut-mash, spoiled Emmentaler and process cheese, faeces of cow and sheep, etc. The pure cultures were obtained from the pasteurized material directly by means of smear-cultures on glucose-meat infusion-agar, glucose-yeast water-agar, etc. or after enrichment on skim milk, glucose-skim milk, corn- and pea-broth, glucose-meat-peptone-broth, Winogradsky's solution, etc. The pH measurements and analyses of the fermented substrates showed that out of the 191 strains thus isolated 88 (46 per cent) were true butyric acid bacteria producing great amounts of butyric and acetic acids, along with traces of neutral compounds, whereas 22 strains (11,5 per cent) were butanol-isopropanol or butanol-acetone bacteria capable of forming large quantities of neutral products, together with only small amounts of fatty acids. 81 strains (42,5 per cent) were found to be intermediate types. The synthetic medium used contained 20 amino acids in addition to glucose, ammonium acetate and mineral salts. (+) -biotin and p-aminobenzoic acid were supplied in amounts of 0.001 μg and 0.05 μg, respectively, per ml of substrate. In order to check the quality of the pasteurized spore suspensions used for inoculation parallel cultures were grown in a modified Karnicki-Dorner medium. It was demonstrated conclusively that 178 strains (93 per cent) were heterotrophic for (+) -biotin, whereas 6 strains (3 per cent) showed auxo-autotrophic tendencies, and 7 strains (3-4 per cent) required (+)-biotin or p-aminobenzoic acid for normal growth in the synthetic substrate mentioned. The end products of fermentation found in the synthetic medium supplied with (+) -biotin are, qualitatively and quantitatively, the same as those observed in parallel cultures on a glucose-yeast extract substrate. As far as selection and genic mutations involving changes from an autotrophic to a heterotrophic growth-factor habit do not occur in the media employed for isolating the strains and growing the subcultures used in preparing the spore suspensions, we may conclude that the natural populations of butyric acid as well as butanol-isopropanol and butanol-acetone bacteria of the genus Clostridium contain a very great number of strains requiring an exogenous supply of (+) -biotin for normal growth even in media containing most of the amino acids obtained on hydrolysis of bacterial proteins. The number of strains with auxo-autotrophic tendencies is obviously very small. In some strains a replacement of (+) -biotin by p-aminobenzoic acid seems possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thiolase was purified 600–700 fold from a crude extract of pig heart by use of differential adsorption on Al(OH)3 gel, ammonium sulfate fractionation and ion exchange chromatography on DEAE­Sephadex and phosphorylated cellulose. The enzyme preparation is homogenous by the following criteria: sedimentation analysis and electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel and on cellulose acetate membranes. The isoelectric poit of the protein was found to be approximately pH 7.2–7.3. The enzyme crystallized from ammonium sulfate solutions as thin plates of irregular shape. Crystalline thiolase stored for 18 months at –10° did not show any loss of activity. The thiolytic activity and the acyl transferase activity of the enzyme could be demonstrated separately. The thiolytic activity was demontrated by the specific incorporation of 14C from [1 ­14C]­acetyl­CoA into the carboxyl position of unlabelled acetoacetyl­CoA on incubation wtih the enzyme. The acyl transferase activity eas studied using either [1­14C]­CoA and patethein as substrates or 14C­labelled CoA and acyl­CoA derivatives of varius chain length. A remarkable specificity was found for the transfer of the acetyl group. Thiolase activity and acyl transferase activity of the enzyme were diminished with the same kinetics during heat treatment or incubation with N ­ethylmaleeimide, ρ­cholomercuribenzoate or iodoacetamide. this indicates that both activities belong to the same protein. Inhibition of thiolase and acyltranferase activities by iodoacetamide (5 x 10­5 could be prevented by preicubation of the enzyme with acetoacetyl­CoA or acetyl­CoA. The acyl transfer is the rate determining step when the thiolase reaction operates in the direction of chain cleavage. Incubation of thiolase with acetyl­Coa results in binding of acetyl groups to the protein. The uptake of acetyl groups is dependent upon the specific activity of the enzyme and corresponds to 3 acetyl residues per molecule of protein (molecular weight 170,000) for the highest enzymatic activity obtained. both incorporation of acetyl groups into the enzyme and thiolase activity are inhibited to the same extent by iodoacetamide. the incorportion of radioactivity into the enztme during incubation with iodo­[1­14C]­acetamide can be divided into two different reactions: a fast incorporation with accompanying loss of enzymatic and a much slower process which continues after complete inactivation. From the initial rate of incorporation, it was calculaetd that incorporation of 3.1 carbamoylmethyl residues per molecule of protein would completely inhibit the enzyme withthe highest obtained activity. this ration cmpares well with the results obtained by acetyl binding studies and indicates a minimum of 3 active sites per molecule of enzyme. Enzyme labelled with iodo­[1­14C]acetamide was hydrolyzed with 6 N HCl. Approximately 95% of the radioactivity in the hydrolysate was found to coincide with S­carboxymethyl­L­cystine on electrophoresis and paper chromatography. Repeated crystallization with authentic carboxymethyl­cystine did not result in a decrease of specific radioactivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on various conferences, meetings and papers published in several periodicals related to the rural sociology. In 1962 a Committee for International Co-operation in Rural Sociology was established jointly by the American Rural Sociological Society and the European Society for Rural Sociology. The founders of this rather informal organization were aware right from the beginning of their work that the Committee should be broadened to a world-wide scale as soon as possible. Among the first activities of the Committee was the preparation of the First World Congress for Rural Sociology which was held in August 1964 in Dijon, France. A seminar on peasantry in Birmingham will be held on April 26-27, 1965. This was the second meeting of this type under the chairmanship of R.E.F. Smith, Centre for Russian and East European Studies, University of Birmingham. There were some 10 to 12 participants, mainly historians but also economists and sociologists, among whom two from continental Europe

This paper focuses on resistance test against parasitic fungi in forest trees in Sweden. Forest resistance research is carried out at the Department of Forest Botany and Pathology at the Royal College of Forestry in Stockholm in close contact with Forest Genetics research and is performed as a resistance test of plants from seed orchards and tested progenies. Biochemical research concerning the resistance mechanism and an electronmicroscopic investigation is carried out. At present the tests only cover Picea abies and above all Pinus silvestris. The parasitic fungi tested at present are Lophodermium pinastri, Phacidium infestans, Scieroderris lagerbergii, Melampsora pinitorqua and Periderinium pini.

Copyright of Kyklos is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Weed Research is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A previous paper reported a close correlation between cell division as influenced by kinetin and respiration, i.e. a high kinetin induced cell division rate corresponds with low oxygen consumption of the explants. This earlier observation was now confirmed. No significant differences between the ultrastructure of mitochondria of explants cultured with kinetin and those of explants cultured without kinetin could be observed, although the number of mitochondria per cell seems to be increased in explants cultured without kinetin. However, also the number of ribosomes in cells of explants cultured without kinetin seems to be increased as compared with those treated with kinetin. Kinetin apparently has no significant influence on the ultrastructure of cell organells under the conditions employed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper is a report on qualitative and quantitative investigations ou the bottom fauna of brooks in the forest district of North Sweden. The work was carried out during the summers of 1952 and 1953 in the vicinity of Bodträskfors. The characteristic physiographical features of the brooks arc: low pH (5.1-5.3), low degree of hardness (0.7 D-degrees). high concentration of iron cations (l.8-3.0 mg/I). A special character of these brooks is the complete absence of a ≫cold stenothermic part ≪. Ecologically all the brooks belong to the Central European ≫ grayling region ≪ because of the wide temperature amplitude. in general the insect fauna consists of boreo-alpine species but in addition endemic high-boreal species are also present. The quantity of bottom fauna increases below the lakes, Furthermore, maximum colonization was caused by the regulations taking place for purposes of timber-floating. Below lakes Trichopteran larvae dominated, on the other hand Simulium larvae attained high density in the cleaned brooks. The brooks cleaned in 1952 show an almost pure colonization by Simulium larvae while those cleaned in 1951 in addition to a dense population of Simulium show increased numbers of rheophilous Trichopteran larvae. The qualitative and quantitative survey of the bottom fauna of the river Spikselån from station 1 (cleaned 1948) shows a gradual transition to Trichopteran larvae. When regulation (cleaning) of a river takes place the velocity of the current increases thus improving the conditions for rheophilous species. Special situations may occur below lakes. The occurrence of Neureclipsis bimaculata and Hydropsyche angustipennis (Trichoptera) is clearly dependent on the variation in current strength. The following current-water biocenoses could be distinguished: 1. Marshy brooks: Biological and physiographical characteristics: low pH, dense vegetation of diatoms (Tabellaria,), low density of Chironomidae and Odonata, 2. Lake-outlet biocenosis. Biological and physiographical characteristics: narrow temperature variations. Because of the variation of the current the species composition varies: Weak current: Neureclipsis himaculata; Spongillidae; Baetidae. Strong current: Hydropsyche angustipennis; Rhyacophila nubila; Simuliidae, Spongillidae. 3. Submerse plant biocenosis. Biological and physiographical characteristics: Wide temperature variation, high O2 content. In strong current: Fontinalis sp. In weak current: Batrachospermum vagum. Typical fauna: Chitonophora aronii; Ephemerella ignita; Paraleptophlebia tumida; Coleoptera; Hydracarina. 4. Rubble biocenosis. Biological and physiographical characteristics: Wide temperature variation; high O2 content, no submerse plants. Typical fauna: Heptagenia dalacarlica; Baetis vernus, Baetis sp.; rarely Coleoptera; Hydracarina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on the co-operation between the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the European Society for Rural Sociology, which allowed to publish in 1963 a special issue of the periodical "Sociologia Ruralis." The co-operation has been continued and enabled the editorial board to present another special issue. It contains the report of the First Meeting of the Working Party on Rural Sociological Problems in Europe and four of the papers presented at that meeting.

Presents an abstract of the article "Probleme der Koordination der Dokumentation: Dokumentation der Elektrotechnik," by Otto Frank, published in the journal "Nachrichten fur Dokumentation." Information that the German Association of Electronics has formulated a plan for coordinating the documentation of electro-technical material comprising three steps; Opinion that certain problems exist with respect to cooperation among documentation centers; Description that the Decimal Classification constitutes an important base of collaboration among services.

Presents an abstract of the article "Von der Fachbibliographie zur Dokumentation erlautert am Beispiel der Entwicklung der deutschen eisenhuttenmannischen und verwandten Bibliographien," published in "Nachrichten fur Dokumentation." Includes an historical treatment of published documentation on metallurgy since the 18th century in Germany.

This article presents information about books related to diseases in plants. Some of the books are: "Pressure Apparatus for Injecting Chemicals Into Trees," by T.H. Filer Jr., and "Spray Inoculation of Slash Pine With Cronartium Fusiforme," by R.C. Hare. Some other books include "Qualitative and Quantitative Differences in Associations of Parasitic Fungus Species in Various Vegetation Units," by J. Kranz and R. Knapp, and "Method for the Study of Roots and Root Diseases Under Controlled Culture Conditions," by H.E. Nilsson.

This article presents a study related to the effect of Grünkupfer Linz (G. Linz) on the growth, mycorrhiza and frost resistance of Pinus cembra seedlings. In a preliminary investigation, the effect of G. Linz on shoot and root growth and frost hardiness of Pinus cembra seedlings was tested after two years of application. Compared with controls, seedlings sprayed with G. Linz showed reduced shoot diameter, reduced fresh weight of roots, but increased root length and a denser mycorrhiza formation. The desirable coralloid type of mycorrhiza was almost absent whereas the amount of brown, intensely supervised mycorrhiza increased.

The article focuses on the research document "Nachrichten fur Dokumentation." This issue of the West German documentation journal includes a supplement containing 83 abstracts of papers on documentation. While these cover primarily the German language literature, among them are also several concerned with the documentation activities of other European countries.

Copyright of Physiologia Plantarum is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Weed Research is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

(—)-1-Octene-3-ol was isolated from 10kg of Psalliota campestris by steam distillation followed by conversion to its 4-dimethylamino-3,5-dinitrobenzoate. After purification by column chromatography on alumina impregnated with silver nitrate 191 mg of pure derivative (= 72 mg flee alcohol) were obtained. The identity of the alcohol was confirmed by chemical methods, gas chromatography, IR and mass spectroscopy. The melting point of its phthalic acid half-ester and its optical rotation showed it to be the (—)-form. The specific rotation of (—)-1-octene-3-ol in n-heptane depends strongly on the concentration. The measured extreme values were —20.5° at 70, and —5.1° at 1 g/100 ml solution. By means of the melting point of the phthalic acid haft-esters it could be confirmed that the 1-octene-3-ol occurring in autoxidised and stored soyabean oil has the racemic configuration. This supports the theory of stark and Forss who assume a radical mechanism of formation. A survey is given of the reported occurrence of 1-octene-3-ol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents an introduction to the January 1965 issue of the periodical "Sociologia Ruralis."

The article presents information on contributions to the discussion on urbanization. The process of urbanization began in Great Britain earlier than in most countries. The problems and the pressures are probably greater. Since 1900 the urban area of England and Wales has increased by 80 percent. Fifteen new towns have been built in the countryside since World War II. Many others have been officially expanded. Almost all towns of 50.000 persons and over are bristling their boundaries and thousands of new, private-enterprise, homes are spreading over the countryside. A present-day industrial enterprise commonly spreads over up to 1200 acres of land. Contrast this with a nineteenth century factory. If the 50 million people of England and Wales were housed at the density-rate adopted for new towns it should need 50 million acres for housing purposes alone.

Presents an abstract of the article 'Fotocopie en Auteursrecht,' by A.M.W. Jordans, published in the journal "Bibliotheekleven." Description of the position regarding copyright and the photographic reproduction of printed material in England, Germany, Austria, France, U.S. and Switzerland; Discussion of the general copyright laws; Photocopying as an essential aid to research; Suggestion that the present practice is justified on the grounds that copying is undertaken instead of borrowing, rather than buying the original

The article provides information on a system, which is essentially a photographic reproduction system which includes also the equipment necessary for microfilm reproduction, storage In a limited space, and microfilm reading.

The article focuses on the research program "Jahrbuch für 1953...für alle Gebiete der Technik mit ausführlichem Erfahrungsbericht über die Dokumentationen der Technik." The program of the Internationaler Literaturdienst comprises three phases: continued and current information service on new publications in technology; spot service on technical publications in specified subjects; and procurement of technical literature, both domestic (German) and foreign in original or other form (photocopy).